glossary

术语表glossary一、结构名称曲轴：crankshaft[ kræŋkʃɑ:ft]锻钢曲轴：forged crankshaft球铁曲轴：nodular crankshaft/casting crankshaft [ˈnɔdjulə] [ kæst iŋ] [ kræŋkʃɑ:ft]大头/后端：rear end[riə] [end]小头/前端：front end[frʌnt]轴径：journal[ dʒə:nl]大头轴径：the rear end journal小头轴径：the front end journal主轴径：main journal [mein]连杆轴径：pin journal[pin]中间主轴径：center main bearing journal [ sentə] [ bɛəriŋ]连杆顶：pin top[tɔp]连杆侧面：pin bearing side face [said][feis]曲柄臂：crank web[kræŋk][web]平衡铁：counterweight [ kauntəweit]轴承孔：bearing hole[həul]止口：located mouth [mauθ][ləʊ ke♓t♓d]稳钉：position[pə ziʃən]连杆侧面凹面：concave [kɔn keɪv]凸台：side step [said] [step]止推面：thrust face [θrʌst]中心距：half stroke；center distance[hɑ:f] [strəuk] [ distəns]键槽：keyway/ key groove [ ki: wei][ɡru:v]螺纹丝孔：screw hole [skru:] [həul]直油孔：vertical oil hole/main oil hole[ və:tikəl] [ɔ♓l][mein]斜油孔：slanted/inclined oil hole/pin oil hole[ slɑ:nt♓d] [♓n kla♓nd] [pin]二、加工工艺几何中心：geometry center [dʒi ɔmitri]质量中心：mass center[mæs]粗加工：rough [rʌf]半精加工：semi-finish[ semi][ finiʃ]精加工：finish [ finiʃ]车：turning[ tɜ:n♓ŋ]铣：milling [ miliŋ]钻：drilling[ dr♓l♓ŋ]磨：grinding [ ɡra♓nd♓ŋ]镗：boring [ bɔ:riŋ]珩磨：honing[ˈhəuniŋ]车－车拉：turn－turn broaching[ˈbrəutʃiŋ][tə:n]滚压：fillet rolling[ f♓l♓t] [ rəʊl♓ŋ]车挤压：turn burnishing[tə:n][ˈbə:niʃiŋ]倒角：chamfering [ˈtʃæmfəriŋ]去毛刺：burr removed[bɜ:] [ri mu:vd]动平衡：dynamic balance [dai næmik] [ bæləns]抛光：polishing[ˈpɔliʃiŋ]清洗：washing[ wɔ:ʃ♓ŋ]防锈：anti corrosion [ ænti] [kə rəʊʒən]防锈剂：antirust [ˌæntiˈrʌst]包装：packing [ pæk♓ŋ]圆角：fillet [ f♓l♓t]圆角半径：fillet radii[ reidiai]工装：dressing/facility [ dresiŋ][fə siliti]检具：gage[ɡeidʒ]基准：benchmark[ bentʃ mɑ:k]车床：lathe [le♓ð]轴向的：axial [ æksi:əl]加工工艺：machining technics[məˈʃi:niŋ] [ˈtekniks]特殊特性：characteristic [ kæriktə ristik]粗糙度：roughness[ rʌfn♓s]毛坯：rough blank [rʌf][blæŋk]尺寸：dimension[di menʃən]清洁度：cleanliness [ klenl♓n♓s]开档：open journal width[ əupən] [ dʒə:nl] [widθ]产能：capacity [kə pæsiti]三、形位公差公差：tolerance [ tɔlərəns]圆柱度：cylindricity平行度：parallelism [ pærəlelizəm]垂直度：verticality [ˌvə:tiˈkæləti]直线度：linearity [ˌliniˈæriti]位置度：location/position [ləu keiʃən][pə zi ʃən]对称度：symmetry [ simitri]倾斜度：slant[slɑ:nt]跳动：runout [ rʌn aʊt]全跳动：total indicator runout[ təutəl] [ ♓nd♓ke♓tə] [ rʌn aʊt]V 型块：V block[blɔk]四、探伤探伤：detecting [diˈtektiŋ]磁粉探伤：magnaflux / magnalo[ˈmæɡnəˌflʌks]荧光磁粉探伤：fluorescent magnetic particle inspection [fluə resnt][mæɡ neti k] [ pɑ:tikl] [♓n spekʃən]剩磁：residual Magnetism [r♓z♓dʒu:əl] [ mægn♓t♓zəm]退磁：demagnetize[di: mæɡnitaiz]磨削裂纹：grinder cracks [ gra♓ndə] [kræk]热处理裂纹：heat treat cracks[hi:t] [tri:t] [kræk]磨削烧伤：grinder burns [ gra♓ndə][bə:nz]流线：flow lines[fləu] [lainz]非金属夹杂：non-metallic inclusions [nuŋ] [mi tælik][♓n klu:ʒən]周向磁化：circular Magnetization[ sə:kjulə][ mægn♓t♓ze♓ʃən]纵向磁化：longitudinal Magnetization[lɔndʒi tju:din l] [ mægn♓t♓ze♓ʃən]五、热处理热处理：heat treatment [hi:t][ tri:tmənt]正火：normalizing[ˈnɔ:məlaiziŋ]淬火：induction harden /quench harden[♓n dʌkʃən][ˈhɑ:dn] [kwentʃ] [ˈhɑ:dn]回火/时效：tempering[ˈtempəriŋ]退火：annealing [æˈni:liŋ]调质：quench-tempering[kwentʃ] [ˈtempəriŋ]等温退火：isothermal annealing[ aisəu θə:məl][æˈni:liŋ]有效深度：effective Case Depth [i fekti v]抛丸：shot balsting/polishing [ʃɔt] [ˈpɔliʃiŋ]校直：straighten [ stre♓tn]去应力：stress relieving [stres][riˈli:viŋ]金相学的：metallographic[miˌtæləˈɡræfik]冶金学的：metallurgical[ˌmetəˈlə:dʒikəl]机械性能：mechanical property[mi kænikəl] [ prɔpəti]化学成分：chemical composition[ kemikəl] [ kɔmpə ziʃən]抗拉强度：tensile strength [ tensəl] [streŋθ]屈服强度：yield strength [ji:ld][streŋθ]延伸率：elongation [♓lɔ:ŋ ge♓ʃən]断面收缩：reduction of Area [ri dʌkʃən][ɔv] [ ɛəriə]表面硬度：surface Hardness[ sə:fis] [ hɑ:dn♓s]锻后控冷：as-Forged and Controlled Cooled [æz] [fɔ:dʒ] [ænd][kən trəuld]抗拉试棒：tensile specimen[ tensəl][ spesimən]金相试块：microstructural sample[ maikrəu strʌktʃəl][ sɑ:mpl]微观组织：microstructure[ maikrəu strʌktʃə]铁素体：ferrite [ ferait]珠光体：pearlite [ pə:lait]贝氏体：bainite [ˈbeinait]奥氏体：austenitic [ ɔ:stə nait]马氏体：martensite [ˈmɑ:tənzait]索氏体：sorbite [ˈsɔ:bait]晶粒度：grain size [ɡrein][saiz]其它柴油机：diesel engine [ di:zəl][ endʒin]汽油机：gasoline engine[ ɡæsəli:n][ endʒin]拔模角度：draft angle [drɑ:ft][ æŋɡl]相位角：phase angle [feiz] [ æŋɡl]飞轮：flywheel [ flaiwi:l]汽缸：cylinder [ silində]缸体：cylinder block [ silində][blɔk]缸盖：cylinder head[ silində][hed]齿轮：gear [ɡiə]胀断连杆：fracture-split connecting rod [ fræktʃə] [split] [kə nektiŋ][rɔd]量产：mass production /volume production [mæs] [ vɔlju:m] [prə dʌkʃən]内燃机：internal combustion engine[in tə:nəl] [kəm bʌstʃən] [ endʒin]扭矩：torque马力：horse power [hɔ:s] [ pauə]旋转方向：direction of rotation [di rekʃən] [ɔv] [rəʊ te♓ʃən]顺时针：clockwise [ klɔkwaiz]逆时针：counter-clockwise[ kauntə][ klɔkwaiz]风冷：air cooling[ɛə] [ ku:l♓ŋ]水冷：water cooling [ wɔ:tə][ ku:l♓ŋ]-排放：emission[♓m♓ʃən]排气系统：exhaust System [iɡ zɔ:st] [ sistəm]润滑油：lubricant[ lu:br♓kənt]金属切削：metal cutting [ metl][ kʌt♓ŋ]机床：machine tool [mə♓ʃi:n] [tu:l]金属工艺学：technology of metals[tek♓nɔlədʒi][ɔv][ metl]刀具：cutter[ kʌtə]摩擦：friction [ frikʃən]联结：link[liŋk]传动：drive/transmission [draiv][trænz miʃən]弹性：elasticity[♓læ st♓s♓t i]频率特性：frequency characteristic [ fri:kwənsi][ kæriktə ristik]误差：error [ erə]响应：response [ri spɔns]定位：allocation [ ælə keiʃən]机床夹具：jig [dʒ♓g]动力学：dynamic [dai næmi k]运动学：kinematic [ˌkainiˈmætik] 静力学：static[ stætik]分析力学：analyse mechanics [ ænəlaiz] [m♓kæn♓ks]拉伸：pulling[ˈpuliŋ]压缩：hitting [hitting]剪切：shear [ʃiə]扭转：twist [twist]弯曲应力：bending stress[ˈbendiŋ][stres]强度：intensity或strength [in tensit i][streŋθ]几何形状：geometrical [dʒ♓ə metr♓kəl]精度：precision[pri siʒən]正弦形的：sinusoid [ sainə sɔid]机械加工余量：machining allowance[məˈʃi:niŋ] [ə lauəns]变形力：deforming force [fɔ:s]变形：deformation[ di:fɔ: me♓☞☯n]应力：stress[stres]硬度：rigidity或hardness[r♓dʒ♓d♓ti][ hɑ:dn♓s] .热处理：heat treatment [hi:t] [ tri:tmənt]退火：anneal[ə ni:l]正火：normalizing [ˈnɔ:məlaiziŋ]脱碳：decarburization [di:ˌkɑ:bjuəraiˈzeiʃən]渗碳：carburization [ˌkɑ:bjuraiˈzeiʃən]外圆磨削：external grinding [eks tə:nl][ ɡra♓nd♓ŋ]内圆磨削：internal grinding [in tə:nəl] [ ɡra♓nd♓ŋ]平面磨削：plane grinding [plein] [ ɡra♓nd♓ŋ] 变速箱：gearbox [ ɡiəbɔks]离合器：clutch [klʌtʃ]绞孔：fraising绞刀：reamer [ ri:mə]螺纹加工：thread processing [θred] [prəʊ ses♓ŋ]螺钉：screw [skru:]铣削：mill [mil]铣刀：milling cutter[ miliŋ] [ kʌtə]功率：power [ pauə]工件：workpiece[ w ɜ:kpi:s]齿轮加工：gear mechining[ɡiə] [məˈtʃi:n♓☠]运动：main movement[mein] [ mu:vmənt]切削深度：cutting depth[ kʌtɪŋ] [depθ]加工中心：machining center [məˈtʃi:n♓☠] [ sentə]车刀：lathe tool [le♓ð] [tu:l]车床：lathe [le♓ð]钻削镗削：bore[ bɔ: ]车削：turning [ tɜ:n♓ŋ ]磨床：grinder [ gra♓ndə]基准enchmark[ bent☞mɑ:k]钳工：locksmith[ ɔk smɪθ]锻：forge [f :d ʒ]压模：stamping [ stæmpiŋ]焊weld [weld]拉床：broaching machine[ˈbrəutʃiŋ] [mə ʃi:n]拉孔：broaching[ˈbrəutʃiŋ]装配：assembling [ə sembl♓⏹♑]铸造：found [faund]流体动力学：fluid dynamics [ flu:ɪd] [dai næmiks]流体力学：fluid mechanics [ flu:ɪd] [mə ʃi:n]加工：machining[mə ʃi:n♓⏹☠]切线tangent [ tænd ☯nt]气压：air pressure pneumatic pressure [ɛə] [ preʃə] [nju: mætɪk] [ preʃə]稳定性：stability [stə biliti]介质：medium[ mi:djəm]失效invalidation[♓n væl♓de♓☞☜⏹]强度：intensity[in tensiti]载荷：load[ləud]安全系数：safty factor [ seifti] [ fæktə]可靠性：reliability [r♓la♓ə b♓lət♓]螺旋：helix[ hi:liks]键：spline [splain]销：pin [pin]滚动轴承：rolling bearing[ rəʊl♓ŋ] [ bɛəriŋ]滑动轴承：sliding bearing [ slaidiŋ] [ bɛəriŋ]弹簧：spring [spr iŋ]制动器：arrester brake[əˈrestə] [breik]皮带：strap [stræp]精加工：finish machining[ finiʃ] [məˈtʃi:n♓☠]粗加工：rough machining [rʌf][məˈtʃi:n♓☠]腐蚀：rust [rʌst]氧化：oxidation [ ɔksɪ de♓ʃən]磨损：wear[wɛə]耐用度durability[ dj✞rə b♓l♓t♓]残余应力：residual stress [r♓z♓dʒu:əl][stres]扭力：torsion [ tɔ:ʃən]冷加工：cold machining [kəuld] [məˈtʃi:n♓☠]电动机：electromotor [iˌlektrəuˈməutə]汽缸：cylinder [ silində]过盈配合：interference fit [ ♓ntə fiərəns] [fit]摄像头：CCDcamera[ kæmərə]滚齿：hobbing [ˈhɔbiŋ]插齿：gear shaping [ɡiə] [ˈʃeipiŋ]。

Acceptor splice site？？The boundary between the 3’end of an intron and the 5’end of the following exon. Also called 3’splice site.剪接受体位点：内含子3′末端与下一个外显子5′端之间的交界处。

又称3′剪接位点。

Acrocentric？？A type of chromosome with the centromere near one end. The human acrocentric chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, and 22) have satellited short arms that carry genes for ribosomal RNA.近端着丝粒（染色体）：着丝粒位于接近染色体臂端部的染色体。

人类近端着丝粒染色体（第13、14、15、21和22号）短臂的随体携带有编码核糖体RNA的基因。

Adverse selection？？A term used in the insurance industry to describe the situation in which individuals with private knowledge of having an increased risk for illness, disability, or death buy disproportionately more coverage than those at a lower risk. As a result, insurance premiums, which are based on averaging risk across the population, are inadequate to cover future claims.逆向选择：保险业的专有名词，指投保人知晓其有较高的患病、残疾或死亡风险，但隐瞒真相购买相关保险。

glossary词根1. 单词概述单词：“Amicable”含义：这个词的意思是“友好的、和睦的”，通常用来形容人与人之间、团体与团体之间的关系。

比如在描述邻居间相处融洽，或者两个国家之间保持和平友好的外交关系时，就可以用到这个词。

2. 词根词缀解析词根：“Amic -”：来源于拉丁语，表示“朋友”的意思。

在很多英语单词里，带有这个词根的词往往都和友谊、友好有关。

3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：I was at thismunity gathering last weekend. There were all kinds of people there, from young kids running around like little balls of energy to old folks sitting and chatting away. Well, I noticed two families in particular. The Johnsons and the Smiths. They were like two peas in a pod when it came to being amicable. They shared food, they laughed at each other's jokes, and they even planned a joint vacation together! I mean, how cool is that? It was like they were long - lost friends who had just found each other again. It made me think, if everyone could be as amicable as they were, the world would be such a wonderful place. No more bickering or fighting over silly things. Just pure friendship and harmony everywhere.中文翻译：上周末我参加了一个社区聚会。

Glossary1 . astronomy英[əˈstrɒnəmi]美[əˈstrɑnəmi]n.天文学⏹例句1.Mathematics is connected with astronomy.数学与天文学有联系.2. Do you know anything about astronomy? 你懂天文学吗？3.Astronomy comes from astrology. 天文学是由占星术演变而来的。

⏹词根：nomy=a field of knowledge,表示"某一领域[的知识]"同根词n.⏹economy经济[学];节约(eco经济+nomy某一领域[的知识]→经济[学],引申为节约)⏹autonomy自治,自治权(auto自己+nomy统治,系统→自己统治→自治)⏹antinomy自相矛盾(anti反+nomy理论→相反理论→自相矛盾)2.astronomer英[əˈstrɒnəmə(r)]美[əˈstrɑnəmɚ]n.天文学者，天文学家天文学家复数：astronomers派生词：Astronomy noun 天文学⏹例句1.A new star attracted the notice of the astronomer. 新发现的一颗星引起了那位天文学家的注意。

2. Finally one day, an astronomer came to our village. 终有一日，村子里来了一个天文学家。

3. He is reputed to have been a good astronomer. 他以一个优秀的天文学者闻名于世。

4. It is the only tangible object the astronomer can handle. 这是天文学家能够掌握的唯一可接触的对象。

⏹课外拓展American astronomer who discovered the planet Pluto(1930). 汤博，克莱德·威廉生于1906美国天文学家，他于1930年发现了冥王星German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630). 第一个阐述行星运动定律的德国天文学家（1517－1630）。

Unit 1 Glossary1 fabledadj. famous in fables; legendary；well-known 虚构的, 寓言中的, 有名的动词fable的过去式和过去分词形式There are some fabled cities in that small country.The scientist went to investigate about the fabled fish in Lake Kansas.The deserted house is fabled to have been inhabited by ghosts.He fabled about his lot.他编造自己的身世。

He grew up in a fabled land where the very names were poetry.他生长在一个故事之乡,那儿的名字都是富有诗意的。

It was like a beast long fabled for its ferocity.它好象传说中的一头恣意横行的野兽。

The fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky.富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。

2 ensconce settle without intention of moving or leavingv. / ɪnˈskɔns/ 安顿下来, 隐藏, 安置. esp passive 尤用於被动语态] ~ oneself/sb in sth (fml or joc 文或谑) establish or settle oneself in a safe, secret, comfortable, etc place 使自己定居或安顿在安全﹑秘密﹑舒适等的地方: Happily ensconced by the fire with a good book 舒适地坐在火炉旁, 读着一本好书We have ensconced ourselves in the most beautiful villa in the South of France. 我们在法国南部最美丽的别墅里安顿下来.3 dainty small, delicately beautiful and delicious/ ˈdeɪntɪ; ˋdentɪ/ adj (-ier, -iest)(of things) small and pretty （指物）小巧的, 精致的: dainty porcelain, lace, etc 小巧精致的瓷器﹑花边等.(a) (of people) neat and delicate(2) in build or movement （指人）（体形或举止）娇美的, 秀丽的, 优美的:a dainty child 娇小玲珑的孩子. (b) (of people) having refined taste1(5) and manners; fastidious, esp about food （指人）讲究的, （尤指对食物）挑剔的: a dainty eater 饮食讲究的人.having a pleasant taste; delicious 可口的; 美味的: a dainty morsel 美味的少量食物.> daintily adv in a dainty way 优美地; 精致地; 娇美地; 讲究地: a daintily dressed doll 服饰精美的娃娃.daintiness n [U].dainty (usu pl 通常作复数) n small tasty piece of food, esp a small cake 量少而味美的食物; （尤指）小点心.A singular thing it was to see the dainty and fastidious Lepidus, whom in a banquet a ray of daylight seemed to blind.勒庇多斯是一个爱讲究好挑剔的人,宴会上的一缕阳光似乎可以使他眼花缭乱。

Unit 1Wordsdem·on·strateverb\ˈde-mən-ˌstrāt\:to prove(something)by showing examples of it:to show evidenceof(something)ca·pa·bleadjective\ˈkā-pə-bəl,in rapid speechˈkāp-bəl\:able to do something:having the qualities or abilities that are needed to do something:skilled at doing something:able to do something wellval·idadjective\ˈva-ləd\:fair or reasonable:acceptable according to the lawhu·mil·i·tynoun\hyü-ˈmi-lə-tē,yü-\:the quality or state of not thinking you are better than other people:the quality or state of being humbleno·bil·i·tynoun\nō-ˈbi-lə-tē\:the quality or state of being noble in character or qualitythe nobility:the group of people who are members of the highest social class in some countriesno·bleadjective\ˈnō-bəl\:having,showing,or coming from personal qualities that people admire(such as honesty,generosity,courage,etc.)con·sol·i·dateverb\kən-ˈsä-lə-ˌdāt\:to join or combine together into one thing:to make(something,such as a position of power or control)stronger or more securestren·u·ousadjective\ˈstren-yə-wəs\:requiring or showing great energy and effortover·alladverb\ˌō-vər-ˈȯl\:with everyone or everything included:as a whole:in generalpri·or·i·tynoun\prī-ˈȯr-ə-tē,-ˈär-\:something that is more important than other things and that needs to be done or dealt with firstrec·re·a·tionnoun\ˌre-krē-ˈā-shən\: something people do to relax or have fun : activities done for enjoymentau·di·to·ri·umnoun\ˌȯ-də-ˈt ȯr-ē-əm\: a large room or building where people gather to watch a performance, hear a speech, etc.: the part of a building (such as a theater) where an audience sitscaf·e·te·rianoun \ˌka-fə-ˈtir-ē-ə\: a place (such as a restaurant or a room in a school) where people get food at a counter and carry it to a table for eatingcur·ric·u·lumnoun\-ləm\: the courses that are taught by a school, college, etc.deannoun\ˈdēn\: a person who is in charge of one of the parts of a university (such as a college or school): a person whose job is to give advice to the students in a college or high school and to make sure that they obey the school's rules: a person who has more experience in or knowledge about a particular profession, subject, etc., than anyone or almost anyoneelectivenoun: a class that is not required in a particular course of study1elec·tiveadjective\i-ˈlek-tiv\Definition of ELECTIVE1a:chosen or filled by popular election <an elective official>b:of or relating to election c:based on the right or principle of election <the presidency isan elective office>2a:permitting a choice :OPTIONAL <an elective course in school>b:beneficial to the patient but not essential for survival<elective surgery>3a:tending to operate on one substance rather thananother<elective absorption>b:favorably inclined to one more than to another : en·rollverb\in-ˈrōl, en-\: to enter (someone) as a member of or participant in something: to take (someone) as a member or participant: to become a member or participantfac·ul·tynoun\ˈfa-kəl-tē\: the group of teachers in a school or collegehu·man·i·tynoun\hyü-ˈma-nə-tē, yü-\: the quality or state of being human: the quality or state of being kind to other people or to animals: all people。

GlossaryActive ingredient (a.i.): The biologically active component of a pesticide formulation.Agrochemicals: Chemicals used in agriculture production systems including fertilizers, and pesticides, such as insecticides and herbicides.Aerial termite infestations:Alates of some subterranean termite genera can establish a colony in the upper parts of buildings, railway carriages, boats and the like without the need for contact with the soil for as long as they have access to a source of moisture.Alates: Fully winged adult termites, possible future kings and queens, which swarm from the nest at a certain time of year to mate and found new colonies. They vary in colour from black to pale brown and the wings are opaque grey to black.Arboreal nesting termites: Build carton nests primarily on trees, poles, fences, and under at times also in the roof of buildings; usually have nasute soldiers.Bait: Food placed to attract termites, which has been treated with a control agent in view of eliminating them (the elimination can take some time, depending on the agent). The agent can be a traditional pesticide, a more specific chemical, or a pathogen, but recently the most commonly used agents in baits are moult (or chitin synthesis) inhibitors targeting a process which is specific to insects..Beneficials: Organisms that provide a benefit to crop production, including natural enemies of pests and pollinators such as bees.Bio-accumulation: Increase in the concentration of a pollutant in an organism compared to its direct environment or food. (2)Bio-magnification: Increase of the concentration of a pollutant as it moves from one trophic level to another through the food chain. (2)Biological Control: Using or encouraging living organisms (natural enemies) such as pathogens, parasites or predators, to manage pests.Carcinogenic: causing cancer (2)CAS Number: Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number - a unique number identifying a substanceCastes: Different looking individuals living together in the termite colony, which have a particular function, such as workers or soldiers.Chitin: One of the main components in the exoskeletons of insects and the cell walls of fungi. It is a polysaccharide; constructed from units of acetylglucosamine.Chlorophyll: The green pigment of plants that captures the energy from sunlight necessary for photosynthesis.Cultural control: procedures such as crop rotation, tillage, irrigation and fertilization which can contribute to reducing incidence of pestsCOP: Conference of the PartiesDampwood termites: Ecological group of termites which live and feed in moist wood, especially stumps and fallen trees on the forest floor, although some species actually prefer drier wood.Dressing: Localized pesticide applicationDrywood termites: Ecological group of termites which nest in wood above the soil level. They do not need contact to the soil or with other sources of moisture because of a low requirement for water.Ecology: The science studying relationships between organisms and between organisms and their environment.Economic threshold: The pest density at which measures must be taken to prevent the pest from reaching the level at which economic yield losses are expected, that is, cost of control is less than the value gainedEndocrine System: The hormonal communication and control system, regulating numerous bodily functions (see hormone)Entomology: Science studying insectsEnvironment: Surroundings, including water, air, soil and their interrelationship as well as all relationships between them and any living organisms. (1)Exotic termites: Species which have been introduced from elsewhere and are not naturally present in the country / area. They are often (accidentally) brought into countries through commerce.FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFood Chain: A series of food organisms and those which consume them, to be in turn consumed by the next trophic level (e.g. from plankton to fish to fish-eating bird). It is a linear and simple feeding relation, where one organism has one type of food and is eaten by onetype of organism. In nature, the situation is usually more complex, and the term “food web” more correctly describes the situation, where a variety of organisms each feed on a variety of other organisms and are in turn fed on by more organisms.(Pesticide) Formulation: The pure pesticide substance can seldom be used as it is. It is therefore formulated with solvents, dispersants and other additives. (2) Formulation meansthe combination of various ingredients designed to render the product useful and effective for the purpose claimed; the form of the pesticide as purchased by users. (1)Frass: Solid faecal material, dry excrement produced by insects.Fumigation: Pest control using a gasFungi (plural, singular fungus): Filamentous organisms with cell walls containing chitin, lacking chlorophyll (unlike green plants they cannot photosynthesize - make organic nutrients using energy from sunlight); reproduce through spores; examples are moulds and mushrooms.GEF: The Global Environment FacilityGTEG: UNEP/FAO Global Termite Expert GroupHabitat: A habitat is a place where an organism lives or the place where one would go to find it.Hormone: A hormone (from Greek horman - "to set in motion") is a chemical messenger from one cell (or group of cells) to another. Multicellular organisms producing hormones include plants.Hydrophobic: Not liable to dissolve in water.IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer (part of the World Health Organization).Insect Growth Regulators: A heterogeneous group of compounds such as juvenile hormone analogues or chitin synthesis inhibitors which prevent moult, retarding or inhibiting growth, or influencing caste development (i.e. excessive production of soldiers).Integrated Pest Management (IPM): The careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. (1)Insects: A class of animals with six legs and three body parts, head, thorax and abdomen.Insecticide: Pesticide intended for use against insects.Lipophilic: Readily dissolves in fat.LD 50: Measure of toxicity: the dose that is expected to kill 50% of test organisms. The unit is usually mg (toxin) per kg (body weight). (2)Moult: Organisms with an external skeleton such as insects and other arthropods increase in size by moulting: growing a new skin (cuticle) and shedding the old one to enter a new stage in their developmentMound-building termites: Mound-building termites are technically a form of subterranean termite, which construct nests arising from the ground.Mutagenic: Causing mutations, changes in genetic material, change in structure or quantity of DNA .NAPs: National Action PlansNIPs: National Implementation Plans for implementing obligations under the Stockholm ConventionNasute soldiers: Have a brown to black head and a conical "nose" through which they can squirt a defensive liquid.Natural enemies: Organisms which are detrimental to a pest species. They affect the pest species as pathogens, parasites or predators.Nematodes:Unsegmented round worms, often microscopic. Most are free living, but others are parasitesOrganochlorines: Group of organic chemicals containing chlorine that includes insecticides, such as aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, and toxaphene.Parasite: Organism that lives on or in another, the host, depending on it for food. The host receives no benefit at all. Some parasites cause early death of the host, others are virtually harmless to it.Pathogen: Organism causing diseasePellets: Droppings, those expelled by drywood termites are grit/sand-like, six-sided, elongated, and less than one millimetre.Pest: A pest is an organism that harms useful plants, domestic animals or humans. Pests can also destroy commodities such as stored food or buildings.Pesticides: Substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying or controlling a pest.Pheromone: A substance (odour) used for communication between individuals of the same species. Vital for locating mates in many insects. (2)Plant vigour: Plant growing without water or nutrient stress, in sufficient light.POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that resist degradation and are lipophilic, and therefore have the ability to bio-accumulate and bio-magnify, with long-term effects on health and environment. They are also semi-volatile, enabling them to move long distances in the atmosphere before deposition occurs. Examples are organochlorine insecticides and several industrial chemical products or byproducts including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins) and dibenzo-p-furans (furans). An initial list of 12 POPs including 5 termiticides are covered by the Stockholm Convention that aims at eliminating further releases of these substances.ppb: Parts per billion.ppm: Parts per million.Predator: Animal that kills living animals and then feeds on them.Resistant plants: certain plant varieties which are not susceptible to a disease or attacks by an insect.(Pesticide)Resistance of insects: The capacity of an insect to withstand the killing effect of a chemical (insecticide). The resistance is, usually linked to a genetic trait that is propagatedin a population because of selection pressures.Rotation: Changing the species of crop grown on a plot of land between growing seasons to reduce problems with pests and conserve soil fertility.SC: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsShelter tubes: Earthen sheathing, mud passages which termites construct in order to reach a food source, e.g. on walls of constructions, over grass, soil surfaces, bark etcSp.: Species (singular)Spp.: Species (plural)Species (of termites): Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations.Specificity: Capacity of a chemical to affect only the target organism, without affecting other kinds of organisms in the same environment.SSC: Secretariat for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic PollutantsSubterranean termites: Ecological grouping of termites which reach their sources of moisture and food by tunnelling through the soil. They often nest in the soil (see also mound-building termites, aerial termite infestations).Swarming: Release of alates from a termite nest at species-specific times of the year. A means for termites to spread beyond the colony territory.: new (winged) kings and queens (collectively called alates) flying off to start new nests.Taxonomy: The science of classification of organisms.Teratogenic: Causing foetal damage. (2)Termites: Termites are small (4 to 15 mm long) and variable in colour from white to tan and even black. They belong to the group of insects called Isoptera, are social insects and live in colonies. Features that help to differentiate termites from ants include termites having straight, flexible antennae and a broad waist while ants have elbowed antennae and a narrow waist.Termiticides: Pesticides used against termitesThermal control: Destruction of insects using high or low temperaturesTrophic level: Step in a food chain consisting of organisms obtaining their food in the same general manner, for example by eating plantsToxicity: A physiological or biological property which determines the capacity of a chemical to do harm or produce injury to a living organism by other than mechanical means. (1)Volatilisation: Capacity to evaporate into the atmosphere。