Lecture 10-Omission

格式：ppt
大小：49.50 KB
文档页数：29

下载文档原格式

Criminal law法律英语刑法 PPT课件

- Extreme thoughtless of murder极端轻率谋杀罪
- Felony – murder重罪—谋杀罪
Manslaughter
- Voluntary manslaughter自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人（比如激情犯罪crime of passion）
- involuntary homicide过失杀人
Step 16 :Sentencing (three different types may be used)
Step 17 :Appeals
American criminal law classification
美国刑法种类
• 1.Criminal ACTS endangering degree（犯罪行为危害程度）： felony（重罪），misdemeanor(轻罪）
Step 1 :The Reported Crime (or “known offense”)
Step 2 :Prearrest Investigation (include three basic groups)
Step 3 :Arrest
Step 4 :Booking Step 5 : Post-Arrest Investigation (will vary with the fact situation)
My lecture topics ：
Death penalty sentencing plot
（死刑的量刑情节）
Basic situation
• American criminal law no specific reflect about the death penalty sentencing system, but the scope of the basic limit first-degree murder just executed, considering the consequences of a murder. Other must try to give every opportunity decreases victimised suspects miscalculation.

汉译英第6章增补

BEFORE NEW LECTURE跑得了和尚跑不了庙The monk can run away ,but the temple can not.TWO MEANINGS ：1 The monk(bad men ,such criminals) can run away,but the temple (the residence) of bad men can not,because the residence is the clue for the people to find and catch them. 2 The monk(people without anything) can run away but the temple(school,company,factory)can not.That means a person with nothing can break a contract,but a person with a school(company,factory) can not.增补与省略汉语和英语的这种区别通常概括为前者重意合(parataxis)后者重形合(hypotaxis). 也可以说，从总体观察，汉语形散(divergent)，结构形式比较松弛，词句比较简洁，而英语形聚(convergent)结构形式比较严谨。

汉语文章的意合，即指英语中的逻辑、语法、词汇等连接首段运用很少；英语文章的形合，即指词句的粘着性（cohesion）,手段多种多样。

如逻辑词语的连接，语法上的照应、替代、省略等，词汇是的搭配、同义词的复现等。

一．增补增补(amplification)是在原文基础上添加必要的词语，力图使译文在语意、语境方面和原文一致，从而使得译文在忠实地表达原文的意思与风格的同时合乎译入语的表达习惯1.从语法角度增补（1）增补主语、宾语他决心继续他的实验，不过这次将用另一种办法来做He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he’ll do it in another way. 书到后应立即付款。

翻译

翻译与写作1 2013-2014学年第一学期作业：15次注意事项：1.请在你的作业本封皮上面标明你的：班级、学号、姓名2.你的作业中，在每次作业前面标明第几讲的作业。

3.作业占期末考试成绩，共计15分，少写一次作业减1分。

如有抄袭现象（包括抄参考答案，抄其他同学的译文）不得分。

没讲作业如果没有修改或改进痕迹，也不得分。

4.请把你的所有翻译作业交给学委，学委收齐后请交给我。

5.递交时间：12月17日（第16周星期二）上午12点之前：1101、1102、1103、1104班；12月21日（第16周星期六）上午12点之前：1105、1106、1107、1108班。

过时不候，补交不算。

Lecture 1 Introduction of TranslationV. Assignments英译汉：1. The medicine herb helps a cough.2. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrella of all sizes and colors.3. The worth of a thing is best known by the want of it.4. … who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband, …汉译英：1. 我天不管，地不管。

2. 珍爱生命，拒绝毒品。

3. 面条长又长，吃了寿命长。

4. 三个人品字式坐了，随便谈了起来。

5. 他只会马走日，象走田。

6. 诗中有画，画中有诗。

7. 幸亏这些妇女，白洋淀长大的，她们摇得小船飞快。

8. 沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中死亡。

Lecture 2 Translation HistoryAssignments:1. Money is the key that opens all doors.2. He left medicine for art.3. What the hell is the matter with him?4. What the hell do you know about it?5. 酒后勿驾车。

lecture翻译技巧一词义选择

• 译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。 • 析：do not stop here 由“不停留在这里” 转译为“并不止这些”。
Case 2
• Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.
1. 根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。例如： Like charges repel. Unlike charges attract. 同极相斥。异极相吸。
但在下面例句中，like又分属其他几个不同词类： 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。
• 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 • 析：若把它死译为“呆在这里”，不通顺。但引申为“已成为我们生活的一部分”，把原文的信息充分地传达出来，且易于读者理解。
Case 3
• Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years’ service.
[1][2][3][4][5]
再如“take （off）这一动词：
1) To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.

英汉笔译测试

笔译测试一、解释术语1、Translation consists in?________________________________________________________________________ 2Translation as a science or an art?________________________________________________________________________ 3 Criteria of Translation________________________________________________________________________ 4What is dynamic equivalence?________________________________________________________________________ 5The methods of Translation?________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6What is method?________________________________________________________________________ 7What is diction?________________________________________________________________________ 8What is Amplification?________________________________________________________________________ 9What are purposes and obligatory?________________________________________________________________________ 10Note to omission?________________________________________________________________________二、句子翻译(2做3没做 )My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about thesurrounding country.2）The sight of his native town called back his childhood.、I love my love with an E, because she's enticing; I hate her with anE, because she's engaged. I took her to the sign of the exquisite,and treated her with an elopement, her name's Emily, and she livesin the East.一朝春尽红颜老，花落人忘两不知。

学术英语(第二版)医学教学课件Unit 10

• We need to provide more of some things even as we provide fewer of others.
Do you see logic connection between them?
Para. 3 Language focus
to find a way to cover all of our people
Logic
in
the
paragraph
• One urgent national need: a way to cover all of our people
• Part of the problem: money
• The answer: rationalizing
• Blanket allocation: never a good idea
- people of all ages with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant).
• Medicaid is available only to certain low-income individuals and families who fit into an eligibility group that is recognized by federal and state law.
Para. 1 Language focus
medical c_o_v_e_r_a_g_e_（医疗保险支付范围） Medicare and M__e_d_ic_a_i_d_（联邦医疗保险和医

翻译lecture six

• 事实上，她们都是非常优雅的女士；她们并不是不
会谈笑风生，问题是要碰到她们高兴的时候；她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题在于她们是否乐意这样做；可惜的是，她们一味骄傲自大
• The fan，with its modern，elegant，bright，and harmoniously colored design，is an excellent electrical household appliance for cooling purposes on hot summer days．
• 老人说，“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。
他过去d never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确是如此。
• 3The magistrates are free to burn down houses while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps． (One man may steal a horse while another may not look over the hedge．) • 4上班，做家务，交朋友，(这些)占用了我的全部时间。
After-class assignment
1. 这个小男孩饭前都洗手，然后用餐巾纸擦干。 2. 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。 3 只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 4．My work，my family，my friend are more than enough to fill my time． 5．To err is human，to forgive divine．

Unit 6 Omission翻译

3.1 Omitting the conjunction of reason
• • • • 19 I can’t trust him, because he is not honest. 他不老实，我不能信任他。
20 We knew spring was coming as (because) we had seen a robin. • 我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。
Translation Technique
Omission of the Pronoun Omission of “it” Omission of the Coordinate and Subordinate Conjunction Omission of the Article Omission of the Preposition
2.3 Omission of idiomatic “it”
• • • • • • • • • • • 13 He led a dog’s life of it. 他过着牛马不如的生活。 14 Lord Angelo dukes it well. 安哲罗勋爵很有爵爷的神气。 15 We are born to slave it for our lord. 我们生来就是为君主效劳的。 16 He lords it over his inferiors. 他对部下摆架子，逞威风。 • back
• ★酒醉智昏
→
• ★When wine is in, wit is out.
• • • •
17 Whatever you like to eat, just tell me. 想吃什么，只管告诉我。
18 The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in full splendor. • 那太阳，整天躲了起来，现在又光芒四射了。

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

托福综合写作评分标准

在着手分析综合考试题目之前,我们先要了解综合写作如何评分，评分标准将引导我们如何在有限的时间里抓住采分点. 托福综合写作评卷是以5分为原始分进行判卷,然后换算成30分为满分的标准. 托福官方指南第四版第200页到第201页公布了综合写作5分到0分的评分标准，我们来逐项分析:一、5分—--满分的地方评分标准用了一个“but”转折, 如果考生写作中出现陈述听力内容时出现小的遗漏，不精确，模糊或者不准确将被扣除1分。

或者陈述阅读和听力关系有误，听力反驳阅读天然拿分,因此陈述关系的句型框架要提前准备.如:The lecturer made the point that……，which differs from the main idea in the reading that……。

最后4分也有对语言错误的要求。

总体而言，综合写作的评分对于语言的要求要低于独立写作.并不对遣词造句提出严格的要求，而只是对错误的频率和严重程度进行了界定.建议：若想综合写作不失分，谨记听力笔记,谨防听力内容写出偏差.三、3分—中国考生平均分综合写作的分数分布是橄榄形的,中间段最多,满分和低分都很少.综合写作的阅读难度远低于托福阅读,综合写作的听力难度也不难于托福听力，但是综合写作拿到3分以上却不简单。

很多考生参加托福考试出了考场感觉综合写作很好，大部分都听懂了,结果出来分数就不理想.这到底是为什么呢？我们看一下综合写作3分的评分标准Score Task Description3 A response at this level contains some important information from the lectureand conveys some relevant connection to the reading， but it is marked by oneor more of the following:1）Although the overall response is definitely oriented to the task, it conveys only vague, global， unclear， or somewhat imprecise connection of the pointsmade in the lecture to points made in the reading。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

• 省略必须遵守三点原则：（1）在译文中是可有可无的，或是多余的（2）其意思已经包含在上下文里（3）其含义在译文中是不言而喻的。
In C-E translation, therefore, there are cases wherein some words in the Chinese original have to be • 1.omitted in the English version. 原文中重复出现的词
• 我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。 • We answer that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding machine.
• • • • •
Omission of the verbs Let’s make an adjustment. 让我们调整一下吧。 It was hot and humid yesterday. 昨天的天气又冷又潮湿。
• When heated, gases act in exactly the same way as liquid acts. • 气体受热时所发生的变化与液体完全一样。
• In C-E translation, we have to amplify by supplying the article or the possessive pron. Or the relative pron. Or relative adv. where necessary, in E-C translation such particles should normally be omitted in the Chinese version.
• 我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。 • We should be loyal to our Party , to our people, and to our motherland.
• 2. 原文中表示范畴的词，如：任务、工作、情况、状态、问题、制度、事业、局面等 • 师生关系越好，就越有利于教学质量的提高。 • The closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching. • 我还鲜明地记得和周恩来总理第一次见面的情景。 • I still remember clearly my first meeting with Premier Zhuo Enlai.
Seven cases in which omission is called for:
• Omission of the article • The rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the concentrations of the reacting substances. • 化学反应的速度与反应物的浓度成正比。 • A child needs love. • 孩子都需要爱. • The horse is a useful animal. • 马是有用的动物。
• 3. 可能影响译文修辞效果的词语 • 汉语中，有时为了语言生动、简练，常用具体形象词语或成语做比喻；有时为了加强语气，可连用好几个短语。在翻译时某些词语往往省去不译或加以简化和压缩，不然译文势必拖泥带水，松散无力，反而失去原文的特色。所谓简化和压缩，无非是：
• 1）译出主要的和不可缺少的词语，略去次要的或不言而喻的词语 • 军匪所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。 • Whenever they (the bandit troops) went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted, and stopped at nothing. • They massacred the people, raped women , burned villages and looted property
• 就翻译来说，汉译英时必须服从英语里的人称代词体系和使用规律。英译汉时，必须了解汉语人称代词省落的情况，否则，就会堆砌汉语传统上不必要的人称代词，泛滥成sive pronoun • He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. • 他把双手放进口袋里，然后耸了耸肩。
• The door was opened, and they came in. • 门开了，他们走了进来。 • Now, if we put this sofa against the wall and move everything out of the room except the chairs, don’t you think it all right. • 你们看，把这个沙发贴墙放，把屋子里的东西都搬出去，单留下椅子，怎么样？
• Omission of prepositions • Smoking is prohibited in public places. • 公共场所不准吸烟。
• 省掉不言而喻或冗杂的词 • Part-time waitress applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. • 应聘业余女服务员者，有工作经验的优先录用。 • We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in a position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise. • 兹奉告，该商品可即期装运。（省去了陈腐复繁的表达）
• 每条河流都有上游、中游和下游。 • Every river has its upper, middle and lower。 Reaches. • 他把事情一五一十地都给父母讲了。 • He told his parents the whole story exactly as it had happened. • 他们是亲密无间的朋友。 • They are close friends.
• • • •
他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。 He is determined to turn over a new leaf. 本店货色齐全，品种多样，任君挑选。 We have a good assortment of goods to choose from.
• 2）将具体词语抽象概括为笼统的概念词 • 花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。 • The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
• We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter. • 我们保证立即处理此事。 • Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist. • 不承认这个事实，就不是唯物主义者。 • We have seven days in a week. • 一星期有七天。
翻译课件（第11讲）
Omission
• Omission is one of the translating techniques in which some parts of the original can be omitted when they are translated so that the translation accords with the target language habits.
• On condition that you sign this receipt, I will pay the money. • 你在收据上签字，我就付款。
• Omission of signs of comparison • Higher education; younger generation; weaker states • 高等教育；年轻一代；弱国 • It is less cold today than it was yesterday. 今天没有昨天冷。
• Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead, her face was short, her upper lip short, showing a glint of teeth, her brows were straight and dark, her lashes long and dark, her nose straight. • 她的黑发蓬蓬松松地飘拂在宽阔的前额上，脸是短短的上唇也是短短的，露出一排闪亮的牙齿，眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又长又黑，鼻子笔直。
• A boy is always a boy. • 孩子总是孩子。 • I am 78 years old; I have been confined to my room with a paralytic stoke for the past 14 months. • 我78岁了；由于患了瘫痪性中风，14个月来一直出不了门。
• • • • • • •
Omission of the connectives Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it. 智者爱好真理，愚者躲避真理。 He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？