全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一测评卷

考研2024英语一试卷考研2024英语一试卷指的是2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语科目中的第一套试卷，也就是学术型硕士研究生英语考试试卷。

以下是考研2024英语一试卷仅供参考：1、选择题示例：（1）In the context of this passage, the word “areas” refers to __.A. regionsB. fieldsC. locationsD. aspects（2）The author’s primary concern is to ___.A. analyze the causes of the problemB. discuss the characteristics of the phenomenonC. examine the evidence for the claimD. evaluate the effectiveness of the solution2、填空题示例：（1）The of the company has been increasing steadily over the past few years. （2）The of the project has been delayed due to budget cuts.3、作文题目示例：Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Healthn this essay, I will argue that social media has a negative impact on mental health. Firstly, social media can lead to feelings of anxiety and loneliness among users, as they compare their lives and achievements with those of others. Secondly, the constant connection to social media can interfere with individuals’ ability to focus and concentrate, leading to decreased productivity and increased stress levels. Finally, social media can contribute to the development of unrealistic expectations and body image issues among users, leading to negative self-esteem anddepression. In conclusion, social media has a significant negative impact on mental health that should be recognized and addressed by both individuals and society.。

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34and will strictly control the amount of 35that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he 37with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40of media protest when he said the 41of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 47after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.31. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as32. [A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33. [A] sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34. [A] illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35. [A] publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36. [A] since [B] if [C] before [D] as37. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38. [A] present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39. [A] Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40. [A] storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41. [A] translation [B] interpretation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42. [A] better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43. [A] changes [B] make [C] sets [D] turns44. [A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45. [A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46. [A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47. [A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48. [A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49. [A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50. [A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guaranteeSection III Reading ComprehensionText 1Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, morecomplex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as________.[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry52. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesText 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.55. Digital divide is something ________.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsText 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they p lug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the ne ws media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderText 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”There’s no question that the big are getting big ger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many ot her nations, asin the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds[B] to invest more abroad[C] to combine and become bigger[D] to trade with more countries64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.[A] the greater customer demands[B] a surplus supply for the market[C] a growing productivity[D] the increase of the world’s wealth65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition66. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be ________.[A] optimistic[B] objective[C] pessimistic[D] biasedText 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alterna tive move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” -- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-helpbooks for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.67. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.68. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ________.[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by ________.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle[B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress[D] anti-consumerism70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ________.[A] the quick pace of modern life[B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences[D] the economic situationSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder -- kitchen rage.2001年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (10 points)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题_附答案全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题_附答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot__1___ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law___2___ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that__3___ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartia l.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be__4__ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not ___5__ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself____6___ to the code of conduct that __7____to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other cases ___8___the question of whether there is still a ___9__ between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law__10__ having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions __11__ they would be free to__12__those in power and have no need to__13___ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely __14___.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social ___15___like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it __16___is inescapably political —which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily ___17__ as unjust.The justices must __18___doubts about the court’s legitimacy by makingthemselves __19___to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings morelikely to be seen as separate from politics and, __20___, convincing as law.1. [A] emphasize [B] maintain [C] modify [D] recognize2. [A] when [B] best [C] before [D] unless3. [A] restored [B] weakened [C] established [D] eliminated4. [A] challenged [B] compromised [C] suspected [D] accepted5. [A] advanced [B] caught [C] bound [D] founded6. [A] resistant [B] subject [C] immune [D] prone7. [A] resorts [B] sticks [C] leads [D] applies8. [A] evade [B] raise [C] deny [D] settle9. [A] line [B] barrier [C] similarity [D] conflict10. [A] by [B] as [C] through [D] towards11. [A] so [B] since [C] provided [D] though12. [A] serve [B] satisfy [C] upset [D] replace13. [A] confirm [B] express [C] cultivate [D] offer 14. [A] guarded [B] followed [C] studied [D] tied15. [A] concepts [B] theories [C] divisions [D] convenience16. [A] excludes [B] questions [C] shapes [D] controls17. [A] dismissed [B] released [C] ranked [D] distorted18. [A] suppress [B] exploit [C] address [D] ignore19. [A] accessible [B] amiable [C] agreeable [D] accountable20. [A] by all means [B] at all costs [C] in a word [D] as a resultSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and halfforcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, anHIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.。

2024年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题2024 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English TestPart I Reading Comprehension (共40分)Section ADirections: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scorable answer sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives. With the rise of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, people are now more connected than ever before. However, along with the benefits of social media come potential risks.1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about social media?A. It has become an integral part of our daily lives.B. People are more connected than ever before because of it.C. It only brings benefits and no risks.D. Various platforms such as Facebook are mentioned.2. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The benefits of social media.B. The risks of social media.C. The rise of social media platforms.D. The importance of staying connected.3. What is the potential risk of using social media mentioned in the passage?A. Becoming more connected with others.B. Spending too much time online.C. Sharing personal information.D. Using various platforms.4. According to the passage, what are some popular social media platforms?A. Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn.B. TikTok, WhatsApp, Snapchat.C. Instagram, Facebook, Twitter.D. YouTube, Reddit, Tumblr.5. Which of the following statements best summarizes the passage?A. Social media has no risks.B. Social media has changed how we stay connected.C. Social media has no benefits.D. Social media is harmful to society.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.It is commonly believed that the human brain is divided into two hemispheres, with the left hemisphere responsible forlogical thinking and the right hemisphere responsible for creativity. However, recent studies have shown that this idea is not entirely accurate. While there are certain differences between the left and right hemispheres, they work together in complex ways to process information.Which paragraph discusses the belief about the left hemisphere being associated with logical thinking?Which paragraph mentions recent studies that have shown the idea of brain hemisphere division to be inaccurate?Which paragraph mentions the role of the right hemisphere?Which paragraph discusses how the left and right hemispheres work together?Which paragraph is the following statement found in: "The human brain is commonly thought to be divided into two hemispheres, each responsible for different functions."?Part II Vocabulary and Structure (共20分)Section ADirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark thecorresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scorable answer sheet.11. Could you please _______ off the lights before you leave?A. turnB. turningC. turnedD. to turn12. I haven't seen him since last week. He _______ on vacation.A. must have goneB. may goC. must goD. should go13. The book was so interesting that I just couldn't _______ it down.A. putB. dropC. setD. turn14. Sarah _______ in bed reading when I called her.A. layB. laysC. lyingD. laid15. John _______ his birthday party next weekend.A. arrangedB. will arrangeC. is arrangingD. arrangeSection BDirections: In this section, there are 20 sentences that contain a mistake. Each sentence is followed by four choices. Mark the part that is incorrect by placing a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scorable answer sheet.16. The weather is so nice today that we will go for a picnic[A] in the park.A. The weatherB. is so niceC. todayD. in the park17. My sister is very good at playing the guitar, she has been[A] taking lessons for years.A. My sisterB. is very goodC. playing the guitar,D. she has been18. They went to the cinema to watch the new movie that everyone have[A] been talking about.A. They wentB. to the cinemaC. everyone haveD. been talking19. Jim wants to buy a new car, but he hasn't decided[B] what make and model he wants yet.A. wants to buyB. hasn't decidedC. what make and modelD. he wants20. The manager asked me if I can[A] work overtime[A] this weekend to finish the project.A. if I canB. work overtimeC. this weekendD. to finish the project.Part III Reading Comprehension (共20分)Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scorable answer sheet.Passage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Climate change is a pressing global issue that affects all living beings on Earth. The rise in temperatures, extreme weather events, and melting ice caps are just a few of the many consequences of climate change. It is crucial that we take action now to mitigate these effects and protect our planet for future generations.21. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The consequences of climate change.B. Ways to combat climate change.C. The importance of protecting the planet.D. Global warming and its effects.22. What does the passage mention as a consequence of climate change?A. Decrease in carbon emissions.B. Rise in temperatures.C. Stable weather conditions.D. Increase in ice caps.23. According to the passage, why is it crucial to take action now?A. To delay the effects of climate change.B. To protect future generations.C. To increase extreme weather events.D. To ignore the consequences.24. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a result of climate change in the passage?A. Extreme weather events.B. Melting ice caps.C. Increase in carbon emissions.D. Rise in temperatures.25. What is the author's stance on climate change?A. It is a problem that will go away on its own.B. Action needs to be taken to protect the planet.C. Climate change is not a serious global issue.D. The consequences are not severe.Part IV Writing (共20分)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write an essay in English in about 150-200 words based on the following pictures.Picture 1: A crowded city street with people rushing in different directions.Picture 2: A serene park with greenery and trees, people leisurely walking.Write your composition with a clear logical structure, proper use of words, and avoid plagiarism.Overall, this English test is designed to assess your reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and writing skills. Good luck!。

2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一)模拟测试Section I: Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Text:In todays interconnected world, the role of technology in shaping our daily lives has become increasingly prominent. With the advent of smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), we are now able to perform tasks with unprecedented efficiency and convenience. However, the benefits of this technological revolution come with their own set of challenges, particularly when it comes to privacy and security.- Privacy concerns have risen sharply in recent years, as more and more personal data is collected and stored online. This data, ranging from browsing history to financial information, is a goldmine for hackers and cybercriminals. 1 the potential risks, individuals and organizations alike must take proactive measures to protect themselves.- One way to combat these threats is through the use ofstrong passwords and two-factor authentication. Yet, these methods alone are 2 insufficient. Regular software updates, which often include security patches, are equally important. Neglecting these updates can leave devices vulnerable to attacks.- Moreover, awareness and education play a crucial role in enhancing cybersecurity. Many cyber attacks are successful because users are not aware of the 3 tactics employed by cybercriminals. By educating users on how to recognize phishing emails, malicious websites, and other forms of cyber threats, we can significantly reduce the risk of successful attacks.- Another aspect of cybersecurity is the need for 4 policies and regulations. Governments and international organizations must work together to develop and enforce strict guidelines that protect the privacy and security of individuals online. This includes ensuring that data is collected, stored, and processed in a manner that is both ethical and legal.- Finally, collaboration between the public and private sectors is essential in the fight against cybercrime. By sharing information and resources, both sectors can more effectively 5 emerging threats and respond to incidents. This includesincident response teams, threat intelligence sharing, and joint training exercises.In conclusion, cybersecurity is a complex and ever-evolving field that requires a multi-faceted approach. By combining strong passwords, regular updates, awareness and education, robust policies, and public-private collaboration, we can build a safer and more secure digital world.Questions:1. A) DespiteB) Despite ofC) In spiteD) In spite ofAnswer: D) In spite ofExplanation: In spite of is a prepositional phrase used to introduce a contrast, meaning although or even though. It correctly completes the sentence by acknowledging the potential risks despite their existence.2. A) inherentlyB) increasinglyC) predominantlyD) undoubtedlyAnswer: A) inherentlyExplanation: Inherently means something is an essential or fundamental part of something else. Here, it suggests that strong passwords and two-factor authentication, while important, are not enough on their own to provide complete security.3. A) sophisticatedB) straightforwardC) outdatedD) rudimentaryAnswer: A) sophisticatedExplanation: Sophisticated refers to something that is complex, advanced, or highly developed. It correctly describes the tactics employed by cybercriminals, which are often complex and difficult to detect.4. A) ambiguousB) comprehensiveC) vagueD) simplisticAnswer: B) comprehensiveExplanation: Comprehensive means including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something. Here, it refers to theneed for policies and regulations that cover all aspects of cybersecurity, ensuring that individuals privacy and security are adequately protected.5. A) anticipateB) endureC) eliminateD) exacerbateAnswer: A) anticipateExplanation: Anticipate means to foresee or expect something to happen. In this context, it correctly describes the need for both the public and private sectors to work together to predict and prepare for emerging cyber threats.。

2023Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read thefollowing text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It’s not difficult to set targets for staff. It is much harder, 1 ,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components. 2 one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected? Never. Do people get on without paying? Of course! Are there inspectors to 4 that people have paid? Possibly, but very few. And people who run for the bus? They are 5 . How about jumping lights? Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why? Because the target is 6 . People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7 , the number of buses and bus lanes were increased, and drivers were 8 or punished according to the time they took. And drivers hit these targets. But they 9 hit cyclists. If the target was changed to 10 , you would have more inspectors and moresensitive pricing.If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another 12 : people became immensely inventive in hitting targets. Have you 13 that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time? Tailwinds? Of course not! Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take. A one-hour flight is now ballad as a two-hour flight.The 15 of the story is simple. Most jobs are multidimensional, with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Everything Can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a 17 Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such as time, money, quality and customer feedback. The trick is not only to 19 just one or even two dimensions of the objective, but also to understand how to help people better 20 the objective.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2 ．[A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3 ．[A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4 ．[A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5 ．[A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6 ．[A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7 ．[A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8 ．[A] site9 ．[A] So 10．[A] immediately 11．[A] surprised 12．[A] problem 13．[A] Above all 14．[A] bridge 15．[A] form 16．[A] posts17 ．[A] artificial 18．[A] Finally 19．[A] memories 20．[A] restrict [B] point[B] Yet[B] intentionally[B] annoyed[B]option[B] In contrast[B] avoid[B] through[B] links[B] mysterious[B] Consequently[B] marks[B] adopt[C] way[C] Instead[C]unexpectedly[C] frightened[C] view[C] On average[C] spot[C] beyond[C] shades[C] hidden[C]incidentally[C] notes[C] lead[D] place[D] Besides[D] eventually[D] confused[D] result[D] For example[D] separate[D] under[D] breaks[D] limited[D] Generally[D] belongings[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read thefollowingfour texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text2Communities throughout New England have been attemptingto regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the2010s. Now with record-high home prices and historically low inventory,there’s an increased urgency in such regulation,particularly among those whoworry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire,where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below 1percent,housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The State Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,”said Nick Taylor, executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast. Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns,“ employers are having a hard time attracting employees, and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,” Taylor said.However, short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists, pointed out Ryan Castle,CEO of a local association of realter.“A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry,and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,”Castle said,“and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue, said Keren Horn,an expert on affordable housing policy.“I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing.If it’s their vacation home anyway,and it’s just empty,why can’t you make money off it?”Horn said. Issues arise, however, when developers attempt to create large-scale short-term rental facilities— de facto hotels — to bypass taxesand regulations. “I think the question is, shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel,but disguising it as not a hotel,be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?” Horn said.At the end of 2018, governor Charlie Baker of Massachusetts signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers. The bill requires every rental host to register with the state mandates they carry insurance, and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy. Boston took things even further,requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit struggling cities and towns, but “if we want to make a change in the housing market, the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26. Which of the following is true of New England?A. Its housing supply is at a very low level.B. Its communities are in need of funding.C. Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowlyD. Its home prices are under strict control.27. The bill mentioned in Paragraph 2 was intended toA. curb short-term rental speculation.B. ensure the supply of cheap housing.C. punish illegal dealings in housing.D. allow a free short-term rental market.28. Compared with Castle, Taylor is more likely to supportA. further investment in local tourism.B. an increase in affordable housing.C. strict management of real estate agents.D. a favorable policy for short-term workers.29. What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph 5?A. The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B. The efficient operation of the local housing market.C. The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D. The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30. Horn holds that imposing registration requirements isA. an irrational decision.B. an unfeasible proposal.C. an unnecessary measure.D. an inadequate solution.Text3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones,the biggest book retailer in the UK, in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench, you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit, the same may be true of The President’s Daughter, the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson.Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House(PRH), a company currently involved in a stand-offwith Waterstones.The problem began late last year,when PRH confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones “at a very significant level”. The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables, display spaces and windows, and were“ quietly retiring them to their relevant sections” .PRH declined to comment on the issue, but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me:“Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH, the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade. We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock.We are hopeful with our shops now open again that normality will return and that we will be allowed to buy appropriately.Certainly,our shops are exceptionally busy.The sales for our May Books of the Month surpassed any month since 2018.”In the meantime,PRH authors have been the losers.Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit, but it’s those mid-list authors, who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers, who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher,Simon &Schuster—the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars, lower advances, and more conformity in terms of what is published.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power,”says literary agent Andrew Lownie.“The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices. After all, many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31. The author mentions two books in Paragraph 1 to presentA. an ongoing conflict.B. an intellectual concept.C. a prevailing sentiment.D. a literary phenomenon.32. Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A. To make them easily noticeable.B. To comply with PRH’s requirement.C. To respond to PRH’s business move.D. To arrange them in a systematic way.33. What message does the spokesperson for Waterstones seem to convey?A. Their customers remain loyal.B. The credit limit will be removed.C. Their stock is underestimated.D. The book market is rather slack.34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A. Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerably.B. Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticism.C. Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name authors’ books.D. Waterstones branches suffer a severe reduction in revenue.35. Which of the following statements best represents Lownie’s view?A. Small publishers ought to stick together.B. Big publishers will lose their dominance.C. The publishing industry is having a hard time.D. The merger of publishers is a worrying trend.Text4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research.Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than 30,000journals. The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways,including the perceived quality of the journal (as reflected by the title’s impact factor) andthe number of citations a specific paper accumulates. The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce,but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels,where journals,authors,and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time. In 2016, researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications.Recently,another expression of this predatory behavior has emerged:so-called support service consultancies that provide languageand other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors’need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals. The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind.These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.In some instances,there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all — it is just providing citations to other journals.Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than 150 citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?In one example, an individual - acting as author, editor, and consultant - was able to use at least 15 journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities. The problem is rampant in Scopus, a citation database, which includes a high number of the new “international” journals. In fact, a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice. Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year. And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities:whenan editor, a reviewer,or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references, do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36.According to Paragraph 1,the careers of scientists can be determined by________.[A] how many citations their works contain.[B] how many times their papers are cited.[C] the prestige of the people they work with.[D] the status they have in scientific circles.37. The support service consultancies tend to________.[A] recommend journals to their clients.[B] list citation patterns their clients.[C] ask authors to include extra citations.[D] advise contributors to cite each other.38. The Function of the “milk cow” journals is to________.[A] boost citation counts for certain authors.[B] help scholars publish articles at low cost.[C] instruct First-time contributors in citation.[D] increase the readership of new journals.39. What can be learned about Scopus from the last two paragraphs?[A] It Fosters competition among citation providers.[B] It has the capability to identify suspicious citations.[C] It hinders the growth of “international” journals.[D] It is established to prevent citation manipulation.40. What should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?[A] Take legal action.[B] Demand an apology.[C] Seek professional advice[D] Reveal their misconduct.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)46.AI can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities, and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.47.Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer's roleby reducing creativity and removing jobs,but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.48.Algorithms used to simulate human interactions are creating many of those concerns,especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.49.If customers are not willing to share data,AI will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication.50.The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing message in a way that is sensitive to the needs of target customers is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.Section III WritingPart A51.Write a notice to recruit a student for Prof. Smith’s research project on campus sports activities. Specify the duties and requirements of the job.Write your answer about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice; use “Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early2000s;the term“plant neurobiology”was1around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be2to intelligence in animals.3plants lack brains,the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that4consciousness,researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue,according to a new opinion article.Plant biology is complex and fascinating,but it 5so greatly from that of animals that so-called6of plants’intelligence is inconclusive,the authors wrote.Beginning in2006,some scientists have7that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters,8“a plant nervous system,9to that in animals,”said lead study author Lincoln Taiz,“They10claimed that plants have‘brain-like command centers’at their root tips.”This11makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain,12it to an array of electrical pulses;cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals.13,the signaling in a plant is only14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain,which is more than“a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,”Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve,a brain with a threshold15of complexity and capacity is required,”he 16.“Since plants don’t have nervous systems,the17that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And what’s so great about consciousness,anyway?Plants can’t run away from18,so investing energy in a body system which19a threat and can feel pain would be a very20evolutionary strategy,according to the article.1.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D]issued2.[A]attributed[B]directed[C]compared[D]confined3.[A]Unless[B]When[C]Once[D]Though4.[A]cope with[B]consisted of[C]hinted at[D]extended in5.[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs6.[A]acceptance[B]evidence[C]cultivation[D]creation7.[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested8.[A]adapting[B]forming[C]repairing[D]testing9.[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive10.[A]just[B]ever[C]still[D]even11.[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand12.[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing13.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise14.[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily15.[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]local16.[A]recalled[B]agreed[C]questioned[D]added17.[A]chances[B]risks[C]excuses[D]assumptions18.[A]danger[B]failure[C]warning[D]control19.[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes20.[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easySectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1People often complain that plastics are too durable.Water bottles,shopping bags,and other trash litter the planet,from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench,because plastics are everywhere and don't break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time.They crack and frizzle.They“weep”out additives.They melt into sludge.All of which creates huge headaches for institutions,such as museums,trying to preserve culturally important objects.The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying:early radios,avant-garde sculptures,celluloid animation stills from Disney films,the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn't always know how to mix ingredients properly,says Thea van Oosten,a polymer chemist who,until retiring a few years ago,worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.“It s like baking a cake:If you don’t have exact amounts,it goes wrong.”she says.“The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes,it's not the artist's fault.In the1960s,the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright,colorful foam pieces.Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets”—large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins,cabbages,and watermelons.He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately,the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable.It's especially vulnerable to light damage,and by the mid-1990s,Gilardi’s pumpkins,roses,and other figures were splitting and crumbling.Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures.They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals.Van Oosten calls those chemicals“sunscreens”because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers.She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again,albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten’s,preservation of plastics will likely get harder.Old objects continue to deteriorate.Worse,biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate,are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects.Joana Lia Ferreira,an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the nova School of Science and Technology,notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history Stone Age,Iron Age,and so on after examining artifacts in museums.We now live in an age of plastic,she says,“and what we decide to collect today,what we decide to preserve.…will have a strong impact on how in the future we'll be seen.”21.According to Paragraph1,museums are faced with difficulties in______.[A]maintaining their plastic items[B]obtaining durable plastic artifacts[C]handling outdated plastic exhibits[D]classifying their plastic collections22.Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are______.[A]immune to decay[B]improperly shaped[C]inherently flawed[D]complex in structure23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi's artworks to______.[A]keep them from hurting visitors[B]duplicate them for future display[C]have their ingredients analyzed[D]prevent them from further damage24.The author thinks that preservation of plastics is______.[A]costly[B]unworthy[C]unpopular[D]challenging25.In Ferreira’s opinion,preservation of plastic artifacts_______.[A]will inspire future scientific research[B]has profound historical significance[C]will help us separate the material ages[D]has an impact on today’s cultural lifeText2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options,it may be worth considering just how the point,purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey. Millennials were told that if you did well in school,got a decent degree,you would be set up for life.But that promise has been found wanting.As degrees became universal,they became cation was no longer a secure route of social mobility.Today,28per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles,a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries. This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree,but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available. Thankfully,there are signs that this is already happening,with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors,even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset.Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates.Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles. For those for whom a degree is the desired route,consider that this may well be the first of many.In this age of generalists,it pays to have specific knowledge or skills.Postgraduates now earn40per cent more than graduates.When more and more of us have a degree,it makes sense to have two. It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at18or21;they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable.It has been estimated that this generation,due to the pressures of technology,the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity,will work for17different employers over the course of their working life and have five different cation,and not just knowledge gained on campus,will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory. Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense:‘I am a geographer.’or‘I am a classist.’Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing;it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.26.the author suggests that Generation Z should____[A]be careful in choosing a college[B]be diligent at each educational stage[C]reassess the necessity of college education[D]postpone their undergraduate application27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect_______.[A]Millennial's opinions about work[B]the shrinking value of a degree[C]public discontent with education[D]the desired route of social mobility28.The author considers it a good sign that____.[A]Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree.[B]School leavers are willing to be skilled workers.[C]Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees.[D]Parents are changing their minds about education.29.It is advised in Paragraph5that those with one degree should______.[A]make an early decision on their career[B]attend on the job training programs[C]team up with high-paid postgraduates[D]further their studies in a specific field30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?[A]Lifelong learning will define them.[B]They will make qualified educators.[C]Degrees will no longer appeal them.[D]They will have a limited choice of jobs.Text3Enlightening,challenging,stimulating,fun.These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers.Nearly40%of the roughly350people who responded to an accompanying poll said,they had collaborated with artists,and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising.Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences.“Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learning.”One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons.They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University's Climate Change Communication Research Hub.The performance was a creative call to action ahead of November's United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow,UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street.Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature poll, however,several respondents noted that artists do not simply assist scientists with their communication requirements.Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study.The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project,are able to jointly design it and can critique each other’s work.Such an approach can both prompt new research as well as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago,the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies(CAVS)to explore the role of technology in culture.The founders deliberately focused theirprojects around light-hance the“visual studies”in the name.Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in and therefore could form the basis of collaboration.As science and technology progressed,and divided into more sub-disciplines,the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists,writers and poets,and vice versa.Nature’s poll findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever,but,to make a collaboration work both sides need to invest time and embrace surprise and challenge.The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication,and participants.Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention,and challenge and critique are core to both,too.31.According to paragraph1,art-science collaborations have____[A]caught the attention of critics[B]received favorable responses[C]promoted academic publishing[D]sparked heated public disputes32.The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that____[A]art can offer audiences easy access to science[B]science can help with the expression of emotions[C]public participation in science has a promising future[D]art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations33.Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership___.[A]their role may be underestimated[B]their reputation may be impaired[C]their creativity may be inhibited[D]their work may be misguided34.What does the author say about CAVS?[A]It was headed alternately by artists and scientists[B]It exemplified valuable art-science alliances[C]Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies[D1Its founders sought to raise the status of artists35.In the last paragraph,the author holds that art-science collaborations_____[Al are likely to go beyond public expectations[B]will intensify interdisciplinary competition[C]should do more than communicating science[D]are becoming more popular than beforeText4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act2000(ERA)prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause.Instead,dismissals must be justified.Employers must bothshow cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from“unjustified dismissals”The premise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management.Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest,constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance.The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure.Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them.Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal. Consequently-and paradoxically-laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk,to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers,those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’wages.Indeed,in“An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox”(2014),the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a cause of the country's poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures.Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee,employers are more cautious about hiring new staff.This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment.And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections.Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea,Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specified“high-income threshold”from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws.In New Zealand,a206private members’Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime.However,the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36.The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to____.[A]punish dubious corporate practices[B]improve traditional hiring procedures[C]exempt employers from certain duties[D]protect the rights of ordinary workers37.It can be learned from paragraph3that the provisions may____.[A]hinder business development[B]undermine managers authority[C]affect the public image of the firms[D]worsen labor-management relations38.Which of the following measures would the Productivity Commission support?[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.[B]Enforcing employment protection laws.[C]Limiting the powers of business owners.[D]Dismissing poorly performing managers.39.What might be an effect of ERA's unjustified dismissal procedures?[A]Highly paid managers lose their jobs[B]Employees suffer from salary cuts.[C]Society sees a rise in overall well-being.[D]Employers need to hire new staff.40.It can be inferred that the“high-income threshold”in Australia[A]has secured managers’earnings[B]has produced undesired results[C]is beneficial to business owners[D]is difficult to put into practicePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)(41)Teri ByrdI was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years.Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes.This claim was false.Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals. Animals despise being captives in zoos.No matter how you enhance enclosures,they do not allow for freedom,a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions,and it's past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.(42)Karen R.SimeAs a zoology professor,I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel.But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences.These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas,wildlife refuges or national parks.Although good TV shows can help stir children's interest in conservation,they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense,immersive and interactive experience.Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos treatment of animals with their educational potential.(43)Reg NewberryEmma Marris's article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet.She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how thy care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat.Are there tragedies?Of course.But they are the exception not the norm that Ms Marris implies A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.(44)Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian.I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos.But I believe that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose.Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments(45)John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research.Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.Zoos are tools for thinking.Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature.Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.[A]Zoos,which spare no effort to take of animals,should not be subjected to unfair criticism.[B]To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.[C]While animals in captivity deserve sympathy,zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.[D]Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.[E]For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats,zoos offer the best alternative.[F]Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’wellbeing.[G]Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man andnature.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Codes-Mark UrbanBetween1807and1814the Iberian Peninsula(comprising Spain and Portugal)was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle.It took place on many different planes:between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants;between the British,ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties,and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check;between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth.(46)It was also,and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period,a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War.In volume V he had attached an appendix,The Scovell Ciphers.(47)It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain,and whose secrets had been revealed by the work of one George Scovell,an officer in British headquarters.Oman rated Scovell’s significance highly,but at the same time,the general nature of his History meant that(48)he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself.I was keen to read more,but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in1914,was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War.The question was,could it be told?Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office,London,I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula.What was more,many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection,which I realized was priceless.(49)There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars,but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.Furthermore,Scovell’s story involved much more than just intelligence work.His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time.His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right,but represents something more than that.(50)Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain,so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.The story of Wellington himself also gripped me.Half a century ago his campaigns were considered a central part of the British historical mythology and spoon-fed to schoolboys.More recently this has not been the case, which is a great shame.A generation has grown up.SectionⅢWritingPart AWrite an email to a professor at a British university,inviting him/her to organize a team for the international innovation contest to be held at your university.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the e“Li Ming”instead.(10points)Part BWrite an essay of160-200words based on the following picture below.In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)explain its intended meaning and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题参考答案完形填空1.[A]coined2.[C]compared3.[D]though4.[C]hinted at5.[D]differs6.[B]evidence7.[C]argued8.[B]forming9.[A]analogous10.[D]even11.[C]perspective12.[B]reducing13.[A]However14.[C]superficially15.[B]level16.[D]added17.[A]chances18.[A]danger19.[D]recognizes20.[B]poor阅读理解Text121.[A]maintaining their plastic items22.[B]improperly shaped23.[D]prevent them from further damage24.[D]challenging25.[B]has profound historical significanceText226.[C]reassess the necessity of college education27.[B]the shrinking value of a degree28.[C]Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees。

2024年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)There's nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you. 1 the need to be touched to open or close, automatic doors are essential in 2disabled access to buildings and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in 1960 after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitl. They5as a novelty feature, but as their use has grown, their 6 have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency, the doors8crowdmanagement by reducing the obstacles put in people's way.9 making access both in and out of buildings easier for people, the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10 by them. Automatic doors often open to the side, with the panels sliding across one another. Replacing swing doors, these 11 smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without having to12 the way for a large, sticking-out door. There are many different types of automatic door, with each13 specific signals to tell them when to open.14 these methods differ, the main15 remain the same.Each automatic door system 16 the light, sound weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open. Sensor types are chosen to 17 the different environments they are needed in.18,a busy street might not19 a motion-sensored door, as it would constantly be opening for passers-by. A pressure sensitive mat would be more20 to limit the surveyed area.1.[A]Through [B]Despite [C]Besides [D]Without2.[A]revealing [B]demanding [C]improving[D]tracing3.[A]experience [B]convenience[C]guidance [D]reference4.[A]previously[B]temporarily [C]successively [D]eventually5.[A]held on [B]started out[C]settled down [D]went by6.[A]relations [B]volumes [C]benefits[D]sources7.[A]useful[B]simple [C]flexible [D]stable8.[A]call for [B]yield to [C]insist on [D]act as9.[A]As well as[B]In terms of [C]Thanks to [D]Rather than10.[A]connected[B]shared [C]represented [D]occupied11.[A]allow[B]expect [C]require [D]direct12.[A]adopt [B]lead [C]clear[D]change13.[A]adapting te [B]deriving from [C]relying on[D]pointing at14.[A]Once [B]Since [C]Unless [D]Although15.[A]records [B]positions [C]principles[D]reasons16.[A]controls [B]analyses[C]produces [D]mixes17.[A]decorate [B]compare [C]protect [D]complement18.[A]In conclusion [B]By contrast [C]For example[D]Above all19.[A]identify [B]suit[C]secure [D]include20.[A]appropriate[B]obvious [C]impressive [D]delicateSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Nearly 2000 years ago, as the Romans began to pull out of Scotland, they left behind a curious treasure:10 tons of nails, nearly a million of the things. The nail hoard was discovered in 1960 in a four-metre-deep pit covered by two metres of gravel.Why had the Romans bunied a million nails? The likely explanation is that the withdrawal was rushed, and they didn't want the local Caledonians getting their hands on 10 tons of weapon-grade iron. The Romans buried the nails so deep that they would not be discovered for almost two millennia.Later civilisations would value the skilled blacksmith's labour in a nail even more than the raw material. As Roma Agrawal explains in her new delightful book Nuts and Bolts, early 17th-century Virginians would sometimes bum down their homes if they were planning to relocate. This was an attempt to recover the valuable nails, which could be reused after sifting the ashes. The idea that one might bum down an entire house just to reclaim the nails underlines how scarce, costly and valuable the simple-seeming technology was.The price of nails fell by 90%between the late 1700s and mid-1900s,as economist Daniel Sichel points out in a research paper. According to Sichel, although the falling price of nails was driven partly by cheaper iron and cheaper energy, most of the credit goes to nail manufactures who simply found more efficient ways to turn steel into nails.Nails themselves have changed over the years, but Sichel studied them because they haven't changed much. Roman lamps and Roman chariots are very different from LED strips and sports cars,but Roman nails are still clearly nails. It would be absurd to try to track the changing price of sports cars since 1695,but to ask the same question of nails makes perfect sense.I make no apology for being obsessed by a particular feature of these objects: their price. I am an economist, after all. After writing two books about the history of inventions, one thing Ive leamt is that while it is the enchantingly sophisticated technologies that get all the hype, it's thecheap technologies that change the world.The Gutenberg printing press transformed civilisation not by changing the nature of writing but by changing its cost-and it would have achieved little without a parallel collapse in the price of surfaces to write on, thanks to an often-overlooked technology called paper. Solar panels had few niche uses until they became cheap; now they are transforming the global energy system.21.The Romans buried the nails probably for the sake of[A]saving them for future use[B]keeping them from rusting[C]letting them grow in value[D]hiding them from the locals22.The example of early 17th-century Virginians is used to[A]highlight the thriftiness of early American colonists[B]illustrate the high status of blacksmiths in that period[C]contrast the attitudes of different civilisations toward nails[D]show the preciousness of nail-making technology at that time23.What played the major role in lowering the price of nails after the late 1700s?[A]Increased productivity.[B]Wider use of new energies.[C]Fiercer market competition.[D]Reduced cost of raw materials.24.It can be leamed from Paragraph 5 that nails[A]have undergone many technological improvements[B]have remained basically the same since Roman times[C]are less studied than other everyday products[D]are one of the world's most significant inventions25.Which of the following best summarises the last two paragraphs?[A]Cheap technologies bring about revolutionary change.[B]Technological innovation is integral to economic success.[C]Technology defines people's understanding of the world.[D]Sophisticated technologies develop from small inventions.Text 2Parenting tips obtained from hunter-gatherers in Africa may be the key to bringing up more contented children, researchers have suggested. The idea is based on studies of communities such as the Kung of Botswana, where each child is cared for by many adults. Kung children as young as four will help to look after younger ones and baby-wearing", in which infants are carried in slings, is considered the norm.According to Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, an evolutionary anthropologist at Cambridge University, these practices, Known as all oparenting, could lead to less anxiety for children and parents.Dr Annie Swanepoel, a child psychiatrist, believes that there are ways to incorporate them into western life. In Germany, one scheme has paired an old people's home with a nursery. The residents help to look after the children, an arrangement akin to alloparenting. Another measure could be encouraging friendships between children indifferent school years to miror the unsupervised mixed-age playgroups in hunter-gatherer communities.In a paper published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researchers said that the western nuclear family was a recent invention which family broke with evolutionary history. This abrupt shift to an "intensive mothering narrative", which suggests that mothers should manage childcare alone, was likely to have been harmful. "Such narratives can lead to maternal exhaustion and have dangerous consequences, "they wrote.By contrast, in hunter-gatherer societies adults other than the parents can provide almost half of a child's care. One previous study looked at the Efe people of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It found that infants had an average of 14 alloparents a day by the time they were 18 weeks old and were passed between caregivers eight times an hour.Chaudhary said that parents now had less childcare support from family and social networks than during most of humans'evolutionary history,but introducing additional caregivers could reduce stress and maternal depression,which could have a“knock-on"benefit to a child's wellbeing.An infant bom to a hunter-gatherer society could have more than ten caregivers-this contrasts starkly to nursery settings in the UK where regulations call for a ratio of one carer to four children aged two to three.While hunter-gatherer children leamt from observation and imitation in mixed-age playgroups,researchers said that western"instructive teaching",where pupils are asked to sit still,may contribute to conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Chaudhary said that Britain should explore the possibility that older siblings helping their parents“might also enhance their own social development”26.According to the first two paragraph,alloparenting refers to the practice of[A]sharing child care among community members[B]assigning babies to specific adult caregivers[C]teaching parenting details to older children[D]carrying infants around by their parent27.The scheme in Germany is mentioned to illustrate[A]an attempt to facilitate intergenerational communication[B]an approach to integrating alloparenting into western culture[C]the conventional parenting style in western culture[D]the differences between western African ways ofliving28.According to Paragraph 4,the"intensive mothering narrative"_[A]alleviate parenting pressure[B]considerate family relationships[C]results in the child-centered family[D]departs from the course of evolution29.According to paragraph 6,what can we lean about nursery in the UK?[A]They tend to fall short of official requirements.[B]They have difficulty finding enough caregivers.[C]They ought to improve their carer-to-child ratio.[D]They should try to prevent parental depression.30.Which of the following would be the best title?[A]Instructive teaching:a dilemma for anxious parents[B]For a happier family,learn from the hunter-gatherers[C]Mix-aged playgroup,a better choice for lonely children[D]Tracing the history of parenting:from Africa to EuropeText 3Rutkowski is a Polish digital artist who uses classical painting styles to create dreamy fantasy landscapes.He has made illustrations for games such as Sony's Horizon Forbidden West,Ubisoft's Anno,Dungeons&Dragons,and Magic:The Gathering.And he's become a sudden hit in the new world of text-to-image AI generation.His distinctive style is now one of the most commonly used prompts in the new open-source AI art generator Stable Diffusion,which was launched late last month.The tool,along with other popular image-generation AI models,allows anyone to create impressive images based on text prompts.For example,type in"Wizard with sword and a glowing orb of magic fire fights a fierce dragon GregRutkowski,"and the system will produce something that looks not a milion miles away from works in Rutkowski's style.But these open-source programs are built by scraping images from the Internet,often without permission and proper attribution to artists.As a result,they are raising tricky questions about ethics and copyright.And artists like Rutkowski have had enough.According to the website Lexica,which tracks over 10 million images and prompts generated by Stable Diffusion,Rutkowski's name has been used as a prompt around 93,000 times.Some of the world's most famous artists,such as Michelangelo,Pablo Picasso,and Leonardo da Vinci,brought up around 2,000 prompts each or less.Rutkowski's name also features as a prompt thousands of times in the Discord of another text-to-image generator,Midjourney.Rutkowski was initially surprised but thought it might be a good way to reach new audiences.Then he tried searching for his name to see if a piece he had worked on had been published.The online search brought back work that had his name attached to it but wasn't his.“It's been just a month.What about in a year?I probably won't be able to find my work out there because[the internet]will be flooded with AI art,"Rutkowski says."That's concerning."“There is a coalition growing within artist industries to figure out how to tackle or mitigate this,"says Ortiz.The group is in its early days of mobilization,which could involve pushing for new policies or regulation.One suggestion is that AI models could be trained on images in the public domain,and AI companies could forge partnerships with museums and artists,Ortiz says.31.What can be leamed about Rutkowski from the first two paragraphs?[A]He is enthusiastic about AI generation painting.[B]He is popular with the users of an Al art generator.[C]He attracts admiration from other illustrators.[D]He specializes in classical painting digitalization.32.The problem with open-source AI art generators is that they[A]lack flexibility in responding to prompts[B]produce artworks in unpredictable styles[C]make unauthorized use of online images[D]collect user information without consent33.After searching online,Rutkowski found[A]a unique way to reach audiences[B]a new method to identify Al images[C]AI-generated work bearing his name[D]heated disputes regarding his copyright34.According to Ortiz,AI companies are advised to[A]campaign for new policies or regulations[B]offer their services to public institutions[C]strengthen their relationships with AI users[D]adopt a different strategy for Al model training35.What is the text mainly about?[A]Artists'responses to Al art generation.[B]AI's expanded role in artistic creation.[C]Privacy issues in the application of Al.[D]Opposing views on AI development.Text 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its natural construction,the interaction of fresh and saline water and the mix of land and water.The shallows provide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the US Supreme Court issued a ruling in an Idaho case that provides the EPA far less authority to regulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected by the EPA under it Clean Water Act authority must have a“continuous surface connection”to bodies of water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators and other commercial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries"significant repercussions for water quality and flood control throughout the US,"as Justice Brett Kavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlands protections.But that's a very shortsighted view,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water and the pollutants that so often come with it,don't respect state boundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64000-square-mile watershed that extends to Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackett V.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights of land owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And it's reminder that they EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake Bay program has long been crucial as the means to transcend the influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to use one telling example,aren't thinking about next year's blue crab harvest in Maryland when they decide whether to spread animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can have enormous impacts downstream.And so we would also call on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing their own wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can't offer them a trip to the Chesapeake Bay model.It's been gone since the 1980s but perhaps a visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where American bald eagles fly over tidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatic life.It's worth the scenic drive.36.The Chesapeake Bay is described in Paragraph 1 as[A]a value natural environment[B]a controversial conservation area[C]a place with commercial potential[D]a headache for nearby communities37.The U.S.Supreme Court's ruling in the Idaho case[A]reinforces water pollution control[B]weakens the EPA's regulatory power[C]will end conflicts among local residents[D]may face opposition from mining operators38.How does the author feel about the future of the Chesapeake Bay?[A]Worried.[B]Puzzled.[C]Relieved[D]Encouraged.39.What can be inferred about the EPA's involvement in the Chesapeake BayProgram?[A]It has restored the balance among neighboring jurisdictions.[B]It has triggered a radical reform in commercial fisheries.[C]It has set a fine example of respecting state authorities.[D]It has ensured the coordination of protection efforts.40.The author holds that the state lawmakers should[A]be cautious about the influence of landowners[B]attach due importance to wetlands protections[C]recognize the need to expand wildlife refugesPart BDirections:Read the following comments on a report about American museums returning artifacts to their countries of origin and a list of statements summarizing the comments.Choose the best statement from the list A-G for each numbered name(41—45).There are two extra choices which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)(41)HannabSimply,there are people in Nigeria who cannot travel to the Smithsonian Institution to see that part of their history and culture represented by the Benin Bronzes.These should be available to them as part of their cultural heritage and history and as a source of national pride.There is no good reason that these artifacts should be beyond the ordinary reach of the educational objectives or inspiration of the generations to which they were left.They serve no purpose in a museum in the United States or elsewhere except as curious objects.They cannot be compared to works of art produced for sale which can be passed from hand to hand and place to place by purchase.(42)BuckWe know very exact reproductions of artwork can be and are regularly produced.Perhaps museums and governments might explore some role for the use of nearly exact reproductions as a means of resolving issues relating to returning works of art and antiquities.The context of any exhibit is more important to me than whether the object being displayed is 2,000 years old or 2 months old.In many cases the experts have a hard time agreeing on what is the real object and what is a forgery.Again,the story an exhibit is trying to tell is what matters.The monetary value of the objects on display is a distant second place in importance.(43)SaraWhen visiting the Baltimore Museum of Art,I came across a magnificentlSth-century Chinese sculpture.It inspired me to learm more about the culture that it represented.Artifacts in museums have the power to inspire,and perhaps spark that need to learn and understand the nature of their creators.Having said that,I do feel that whatever artifacts find their way to public museums should,in fact,be sanctioned as having been obtained on loan,legally purchased,or obtained by treaty.Stealing artifacts from other peoples'cultures is obscene;it robs not only the physical objects,but the dignity and spirit of their creators.(44)VictorAncient art that is displaced in foreign countries should be returned.…(缺失)(45)JuliaTo those of you in the comments section,by all means,who are having strong feeling about artifacts being removed from cities in the US and Britain,I would ask you to consider…(缺失)[A]It is clear that countries of origin have never been compensated for stolen artifacts.[B]It is a flawed line of reasoning to argue against returning artifacts to their countries of origin.[C]Museum visitor can still learn as much from artifacts copies after the originals are returmed.[D]Reproductions,even if perfectly made,cannot take the place of the authentic objects.[E]The real value of artifacts can only be recognized in their countries of origin rather than anywhere else[F]Ways to get artifacts from other countries must be decent and lawful.[G]Concern over security is no excuse for refusing to return artifacts to their countries of origin. 参考答案：41.E 42.C 43.F 44.G 45.BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)“Elephants never forget”—or so they say—and that piece of folklore seems to have some foundation.The African savanna elephant also known as the African bush elephant,is distributed across 37 African countries.(46)They sometimes travel more than sixty miles to find food or water,anc are very good at working out where other elephants are—even when they are out of ing tracking devices,researchers have shown that they have"remarkable spatial acuity",when finding their way to waterholes,they headed off in exactly the right direction,on one occasion from a distance of roughly thirty miles.What is more,they almost always seem to choose the nearest water hole.(47)The researchers are convinced that the elephants always know precisely where they are in relation to all the resources they need,and can therefore take shortcuts,as well as following familiar routes.Although the cues used by African elephants for long-distance navigation are not yet understood,smell may well play a part.Elephants are very choosy eaters,but until recently litle was known about how they selected their food.(48)One possibility was that they merely used their eyes and tried out the plants they found,but that would probably result in a lot of wasted time and energy,not least because their eyesight is actually not very good.(49)The volatile chemicals produced by plants can be carried a long way,and they are very characteristic:Each plant or tree has its own particular odor signature.What is more,they can be detected even when they are not actually visible.New research suggests that smell is a crucial factor in guiding elephants—and probably other herbivores—to the best food resources.The researchers first established what kinds of plant the elephants preferred either to eat or avoid when foraging freely.They then set up a“food station”experiment,in which they gave elephants a series of choices based only on smell.(50)The experiment showed that elephants may well use smell to identify patches of trees that are good to eat,and secondly to assess the quality ofthe trees within each patch.Free-ranging elephants presumably also use this information to locate their preferred food.参考译文：(46)它们有时跋涉六十多英里寻找食物或水，并且非常善于寻找其他大象的位置——即使它们不在视线范围内。

2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一真题及答案详解SectionⅠUse of EnglishCaravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China,North Africa and the Middle East.They were typically__1_outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments of_2__.This word“Caravanserais”is a__3__of the Persian word“karvan”,which means a group of travellers or a caravan,and seray,a palace or enclosed building.The Perm caravan was used to__4__groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons,__5__merchants,travellers or pilgrims.From the10th century onwards,as merchant and travel routes become more developed,the__6__of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night.Travellers on the Silk Road__7__possibility of being attacked by thieves or being__8__to extreme conditions.For this reason, Caravanserais were strategically placed__9__they could be reached in a day’s travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal__10__point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road.__11__,those structures became important centers for culture __12__and interaction,with travelers sharing their cultures,ideas and beliefs, __13__talking knowledge with them,greatly__14__the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and__15__inthe trade of goods along the Silk Road.__16__,it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and__17__supplies for their own journeys.It is __18__that around120000to15000caravanserais were built along the Silk Road, __19__only about3000are known to remain today,many of which are in__20__.1.A.displayed B.occupied C.located D.equipped2.A.privately B.regularly C.respectively D.permanently3.A.definition B.transition C.substitution bination4.A.classify B.record C.describe D.connect5.A.apart from B.instead of C.such as D.along with6.A.construction B.restoration C.impression D.evaluation7.A.doubted B.faced C.accepted D.reduced8.A.assigned B.subjected C.accustomed D.opposed9.A.so that B.even if C.now that D.in case10.A.talking B.starting C.breaking D.meeting11.A.by the way B.on occasion C.in comparison D.As a result12.A.heritage B.revival C.exchange D.status13.A.with regard to B.in spite of C.as well as D.in line withpleting B.influencing C.resuming D.pioneering15.A.aided B.invested C.failed peted16.A.Rather B.Indeed C.otherwise D.However17.A.go in for B.standard up for C.lose in on D.stock up on18.A.believed B.predicted C.recalled D.implied19.A.until B.because C.unless D.although20.A.ruins B.debt C.fashion D.series【1】C.located后面outside the walls of a city or village表示位置只有located可以后接地址，表示坐落在……地方【2】A privately此处副词修饰前面的fund,带入只有privately私下资助更为合理【3】 bination空后面接了of the Persian word“karvan”和and seray,a palace or enclosed building表示是这两个词的结合体词为combination，【4】C.describe根据上一句对与词Caravanserais的解释，这一句也是表示同义方向的内容，用来解释The Perm caravan，这里只有描述这个词可以表达词义。

2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题1、John suggest _____ anything about it until they found out more facts. [单选题] *A not to sayB. not sayC to say notD not saying(正确答案)2、—Excuse me, how long does it ______ to walk to the library? —About 15 minutes, I’m afraid.（）[单选题] *A. take(正确答案)B. spendC. costD. pay3、As for the quality of this model of color TV sets, the ones made in Chine are by no means _____ those imported. [单选题] *A inferior thanB less inferior toC less inferior thanD. inferior to(正确答案)4、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)5、He doesn’t feel well. He has a _______ nose. [单选题] *A. runingB. rainingC. runny(正确答案)D. rainy6、My sister _______ listen to music when she was doing her homework．[单选题] *A. used to(正确答案)B. use toC. is used toD. uses to7、Her ideas sound right, but _____ I'm not completely sure. [单选题] *A. somehow(正确答案)B. somewhatC. somewhereD. sometime8、The firm attributed the accident to（）fog, and no casualties have been reported until now. [单选题] *A. minimumB. scarceC. dense(正确答案)D. seldom9、The Spring Festival is on the way.Many shops have _______ huge posters with the word sales. [单选题] *A. put up(正确答案)B. put onC. put outD. put off10、The weather forecast says that we’ll have occasional rain tomorrow. [单选题] *A. 偶尔的B. 不停的C. 少量的(正确答案)D. 不可预测的11、The boy lost his（）and fell down on the ground when he was running after his brother. [单选题] *A. balance(正确答案)B. chanceC. placeD. memory12、I knocked on the door but _______ answered. [单选题] *A. somebodyB. anybodyC. nobody(正确答案)D. everybody13、—Does your grandpa live ______ in the country?—Yes. So I often go to visit him so that he won’t feel ______. （）[单选题] *A. alone; aloneB. lonely; lonelyC. lonely; aloneD. alone; lonely(正确答案)14、She is a girl, _______ name is Lily. [单选题] *A. whose(正确答案)B. whoC. whichD. that15、Having stayed in the United States for more than ten years, he got an American（）[单选题] *A. speechB. accent(正确答案)C. voiceD. sound16、--Jenny, what’s your favorite _______?--I like potatoes best. [单选题] *A. fruitB. vegetable(正确答案)C. drinkD. meat17、If you don’t feel well, you’d better ask a ______ for help. [单选题] *A. policemanB. driverC. pilotD. doctor(正确答案)18、_____ the project, we'll have to work two more weeks. [单选题] *A. CompletingB. CompleteC. Having completedD.To complete(正确答案)19、This pair of shoes only _______ me 10 yuan. [单选题] *A. spentB. tookC. paidD. cost(正确答案)20、It is my _______ to meet you here. [单选题] *A. pleasure(正确答案)B. pleaseC. pleasedD. pleasant21、The little girl held _____ in her hand. [单选题] *A. five breadsB. five piece of breadsC. five piece of breadD. five pieces of bread(正确答案)22、I do not have my own room,_____. [单选题] *A. neither does Tom(正确答案)B. neither has TomC. so does TomD. so has Tom23、( ) _____ New York _____ London have traffic problems. [单选题] *A. All…andB. Neither….norC. Both…and(正确答案)D. Either…or24、61．How is online shopping changing our way? ? ? ? ? ? life? [单选题] *A．of(正确答案)B．inC．onD．for25、-We’ve spent too much money recently–well,it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives_______around all the time [单选题] *ingB. had comeC. were comingD have been coming(正确答案)26、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the27、--Mom, I will not eat fast food this year. Believe me.--If you make a _______, you must keepit. [单选题] *A. jokeB. noiseC. mistakeD. promise(正确答案)28、_____ is not known yet. [单选题] *A. Although he is serious about itB. No matter how we will do the taskC. Whether we will go outing or not(正确答案)D. Unless they come to see us29、52．I'm happy to ________ a birthday card from an old friend. [单选题] *A．buyB．makeC．loseD．receive(正确答案)30、I’m still unable to make myself_____in the discussion, which worries me a lot. [单选题]*A.understandB.understood(正确答案)C.understandingD.to be understood。