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03
动物生态学
生态学概述
生态学定义
生态学是研究生物与环境之间相互关系的科学。
生态学研究内容
包括生物种群、群落和生态系统等层次，以及生物与环境之间的相互作用和适应。
生态学重要性
生态学对于理解生物多样性的起源、维持和丧失，以及生物与环境之间的相互作用具有重要意义。
动物种群生态学
种群定义
种群是指在一定空间和时间范围内，具有共同遗传特性的同种生
群落演替
研究群落随时间的演变和变化，包括初生演替和次生演替等。
动物与环境的关系
环境因素
01
影响动物生存和繁殖的环境因素包括气候、土壤、地形、水文
等。
适应与演化
02
动物通过适应环境变化而演化，同时也会影响其所处环境的结
构和功能。
人与动物的关系
03
人类活动对动物及其环境的影响，以及如何保护动物和其栖息
觅食行为特点
不同动物的觅食行为具有各自的特点，如肉食动物的捕食技巧、草食动物的咀嚼和消化等。
觅食行为意义
觅食行为对于动物的生存和生长发育具有重要意义，是动物适应环境的重要手段。
动物的迁徙行为
1 2
迁徙行为定义
迁徙行为是指动物因繁殖、觅食、避难等原因而进行的较长距离的移动行为。
迁徙行为特点
不同动物的迁徙行为具有各自的特点，如鸟类的长距离迁徙、哺乳动物的季节性迁徙等。
动物学课件
• 动物学概述 • 动物形态学 • 动物生态学 • 动物行为学 • 动物保护与利用
01
动物学概述

动物学基础课件

※ 特化的特征
• 前肢特化成为翼 • 身体被羽、流线型 • 骨骼轻而薄，愈合程度高，胸骨具龙骨突，
锁骨呈“V”字形 • 肺和气囊相连，可行双重呼吸 • 其它----无齿、肌胃消化、贯趾屈肌、视觉
的调节机制…...
总结鸟类是全身被羽、前肢变为翼、产大型羊膜卵、恒温的脊椎动物鸟类从初龙类爬行动物进化而来，与中生代的兽脚类恐龙最接近鸟类对飞行的适应主要表现在 2个方面：减少体重和加强飞翔的力量
• 意义：（1）促进了体内各种酶的活动、发酵过程，提
高了新陈代谢水平
（2）提高了快速运动能力，有利于捕食、避敌（3）减少了对环境的依赖，扩大了生活和分布
的范围
鸟类的生物学特征
• 身体流线型，颈长； • 具角质喙，无齿； • 体表被羽，皮肤薄而致密，缺少腺体； • 前肢变为翼； • 气质骨，有发达的龙骨突和胸肌； • 肺呼吸，具气囊，为双重呼吸； • 血液完全双循环；左体动脉弓和肾门静脉退化； • 恒温；体内受精，产大型羊膜卵； • 有复杂的生殖行为； 1. 尿酸为主要排泄产物
胎不经变态直接发育的可能性 4.在胚胎发育期间，胚胎本身还发生一系列保证
能在陆地完成发育的适应.即产生三种胚膜：羊膜、绒毛膜和尿囊膜
•羊膜动物胚的发生过程
肠腔中胚层外胚层内胚层
羊膜腔胚外体腔
肠腔羊膜绒毛膜尿囊
卵黄囊
1
3
肠胚外体腔
腔
中胚层
外胚层
内胚层
肠腔羊膜
绒毛膜尿囊
卵黄囊
胚外体腔
•呼吸特点：
双重呼吸（无论呼气还是吸气，肺内均有气体交换）
单向流动（气体在肺内不走重复路线）
呼吸效能高（气体在肺内经过两个呼吸周期才被排出）

国外动物学34共39页文档

Membrane-Bound Receptors
Many hormones are too large, or too polar, to pass through plasma membranes.
Bind to transmembrane proteins that act as receptor sites on target cell membranes.
(MSH) – in reptiles & amphibians, this hormone stimulates color change.
The Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates the kidney’s retention of water.
Hormone is first messenger.
Causes activation of a second messenger in the cytoplasm.
cAMP
Nuclear Receptors
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble molecules that bind to hormone receptors in the cytoplasm of the target cell.
Luteinizing hormone (LH) plays an important role in the menstrual cycle. It also stimulates the production of testosterone in males.
The Anterior Pituitary

优质文档国外动物学35

Internal Cellular and Chemical Defenses
Internal cellular defenses depend mainly on phagocytosis.
Phagocytes are types of white blood cells that:
Ingest invading microorganisms. Initiate the inflammatory response.
A host is susceptible to a parasite if it can’t eliminate a parasite before it becomes established.
The parasite is infective.
The host is resistant if it is able to prevent establishment of the parasite.
MHC molecules are encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex.
T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC
Infected cells produce MHC molecules which bind to antigen fragments and then are transported to the cell surface in a process called antigen presentation.
The Immune System

动物分类学

• 生活在室外潮湿处或室内干燥处，危害书籍和衣物。是真正的无翅昆虫，它的祖先型演化发展为有翅昆虫。
• 全世界500多种，我国记录20余种。
衣鱼
衣鱼
石蛃
有翅亚纲 Pterygota
• 原生有翅，有的次生无翅。腹部除尾须和产卵器外，无其他附肢。气管复杂（随着昆虫的进化，各体节间出现连接的侧纵干，可使呼吸通风更为有效）。胚后发育有明显变态现象，性成熟后不再蜕皮。分为29个目。
• 无复眼和单眼，无触角，前足长而前伸，代替触角的作用；腹部12节，第1－3节有腹足遗迹；无尾；跗节1节。
• 该目昆虫生活在阴暗潮湿而富有有机质的地方，食菌类和有机质。无经济意义。但在研究昆虫纲的起源、演化发展方面有重要意义。
• 全世界649种，我国164种（1995年）。
• 我国著名昆虫学家——尹文英
• 稚虫水生，下唇特化成面罩，以致成虫和幼虫口器截然不同，故有异口类 Heterognatha之称；稚虫以直肠鳃或尾鳃呼吸，属寡足型。
• 全世界5000种，我国记录400种。
• 如蜻蜓、豆娘。
红蜻 Crocothemis servilia
红蜻 Crocothemis servilia
蜻蜓稚虫——水虿
无翅亚纲 Apterygota
• 原生无翅，体型小。腹部除尾须和产卵器外，常有退化的附肢。气管无或简单（原始昆虫每一体节都具有一对气门和分布在本节的独立气管系）。胚后发育无明显变态现象，性成熟后继续蜕皮。分为4个目。
1．原尾目 Protura
• 内口式（头部后颊向下延伸包住上下颚及下唇基部），增节变态（最原始的变态类型，幼期与成虫之间除身体大小和性器官发育程度的差异外，腹部节数还随着脱皮次数的增加而增加。初孵化幼体腹节为9节，至性成熟时增加到12节，所增加的3节均由第8腹节增生而来）。

《国外动物学》

Boundary areas are called ecoclines.
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Terrestrial Biomes
Climate is particularly important in determining why particular terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas.
Grassland
Temperate grasslands receive seasonal precipitation and have cold winters and hot summers.
Prairie
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Grassland
Grasses and herds of large grazing mammals are dominant.
Middle zones are home to arboreal mammals (monkeys, sloths), birds, bats, insects, amphibians.
Climbing animals move along the tree trunks feeding at all levels.
Evergreens dominant Colder, less rain than temperate forests.
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Coniferous Forest
Mammals that inhabit coniferous forests include deer, moose, elk, snowshoe hares, wolves, foxes, lynxes, weasels, bears.
Living matter requires a y of major and minor elements available on earth.

国外动物学39

Biomes
Varying combinations of both biotic and abiotic factors determine the nature of Earth’s many biomes.
Biomes are the major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water.
This early atmosphere would be fatal to today’s organisms.
The appearance of free oxygen in the atmosphere is an example of the reciprocity of life and the earth.
Living organisms produce changes in their environment and must adapt and evolve.
Biosphere
The biosphere is the thin outer layer of the earth capable of supporting life.
Includes living organisms as well as the physical environments.
Biosphere - Subdivisions
Lithosphere – rocky material of the earth’s outer shell.
Source of mineral elements required for life.

《国外动物学》课件

国外动物学的研究成果和贡献
国外动物学在理论方面的研究成果和贡献
达尔文的进化论：提出了物种起源和进化的理论，对动物学产生了深远影响
孟德尔的遗传学：提出了遗传定律，为动物遗传学奠定了基础
动物行为学的发展：研究动物行为，揭示动物行为的生理机制和社会行为
生态学的发展：研究动物与环境的关系，为动物保护提供了理论支持
国外动物学对未来的影响和展望
生物多样性保护：加强生物多样性保护，维护生态平衡动物行为研究：深入研究动物行为，提高动物福利动物疾病防控：加强动物疾病防控，保障人类健康动物资源利用：合理利用动物资源，促进经济发展动物保护政策：制定和实施动物保护政策，提高公众意识动物科技发展：推动动物科技发展，提高动物研究水平
环境污染监测：通过研究动物种群对环境污染的反应，评估环境污染的程度和影响。
国外动物学在生物多样性和物种保护方面的应用价值
生物多样性：国外动物学研究可以帮助我们了解不同物种之间的相互关系和生态位，从而更好地保护生物多样性。
物种保护：国外动物学研究可以帮助我们了解濒危物种的生存状况和威胁因素，从而制定有效的保护措施。
国外动物学的应用价值和实际意义
国外动物学在生态保护和环境监测方面的应用价值
动物种群监测：通过观察和研究动物种群的数量、分布和变化，了解生态系统的健康状况。
生物多样性保护：通过研究动物物种的多样性，了解生态系统的稳定性和可持续性。
生态系统评估：通过研究动物种群与生态系统的关系，评估生态系统的健康状况和生态风险。
国外动物学
汇报人：
单击输入目录标题国外动物学概述国外动物学的特点和特色国外动物学的研究成果和贡献
国外动物学的未来发展趋势和展望国外动物学的应用价值和实际意义

国外动物学35-资料

Involves a very specific response to pathogens.
A Summary of Innate and Acquired Immunity
External Defenses
Intact skin and mucous membranes form physical barriers that block the entry of microorganisms and viruses.
The parasite is noninfective.
The Immune System
Immune cells, red blood cells, and other white blood cells are derived from multipotential stem cells in the bone marrow.
Immunity
Chapter 35
The Immune System
An animal must defend itself from the many dangerous pathogens it may encounter in the environment.
The Immune System
The variable C C regions form the antigen binding site and provide a diversity of T cells.
T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC
T cells bind to small fragments of antigens that are bound to normal cellsurface proteins called MHC molecules.

国外动物学37-PPT精选

Living matter requires a supply of major and minor elements available on earth.
The earth’s gravity is strong enough to hold an extensive gaseous atmosphere.
Climbing animals move along the tree trunks feeding at all levels.
Ground level contains larger mammals (capybara, paca, agouti, pigs) as well as a variety of reptiles and amphibians.
Tropical Forest
Nutrients in a tropical forest are tied up in living organisms.
Soil is poor.
Slash and burn agriculture involves removing vegetation to grow crops – but the soil is so poor that the fields must be moved often.
Fruit bats, canopy birds, and mammals live in the canopy eating leaves & fruit.
Middle zones are home to arboreal mammals (monkeys, sloths), birds, bats, insects, amphibians.

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Ethology – basic concepts
Lorenz and Tinbergen (1938) examined eggrolling behavior in the greylag goose.
If the egg slipped away, she continued the motion.
Control of Behavior
Biologists study the ways both genes and the environment influence the development of behavioral phenotypes.
Behavior that is developmentally fixed is called innate behavior and is under strong genetic influence.
Young male white-crowned sparrows learn their song by listening to their father.
A bird raised in isolation will have an abnormal song.
If he hears a recording of the song during a critical period, he will learn it – even the local dialect.
Once initiated, it is usually carried to completion.
Fixed Action Patterns
A FAP is triggered by an external sensory stimulus known as a sign stimulus.
Animal Behavior
Chapter 36
What Is Behavior?
Behavior is what an animal does and how it does it.
Learning is also considered a behavioral process.
Pioneers of ethology:
In the bill Tucked into feathers on the
back Hybrids tried both, but
performed both incorrectly.
Learning
Learning is the modification of behavior based on specific experiences.
trait.
The Genetics of Behavior
Hybrids may show intermediate or confused behavior.
Each species of Agapornis has its own method of carrying nest-building material.
If a noxious stimulus is applied, the animal becomes sensitized to the stimulus.
Imprinting
Imprinting is a type of behavior that includes both learning and innate components and is generally irreversible.
Imprinting
An example of imprinting is young geese following their mother.
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz showed that when baby geese spent the first few hours of their life with him, they imprinted on him as their parent.
Imprinting
Imprinting
Imprinting
Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting in programs to save the whooping crane from extinction.
Imprinting
He can only learn the song of his species.
Social Behavior
Social behavior includes any interaction resulting from a response of one animal to another animal of the same species.
The egg, for example.
Fixed Action Patterns
In male sticklebacks, the sign stimulus for attack behavior, is the red underside of an intruder.
(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.
Fixed Action Patterns
There are costs involved with attack behavior.
Inappropriate attack responses can be costly.
Red items are not common in the environment.
Selective Consequences of Sociality
Benefits of social behavior:
Defense (passive and active) from predators
Fixed Action Patterns
When presented with unrealistic models, as long as some red is present, the attack behavior occurs.
No attack occurs with the realistic model that lacks red.
Learned behaviors range from very simple to very complex.
Habituation
Habituation is a loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information.
Proximate vs. Ultimate Causes
The scientific questions that can be asked about behavior can be divided into two classes:
Those that focus on the immediate stimulus and mechanism for the behavior.
The Genetics of Behavior
“Hygienic” bees uncap hive cells and remove rotting larvae.
Controlled by two genes. Homozygous recessive individuals show the
Ethology
Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, particularly in natural environments.
Behavioral பைடு நூலகம்cology
The modern scientific discipline of behavioral ecology extends observations of animal behavior by studying: how such behavior is controlled and how it develops, evolves, and contributes to survival and reproductive success.
Does not need to be practiced.
The Genetics of Behavior
Hereditary transmission of behavior is often complex.
Occasionally, a behavior will follow Mendelian rules.
Those that explore how the behavior contributes to survival and reproduction.
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Proximate, or “how”, questions about behavior focus on the environmental stimuli that trigger a behavior.
Focus on the genetic, physiological, and anatomical mechanisms underlying a behavioral act.
Proximate and Ultimate Questions
Ultimate, or “why”, questions about behavior address the evolutionary significance of a behavior.