大学体验英语听说教程4unit1--unit8视频原文

OutsideviewConversation 1Li:What a wonderful view! This is such a great city!Do you ever get tired of living in London, Andy?A;"When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life, for there is in London all that life can afford"Li:That's a quotation by Samuel Johnson, isn't it?A:Correct,so do you have any plans when you finish at Oxford?Li: I've got another year to go and then I suppose I'll go back home.A; And you will find a job?Li:I think I have to do my Master's before I look for work.But I must admit London is very special.Do you think you would ever leave London? A:Sure, I'd love to come to china one day, and I like traveling. But i think I'll always come back here.Li:Well, your roots are here and there are so many opportunities.A;But have you ever thought of living in London for a year or two?Li:Yes, but what could I do here? I had planned to become a teacher.But i have often thought if there was a job i could do here in publishing,maybe as an editor, I'll go for it.A:That's sounds like a great idea.I think that would really suit youLi:Maybe I should update my CV and send it to one or two publisher.A:Don't make it look too goodLi:Why not?A;Well,if you enjoy working with London Time Off, we don't want you working with anyone elseLi:Oh, working with you and Joe it's great fun and really interesting. I couldn't think of a better way to find out about a cityA;So maybe you should think about applying for a job with usLi:But do you think I'd stand a chance(有可能，有希望)?I mean, I'm not sure if Joe likes meA:Don't even think about it!Joe is very straight talking and I promise you that you'd know if he didn't like you.Li:Perhaps we should both update our CVs and look for jobs togetherA:Hey,right!That would be fun.Conversation 2Li:Talking about future plans,how do you see your career developing?A:My career?Well, I like working for London Time Off.It's a part of a larger media company called Lift off USA,so there are lots of opportunities.But...Li:But...What?A:It's not always very easy working with Joe.I mean,I kind of think he has a different agenda（different way of thinking from Andy不一样的想法）.I like his work, but sometimes I don't think his heart is in his job.Li:How did he end up in London?A:He did media studies in the States,and then found work as a gofer（杂工）at Lift off USA in New York.Li:What's a gofer?A:Go for this,go for that.It's a word for the least experienced person in the film and TV industry.Then he came to London and got a proper job as a researcher at Lift off UK,and then after a few years he got the producer's job in London Time OffLi:He is good at his job,isn't he?A:Yes,he is confident and competent at what he does,so the people who work with him rate him quite highly（speak highly of）.Li:Except you?A:No,I rate him too.And I get on with him quite well,although we are not best budies or anything like that,it's just...I want his job!Li:Now we know your little secret.I promise I won't tell anyoneA:Janet,there was something I was going to ask you...Li:Sure,what is it?A:I was wondering...oh,it's nothing.Anyway,all this talk about your future career is making me thirsty.Let's go for a drink.Li:Who is round ?Outsideview :How to get a jobGraduation.What a big day!Your life is about to begin!And then your parents say..."Get a job".I tell you!Looking for your first job out of college can be pretty hard.Reading all the job listing is so annoying.Even trying to figure out what the actual job is can be difficult.Searching through the want ads can be so boring.And writing your resume is really hard work."I don't have that day open."Getting a job interview,and then going on it—the whole process is pretty tough."Sorry to keep you waiting.Uh,have a seat.""I have your resume here,and you are interested in the assistant's position.""Yeah,yeah""Well,the right candidate for this job has to be very outgoing and sociable.After all it is a sale position.""Well, I'm a real extrovert(性格外向的人).Definitely.""And the right candidate has to have great self-confidence.Customers need to feel that you know what you're talking about.""Well, I'm really self-confident.Um I know what I'm talking about and I think I can project that""So,what skills would you bring to this job?"""Well, I realize that I'm completely overqualified for this position.I mean,um,in my last job,I was running the whole place.""Oh,so you've supervised people?""Yep,five of them.So,obviously I could do this job,no problem.I also have really good computer skills.Um what else do you want to know about me?""Eh..."Even though I was trying really hard,even though I had sent out about 300 resumes,even though I asked all my friend and relatives if they knew of anything.I wasn't getting anywhere!Despite all my best efforts,I was still unemployed."Please,why don't you see a career counsellor（顾问）?I'll pay for it.Anything to help you get a job!""Samantha,I'm Phyllis Stein.Welcome""Oh,hi,Phyllis.Nice to meet you."So I figure,heck,why not?I met with Phyllis Stein,a professional job coach."Interviewing is vital to getting the job that you want."She showed me how to prepare for an interview by doing research on the position and the company.And latter,she coaching me on my interviewing skills."I am going to pretend to be your interviewer,and then we'll stop it and replay it and look at the video and see what we could learn from that.OK?""I don't think that you should go into an interview having not practised with some of the questions that are pretty standard.""Tell me about yourself.""Well,my parents—my mom is a social worker,and my dad is an engineer.""Your preparation is really important.""What do you know about our organization?""Well,I saw on,um,on the Internet that ,you do business publishing?Right?""There is a whole range of things that have to do with how you present yourself/""Why should I hire you?""Oh,well.,um, I'm a really outgoing person,and I like,I like people a lot.I'm responsible and nice.""You need to think about what the interviewer is actually looking for.""Samantha, what was a major problem that you've encountered and how did you solve it?""I haven't really had any problems to deal with. ""Thank you.Now let's look at your mock interview on videotape. ""I think it boils down（归结为）to preparation,presentation, and understanding what the interviewer is looking for "(Watching the videotape)"Another way of answering it is not telling about yourself ,but telling your relationship to the job."So,they don't care so much about your parents and that you want to live in Cambridge.They may need you to be able to be a troubleshooter.You use some examples in your life from being a troubleshooter.""One of the things that someone who is an assistant in a trade show is doing,is dealing with problems.You need to be sure that you stay,sort of ,on target with preventing,presenting yourself in the strongest possible way."This time I felt a lot more confident when I went in for the interview."I have developed strong communication skills.In college I worked on the school paper and I brought some writing samples to show you.""I also worked every summer at a bed-and-breakfast.""I worked a lot with our guests.I booked reservation over the phone,got them what theyneeded,and handled any complains.""Well,I feel like I did really well.We'll see. "Making a good first impression is the most important part of a job interview.Arriving on time and being confident are the most important parts of a job interview.It's very important that you are being confident and you're being clear in your answers and listening carefullyNot fidgeting（坐立不安，烦躁）and being confident are the most important things in a job interview.Writing a thank-you note is the most important thing you want to do after a job interview/And go in there with a firm handshake.Listening in"It's not enough to ask what successful people are like...It is only by asking where they are from that we can unravel the logic behind who succeed and who doesn't"This is the basic idea of an intriguing book called Outliers, by the American journalist Malclom Gladwell.The book explores the factors which contribute to people who are extremely successful in their careers, for example, the role the family , culture and friend play.Gladwell examines the causes of why the majority of Canada ice hokey players are born in the first few months of the calender year,what the founder of Microsoft Bill Gates did to achieve his extraordinary success,and why the Beatles managed to redefine the whole of popular music in the 1960s.Gladwell points out that the youth hockey league in Canada recruits from January the first, so that players born early in the year are bigger,stronger and better athletes than others born later in the year.And because they have this advantage at the start of their sports career,they're given extra coaching,and so there's a greater chance that they'll be picked for an elite hockey team in the future.He calls this phenomenon accumulative advantage（积累优势）,a bit like the idea that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.Success depends on the process by which talented athletes are identified as much as it does on their own abilities.Another aspect which contributes to success is the 10000 hour rule.Great success demands an enormous amount of time for practise and training.For example,the Beatles performed live in Hamburg Germany more than 1200times over four years,much more than the 10000 hours Gladwell claim is necessary for great success.So by the time they returned to England,they had developed their talente and sounded completely different from any other group.In the same way,Bill Gates had thousands of hours' worth of programming because he had access to a computer at his high school.He also became a teenager just at the right time to take advantage of the latest developments in computer technology.Outliers has met with extraordinary sucess,matched only by Gladwell's own career for 25 years in journalism.As a result, many citics have seen it as an autobiography, in which the writer appears to be apologizing for his own personal achievements.But the ides that you have to be born at the right moment,in the right place and in the right family,and then you have to work really hard is a thought-provoking way of revisiting our traditional view of genius and great achievement.It's certainly worth reading,as long as you don't take it too seriously.Listening in 2P:Hi,we are talking about typical working hours in the US and in Brazil.Eric...um...you're from the States,tell me what are the typical working hours in the States?E:Er...traditionally people go to work at 9o'clock in the morning and they finish at about 5,so sort of a 9to 5.P:And,and Penny I...I know you're English but you work in Brazil,what are the hours in Brazil?Penny:Um varies slightly,sometimes you can start um on an early shift,say,8o'clock in the morning to 5 um or 9 until 6.But in Brazil often people will work longer hours than this.P:Right,right ok.And what kind of clothes do you wear?I mean do you dress up formally or in a relaxed way?E:It used to be that you would wear a jacket and tie to work for...for men but er nowadays an open shirt is ok.You don't necessarily have to wear a tie and sometimes on a Friday you can wear a pair of jeans to work.P:Oh,right the dress down Friday?E:The dress down Friday that's right.P:Does that still happen?E:Yes, yes sure it does.P:And how about in Brazil?Penny:Um, it's fairly casual,quite informal,um I mean you need to look neat and tidy obviously,but you,you have your own choice rely on whatyou would wear,there are no rules and regulations.It's important to look smart but comfortable.P:Right,yeah do you have meal breaks or is that...you just fit in meals when you can or...?E:Lunch,lunch is usually an hour sometimes a little shorter if you have to do a lot of work from your desk.P:Yeah,how about Brazil?Penny:That's the same, about an hour.P:And,and with overtime,I mean,if you...I mean you're obviously contracted to do a certain number of hours.What happens if you do more than the hours that you...that's in you...that are in your contract?E:I have to make a fairly um strict record of my hours so if I go beyond 5 o'clock on most days I put in for overtime.P:Right.E:And it's...the first hour is one of overtime and then there's I think 15minute periods after that.So I could work an hour and a quarter.P:And you'd be paid for the quarter hours?E:That's right,by the quarter hour.P:How about in Brazil?Penny:It's,it's a lot looser in Brazil actually.We we often end up doing overtime but unfortunately not paid.P: Fine.That's hard luck.And what about holidays,what about in the States?You don't have much holidays in the States do you?E:No.When you start at a company you get two weeks holiday or two weeks vacation as we say...P:YeahE:Um then it's usually not until you've been at the company for about five ears that they give you another week.So you get three weeks after you've been there for five years.P:And what about in Brazil?Penny:Um it's quite good actually-30days.P:Sounds very generous.Penny:Yeah I can pop back to...P:Is that 30 working days or 30 days in total?Penny:That's 30 working daysP:Wow,that'sPenny:Yes,yeah it's a good deal.P:What about retirement?I know it's a long way of there!When do you retire?E:Generally speaking it's at 65.P:And the same for women.E:Um it's I think a little sooner than that for women.Women I think 62or 63.P;Right ,good.And in Brazil is it similar?Penny:Similar to the States.It's um after 60 for women.65 for men,or if you've clocked up about 30 or 35 years of service then you can retire after that.P:Right and when...do you have a pay day?When is pay day?E:Um,well ,we gt paid twice a month,so we get paid at the beginning of the month and then we get paid in the middle of the month at the 15th give or take(大约).P:Yeah,and what about in Brazil?Penny:I think it all depends which company you're working for.For the one I am working for right now I get paid twice a month but when I began,with a different company that was once a month,so,it varies.P:And are there any company benefits that you have in the States?Do you have a company car or a pension?E:Yeah,we get a company car.We're able to...we lease a car in effect but it's a company car that we get for 18 months to two years and then we...we can move on to another model from that.There's a fairly good pension scheme,that's still working,and hospitalization as well.P:Oh,that's importantE:Yeah,a health plan through work is very important.P:Right.And what about in Brazil?Penny:Yeah,excellent benefits like that.Well I mean it does depend on the company and the status of your or your job but you might get a car,living accommodation,school for the children,they'll pay for your lunch,travel passes,gasoline,health insurance,all sorts of benefitsactually it's very good.P:Sounds very good,with the holiday and all those benefits it sounds a great place to work.Unit 2Outside viewConversation 1Joe: OK, when you finished chatting, let's get down to work.Andy: OK, sure.Janet: Fine by me. What's on the agenda?Joe: First up today is Read all about it! Now, I assume everyone has read all the books for the future? Has anyone read any of the books? Andy: Well, Joe, there are over 20 new books coming out next month, so…Joe: I'm sorry, I really think that's quite unacceptable. It's your job! What about you, Janet?Janet: I'm sorry but this is the first time I've worked on Read all about it! And I didn't know I was meant to read all the books.Andy: Have you read them?Joe: No, but that's why you're my assistants. You're meant to assist me.Andy: It's true that we need to read the books, Joe, but we haven't…Joe: OK, there you go. You are always making excuses!Andy: And what's more, we haven't even chosen the books yet.Joe: OK, let's get down with it. What's on the list?Janet: I suppose we're looking for books with a London angle（伦敦视角）?Andy: Not necessarily.Janet: Is it OK to look for non-fiction too?Joe: Absolutely.Janet: OK, here's an idea. There's a new biography（自传）of Charles Dickens which I'm reading.Andy: Sounds good-his books are always on TV.Janet: You see I'm studying Dickens at university, and I noticed it in the bookshop last week. It's really interesting.Joe: OK, tell us more.Janet: Well, it's a description of the London locations where he set many of his books like Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.Andy: Sounds right up your street（拿手的）!Joe Well done, Janet. Maybe you can show Andy how to plan the feature. OK, that's it everyone. Let's get to it!Conversation 2Janet: What's the matter with Joe today?Andy: No idea. He's a bit like that sometimes. He gets annoyed with me, but I don't really know why.Janet: He wasn't being at all fair. How often does he get like this?Andy: Well, I suppose it's not very often. But sometimes he really gets on my nerves（使某人心烦意乱）.Janet: Don't let it get to you. He's probably got too much work, and he's stressed.Andy: Well, he should keep his problems away from the studio. Anyway, you're the expert on Dickens, tell me something about him.Janet: Well, Charles Dickens was one of the most popular novelists in 19th century Britain. Many of his novels first appeared in magazines, in short episodes. Each one had a cliffhanger at the end that made people want to read the next episode（集，一集）.Andy: And was he a Londoner?Janet: He was born in Portsmouth but his family moved to London when he was ten years old.Andy: And he set most of his stories in London, didn't he?Janet: That's right. He knew the city very well.Andy: Whereabouts in London are his stories set?Janet: Around the Law Courts in the centre of London. He worked as a court reporter and many of the real life stories he heard in court inspired some of most famous characters in his novels.Andy: I think some of his stories take place south of the river?Janet: That's right, especially around Docklands. The thing was…Dickens was a social commentator（社会评论员）as much as he was a novelist-his stories describe the hardship, the poverty, and crime which many Londoners experienced in the 19th century. It makes mewant to read some Dickens again. Maybe I'll just go shopping for a copy of Great Expectations.Andy: Anyway, you did me a huge favour. That was a real brainwave（突然想到的妙计，灵感）to suggest the new biography.Janet: Cheer up Andy. It wasn't your fault.Andy: No, it's OK, I'll get over it. Go on, off you go and enjoy your shopping!Outside viewBritish people read a lot. They read books, newspapers and magazines. And of course they read text messages on their mobile phones. Sixty-five percent of British people list "reading for pleasure" as a major hobby. A quarter of the population reads more than 20 books each year. So where do these books come from? Well, there are bookshops where you can buy books. And there are lots of public libraries where you can borrow books for free. In this library you can borrow books, but you can also buy a cup of coffee, look at an art exhibition, sit in a quiet study area or connect to the Internet. Y ou can also now borrow CDs, videos or DVDs of films and television programmes. Some libraries even let you borrow computer games. There are often reference rooms where you can go to look something up or go to study. Many libraries have also got special rooms with books and photograghs about the historu of the area. Libraries are very important in schools and universities both for study and for reading for pleasure. The British Library is one of the world's greatest libraries. The queen opened its new building in 1998. It receives a copy of every book published in Britain, and adds three million new items every year.It's got books of course, but also sound recordings, music, maps, newspapers, and magazines. People predicted that radio, then television, then the Internet will kill reading, but it still a very popular activity.Listening in 1M：So how long has your book group been running?C：Well, let me see, it's over 20years now. I think it's actually one of the oldest books groups around, because it was only about 20years ago that they started to become fashionable in the UK.M：And how often do you have meetings?C：We meet about once every four or five weeks, although we try to avoid meetings in the summer holidays, and during the run-up to（前奏，预备期）Christmas when we all start to get busy with other things.M：And how many members do you have?C：We're ten in all, although it's rare that everyone can attend.M：And what happens during the meeting?C：Well, we usually meet at one of our homes, and we start fairly late, around 8:30, and the host prepares dinner, and sometime during the meal, someone asks "So what did you think of the book?" and that's when the discussion starts.M：It sounds quite informal.C：It is, yes, and sometimes if we haven't enjoyed the book, the meal becomes more important than the discussion. But it's fairly rare that no one likes the book, and it gets quire interesting when opinions about it are divided.M And what sort of books do you read?C：Oh, all kinds, actually, not just novels, although I must admit that being a member of the club makes me read more modern fiction than I might do otherwise. But we also read the classics, you know the novels we all read or should have read 30 years ago, and it's quite good fun to revisit them, to see if our views of the books have changed. We re-read Thomas Hardy recently, and whereas I used to love it when I was a student, this time I thought it was exasperatingly（惹人恼火地）dull. And we read non-fiction. quite a lot of history and travel writing. A couple of the members like poetry, which I don't, but you know, we're tolerant each other's choice, and it gives us a chance to try things we wouldn't usually read.M：And how do you choose the books?C：Well, at the end of the evening the person who hosts the dinner-basically, the cook- has the right to choose the next book.M：And that works OK?C：Yes, although there's quite a lot of stress on choosing something that will earn everyone else's respect. And we've got one member who likes science fiction, so we try not to go to his place too often!Listening in 2Well, thank you for your kind welcome, and for giving me the opportunity to give this brief tour of Literary England. I can't claim it's an authoritative tour, as I'm, not a professional literary specialist. However, I have two amateur passions: one is travel and the other is reading and English literature in particular. And this lecture is a description of different visits I have made to places in Britain and Ireland, chosen specifically for their close links with well-known writers of what we call the classics of English literature.Just to give you an overview of the lecture, I'm going to start in my home town of London, which is also the home of many well-known writers. But I think that the picture we have in our mind of London has been largely fashioned by the work of Charles Dickens and Shakespeare. Dickensian London is illustrated most clearly by his book Oliver Twist, and Shakespeare's London brings to mind the plays written and performed here, such as Romeo and Juliet. We'll also have a look at the memorial of freat British writers, Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.Then off we go to Oxford, another city rich in its literary history. I'm, going to focus on the greatest of Oxford's literary alumni, JRR Tolkien, the professor of English who wrote Lord of the Rings, which is now famous throughout the world because of the recent series of films.Then we turn south towards the gentle countryside of Hampshire, home of Jane Austen, where her various novels, including Price and Prejudice are set. She also spent a period of her life in the magnificent Georgian city of Bath.Then we turn north to the hills of west Yorkshire where we find Bronte country, so called because it was the home of the three sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte. Perhaps the two best known novels are Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyer, and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, also made into successful films.Then up to the north-west, to the stunning land of mountains and lakes which is the Lake District, home of the Lakeland poets. Perhaps its most famous son is William Wordsworth, whose poem "I wandered lonely as a cloud" has been learnt by generations of school children not just in Britain, but around the English-speaking world.So that's the basic route round Literary England, although I'll be thinking several detours to visit other famous writers whose work contributes to the glory which is English literature. Let's start…Unit3Outside viewLondon has always prided itself on being a little bit different when it comes to fashion. At the catwalk shows, designers showcase the hottest new trends for journalists and buyers from all over the world. But away from the glamour of designer collections, what do London girls actually wear? How do they create the affordable, personal style they are famous for? Hannah, who works for a fashion magazine, says London’s unique style is all about mixing and matching. One day can be punk. Next day you can be really girlie（少女般的）. It’s kind of choosing what you want in your wardrobe. Maybe taking an expensive piece but mixing it with something cheaper or second-hand. I think that is what London girls are really good at doing. Portobello Road, in the trendy Notting Hill area, is home to one of the most famous markets in London. Here, you name it and people wear it-anything from market stall bargains to to-die-for（令人渴望的）designer labels sold in trendy shops. But how do the capital’s women view their style? Eclectic. My style is certainly eclectic. It is from Tesco. It is the Catherine Kidston range from Tesco. Sam is matched her outfit today with a bag she bought in a supermarket. Angela is a fashion stylist. So tell me a little bit about your life. What are you wearing and what would you say your style is? My style tends to change week by week. Today I am wearing some jeans from Uniqlo.I’ve discovered Uniqlo jeans and bought about five pairs cos they fit really well. The boots are by Aldo .My T-shirt is from Tooshop. The jacket is a really old jacket that I bought in the States a few years ago. But um, yeah I mean it just…it does tend to change a lot. Over to New Bond Street, London’s designer shopping Mecca（胜地）and the style stakes have gone up a little. Some of the most famous and expensive shops in the world can be found here. Shops where you have to ask the price of that handbag…or pair of shoes…then you know you can not really afford it. Natalie, a student from the city, says being laid back is what gives London style its edge. I don’t know. Everyone says like. French is like so fashionable and stuff but I think we are quite trendy, we are a bit more casual, but I think we have got a good style going on and everything, a bit laid back, but everyone still looks cool. Seylia works in a jewelry shop. No shabby chic（流行式样，时尚）here. Cashmere scarf from Louboutin, because it is cold. Black coat from Prada and a Valentino bag, which is probably as colorful as it gets. Katie is a model and loves how people dress in London because everyone has their own individual style. I love London it is so unique.And like everyone’s got their own fashion. I love it here, because you can wear whatever and just fit in, it is great. I love London for that. Laura is a student and says she doesn’t really put any thought into what she is wearing. Fashion, I wouldn’t really call it fashion. It is just kind of chucked together, basically, what I am comfortable in. Camden is known for its grungy（脏的，乱糟糟）, daring and sometimes outrageous（极不寻常的）styles. Here fashion is whatever you want it to be. Teenagers don’t hold back much when it comes to choosing clothes. They just want to make personal statement .We are just crazy! We don’t hold back so much. It’s not all about being elegant or something like that. It’s more making a statement, some people. And we don’t care. Listening inPresenter: How often do you change your clothes during the day?Penny: Um I think it all depends on what I’m going to do. Um it might be as many as three times if…Presenter: Three times.Penny: Yes, if I was …if I was going to go to gym, for instance, having dropped the children off at school I’d be wearing an outfit for…just a。

Unit 1 AudioLesson 1Why aren’t women happier these days? That’s the question raised by a thought-provoking study-- ‘The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness’released last month. The research showed that over the past 35 years women’s happiness has declined, both compared to the past and relative to men even though, by most objective measures, the lives of women in the U.S. have improved in recent decades. The research, by University of Pennsylvania economists Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, released by the National Bureau of Economic Research, found the decline in happiness to be pervasive among women across a variety of demographic groups. The researchers measured similar declines in happiness among women who were single parents and married parents. They cast doubt on the hypothesis that trends in marriage and divorce, single parenthood or work/family balance are at the root of the happiness declines among women. One theory for the decline in happiness is that expectations for workplace and general advancement were raised too high by the women’s movement and women might feel inadequate for not having it all. The researchers acknowledge that is a possibility. They think that if the Women’s Movement raised women’s expectations faster than society was able to meet them, the women would be more likely disappointed by their actual life experiences. But the researchers also add that things could change for the better, as women’s expectations move into alignment with their experiences, this decline in happiness may reverse..Lesson 2Men May Be from Venus TooMen and women might be on the same planetary wavelength after all. According to Psychologist Professor Janet Hyde at the University of Wisconsin, men and women are more alike than different in personality, communication, cognitive ability and leadership than is generally believed.The studies looked at cognitive abilities, such as theability to do mathematics, verbaland nonverbal communication,aggression, leadership,self-esteem, moral reasoning andmotor behaviour, such asthrowing distance and found largegender differences in throwingdistance, and attitudes aboutcasual sex, and a moderatedifference in aggression. But formost psychological characteristics,she found no differences betweenmen and women.Hyde found evidence thatdifferences between men andwomen are linked to society’sexpectation of how they shouldbehave. For instance, womensmiled more than men whenobserved but this was not the casewhen they thought they were notbeing observed. Hyde said thefindings provide strong evidenceagainst the idea that psychologicaldifferences between men andwomen are “large and stable”.Besides these socialexpectations, over-inflatingclaims of differences betweenmen and women can be damaging.After examining the genderdifferences in math performancein high school, Hyde revealed thatit could be due to parents’havinglower expectations of theirdaughters’ success in math andthus affecting her self-confidenceand performance.She also found women’ssuccess as workplace leaders canalso be hindered if they go againstthe caring and nurturingstereotype.So it’s really amazing howpeople’s perceptions ofthemselves and their ownbehaviours are in fact a reflectionof assumptions and constructs insociety.Unit 4 AudioLesson 1China has changedenormously over the last 20 years.Its economy has been growing at10% a year. Today, 80% of theworld’s electronic goods aremade in China. As a result, moreand more western companieswant to do business in China. Buthow easy is it for a westerner todo business there? Here are sometips from the British Embassy inBeijing.Build relationships. In thewest, it’s usual to do businessfirst, and then see if a relationshipis possible. In China, it’s theopposite. You need to build arelationship before you can dobusiness. This leads to the idea of‘guanxi’. Guanxi means usingpersonal contacts andrelationships to do business, andwesterners need to understandhow real and strong this is inChina.It can also be useful to finda reliable Chinese ally to workwith you. He or she will be able tohelp with language or culturalproblems and will also be able tounderstand Chinese bodylanguage.You must remember torespect ‘face’. ‘Face’meanshaving high status with your peers.‘Face’can be lost, given orearned. Never criticize or insultsomeone in front of others, aslosing face will make itimpossible to make a deal. On theother hand, if you praise someoneby saying good things about himor her, then he or she will gainface, but be careful not to do it toomuch.All these tricks of the tradecan help you to play the game anddo business successfully in China.Be prepared, and be patient if youwant to be a winner in China.Lesson 2The Quarterly (Magazine):How has Carrefour had to adaptto Chinese tastes?Jean-Luc Chereau (Presidentof Carrefour China): Take theexample of fish. When I am inSan Francisco and I visit a store,the fish is filleted and packed; it’sdead. When I am in France, thefish is dead but it’s whole; it’s onice. I can see its eyes and see ifit’s fresh or not. Each place has itsown way of selling fish.If you are in China, you havetwo ways of selling fish. The firstis to display live fish. When weentered Taiwan, we went to thefresh markets in Taipei andKaohsiung to see what kind ofproducts they had, how they weredisplayed, and how customersbought those products. Carrefourdecided to adopt this fresh-marketstyle and to display the sameproducts at lower prices in a better,cleaner environment. And wewere very, very successful. Now,on the mainland, the first imagecustomers get when they enter aCarrefour store is fresh products.When customers are in the fresharea, they recognize the freshmarket they’re accustomed to.And now most of our competitors are following Carrefour in this way.But there is another method we neglected when we moved away from the coast: frozen fish. Why would frozen fish be important in China? Because the distance between the area where they have fresh fish and the stores in middle and western China is so vast that customers are more confident of frozen fish than of unfrozen dead fish, even if fresh. So we changed our product offering and we saw a 30 to 40 percent increase in fish sales throughout China.Unit 6 AudioLesson 1It is said that happiness is contagious. The supporting evidence is everywhere: from the streets of Rio during Carnival to more obscure celebrations elsewhere in the world. But long-term happiness may also be healthy. New York researcher Dr.Karina Davidson certainly thinks so.Dr. Davidson is a lead researcher in a 10-year study of more than 1,700 healthy men and women. The study revealed that people who are happy and content with their lives are 22% less likely than unhappy people to have a heart attack or suffer from symptoms of heart disease.Maintaining happy is surely protective of your mental health and this observational study is one of the first studies to show it may also protect your physical health. It is the first to show an independent relationship between positive emotions and coronary heart disease. But Dr. Davidson stresses that more work and clinical trials are needed before any treatment recommendations can be made. She says, though, that the study is the first step in providing doctors better insight about how to interact with their patients. The study may eventually shift healthcare providers to thinking about how they can help patients make sure that the things that make them happy stay in their routine.Heart disease is the leading killer of men and women in most industrialized countries. Dr. Davidson says she hopes her report will shine a light on a new approach for prevention. Lesson 2Everyone knows someonewho is difficult to be around. It isvery difficult to put up with them.The bad news is often times youare forced to interact with thesepeople on a daily basis and theycould have a personality disorderbut the good news is there aresimple ways you can learn to dealwith their behaviors.A person with a paranoidpersonality is someone who isvery much preoccupied with theloyalty of other people. It is aperson who constantly scans theenvironment and other peoplelooking for possible indications orsigns of some sort of deception.The solution: stick toconversation topics that are safeand not too personal, avoid anysigns of criticisms or attack andrefrain from using language that ispatronizing.A narcissistic person reallybelieves that she is better than youessentially a nd that “because I’manother person I’m better thanyou, I’m entitled to expect you todo things for me; I’m entitled tobe focused exclusively on myown needs and kind of disregardyours.”So how do you deal withthose people? Don’t be defensivewith this person. It could trigger afight and try to make you animportant part of his or her worldin order to keep up therelationship.People with obsessivecompulsive disorder can makeothers jumpy. Try acknowledgingtheir hard work with compliments.Compromise with them whenpossible and also avoid conflict.We all have a little bit ofthese personalities in ourselves sotreat others as you would like tobe treated.Unit 8 AudioLesson 1Competitive pressures haveforced most companies (andcountries) to increase their focuson innovation. This pressure toinnovate has increased the needfor talented engineers andscientists--not only in the rapidlyevolving computer andcommunications industries, but invirtually every other industry aswell.The automobile industry, forexample, has significantlyexpanded the electronics andcomputer content on the vehicle,with applications today rangingfrom power controls for improvedfuel economy and reducedemissions, to enhanced safetysystems and chassis controls.During the last decade, tomeet the ever-growing need foradvanced technology, GeneralMotors has recruited a rich blendof international talent, withengineers and scientists fromNorth and South America, Europe,the Middle East, China, Taiwan,India, and Korea. This melting potof technologists has created abubbling cauldron of excitingideas that General Motors isapplying to the development of avast array of product, technologyand business innovations. In fact,one of the biggest benefits ofglobalization for GM has beenaccess to technology beingdeveloped around the world.Today, GM’s most advancedresearch programs, such as thefuel cell technology development,are being conducted acrossseveral continents.By pulling together thetalents and resources from itsglobal network, General Motorshas been able to reduceredundancy, accelerate ongoingdevelopment, and start newdevelopment. Its 42-volt electricalarchitecture program is anexcellent example of this kind ofglobal collaboration. It includesall of the GM alliance partnersand key suppliers. Instead of morethan 10 separate projects, GMnow has one single program withclearly defined technologyroadmaps for each partner.Lesson 2With the globalization ofworld economy, China hasbecome an appealing market forforeign investors. Why did someforeign-funded enterprisesbecome successful when enteringthe China market while others fail,and why do some grow relativelyfaster than the rest? The followingfactors can determine how well orbad foreign-funded enterprisesperform in China:1. Establishment andimplementation of enterprise’sdevelopment strategies. In China,successful foreign-fundedenterprises will definitelyimplement long-termdevelopment strategy, unlikeother unsuccessful companieswhich do not look far and onlyconcentrate on short-term gains.Besides, the strategy will need tobe a flexible one as market conditions are constantlychanging due to the presence ofglobalization. The enterprise needs to be flexible as to reactimmediately to any changeswithout affecting its business operations.2. Leadership of the top management plays a decisive role in deciding the success of thecompany. In face of greatercompetition brought about by globalization, management todaywill need to possess strongerjudgment, decision making abilities, adaptability and greaterforesight. The ability to look far iscrucial as one need to be able to get ready at all times to react toany changes.3. It is essential for the foreign-funded enterprises to understand China’s culture,especially regarding the culture of Guanxi (relationship), so as to be able to gain the popularity and trust of China’s population. With a good relationship, businesses can become smoother and the probability of failure will be greatly reduced. Stronger bonds can also be built with the customers, suppliers and partners.。

Scripts for Unit One IdentityListening Task 1The neighborhood children of my age played together: either active, physical games outdoors or games of dolls-and-house indoors. I, on the other hand, spent much of my childhood alone. I’d curl up in a chair reading fairy-tales and myths, daydreaming, writing poems or stories and drawing pictures. Sometime around the fourth grade, my “big”(often critical, judgmental) Grandma, who’d been visiting us said to me, “What’s wrong with you? Why don’t the other children want to play with you?”I remember being startled and confused by her question. I’d never been particularly interested in playing with the other children. It hadn’t, till then, occurred to me that that was either odd or something with me. Nor had it occurred to me that they didn’t “want to play with”me. My first conscious memory of feeling different was in the fourth grade. At the wardrobe, listening to classmates joking, chattering and laughing with each other, I realized I hadn’t a clue about what was so funny or of how to participate in their easy chatter. They seemed to live in a universe about which I knew nothing at all. I tried to act like others but it was so difficult. I felt confused and disoriented. I turned back to my inner world: reading books, writing and daydreaming. My inwardness grew me in ways that continued to move me further away from the world of my age peers. The easy flow of casual social chat has remained forever beyond my reach and beyond my interest, too.Listening Task 2The greatest difficulty for me is that as a person of mixed origin I am at home neither here nor there. Wherever I am, I am regarded as being foreign, either “white”or “black”. It happens to me when I live in my mother’s country of origin, in Switzerland, and it happened to me when I was living in my father’s country, Ivory Coast. I would feel at home where I could feel that people accept me just the way I am! When you are a small child you first do not feel that you are different from the others. But soon the others will make you feel different –and children too can be very cruel in their behavior against the “strange child”. Sometimes incredible incidents happen. Some time ago I was riding my bike somewhere in a little place in Switzerland nearby to where I live. A car drove by, and the male driver opened the window and yelled at me: “Scheiss –Neger –dirty nigger!”I almost froze. I felt helpless and unable to defend myself. When I looked at the number plate, I saw that it was a German number plate. This means that the insulting person himself was a foreigner in this country! How could he dare insult me like this? I felt that I wanted to kill this man. When I recovered I was able to think about it more clearly. These racist people are just stupid and do not know anything about life.Real World ListeningAnswers1.because he was charged with bank fraud.2.The man paid the money and all the charges were dismissed.3.He spent several days in prison for a crime he didn’t commit. Apperently the police knew that he was not the person who committed the bank fraud.4.Their credit may be ruined so that they can’t get loans and it may take them years to settle the damage.5.The person who stole the man’s identity was caught and put in jail for identity fraud.Script--- Your story of identity theft is quite scary. What happened?---one day early in the morning, I was awakened by a loud knock. When I opened the door, five policemen were standing there telling me to go to jail. I asked why and they said that I was wanted for bank fraud. I said “I never did that” and they said”that’s something we’ve never heard before...tell it to the judge.”--- Did you really have to spend time in jail?--- yes, I certainly did.--- how could you prove that it wasn’t you who committed the crime.--- Frankly, I never did. I simply paid the amount owed and and all the charges were dismissed. It was really a debt to a casino and, although it is a felony, all they wanted was their money.--- whew! For me,perhaps the most alarming aspect of your story is that you had to spend several days in jail- in spite of the fact that they knew the person who committed the fraud was of a different race than you. That is truly scary.---yes, people suffer because others steal their identity to work illegally.Someone used another’s identity for years and ruined their credit. When their kids want to get their first cars or student loans it takes them years to settle the damage.--- did they catch the person who used you identity to commit the crimes?--- yes. He was put in jail for identity fraud.。

21世纪大学英语视听说教程4听力原文Unit 1: LifestyleListening 1Part 1: ConversationA: Hi, Jane. How was your weekend?B: Hi, Peter. It was great! I went hiking with some friends on Saturday and then had a barbecue at the beach on Sunday. How about you?A: Sounds like a fun weekend. I stayed home and caught up on some work. But I’m planning a trip to the mountains next weekend. Do you want to join?B: That sounds tempting. I’ll check my schedule and let you know.Part 2: LectureGood morning, class. Today, we’re going t o talk about different lifestyles. A lifestyle is the way we live and the choices we make. People have different lifestyles based on their individual preferences, interests, and values. There are various factors that can influence our lifestyle, such as culture, family, friends, and personal experiences. Some people enjoy an active lifestyle, engaging in physical activities like sports and outdoor adventures. Others prefer a more leisurely lifestyle, focusingon relaxation and personal hobbies. Our lifestyle choices can affect our physical and mental well-being, as well as our relationships with others. It’s important to find a lifestyle that suits us and brings us happiness and fulfillment.Listening 2Part 1: ConversationA: Hey, Mark. I heard you’re start ing a new job next week. How do you feel about it?B: Hi, Sarah. I’m excited and a bit nervous at the same time. It’s a great opportunity, but it will also bring new challenges.A: I understand. Starting a new job can be both exciting and overwhelming. Do you have any plans for the weekend?B: Not really. I’ll probably spend some time preparing for my new job and also catch up on some rest. How about you?A: I’m planning to visit my parents. It’s been a while since I saw them. I’m looking forward to it.Part 2: LectureToday, we’re going to discuss the importance of effective communication in the workplace. Communication skills are essential for success in any job. Whether it’s written or verbal communication, being able to express oneself clearly and listen actively can help foster positive working relationships and avoid misunderstandings. In the workplace, communicationoccurs through various channels, such as face-to-face conversations, emails, phone calls, and presentations. It’s important to choose the appropriate channel and style of communication depending on the situation and the audience. Effective communication not only makes our work more efficient but also contributes to a positive work environment. So, let’s work on improving our communication sk ills to succeed in our careers.Note: Above are excerpts from the listening materials in Unit 1 of the 21st Century College English Audio-Visual Speaking Course 4.。

大学英语听说教程4听力原文Unit8Unit 8Part BA Terrible DiseaseThe phone rang and it was my husband Jack asking me to take some lunch to his office. As I drove off, I noticed a new shopping center. Strange I hadn't noticed it before. Near his office I also saw a fire station I didn't recognize.'When did they build that new shopping center?' I asked Jack. 'And I'm glad to see that new fire station. It'll give a good landmark.''Diana, they've been there for ages,' Jack scolded.Bewildered, I became angry and, starting up the engine, began to pull away. Then I braked. Where was the exit? Suddenly, nothing was familiar. I realized I had no idea how to get home. I had to stop again and again to ask for directions. Eventually, I got home. A 30-minute drive had taken me four hours.Two months later, at the office where I worked as a legal researcher, a smart young man approached me.'Hi, Diana. Good to see you,' he said, smiling.I hesitated, then smiled with resignation. 'Please forgive me, it's one of those days. I simply can't bring your name to mind.' 'Diana, I'm your cousin Richard,' he said very slowly.After that, I was constantly making mistakes and kept forgetting my way around the building. In the end, I made the painful decision to resign from work. I also started pretending to be a tourist when I got lost because residents tend to give much better directions to visitors.Desperate to discover what was wrong with me, I made anappointment with a neurologist. After various tests he told me I had Alzheimer's disease. I felt numb. I'd hoped to find I was worrying about nothing, but now my worst fears were confirmed. And I was only 53!When I told Jack and my three grown-up children about my disease, their reaction was quiet but supportive. 'Stop worrying,' Jack said. 'We'll take good care of you.'That night, I was looking through some papers belonging to my mother, who'd died of cancer years before, when I saw her maps. They were hand-drawn and covered every place my mother went, including my house. As I examined them, I remembered Mother's other eccentric habits. She wouldn't drive out of her neighborhood or at night. One day, she hadn't even recognized me. Could she have had Alzheimer's, too, without anyone realizing?Now at 57, on good days I'm filled with hope and determination, but on bad days I have the worst sense of being alone. I've started a support group for other sufferers, for I know it's essential to have contact with people who are walking through the same maze.Jack's coping well. While he still dreams of waking up to find all this has been a horrible nightmare, he's assured me that I can depend on him. When we married he didn't know 'for better or worse' included Alzheimer's. But neither did I.Questions:1. What does the story mainly tell us?2. Which of the following is one of the symptoms of the speaker's disease?3. What can we learn from the story?4. What do you know about the speaker from the story?5. What can be inferred about the speaker's mother?Part COld Age's Problems and OpportunitiesOld age in the United States presents many problems and opportunities. As a result of improved medical services , people live longer than they used to. This increase in longevity creates a wide range of social needs. The medical specialty of gerontology (老年医学) has opened up new research areas and careers related to the elderly.Because of changes in the family structure from extended to nuclear, the elderly have to create existences apart from basically small family units. This situation is complicated by the fact that many of their friends may have died and their children may have moved away.The elderly must set up a new life. Often, the elderly must rely on a fixed income - Social Security and pensions - and gradually diminished savings. While some live with their children, many more live by themselves, with a friend or in a nursing home.However, the increasing proportion of elderly people in society has given them a new political power. They have formed organizations to voice their own needs and concerns to local state and federal agencies. Lobbying(游说)for such issues as increased Social Security benefits, better health care, income tax benefits and rent controls has brought to the public an increased awareness of the determination of the elderly to assert their ability to deal effectively with their own lives.Part DA Walking MiracleOld age is often accompanied by various kinds of illnesses. When he woke up on a July morning in 2001, Robert Tools, 59,could hardly lift his head off his pillow. He had suffered from heart troubles since a decade ago, which was made worse by his diabetes. The six-foot-three-inch former librarian and teacher became so weak that his weight had dropped from more than 200 pounds to 140. Tools was too sick for a heart transplant. So he agreed to let two surgeons try something that had never been done before. That afternoon T ools became the first person ever to be implanted with a self-contained artificial heart.Eight days later, Tools left the hospital for the first time to take a stroll through a city park, with his artificial heart pumping blood through his body. The heart is powered by a battery implant that holds a 30-to-40 minute charge. The battery is recharged via a coil attached to an external battery pack good for two hours, which T ools wears on a belt. Or the coil recharger can be plugged directly into a wall outlet. A small controller, about the size of a palm, is also implanted in the chest to regulate blood flow. The tiny controller knows how to adjust to his body's need for higher or lower blood flow when he stands, sits, walks, or otherwise. But Tools' mobility is still limited. Most of the time, a mobility transmitter implanted in his chest broadcasts data to a computer in hishospital room so that doctors can continually monitor and fine-tune the blood flow.Tools says living with an artificial heart means adjusting to some strange new sensations. "The biggest thing is getting used to not having a heart beat, except a whirring sound, and that makes me realize that I'm alive because I can hear it without a stethoscope."Statements:1. Robert Tools suffered from several health conditionsbefore his operation.2. Doctors decided to put an artificial heart in Tools' body because there was no suitable donor heart available.3. Tools' artificial heart was implanted in his chest along witha couple of other devices.4. Tools now must carry an external battery pack with him all the time.5. Tools' blood flow can be remote-controlled by doctors in the hospital.6. Tools' artificial heart is made of plastic materials.7. His new heart allows Tools to move about more than two hours at a time.8. Before Tools, a few artificial heart implant operations had been performed on other persons but all of them had failed.。

视听说4 听力原文及答案Unit 1 Leisure activitiesPart 1 listening oneEver wish you could do magic tricks, or introduce yourself as “magician” at a party? Imagine, everybody wants to have fun, but nothings’ really happening, it’s time for you to show one of your ne w tricks. Here, you can learn how, and without any need for special materials or much practice.A trick with a coin, a handkerchief and a friend:Put the coin on your palm. Cover the coin with the handkerchief. Ask several people to put their hands beneath the handkerchief and feel the coin, to make sure that it is still there. Then take the corner of the handkerchief and pull it rapidly off your hand. The coin has gone! How? You must make sure the last friend who feels the coin knows the trick and removes the coin when he seems to be just feeling it. And nobody knows where it has gone!A trick with a piece of paper and a pencil:Tell your friend that you can communicate your thoughts without speaking to other people. Write on the piece of paper the word No. Don't let your friends see what you have written. Say, "Now I will communicate this word into your minds." Pretend to concentrate. Ask them if they know what is written on the paper. They will say, "No!" And you say, "Quite correct! I wrote No on the paper!"A trick with an egg and some salt:Ask your friends to stand the egg upright on the table. They won't manage to do it. Say that you can speak to the chicken inside. Say, "Chicken! Can you hear me? Get ready to balance your egg!"When you first get the egg back from your friends, pretend to kiss the egg at the base. Make the base wet. Then put the base into salt which is in your other hand. The salt will stick to the egg. Then put the egg on the table. Twist the egg around a few times as this will arrange the grains of salt. Then it will stand up. Don't forget to thank the chicken.Questions:1.What does the magician ask people to do in the first trick2.What happens to the coin?3.How does the magician prove that he can communicate histhoughts to the audience in the second trick?4.What is the first step to make the egg stand upright?5.What else is needed to make the egg stand upright?Keys: 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. DPart 1 listening two(The following is an interview from a weekly sports program.) Presenter: Good morning, listeners. Welcome to our weekly sports programaimed at all those underactive youngsters with time on their hands!Listen to what our two guests have to say about their hobbies andhow their hobbies have made a difference to their lives. Adriennefirst, then, Jonathan.Adrienne: I collect very interesting jewelry. I tend to travel a lot as most of my family do, so whenever I have a holiday, I like to go traveling.Whenever I travel somewhere, I like to pick up something to remindme of the place that I visited. And, the easiest thing to do is to pickup a small piece of jewelry instead of getting a poster or a T-shirtthat won’t last. I like the idea of having something small and also, Ifind whenever I wear jewelry from somew here, it’s a goodconversation piece. Usually people ask you, “Where did you getthis?” I then have a story to tell, and it’s a good way to meet and talkto people. It’s just interesting. I have jewelry that I picked up when Itraveled to Thailand, when I traveled to Africa and when I traveled toEurope.Presenter: Wow! Sounds nice. You’ll have to show your collections to us. Adrienne: I’d love to.Presenter: Thank you, Adrienne. Now Jonathan.Jonathan: I prefer canoeing because you've always got the water there for support. If you're a good swimmer, have a good sense of balanceand strong arms, you'll like canoeing! The main trouble istransporting your canoe to the right places—my father takes it onthe roof of the car—or sometimes I put it on the roof of the club’sLand Rover. What it has taught me most is to be independent. It'sjust you and the canoe against the wind, the weather and the water.It gives you a lot of self-confidence and it can be really exciting aslong as you don't mind getting soaked, of course! It makes you feelclose to nature somehow. Last year, when I was qualified, I began torun my own canoeing center.Presenter: So you are making your hobby work for you.Jonathan: People are usually very skilled at their hobbies. The combination of interest and skills is a very compelling reason to choose a particularcareer.Presenter: Then, Adrienne, do you have a similar plan?Adrienne: Yes, I love making beaded jewelry. I’ve decided to get some formal training. I want to learn how to be a jewelry designer. Questions:1. Who is the target audience in the program?2. What is Adrienne’s hobby?3. What does Adrienne usually buy when she visits a place?4. How does Jonathan benefit from canoeing?5. What should be the major concern in choosing a career according to Jonathan?Keys: 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. BPart 1 listening threeGerry: I've just been to see Gone with the Wind. It was fantastic. Well worth seeing. Have you ever seen it?Judy : No, but I've read the book. I don't think I would like to see the film really. It would spoil the story for me.Gerry: Really? Oh, give me a film any day. Honestly, if I had to choose between the film of a story and the book of it, I'd go for the film. Judy : Would you?Gerry: Yes. It's much more real. You can get the atmosphere better. You know, the photography and location shots, period costumes, theright accents. Don't you think so?Judy : Not really. I much prefer to use my own imagination. I can imagine how I want it, rather than how someone makes me see it. Anyway, I think you get much more insight into the characters when you read a book. Part of a person's character is lost on film because you never know what they are thinking.Gerry: True, but I don't know. It's much easier going to the cinema. It takes less time. I can get the whole story in two hours but it might take mea week to read the book.Judy : I know, but it's so expensive to go to the cinema nowadays.Gerry: I know, but it's a social event. It's fun. You can go with your friends.When you read a book you have to do it on your own.Judy : All right. Let's agree to differ. I'll get some coffee.Keys:1.1.s poil the story 1.2. and day1.3. Honestly choose the film1.4.Atmosphere photography location period1.5.insight into the characters 1.6. social event1.7. agree to differ2.Films: get the atmosphere better---photography/locationshots/period costumes/right accenteasiertake less time: two hoursan social event: fun, go with friendsBooks: take more time: one weeknot a social event: do it on your ownbooks: use readers’ own imaginationget much more insight into the charactersfilms: spoil the storyexpensivePart 1 listening fourSally Marino gets married. After the wedding, there is a big party—a wedding reception. All the guests eat dinner. There is a band and, after dinner, everyone dances. Sally's mother and father pay for everything. At the end of the reception, Sally and her new husband cut the wedding cake and all the guests get a piece.Pete and Rose buy a new house. After moving in, they invite their friends and family to a party—a housewarming party. Everybody comes to see the new house. They look at the bedrooms, the dining room, even the garage. Pete and Rose serve drinks, sandwiches, and snacks. The party is on a Saturday afternoon.It is Christmas time. Ted and Sarah Robinson want to see many of their friends over the holiday. So they invite their friends to an open house. The hours of the party are from 2 p.m. to 8 p.m. The guests arrive and leave whenever they want. The Robinsons serve sandwiches, drinks, and snacks. Some guests stay for just 20 minutes, others stay for 3 hours. About fifty people come to the open house.Mr. and Mrs. Todd ask their neighbors to come to an evening party. They don't serve much food, just snacks—pretzels, chips, peanuts and many types of drinks. No one dances. Conversation is important with people asking questions like "What's new with you?".Keys:1.√2 √32.4.d inner band dances piece2.5.house drinks snacks2.6.Invite arrive fifty/502.7.snacks Conversation new with youPart 4 Listening 1Receptionist: Good morning. Can I help you?Cathy: Er...a friend told me that you have exercise and dance classes here.Receptionist: That's right.Cathy: OK. Can you give me some information about days and times, please?Receptionist: Yes, there are four classes a day, every day from Monday to Saturday with nothing on Sunday.Cathy: Yeah, can you tell me the open hours?Receptionist: The first one is an aerobics class from 8:30 to 9:30 in the morning. Then there's another aerobics class at lunchtime from12:30 to 1:30.Cathy: Right.Receptionist: Then in the evening from 5:30 to 6:30—another aerobics class too. And there's a jazz dance class from 6:30 to 7:30. Cathy: Right. And what level are they for? I mean, would they be OK fora beginner?Receptionist: The morning aerobics—8:30 to 9:30—is advanced. All the others are at the beginner to intermediate level. But let me giveyou a schedule.Cathy: Thanks. And how much does it cost for a class? Receptionist: You pay a ￡1 entrance fee and then the classes are ￡2.50 each and ￡3.50 for the jazz dancing. It's there on the sheet. Cathy: Oh, yes, I see.Receptionist: If you become a member, entrance is free and...Cathy: Oh, no, it's OK. I'm only in London for two weeks. Receptionist: Oh, right. That's no good then.Cathy: And I guess you have showers and everything? Receptionist: Yes, sure, and in the evenings you can use the sauna free, too. Cathy: Oh, great. So the next class is at 5:30? Well, I'll see you then. Receptionist: Fine. See you later!Questions:1. Where does the dialog most likely take place?2. How many classes are there every day except Sunday?3. At what time does the last class end?4. How much is the entrance fee?5. Which class will Cathy most probably attend?6. What can we learn about Cathy from the conversation?Keys: 1. A 2.C 3.C 4. A 5. C 6. BListening 2Woman: Why don't we go abroad for a change? I'd like to go to France, Spain, or even Italy.Man: Mm. I'm not all that keen on traveling really. I'd rather stay at home. Woman: Oh, come on, Steve. Think of the sun!Man: Yes, but think of the cost! Going abroad is very expensive. Woman: Oh, it isn't, Steve. Not these days.Man: Of course it is, Juliet. The best thing about having a holiday here in Britain is that it's cheaper. And another thing, traveling in Britainwould be easier. No boats, planes or anything.Woman: Even so, we've been to most of the interesting places in Britain already. What's the point in seeing them again? Anyway, we cantravel round Britain whenever we like. There's no point in wastingour summer holiday here.Man: Mm, I suppose you're right. Nevertheless, what I can't stand is all the bother with foreign currency, changing money and all that when wego abroad. I hate all that. And it's so confusing.Woman: Oh, don't be silly, Steve.Man: And what's more, I can't speak any of the languages—you know that.It's all right for you. You can speak some foreign languages. Woman: Exactly. You see, what I'd really like to do is practice my French and Spanish. It would help me a lot at work.Man: Mm, but that's no use to me.Woman: But just think of the new places we'd see, the people we'd meet! Man: But look, if we stayed here, we wouldn't have to plan very much. Woman: I'm sorry, Steve. No. I don't fancy another cold English summer. Questions:1. Where does the man want to spend the summer holiday?2. According to Steve, what is considered important in planning vacation?3. What does Steve find confusing about traveling abroad?4. What will help Juliet in her work?5. What does Juliet think of summer in Britain?Keys:1. C2. B3. D4. C5. BListening 3The game of football may have started in Roman times. It seems that theRomans played a game very much like our modern rugby but with a round ball.English villagers played football in the 16th century and they often had almost a hundred players on each side. It was a very common game, which was very rough and even dangerous until the early part of the 19th century. In the 18th century a Frenchman who had watched a rough game of football in a village wrote, "I could not believe that those men were playing a game. If this is what Englishmen call playing, I would not like to see them fighting!"From the mid-19th century, it was played in schools in England and soon spread all over Britain and Europe. Until in 1850, it was not possible to have football matches between one school and another, because each school had different rules! So set rules had to be made. They were not improved though until, in 1863, when those who preferred to play with hands as well as feet formed the Rugby Union while the others started the Football Association (F.A.). It was only in 1863 that the first set of rules for all football clubs was agreed upon.Nearly 150 years later, football has become by far the most popular sport in the entire world. Would that 18th century Frenchman have believed it possible?Questions:1. According to the passage, when may the game of football have first started?2. How many team members were often involved in the game when the English began to play the game?3. What did the speaker say about the earliest football game in England?4. Why was it NOT possible to have football matches between two schools until 1850?5. What happened to football in 1863?Keys:1. D2. D3. A4. C5. CListening 4In one town, there were three longtime friends, Pat, Mike and Bob. Pat and Bob were quite bright, but Mike was rather dull.One day as Pat and Mike were walking down the sidewalk together, Pat put his hand on a solid brick wall and said, "Mike, hit my hand as hard as you can." Mike struck a hard blow, but Pat pulled his hand away from the wall just before Mike's fist hit it. Of course, it hurt Mike's hand very much when he hit the wall, but Pat said, "That was a good joke on you, wasn't it?" Mike agreed, but was not too happy.The following day Mike and Bob were walking in the town square. Mike decided to play the joke on Bob. He looked around, and seeing no solid object, he placed his hand over his face and said, "Bob, hit my hand as hardas you can." Bob agreed, and as he struck a hard blow with his fist, Mike quickly pulled his hand away and was knocked to the ground, unconscious. After a few minutes Mike recovered, and saw Bob worriedly looking down at him. Mike said, "That was a good joke on you, wasn't it?"Questions:1.Who was NOT clever?2.What did Pat ask Mike to do?3.Who was hurt finally?4.On whom was Mike going to try this joke?5.Where did Mike put his hand when he asked Bob to hit him?6.What happened to Mike after Bob struck a hard blow with his fist?Keys:1.1A2. C3. A4.B5. C6. B2.√2 √5Unit 3 Gender DifferencesPart 1 listening oneThree guys are out having a relaxing day fishing. Out of the blue, they catch a mermaid who begs to be set free in return for granting each of them a wish.Now one of the guys just doesn't believe it, and says, "OK, if you can really grant wishes, then double my IQ." The mermaid says, "Done." Suddenly, the guy starts to recite flawless Shakespeare followed by a short pause and an extremely insightful analysis of it. The second guy is so amazed that he says to the mermaid, "Hey, triple my IQ." The mermaid says, "Done." The guy begins pouring out all the mathematical solutions to problems that have puzzled scientists in all fields.The last guy is so impressed by the changes in his friends that he says to the mermaid, "Quintuple my IQ." The mermaid looks at him and says, "You know, I normally don't try to change people's minds when they make a wish, but I really wish you'd reconsider."The guy says, "No, I want you to increase my IQ five times, and if you don't do it, I won't set you free." "Please," says the mermaid, "you don't know what you're asking... It'll change your entire view of the universe. Won't you ask for something else? A million dollars or anything?"But no matter what the mermaid says, the guy insists on having his IQ increased by five times its usual power. So the mermaid sighs and says, "Done." And he becomes a woman.Keys: 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T2.1. set free in return 2.2 extremely insightful analysis2.3 pouring out, puzzled, in all fields2.4 normally, change people’s minds, reconsider 2.5 usual powerPart 1 listening two(Dr. Herring, author of a book on language and communication, is being interviewed by Bob White, a writer for an academic journal on communication.)Bob White: Good morning, Dr. Herring! We both know that many communication specialists believe that gender bias exists inlanguage, culture and society. Do you think this is really so? Dr. Herring: Yes, I certainly do. How we talk and listen can be strongly influenced by cultural expectations, and these begin duringchildhood. Children usually play together with other childrenof the same gender, and this is where our conversational styleis learned.Bob White: Can you give some specific examples?Dr. Herring: Certainly. We find that girls use language mainly to develop closeness or intimacy as a basis for friendship. Boys, on thecontrary, use language mainly to earn status in their group.Bob White: But, in communication through electronic devices like e-mail discussion groups, there should be no gender distinction ifwriters' names are not used in the messages.Dr. Herring: One might think so, but in fact, email writing style is more comparable with spoken language, so basic language stylesare still evident.Bob White: I thought e-mail messages were gender neutral!Dr. Herring: No. While theoretical gender equality exists for the Internet, in reality women are not given equal opportunity because ofdifferent communication and language styles between thesexes.Bob White: How does that happen? Do you have any hard facts to back up this impression?Dr. Herring: Yes. I've done a research project using randomly selected e-mail messages from online discussion groups. I found thatfemales use language that is more collaborative andsupportive such as "Thanks for all your tips on...", "Goodpoint." and "Hope this helps!". Men tend to use moreaggressive or competitive language such as "Do youunderstand that?", "You should realize that...", "It is absurd tothink...".Bob White: How great are these gender differences?Dr. Herring: Males write messages using aggressive, competitive language more than twice as often as females did, while females usecollaborative and supportive language three times as often asmales did. In this study, it is clear that there is a genderdifference in e-mail messages just as in other communicationmedia.Bob White: So the "battle of the sexes" is still with us, even online. Questions:1. According to Dr. Herring, when is children’s conversational style learned?2. Which of the following is most similar to e-mail writing in style?3. Why is there still no equality on the Internet?4. What comparison did Dr. Herring make in her speech?Keys: 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B2.1. language, culture, society, cultural expectations2.2 closeness intimacy, earn status2.3 collaborative supportive, aggressive competitivePart 1 listening threeJohn: Cathy, do you think it's appropriate for females to continuously expect guys to behave in a standard gentlemanly fashion like opening cardoors?Cathy: W ell, I think it would be nice if men could do such things.John: My side of the theory is that we all have to admit that we are living in the world of change. Right? Sometimes the equation changes if the driver is a girl and the passenger is a guy who doesn't drive. So what happens? Should the girl open the door for the guy or should the guy open the door for the girl? Maybe we should just adopt an "open your own door" policy.Cathy: Yes, I agree, John. But...sometimes it's just a matter of courtesy. It doesn't matter who opens the door for whom. Maybe females just should not expect too much. Life isn't a fairy tale after all.John: It's absolutely true. Sometimes I feel that there isn't any difference in the roles both genders can perform. Of course I'm not saying that men can give birth. Rather what I meant was except for the physical and natural differences between both sexes, there isn't much difference between them.Cathy: But honestly, although I don't expect guys to open doors for me, or to pull out a chair for me, I am usually quite impressed if they do so, asmany guys don't do it nowadays. If the guy was walking in front of meand went through the door first, I'd appreciate it if he could hold thedoor and not let it slam in my face.John: Well, if I'm the one walking in front, I will open the door and hold it forthe people behind me, be it a girl or a boy. I actually had the door slam right in my face a number of times though, when the person walking closely in front of me didn't hold the heavy glass door and let it swing back in my face. Of course, I tried to hold the door, but it was too heavy and too late. But I think it was more embarrassing for him than me as everyone was looking at him, while I was rubbing my squashed nose.Cathy: So being a gentleman does not stop at opening doors. There are many other aspects I believe.Keys:1. T T F F T 2. D A B A BPart 1 listening fourDo you know how you learned to be a woman? Do you know how you learned to be a man? What makes the difference in terms of gender and our roles in society? Even when our physical structures are revealed to be really similar, women and men "tend" to play different roles in society. In an article in the latest issue of Psychology Today, we find a study that reflects how parents of fifteen girl babies and fifteen boy babies differed in their descriptions of their babies. Despite the fact that objective data such as birth length, weight, irritability, etc. did not differ, when the parents were asked to describe their babies, they said that girl babies were softer, littler, morebeautiful, prettier, cuter than boy babies. Based on these facts, we could conclude that parents' attitude is influencing their children.Our parents and later our school, television and the Internet are showing us a whole set of expected behaviors that create our patterns. Thus, a simple cartoon can suggest to children how they are supposed to act. Male cartoon characters are not only more prominent than female characters, but they also portray a broader range of masculine traits. Male characters are powerful, strong, smart and aggressive.Of course roles have been changing over the past decades. Nowadays, women are not necessarily expected to stay home raising their family and supporting their husbands. In the same way, men are no longer expected to be the only breadwinners like they used to be; now women and men share these responsibilities. But traditional roles still have a big influence. Keys:2. F F T T F2.1reflects descriptions 2.2 parents’ attitudes2.3suggest, act 2.4 raising their family, supporting their husbands 2.5used to be, share these responsibilitiesPart 4 Listening 1"Equal" does not always mean "the same". Men and women are created equally but boys and girls are not born the same.You throw a little girl a ball, and it will hit her in the nose. You throw a little boy a ball, and he will try to catch it. Then it will hit him in the nose.A baby girl will pick up a stick and look in wonder at what nature has made.A baby boy will pick up a stick and turn it into a gun.When girls play with Barbie dolls, they like to dress them up and play house with them. When boys play with Barbie dolls, they like to tear their hair off. Boys couldn't care less if their hair is untidy. But for girls, if their hair got cut a quarter-inch too short, they would rather lock themselves in their room for two weeks than be seen in public.Baby girls find mommy's makeup and almost instinctively start painting their faces. Baby boys find mommy's makeup and almost instinctively start painting the walls.Boys grow their fingernails long because they're too lazy to cut them. Girls grow their fingernails long—not because they look nice—but because they can dig them into a boy's arm.Girls are attracted to boys, even at an early age. At an early age, boys are attracted to dirt.Most baby girls talk before boys do. Before boys talk, they learn how to make machine-gun noises.Girls turn into women. Boys turn into bigger boys.Keys: 1. 1 hit 1.2 try to catch 1.3 in wonder 1.4 turn…into1.5 dress, play house 1.6 tear…off 1.7 care less 1.8 lock, in public1.9 painting their face 1.10 painting the walls 1.11 lazy, cut 1.12 dig…into 1.13 boys 1.14 dirt 1.15 talk 1.16 make machine-gun noisesListening 2In order to understand this story, you have to know the nursery rhyme Hickory Dickory Dock. In this nursery rhyme, the words in the title have no meaning. The rhyme goes like this:Hickory Dickory Dock,The mouse ran up the clock.The clock struck one,The mouse ran down!Hickory Dickory Dock.Here is the story:One day I took my seven-year-old son with me to shop for an electric wall clock for the kitchen and found a whole counter full of them on sale at a discount store. I had trouble deciding which clock to buy. While I held one clock in my hand and looked at another, I asked my son which one he liked better.“The one you’re holding with the mouse in it, Mom,” he said.Before I understood his words, a real, live mouse jumped out onto the counter and ran away. I screamed so loud everyone turned to see what was wrong. I was so embarrassed. I tried to make my way quietly out of the store. Everyone was looking at me. On the way out the door, my delighted son recited Hickory Dickory Dock. What a naughty boy!Questions:1.Where did the story take place?2.Why did the mother ask her son which clock he liked better?3.Which clock did the boy like best?4.Why did the mother feel embossed?5.Why did he boy recite Hickory Dickory Dock?Keys:2. B 2. D3. A4. C5. DListening 3Men, it is said, are generally more aggressive than women and enjoy taking risks. They play fighting games and enjoy "dares". More men than women are convicted for crimes, especially crimes of violence.Some say that this is simply a matter of biology; others suggest that it is a function of the way we organize the sex and gender roles in our society. In fact, many of the findings, in this area, have turned out to be unsatisfactory,。

UNIT 1The Wedding of the CenturyIt was the royal wedding we remember best of all. Twenty-five yeas ago tomorrow. Prince Charles married Lady Diana Spencer in London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral. CBS News correspondent Randall Pinkston looks back to a perfect day which didn’t turn out happily ever after.It was the wedding of the century, watched by over half-a-million people in Britain, and a worldwide audience of a staggering 750 million. The young bride, peering out smilingly from her glass coach, would become the most famous woman in the world, and change the monarchy forever. But that wa in the distant and tragic future. On this day in July, 1981, joy filled the land.This was a moment in history, that, you know, that Prince Charles is going to be king and this was his queen. She was so young, and so beautiful. And she had already sort of got a stranglehold on the hearts and minds of the people.British journalist Victoria Mather was one of the wedding guests that fabled day.“What do you remember most about that day?”“I remember most that it was just exactly like anybodyelse’s wedding. You know, the bride’s mom wore a flowery hat. You know, and there was the naughty little bridesmaid, the bridegroom looked nervous; and the bride fluffed her lines. I mean it was just so like anybody else’s wedding, it was just writ large.”Like the train of Diana’s wedding gown, which seemed to go on forever. Elizabeth Emanuel, with her then-husband David, designed the dress. Right after the wedding, they received a phone call.“It was Diana, and we, we couldn’t believe it, and she had phoned to thank us for making her wedding dress and saying she felt so beautiful in it.”UNIT 2American Workforce in TroubleIt is Labor Day, of course, a time to salute the American worker, but there is new information suggesting it's tougher than ever to be in the American workforce. A big new government report found that American paychecks are not keeping pace with inflation. So where are the good jobs? We asked ABC's Dan Harris to look for them.At the top of the class, and by that, we mean upper class -- doctors, medical professionals, ranging from surgeons toobstetricians to orthodontists -- make up 10 of the top 11 highest paid professions in the country. Chief excusive officers come in at No. 10, earning an average of $142000 a year.As for blue-collar workers, Forbes magazine reports that subway conductors and flight attendants make the most, on average more than $62000 a year. According to new census data, the gap between rich and poor Americans is now at an all-time high, with the top 1/5 of American households claiming more than half of all the nation's income. What's more, a new report released just this weekend, indicates about 30% of households have a net worth of less than $10000. The bottom line for Americans seeking to reach the same standard of living as their parents, avoid the plastic and save wherever possible.It's very difficult to save a lot, but a few dollars, and as that saving nest egg begins to build, you'll see it, you'll, you'll want to contribute more.Now all of this is not to say that you have to become a CEO to live in comfort. Economists note there is still room at the top for stargazers. Turns out astronomers make big bucks as some of the nation's highest paid professionals.UNIT 3To Win a Nobel Prize"So how do you win a Noble Prize?""You get lucky, yeah, well you work hard for a long time, you, you look very hard of what's coming up in front of you, the date that you see, and you are instructed by what you see there. And, and you need a bit of luck, too."The Australian scientist never thought he was on a path to the highest honor in science. Doherty first trained as a veterinarian, but found his calling in the mysterious field of infectious diseases."My nominee is Zinkernagel."He teamed up with another young professor Rolf Zinkernagel, and made an awardwinning discovery almost by accident."We were doing some experiments to look at a particular question and then, then we suddenly got this very unexpected result, realized that it was probably extremely significant straightaway."The pair had cracked the code of T cells which Doherty calls the "hit man" of the immune system, how they fight infected cells and leave healthy ones alone."Firstly, It was so, so unorthodox, and so against the accepted wisdom that people didn't really even grasp what wewere saying."Experiments by others confirmed the findings and expanded on them, leading to new vaccines and advances in the fight against cancer. Nobel came calling two decades later and it changed Doherty's life. There were endless accolades, even having his face on a postage stamp."Well, you get a fair amount of money when you win it, you get invited to very nice meetings and very nice places, but you quickly find that you can't handle all that and you tend to go only to the things where you think you're gonna learn something new, or you're gonna be doing something useful."UNIT 4Bill GatesBill Gates has made many contributions...ur...throughout the last 25 or 30 years, most of all, of course, the Windows Operating System, which more than 90% of all computers in the world use today. He was a very shrewd, ur, business person at a, at an early age, almost as a teenager in fact, and he was one of the few people who could see a hobbyist maker, that is, a bunch of nerds sort of playing with computers and chips in their basements and how that could become a potential business.And one of the interesting things that Microsoft under BillGates' leadership, was able to do, is in fact...ur...take on some of the biggest computer companies, basically IBM...ur...at... You know, at a very early stage when IBM wasn't quite sure if the microcomputer was a toy or a potential business tool and Gates had faith that it was a business tool, he could see ahead, he has always been a, a fairly strategic thinker and uh... That in turn... Let him in fact, you know, dominate the computer industry that IBM would still like to be able to do.Will Microsoft innovate? -- That's a question that I usually answer by saying, I'm a historian so I live in the past and there are lots of people who are, soft of more expert in predicting the future, so I think I'll just leave it, leave it at that.UNIT 5Burn Your Perfect Man ChicklistAre you turning men off ? It may not be how you look but it may be something that you are totally unaware of. Hi, I'm Marie Forleo, life coach and author. And today I want to talk to you about the perfect man checklist and why you ned to burn that , girl .Most women have something called the perfect man checklist . It's anidea in their head about what the perfect man looks like and unknowingly everytime they meet a new guy , they're kind of scanning round trying to see whether or not hefits that perfect man checklist .Well,here is what I recommend - burn the perfect man checklist . That's right, lady, set it to fire. Here is why. That perfect man checklist was put together when you were a much younger version of yourself. It's probably put together from people in you family, things that you learned in school, and it may not be appropriate to the beautiful and irresistible woman you are today.When you have a perfect man checklist, it's cutting you off from boatloads of men that are out there that can be single, available, but they may not fit your pictures. I know for me, I used to think that I used to have to be married to be some Italian, very strong, masculing-looking guy, and I happened to be from Jersey. So we have that look. You know what happened when I burned my perfect man checklist ?I absolutely met the man of my dreams. So ladies, go ahead and burn that perfect man checklist . You 're gonna be so surprised at whom you meet . You never know, it could be your Mr.Right. For more advice on dating and relationships, check out my new book. Make every man want you, or make yours want you more. How to be so damn irresistible, you will barely keep from dating yourself.UNIT 6BombingsAtlanta, Georgia, a terrorist bomb explodes in Centennial Olympic Park, killing one woman, and injuring hundreds. North Cardwell, New Jersey, an advertising executive is killed when he opens a mysterious package which explodes in his hands. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, a powerful blast destroys the federal building, claming 168 lives. In all three cases, it's a race against time, as an elite division of the FBI known as the Explosives Unit attempts to catch the mad bombers before they strike again.FBI's Explosives Unit is a part of the FBI laboratory. It does the forensic examination of bomb components, unexploded bombs They also do residue analysis of the explosives that are used in bombs.Explosives examiner. Donald Sachtleben, agreed to take us inside one of the nation's most secretive crime-fighting laboratones. Here, this team of highly trained technicians and forensic scientists carefully combs through evidence, searching for any clues that will help the FBI capture a bornber. In Atlanta, the search for answers begins at ground zero, the scene of the Olympic bombing where every step is fraught with danger.At any crime scene, you have to assume that there could be other devices there what we call secodary devices or booby traps. Um, we've seen that recently in some of the bombings aroundthe Atlanta and Birmingham areas .In Atlanta, agents are sifting through the rubble of an abortion clinic bombing when suddenly, a secondary device explodes. Miraculously, no one is killed. But seven people are injured, including several federal agents. But in the aftermath of Olymic bombing, investigators rely on surprisingly common technology to search for deadly booby traps.The most effetive tool that we have is the X-Ray. We can actually go up to a package and with remote technique, we can put the X-Ray down, X-Ray the pachage and see whether or not it's a hazard.UNIT 7When Did Life Begin ?It's an age-old question--when did life begin?A new CBS news poll shows most Americans wouldn't peer into the universe for their answer. They would open their Bible Fifty-one percent believe that God created humans in our present form and forty-eight percent of those polled believe God created humans within the least 10000 years, even though scientific tests on skull fragments found in Ethiopia indicate humans were walking the earth nearly 200000 years ago.The poll results underscore a long-runing divide in Americaover evolution, science and God's role, creationism. The US Supreme Court has barred the teaching of creationism in public schools, but now there is a new challenge, called "Intelligent Design" which suggests a creator has an active hand at the development of species. Steven Mayor is an advocate of Intelligent Design.And what we have found in the study of biology is, number one there are such purposeful messages inscribed in DNA. And secondly, the attempts to explain the origin of that information by reference to purely physical chemical undirected processes has utterly failed over quite a number of decades.Dover Pennsylvania school officials are on trial right now in federal court sued by parents who don't want Intelligent Design in the curriculum. Critics, even some theologians say Inteligent Design is Creationism by another name.Intelligent Design, to put it very simply is, to me, a modern reformulation of an old theological argument for the existence of God.The Dover Pennsylvania school trial is expected to end early next month. Whatever the outcome, some legal observers believe it has a potential to reach the US Supreme Court at a time of growing political influence for conservative Christians.John?UNIT 8BillionairesLuisa Kroll and Allison Fass led a team of 30 Forbes reporters who ranked the world’s wealthiest for this week’s billionaire’s issue."A billion just isn't what it used to be. There are now 793 billionaires. Three years ago, there were only 476."For the 12th straight year, Microsoft founder Bill Gates is the world's richest man with 50 billion dollars. Investor Warren Buffet trails in second with a meager of 42 billion." I think for a cover we have..." Newcomers include cover boy Kelvin Heir, a Canadian, who has built up a billion dollar online gambling empire. And KP Singh, who owns the real estare under many Indian companies that are outsourcing centers. India now has 23 billionaires.Almost half of the world's billionaires are right here in the US. 371 to be exact, and between them, locked in the bank vaults, are assets worth well over a trillion dollars."Martha Stewart fell off the list this year, but Donald Trump is still on it; he is No.278. "Is it easier to make a billion dollars now? There are more billionaires." "I think it is probably easiernow than ever before, yeah." "And why is that?" "Because there are more ways to do it.""So I thought I would try to design something better..."British vacuum inventor James Dyson has literally sucker up his fortune. India's Tulsi Tanti made his out of thin air, by building Asia's largest wind farm. "It's good to be on the list."Billionaire Ronald Lauder, heir to his mother's Estee Lauder's cosmetics fortune, and founder of New York's Neue gallery, says even for him, looking at the list can get depressing. "Why?" "Because some people in their 30s are worth at least 10 billion dollars and..." The world's youngest billionaire is now Hind Hariri, daughter of slain Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. She is only 22. Around the world, Luisa Kroll says, the biggest fortunes aren't growing as fast. "So, we are not going to have a trillionaire any time soon" "No, I don't think so. I mean I don't even think we are going to have a hundred billionaire any time soon." "49 countries are now home to at least one billionaire. Membership in the club may be spreading, but it's still not easy to get in the door."。

大学体验英语听说教程听力原文第四册.docScripts for Unit OneListening Task 1The neighborhood children my age played together: either active, physical games outdoors or games of dolls-and-house indoors. I, on the other hand, spent much of my childhood alone. I’d curl up in a chair reading fairytales and myths, daydreaming, writing poems or stories and drawing pictures. Sometimes around the fourth grade, my “big”(often critical, judgmental) Grandma, who’d been visiting us said to me, “What’s wrong with you? Why don’t the other children want to play with you?”I remember being startled and confused by her question. I’d never been particularly interested in playing with the other children. It hadn’t, till then, occurred to me that that was either odd or something with me. Nor had it occurrred to me that they didn’t “want to play with”me. My first conscious memory of feeling different was in the fourth grade. At the wardrobe, listening to classmates joking, chattering and laughing with each other, I realized I hadn’t a clue about what was so funny or of how to participate in their easy chatter. They seemed to live in a universe about which I knew nothing at all. I tried to act like others but it was so difficult. I felt confused and disoriented. I turned back to my inner world: reading books, writing and daydreaming. My inwardness grew me in ways that continued to move me further away from the world of my age peers. The easy flow of casual social chat has remained forever beyond my reach and beyond my interest, too.Listening Task 2The greatest difficulty for me is that as a person of mixed origin I am at home neither here nor there. Wherever I am, I am regarded as being foreign, either “white” or “blac k”. It happens to me when I live in my mother’s country of origin, in Switzerland, and it happened to me when I was living in my father’s country, Ivory Coast. I would feel at home where I could feel that people accept me just the way I am! When you are a small child you first do not feel that you are different from the others. But soon the others will make you feel different – and children too can be very cruel in their behavior against the “strange child”. Sometimes incredible incidents happen. Some time ago I was riding my bike somewhere in a little place in Switzarland nearby to where I live. A car drove by, and the male driver opened the window and yelled at me: “Scheiss – Neger – dirty nigger!” I almost froze. I felt helpless and unable to defend myself. When I looked at the number plate, I saw that it was a German number plate. This means that the insulting person himself was a foreigner in this country! How could he dare insult me like this? I felt that I wanted to kill this man. When I recovered I was able to think about it more clearly. These racist people are just stupid and do not know anything about life.Scripts for Unit TwoListening Task 1Everybody cheats. Whether it’s the taxi driver who tricks a visitor and takes hime the long way round, or the shop assistant who doesn’t give the correct change, or the police officer who accepts a bribe – everybody’s at it. Cheats in the news include the scientist whose research was based on fake data, the game show contestant who collaborated with a friend in the audience to win a million pounds, and the doctor who forged his qualifications and wasn’t really a doctor at all. Everybody cheats; nobody’s playing the game.Is cheating acceptable, a natural way of surviving and being successful? Or is it something that should be frowned on, and young people discouraged from doing? If it’s the latter, how can weexplain to children why so many bend the rules?Take sport for example. The pinnacle of football, the World Cup, was rife with cheating. Whether pretending to be hurt or denying a handball, footballers will do anything for a free-kick or a penalty shot. French player Henry denied cheating to win the free-kick which led to his side’s second goal in their 3-1 victory over Spain. Whatever the nationality there’s one common strategy: the player rolls over holding his leg, ankle or head seeming to be in great pain. As a result a yellow card or free-kick is given for the foul and then, a few seconds later, the player is up and about as if nothing had happened!Of course it’s not just the footballers. In 1998 the Tour of France, the world’s greatest cycling event, was hit by a drug-taking scandal. Forty bottles of drugs found with a team triggered a massive investigation that almost caused the cycling tour to be abandoned. One rider was banned for nine months.Listening Task 2A climate of mistrust surrounds everyone.In the field of business, Enron, America’s seventh largest company, could serve as an unfortunate example. Its collapse in 2001 caused thousands of people to lose their jobs and life savings. The company had fooled investors into believing it was healthier than it really was. One boss now faces the rest of life in prison.Meanwhile companies around the world are losing billions of dollars to the counterfeit trade. From cut-price CDs and DVDs to sportswear and cosmetics, cheap fake products are everywhere. It has become socially acceptable to buy fake Gucci bags and illegal copies of films. If parents are doing this, their children will follow.So perhaps it’s not surprising that around the world more pupils than ever are caught cheating during exams. In one case keys to exam papers were put up for sale on the Internet. In another, widespread cheating took place by pupils using their mobile phones to receive texted answers. In a third case, pupils admitted to candidate substitution. They blame the pressure put on them to do well in exams. It doesn’t help that their role models are also cheats. Surely we can’t complain when we’re setting such a bad example.Unit 3 LifestyleListening task 1When she has young children, a stay-at-home mom has two jobs. Her house and her kids. A stay-at-home mom is expected to do all the house cleaning. She is expected to always be the one to get up in the middle of the night, do the school things –room-mother, baker, coordinator, chauffeur and carpooler, etc. often, a stay-at-home mom is expected to take over “daddy-type”chores such as lawn-mowing and taking cars for repair. Imagine sitting in a repair shop with two squirmy toddlers! The worst thing is that the stay-at-home mom is made to feel guilty for saying “no”. The reason the stay-at-home mom does not get her nails done or have a spa day is she feels guilty for spending family money on herself.Gosh, you all have such hectic lives. I’m dizzy just hearing your daily activities. I guess I have it nice. I have no schedule at all! I get up whn I want. I work my business when I want. I shop when I want to. I wash my hair when I bathe or I don’t wash my hair. When I go to work all I have to do is open up my office door in my house and I’m at work already. No traffic to deal with and there can be 10 feet of snow on the ground and I wouldn’t have to walk an inch of it because my house connects directly to my warehouse! If I get up and don’t feel like working I don’t.Listening task 2I took my first drink and smoked my first marijuana cigarette when I was 12 years old. In high school, I used all kinds of drugs. After high school until I was 21, I did a lot of binge drinking. When I was 31, I started using crack cocaine. That’s when the real problems began.I was addicted to alcohol and cocaine, and my life was a wreck. I tried to quit a number of times. I moved to Mexico and gave up cocaine. I still drank and smoked marijuana, but for the time I lived there, I was off cocaine. I thought that that time off cocaine would completely cure me of any desire for it, but when I got back in town two years later, I started using it again only five days later. Every part of my life was messed up. I remember my oldest son being embarrassed to be seen with me. He would pass me on the street with his friends but he wouldn’t even speak to me. The bottom came for me when I was finally evicted from my apartment. I lost my car, my home and my sons. I looked in the mirror that day, and I couldn’t look myself in the eyes. The next morning, I showed up at the treatment center. The first few days of detox and treatment were hard, but I was convinced that I needed help, so I stayed. I’ve been clean now for five years, and I have a new life.Unit Four FamilyListening Task OneThe traditional American family is a “nuclear family”. A nuclear family refers to a husband and wife and their children. The average American family today has two or three children. In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. Several generations may even live together. In America, only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof.American values are valued in the home. Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in Amercan homes. Husbands and wives often share household chores. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions. Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear or which toys to buy. Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry.Families in America, like those in every culture, face many problems. Social pressures are breaking apart more and more American homes. Over half of US marriages now end in divorce. More than one in four American children are growing up in single-parent homes. As a result, many people believe the American family is in trouble.Even so, there is stll reason for hope. Many organizations are working hard to strengthen families. Americans almost unanimously believe that the family is one of the most important parts of life. They realize that problems in family life in recent years have brought serious consequences. As a result, more and more people are making their family a priority. Many women are quitting their jobs to stay home with their children. Families are going on vacations and outings together. Husbands and wives are making a concentrated effort to keep their marriages solid.The United Naitions has declared 1994 the “International Year of Family”. Not just in America, but all over the world, people recognize the importance of a strong family bond.Listening Task TwoWomen are beginning to rise steadily to the top in the workplace all over the developed world, but in the US they are forging ahead. New figures show that in almost a third of American households with a working wife, the woman brings home more money than her husband. They are gaining more college degrees and Masters of Business Administration qualifications than men and now occupy half the country’s high-paying, executive administrative and managerial occupations, compared with 34 per cent 20 years ago.The trend is caused by two main factors, experts say – a growing acceptance of men as househusbands and mass redundancy of male white-collar workers from the technology, finance and media industries in the last three years.The University of Maryland has produced a report that shows women to be the family’s bread-earner-in-chief in 11 per cent of all US marriages. And where bothe spouses work, she now brings in 60 per cent or more of the family income in 30.4 per cent of the households.An economist at the University of Wisconsin said that ambitious women are increasingly looking for househusbands and leave men at the kitchen sink.Unit Five Health and DietListening Task 1I had just turned 40, and has spent most of my adult life working as a public relations consultant with little time to cook, let alone learn how to cook. But a few years ago I made a resolution to start writing down the recipes I had grown up with and posting them to my website. I come from a big family – six kids – and thought what a terrific family project to document our family recipes! Both my mother and father are excellent home cooks; mom raises us all, and dad loves to eat well and enjoys the experimentation of trying out new recipes. I’m spending a lot of time with my parents lately; we cook a meal and then over dinner discuss the finer points of the proper way to prepare the dishes, and whether or not a new recipe was worth the effort.Many of the recipes are family recipes, and many of them are those that we pick from cookbooks, magazines, and newspaper clippings we’ve collected over 30 years. But sometimes it’s hard when you only have a clipping. The recipes shown here use mostly whole food ingredients and only occasionally a few things from cans or prepared foods. We believe in a varied, healthy diet, using real butter, real cream, eggs, and protein from meat, fish, and cheese.About me, my name is Alice Bauer and I am a partner in a consulting firm in the San Francisco Bay Area. I maintain several weblogs in addition to Simply Recipes as part of .Thanks so much for visiting Simply Recipes!Listening Task 2One of my most favorite breakfast is a poached egg on toast, with a side of papaya and lime, including some prosciutto with the papaya. Papaya is filled with enzymes that help digestion, and is even used to tenderize meat. The ingredients you need include: 1 firm but ripe papaya, 2 ounces of thinly sliced prosciutto, and 1/2 lime, cut and sliced into a few wedges. Now let’s go!First, using a vegetable peeler, peel away the outer skin of the papaya. Then cut the papaya in half. Using a metal spoon, scoop out and discard the seeds. By the way, the seeds are edible. They taste peppery, like nasturtium flowers, and can be used in salads. Next, slice the papaya halves into wedges lengthwise. Arrange them on a plate. Now what you need to do is to roll up thin sheets of prosciutto and place them between the papaya wedges. Remember the last thing, squeeze fresh limejuice over the papaya and prosciutto.If you would like to serve the papaya as an appetizer, cut the papaya into 1-inch pieces, sprinkle on some lime juice, wrap each piece with some prosciutto, and secure with a tooth pick. It serves 2-4.Unit Six TravelListening Task 1I was spending my summer in a remote village in Ghana. I got afflicted with “the runny stomach”, as the family I lived with called it. After 5 days of the runny stomach, we left the village and took a 12-hour car ride to the capital city. Needless to say, 12-hour car rides and runny stomachs aren’tcompatible. Once we had to stop in a village, greet the 20 or so people that were there, give a detailed explanation of my condition, and then I was allowed to use a brand-new porcelain toilet. I was very embarrassed because they had someone clean the toilet and stand outside while I did my noisy business. Through a crack in the bathroom wall I could hear some kids washing the dishes. I was splendid entertainment for the kids. Each time I let out some gas, I heard squeals of delight and hysterical laughter. They also muttered about “runny stomach”. But the highlight of my sickness had to be the wedding we attended in the capital. There I was greeted by countless guests. They asked about the details of my stomach condition. On my 8th day of sickness, we went to a private hospital and for the next two weeks I took lots of prescribed antibiotics and drank bottles of oral rehydration salts. My condition began improving in about two days. Much to my disappointment, the stool and blood samples came back negative, so my condition was a result of a change of diet. Needless to say, I learned not to be shy about stomach conditions.Listening Task 2When he realized that his short-term memory was failing, my husband decided to wear a multi-pocketed vest. The vest, with its 17 pockets each serving a purpose, did work for a while. Things were going so well that he started to relax a little and one day he turned back to his traditional pants-pocket wallet.Just seconds after boarding the crowded Rome subway, a pickpocket was attracted by the familiar bulge. My husband stared at him for a moment. Finally the would-be thief withdrew and joined the crowd.My partner became more careful, and the next time he was better organized, all the essentials in their assigned pockets. We had checked in for our flight to Athens. Before boarding I casually asked where his Swiss army knife was. His hand immediately went to the pocket designated for the knife, and found it safe there. Then his face fell: safe, that is , for anything but air travel. Realizing that his precious knife would be taken away at security, he returned to the check-in counter. Fortunately, the frowning attendant agreed to pack his knife in a little box and check it separately.By the time we got to Athens at midnight we were both exhausted. Our luggage emerged and all the other passengers were gone. My husband was still watching the carousel going round and round and round. Finally, he went to find a baggage handler and a half hour later reappeared triumphantly with his knife.Unit Seven LanguageListening Task 1Jessica Bucknam shouts “tiao!” and her fourth-grade students jump. “Dun!” she commands, and they crouch. They giggle as the commands keep coming in Mandarin Chinese. Most of the kids have studied Chinese since they were in kindergarten.They are part of a Chinese-immersion program at Woodstock Elementary School, in Portland, Oregon. Bucknam, who is from China, introduces her students to approximately 150 new Chinese characters each year. Students read stories, sing songs and learn math and science, all in Chinese. Half of the students at the school are enrolled in the program. They can continue studying Chinese in middle and high school. The goal: to speak like natives.About 24,000 American students are currently learning Chinese. Most are in high school. But the number of younger students is growing in response to China’s emergence as a global superpower. The U.S government is helping to pay for language instruction. Recently, the Defense Departmentgave Oregon schools $700,000 for classes like Bucknam’s. The Senate is considering giving $1.3 billion for Chinese classes in public schools.“China has become a stong partner of the United States,”says Mary Patterson, Woodstock’s principal. “Children who learn Chinese at a young age will have more opportunities for jobs in the future.” Isabel Weiss, 9, isn't thinking about the future. She thinks learning Chinese is fun. “When you hear people speaking in Chinese, you know what they’re saying,” she says. “And they don’t know that you know.”Want to learn Chinese? You have to memorize 3,500 characters to really know it all! Start with these Chinese characters and their pronunciations.Listening Task 2An idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through conventional use. In the English expression to kick the bucket, a listener knowing only the meaning of kick and bucket would be unable to deduce the expression’s actual meaning, which is to die. Although kick the bucket can refer literally to the act of striking a bucket with a foot, native speakers rarely use it that way.Idioms hence tend to confuse those not already familiar with them; students of a new language must learn its idiomatic expressions the way they learn its other vocabulary. In fact many natural language words have idiomatic origins, but have been sufficiently assimilated so that their figurative senses have been lost.Interestingly, many Chinese characters are likewise idiomatic constructs, as their meanings are more often not traceable to a literal meaning of their assembled parts, or radicals. Because all characters are composed from a relatively small base of about 214 radicals, their assembled meanings follow several different modes of interpretation –from the pictographic to the metaphorical to those whose original meaning has been lost in history.Real world listeningQ: Why are some idioms so difficult to be understood outside of the local culture?A: Idioms are, in essence, often colloquial metaphors –terms which requires some foundational knowledge, information, or experience, to use only within a culture where parties must have common reference. As cultures are typically localized, idioms are more often not useful for communication outside of that local context.Q: Are all idioms translatable across languages?A: Not all idioms are translatable. But the most common idioms can have deep roots, traceable across many languages. To have blood on one’s hands is a familiar example, whose meaning is obvious. These idioms can be more universally used than others, and they can be easily translated, or their metaphorical meaning can be more easily deduced. Many have translations in other languages, and tend to become international.Q: How are idioms different from others in vocabulary?A: First, the meaning of an idiom is not a straightforward composition of the meaning of its parts. For example, the meaning of kick the bucket has nothing to do with kicking buckets. Second, one cannot substitute a word in an idiom with a related word. For example, we can not say kick the pail instead of kick the bucket although bucket and pail are synonyms. Third, one can not modify an idiom or apply syntactic transformations. For example, John kicked the green bucket or the bucket was kicked has nothing to do with dying.Unit 8 ExaminationListening Task 1At first, fifth-grader Edward Lynch didn’t pay much attention to his teacher’s warnings about the big tests the class would take at the end of the school year. But two weeks before North Carolina’s first-ever elementary-promotion exams, Edward says he’s scared. He’s a B student but an erratic test taker. “The other night I had a dream my books were squishing me and pencils were stabbing me,”says the 11-year-old. His classmate West Bullock says, “I have friends who throw up the night before tests.” Their teacher, Kelly Allen, worries that half of her 21 students are at risk of failing next week’s multiple-choice tests on math and reading. If they fail, they won’t be able to graduate to middle school.In 1996 the state of North Carolina launched its ABCs testing program, a carrot-and-stick approach that holds schools responsible for their students’ educational progress. Over the next four years, scores on statewide tests rose 14%. But critics of the program say the cost has been high, in ways that range from stomachaches to insomnia and depression.Schools, also, are sacrificing important lessons in science, social studies and foreign languages to focus on concepts that will be tested. Thus the harmful practices such as retention in grade and tracking are encouraged. High school biology students no longer dissect frogs. A history teacher doesn’t assign research papers because they don’t help him prepare students for state-mandated tests. Lisa, a mother of a struggling fifth-grader said. “If they have kids with straight A’s, they think it’s fine, but I think there’s too much pressure with this pass-fail system.”She views the accountability system as a social experiment whose outcome is not yet known.Listening Task 2No one wants to be tested. We would all like to get a driver’s license without answering questions about right of way or showing that we can parallel park a car. Many future lawyers and doctors probably wish they could join their profession without taking an exam.But tests and standards are a necessary fact of life. They protect us – most of the time – from inept drivers, hazardous products and shoddy professionals. In schools too, exams play a constructive role. They tell teachers what their students have learned –and have not. They tell parents how their children are doing compared with others their age. They encourage students to exert more effort.Therefore, formal testing has its place in the overall scope of education. The test data can be very useful in making decisions for the upcoming school year as well as for long term planning. Besides, the parents need accountability to themselves. Welcome the opportunity to discover their child’s strengths and weaknesses and to ascertain needs that should be addressed or pieces that are missing in the student’s academic training.However, all tests have a margin of error. Several factors will affect tests scores, including rapport established with examiner, health of students, lack of sleep the night before, temperature of testing room, attention span, and many other variables. In other words, don’t fall apart if the scores aren’t what you think they should have been. They are just test scores and tests are not infallible.。

大学体验英语视听说教程4听力原文UNIT 2Challenges of Understanding a Culturescript―Most people you meet know more about comics than I do,‖ laughs Naif Al-Mutawa, creator of The 99, the world‘s first comic-book series whose superheroes are based on Islamic culture.―Strength, honor, truth, mercy, invention, generosity, wisdom, tolerance—these are some of the superpowers possessed by my heroes,‖ emphasizes Al-Mutawa. ―No one hero has more than a single power, and no power is expressed to the degree that God po ssesses it,‘‘ he adds. There are 99 young heroes from 99 countries, from all walks of life. All of them are Muslim, but not all are Arabs, and the number is almost evenly split between boys and girls. As Al-Mutawa explains, whenever these characters collaborate to solve problems, there is an implicit message of tolerance and acceptance, a theme central to the series.Unlike many comic book heroes, the 99 do not use weapons. ―They use the gifts they have within themselves,‖ Al- Mutawa notes, adding that ―The 99 is not about what kids shouldn‘t be doing. It‘s about learning how to use the power within them to make a difference.‖Although the series is not religious, it aims to communicate Islamic virtues which are, as viewed by Dr. Al-Mutawa, universal in nature. ―The 99 is all about making a conscious choice not to let others define who you are. It is about being proactive in choosing the backdrop against which you are to be judged. Islamic culture and Islamic heritage have a lot to be proud and joyful about. The 99 is about bringing those positive elements into global awareness. Now it does.‖ ScriptHello everyone. Because this is my first time at TED, I‘ve decided to bring along an old friend to help break the ice a bit. Y es. That‘s right. This is Barbie. She‘s 50 years old. And she‘s looking as young as ever. But I‘d also like to introduce you to what may be an unfamiliar face. This is Fulla. Fulla is the Arab world‘s answer to Barbie.Now, according to the proponents of the clash of civilizations, both Barbie and Fulla occupy these completely separate spheres. They have different interests. They have divergent values. And should they ever come in contact ... well, I‘ve got to tell you, it‘s just not going to be pretty.My experience however, in the Islamic world is very different. Where I work, in the Arab region, people are busy taking up Western innovations and changing them into things which are neither conventionally Western, nor are they traditionally Islamic. I want to show you two examples. The first is 4Shbab. It means ―for youth‖ and it‘s a new Arab TV channel.Script(V ideo): Video clips from across the globe. The USA.♫I am not afraid to stand alone ♫♫I am not afraid to stand alone, if Allah is by my side ♫♫I am not afraid to stand alone ♫♫Everything will be all right ♫♫I am not afraid to stand alone ♫The Arab world.(Music)♫ (U rdu) ♫Shereen El Feki: 4Shbab has been dubbed Islamic MTV. Its creator, who is an Egyptian TV producer called Ahmed Abou Haïba, wants young people to be inspired by Islam to lead better lives. He reckons the best way to get that message across is to use the enormously popular medium of music videos.In the world of 4Shbab, it‘s not about bump and grind. But it‘s not about fire and brimstone either. Its videos are intended to show a kinder, gentler face of Islam, for young people to deal with life‘s c hallenges.scriptNow, my second example is for a slightly younger crowd. And it‘s called ―The 99.‖ Now, these are the world‘s first Islamic superheroes. They were created by a Kuwaiti psychologist called Nayef Al Mutawa. And his desire is to rescue Islam from images of intolerance, all in a child-friendly format. ―The 99,‖ the characters are meant to embody the 99 attributes of Allah, justice, wisdom, mercy, among others. So, for example, there is the character of Noora. She is meant to have the power to look inside people and see the good and bad in everyone. Another character called Jami has the ability to create fantastic inventions.Now, ―The 99‖ is not just a comic book. It‘s now a theme park. There is an animated series in the works. And by this time next year the likes of Superman and Wonder Woman will have joined forces with ―The 99‖ to beat injustice wherever they find it.―The 99‖ and 4Shbab are just two of many examples of this sort of Islamic cross-cultural hybridization. We‘re not talking here about a clash of civilizations. Nor is it some sort of indistinguishable mash. I‘d like to think of it as a mesh of civilizations, in which the strands of different cultures are intertwined.ScriptThe Danger of a Single Story (Part I)I‘m a storyteller. And I would like to tell you a few personal stories about what I‘d like to call ―the danger of the single story.‖I was an early writer. And when I began to write stories in pencil with crayon illustrations that my poor mother was obligated to read, I wrote exactly the kinds of stories I was reading. All my characters were white and blue-eyed. They played in the snow. They ate apples. Now, this despite the fact that I lived in Nigeria. I had never been outside Nigeria. We didn‘t have s now. We ate mangoes.I come from a conventional, middle-class Nigerian family. And so we had, as was the norm, live-in domestic help, who would often come from nearby rural villages. So the year I turned eight we got a new house boy. His name was Fide. The only thing my mother told us about him was that his family was very poor. My mother sent yams and rice, and our old clothes, to his family. And when I didn‘t finish my dinner my mother would say, ―Finish your food! Don‘t you know? People like Fide‘s family have nothing.‖ So I felt enormous pity for Fide‘s family.ScriptThen one Saturday we went to his village to visit. And his mother showed us a beautifully patterned basket, made of dyed raffia, that his brother had made. I was startled. It had not occurred to me that anybody in his family could actually make something. All I had heard about them is how poor they were, so that it had become impossible for me to see them as anything else but poor. Their poverty was my single story of them.ScriptThe Danger of A Single Story (Part II)Y ears later, I thought about this when I left Nigeria to go to university in the United States. I was 19. My American roommate was shocked by me. She asked where I had learned to speak English so well, and was confused when I said that Nigeria happened to have English as its official language. She asked if she could listen to what she called my ―tribal music‖, and was consequently very disappointed when I produced my tape of Mariah Carey. She assumed that I did not know how to use a stove.What struck me was this: She had felt sorry for me even before she saw me. Her default position toward me, as an African, was a kind of patronizing, well-meaning, pity. My roommate had a single story of Africa. A single story of catastrophe. In this single story there was no possibility of Africans being similar to her, in any way. No possibility of feelings more complex than pity. No possibility of a connection as human equals.So after I had spent some years in the U.S. as an African, I began to understand my roommate‘s response to me. If I had not grown up in Nigeria, and if all I knew about Africa were from popular images, I too would think that Africa was a place of beautiful landscapes, beautiful animals, and incomprehensible people, fighting senseless wars, dying of poverty and AIDS, unable to speak for themselves, and waiting to be saved, by a kind, white foreigner. I would see Africans in the same way that I, as a child, had seen Fide‘s family.ScriptWhen I learned, some years ago, that writers were expected to have had really unhappy childhoods to be successful, I began to think about how I could invent horrible things my parents had done to me. But the truth is that I had a very happy childhood, full of laughter and love, in a very close-knit family. But I also had grandfathers who died in refugee camps. My cousin Polle died because he could not get adequate healthcare. One of my closest friends, Okoloma, died in a plane crash because our fire trucks did not have water. I grew up under repressive military governments that devalued education, so that sometimes my parents were not paid their salaries. And so, as a child, I saw jam disappear from the breakfast table, then margarine disappeared, then bread became too expensive, then milk became rationed. And most of all, a kind of normalized political fear invaded our lives.All of these stories make me who I am. But to insist on only these negative stories is to flatten my experience, and to overlook the many other stories that formed me. The single story creates stereotypes. And the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete.Stories matter. Many stories matter. Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign. But stories can also be used to empower, and to humanize. Stories can break the dignity of a people. But stories can also repair that broken dignity.I would like to end with this thought: That when we reject the single story, when we realize that there is never a single story about any place, we regain a kind of paradise. Thank you.Home ListeningStereotypes: Being Content with MyselfBy Kamaal MajeedWhy don‘t you act black? Since my middle school years, I‘ve been asked this question more than any other. It seems to me that too many people have what society1) programs intotheir brains, what should be expected of me, a black person, before ever interacting with me. But I believe in being who I am, not who others want me to be.On my first day of high school, going into math class, two of my classmates pointed and laughed at me. I initially thought my fly was open, or that something was 2) stuckin my teeth. But as I took my seat, I heard one of the students whisper, why is a black person taking honors? So my fly wasn‘t open. An 3) honors-level classhad simply been joined by a student whose skin was an unsettling shade of brown.Many people think that my clothes should be big enough for me to live in, or expect me to listen exclusively to black music. In seventh grade, a group of my peers4) fixed their cold stareson my outfit. Cargo shorts and a plain, fitting T-shirt. They 5) called out to me, go get some gangster clothes, white boy.I am now in my junior year of high school. I still take all of the honors courses. My wardrobe still 6) consists solely ofclothes that are appropriate to my proportions. My music library spans from rock to pop to techno, and almost7) everything in between. When it comes to choosing my friends, I am still8) colorblind. I continue to do my best work in school in order to reach my goals. And yet, when I look in the mirror, I still see skin of that same shade of brown.My skin color 9) has done nothing to change my personality, and my personality has done nothing to change my skin color.I believe in being myself. I believe that I — not any stereotype — should10) define who I am and what actions I take in life.UNIT 3 CopyrightscyiptThe recent blockbuster Avatar is one among a string of new movies to come out during a period being called the ―3D renaissance‖. But has the 3D for mat cut down on the amount of movie piracy as Hollywood hopes? It doesn‘t look like it.―While Hollywood claims 3D movies will slow piracy, they are only partially right,‖ said Chris Chinnock, president of a U.S.-based marketing research and consulting firm. He said if pirates try to use a regular video camcorder to record 3D films, it would result in the images coming back in double. However, those with knowledge of video equipment can get around the 3D deterrent, he said.Chinnock‘s assess ment seems to hold true. More than a week before Avatar was set forits China release, copies of it were shelved in pirated DVD shops throughout Beijing.He also speculated that the lack of impact on the pirate market might be because the film was also released in 2D. The problem with releasing a film strictly in 3D is that many theaters, in both the U.S. and China, are not equipped to handle the new technology. China has roughly 200 mainland theaters equipped to show 3D films. Less availability for movie-goers means more devious minds finding alternative ways to watch blockbusters.Hurvitz of the foreign counsel for intellectual property law firm Kangxin Partners PC pointed out that while filming in the cinema is one of the biggest and easiest ways to contribute to pirated films, there are hundreds of people with industry ‗ins‘ willing to pass along exclusive copies of the film for big bucks.Still the problem persists and, while stringent laws are in place, neither the Chinese gove rnment nor the U.S. filming industry knows what to do. ―They‘re snuck out of the studios, sent overseas, duplicated a million times and then sold on the streets,‖ Hurvitz said.ScriptAnchorThe Motion Picture Association of America, which represents Hollywood‘s major studios, has put aside 150,000 US dollars to reward informers whose tips lead to raids on DVD factories in Asia. But as Mike Chanoi reports in this week‘s ―Look at the Business of Film‖, movie piracy still runs rampant in Asia.Mike Chanoi, CNN correspondentAt a plant near Taipei, InfoDisk is pumping out CDs and DVDs, tens of millions of them. The company is the largest legitimate producer of such products in Taiwan. Its major clients –MGM and Warner Bros. But these days, the label ―Made in Taiwan‖ has acquired a new meaning. The island has become one of Asia‘s leading centers of copyright piracy. A huge underground trade fueled by organized crime, ineffective government and a public more interested in cheap pr oducts than legal ones. Chu Y en Ping is one of Taiwan‘s leading movie directors.Chu Y en Ping―We work hard to shoot a film, but it doesn‘t sell because the pirates get there first.‖MikeBy some estimates, legitimate sales account for barely half of all the movies and music available in Taiwan. The rest is pirated. Even greater quantities of fake goods are exported, to markets from Southeast Asia to South America. The loss, just for American entertainment companies, is believed to be over 750 million dollars a year.ScriptRichard Vuylsteke, American Chamber of CommerceThis is on the front burner of our agenda. And I think a lot of companies will be reexamining their investments in this part of the world, if in fact this issue is not solved forthwith.MikeNight markets like these are at the center of the trade, which thrives in part, because under Taiwan law piracy isn‘t considered a quote, public crime. That is, police are powerless to seize fakes and arrest those involved, unless the copyright holders collect evidence and file a complaint. That job falls to men like these. Private investigators for the Motion Picture Association, who wanted their identities disguised for their own safety. ―It‘s dangerous work,‖ says one investigator. ―These criminal organizations have guns and knives. If you get in their way,you could be attacked.‖MikeThe situation is so bad that top Asian movie and music stars have marched to demand action. The US government, which has placed Taiwan on a copyright piracy watch list, has also stepped up the pressure.Lu W en-HsiangPiracy is not something we can wipe out overnight, we have to do it gradually.MikeBut with losses and complaints mounting almost as fast as legitimate manufacturers turn out discs, the Taiwan legislature now looks set to toughen anti-piracy laws. The critics though, are waiting to see the results. Mike Chanoi, CNN, Taipei.ScriptWhen Dan Brown‘s blockbuster novel ―The Lost Symbol‖ hit stores in September, it may have offered a peek at the future of bookselling.On , the book sold more digital copies for the Kindle e-reader in its first few days than hardback editions. However, less than 24 hours after its release, pirated digital copies of the novel were found on file-sharing sites like Rapidshare. Within days, it had been downloaded for free more than 100,000 times.Digital piracy, long confined to music and movies, is spreading to books. And as electronic reading devices such as Amazon‘s Kindle and the Sony Reader boost demand for e-books, experts say the problem may only get worse. Digital theft may pose a big headache in 2010 for the slumping publishing industry, which relies increasingly on electronic reading devices and e-books to stimulate sales.Piracy is a serious issue for publishers. The company that publishes Stephenie Meyer‘s wildly popular ―Twilight‖ teen-vampire series says it ―considers copyr ight protection to be of paramount importance.‖ Authors are concerned as well. ―With the open-source culture on the Internet, the idea of ownership --- of artistic ownership --- goes away,‖ said novelist and poet Sherman Alexie last month. ―It terrifies me.‖As to how to combat e-book piracy, views vary. Some publishers have tried to minimize theft by delaying releases of e-books for several weeks after physical copies go on sale. Some authors have even gone as far as to shrug off e-book technology altogether.However, some evidence suggests that authors‘ and publishers‘ claims of damage from illegal piracy may be overstated. Recent statistics have shown that consumers who purchase an e-reader buy more books than those who stick with traditional bound volumes. Amazon reports that Kindle owners buy, on average, 3.1 times as many books on the site as other customers. ScriptGoogle wants to be the repository of all of the world‘s information. For five years, users have been able to read classic books that are out of copyright along with shorter previews of more recent titles. But then Google started to scan the full text of millions of books that are out of print but are still in copyright. After a lawsuit in the U.S., it has agreed to a $125 million settlement, sharing sales of books with authors and the rights agency to settle copyright disputes and giving authors just until last Friday to opt out of the service.Now Google wants to bring this model to Europe, today telling a European commission hearing that they want to give new life to old works.Santiago De La Mora, Director, Google Book Partnerships―Win for the authors and publishers who are able to showcase their content, win for us because we‘re satisfying our use rs and of course from the user point of view, much more access, easy access to the world‘s information and our universal heritage.‖But Google‘s U.S. model might not work across the ponds. There, all books published before 1923 are outside copyright, but in Europe books remain in copyright until 70 years after the death of the author.Benjamin Cohen, ITN Technology Correspondent―One day, Google might have scanned as many books as you‘ll find here on theScriptshelves at the British Librar y. And Google is one of the major players in the online books‘ market and they‘ve achieved this primarily because they started scanning books before ever asking the permission of authors, publishers or other rights holders.‖That ultimately led to the U.S. out of court settlement which the Europeans say has given Google an effective monopoly.Jessica Sanger, German Publishers and Booksellers Assoc.―Google is being rewarded for breaking the law in the first place for doing something that wa s at first not permissible and is now gaining an advantage through such actions.‖Simon Bell, Head of Partnerships, British Library―The monopoly, something that concerns the British library, and it concerns everybody else really that‘s in the information world.‖Today, France supported Germany in a court submission which said that the U.S. settlement will have a dramatic and long-range effect of creating a new worldwide copyright regime as it has a hint of an uncontrolled, authoritarian concentration of power. But until an agreement can be reached with the EU, European visitors will be blocked from accessing the books under dispute although there are simple online services just one Google search away that will allow users to circumnavigate the blocks.Home ListeningIndian Film Industry, Bollywood, Steps Up Fight Against PiracyThe Indian Hindi language movie industry - popularly known as Bollywood - is stepping up its fight against film piracy both at home and overseas. As Anjana Pasricha reports from New Delhi, Bollywood films lose billions of dollars because of infringement of copyright laws.In a busy market in Central Delhi, 1) ___pirated____ CDs and DVDs of popular Hindi movies produced by the Mumbai-based Bollywood film industry are freely available. Ask a shop owner for DVDs of the 2) ___latest____ Hindi movie hits and he produces them from under the counter. A quick 3) __bargain_____ drives down the price from two dollars to just a dollar and a half.A recent study 4) ___estimates_____ that India‘s entertainment industry loses $4 billion, and 800,000 jobs, each year, because of piracy. These losses are not 5) ___unique____ to India. Piracy is also a growing problem in Western countries, like the United States and Britain, which are home to large Indian 6) ____populations_______. Film Federation of India Secretary Supran Sen says tens of thousands of people in these countries buy 7) __illegal______ DVDs of Hindi films. He says these are easily available in smallretail stores, usually owned by Indians.The Western markets have become so big that Bollywood film producers are 8) ____basing____ some of their biggest blockbusters on Indians living overseas. In Mumbai, Komal Nahata, publisher of a Bollywood trade magazine called ―Film Information‖ noted that in some cases, 9) ______the overseas market is almost as huge as the Indian market__________________________ ____________________.The huge scale of the problem has prompted Bollywood to step up the fight against piracy both at home and overseas. On a recent visit to Washington, Indian filmmakers urged American enforcement agencies to help plug the losses suffered by them. An advocacy group, 10) _____the U.S.-India Business Council, and Americanfilm companies are collaborating with Bollywood to combat piracy by raisingawareness of the problem with American authorities__________________________________.UNIT 4Secrets to Win the Chinese MarketscriptChina has changed enormously over the last 20 years. Its economy has been growing at 10% a year. Today, 80% of the world‘s electronic goods are made in China. As a result, more and more western companies want to do business in China. But how easy is it for a westerner to do business there? Here are some tips from the British Embassy in Beijing.Build relationships. In the west, it‘s usual to do business first, and then see if a relationship is possible. In China, it‘s the opposite. Y ou need to build a relationship before you can do bus iness. This leads to the idea of ‗guanxi’. Guanxi means using personal contacts and relationships to do business, and westerners need to understand how real and strong this is in China.It can also be useful to find a reliable Chinese ally to work with you. He or she will be able to help with language or cultural problems and will also be able to understand Chinese body language.Y ou must remember to respect ‗face‘. ‗Face‘ means having high status with your peers. ‗Face‘ can be lost, given or e arned. Never criticize or insult someone in front of others, as losing face will make it impossible to make a deal. On the other hand, if you praise someone by saying good things about him or her, then he or she will gain face, but be careful not to do it too much.All these tricks of the trade can help you to play the game and do business successfully in China. Be prepared, and be patient if you want to be a winner in China.ScriptSam Goodman: By far, the most common is not doing your homework, which, of course, is the whole reason why I wrote Where East Eats West. Because, you know, it‘s not, because it‘s not China books out there. But it‘s not so much that people, everyone can start with millions of dollars or huge corporation behind them. And so what I wanted to do is sort of lay out all the China rookie mistakes that people make. I mean, that‘s, you know, that was the whole purpose of it all within chapters, you know, under three pages long. Y ou know, really, Where East Eats West is for the person who is on the ground and in the trenches, not so much in the boardroom. I mean, specifically, I guess you would say that a lot of the foreigners come here, and they over-mystifyconcepts like ―face‖ or guanxi. Guanxi is really nothing more than your network or your connections. But on the other side of the things, it‘s really underestimating exactly how important both face and guanxi are to doing business in China.ScriptCNN’s Pauline Chiou: A lot of people look at China as a huge market with 1.3 billion people there. But in your book, you actually say don‘t look at China as one market. What do you mean by that?Sam: Well, again, like you said, China is a huge market. Geographically speaking, it‘s bigger than Europe. So most people would not think of going, this is my Europe strategy, in order to come in, and we‘re going to just succeed in this way. Y ou got to understand that China, again, as a vast country has its own nuances. So if you are going to be targeting your market in Shanghai, it‘s going to be very different than if you are going to be in a second or even in a third tier city. And of course, there‘s gonna to be differences in terms of whether it is in the north or in the south, or in the west, or in the east, or again, in the first tier, seco nd tier cities, which, if you don‘t know the differences between the first and second tier cities, you need to do some more homework to understand that.Pauline:Tell us a little bit more about first tier cities and second tier cities, what are they and what is corporate life like in those different tiers.ScriptSam: Okay, that‘s a big question. Let‘s see. First tier cities would be, I guess, what you used to call the most cosmopolitan, the most advanced if you will, the most international. Beijing, Sha nghai, Guangzhou are considered first tier cities. Those are the ones where you‘ll see the most number of western brands. And of course, in that sense, if you are a small entrepreneur, that‘s where you are gonna find the most amount of competition. So if you are doing business from a corporate setting, a lot of the people tend to be in these first tier cities. And of course, now they are expanding into the second tier cities, and some of them are even venturing into the third tier cities.I personally think that the most challenging aspect and therefore the most opportunities are going to be in your second and third tier cities. And you need to understand as a westerner coming to China, that the way of doing business from a corporate setting in the first tier city is going to be very similar to what you are gonna see on the international stage. But as soon as you step out of the corporate setting and go into a second or third tier city, that‘s where it becomes much more the wild wild west in the East.Pauline: And if you are in that wild wild west of the East, how severely disadvantaged are you if you do not speak Mandarin Chinese? Y ou yourself are fluent, so I imagine that‘s very helpful. But if you are a westerner wanting to go into that second or third tier city, do you really need to learn Mandarin Chinese?Sam:Well, I guess the best way I can explain this is when you‘re thinking of a language, it‘s really a tool to communicate. And the more tools that you have that you can use in your utility belt, the m ore chance you have of actually succeeding. Is it critical? That‘s difficult to say. If you are going to be a CEO coming into a second or third tier city, then I would have to say it‘s not necessary to have the language. But if you are a small entrepreneur, you are gonna be building everything from the ground up, not having a language is certainly gonna make it a lot more。

Unit OneT ra c k 4-1-OL-lA. Jay and Elise are talking about an accident. Listen and check the correct picture.Jay: Come in here, Elise. You should see this show!Elise: What is itJay: It's called "The Titanic of the Sky." It's about the Hindenburg, a great engineering feat.Elise: The Hindenburg ...Jay: You know, that giant zeppelin that crashed in 1934. Thirty-five people died.Elise: Oh yeah, I remember now. It was flying from Germany to the United States. It crashed as it was landing.Jay: Right. It's so funny looking, don't you think It doesn't look anything like the airplanes as have today.Elise: That's true. Why would people ride in a zeppelin anyway It seems so dangerous.Jay: Well, some people called the Hindenburg "man's greatest achievement in flight." They thought it was safe, I guess.Elise: Who rode in it anywayJay: Mostly wealthy people. It accommodated between 30 and 40 passengers and crew. One person said it was like a "flying hotel."Eise: It sounds pretty great.Jay: Yeah, and it was fast. That's why people rode it. They wanted to get to their destination faster.Elise: Why didn't they just take a jet planeJay: Elise! You know they didn't have jets back then. Look, in 1934 it took five days to travel from Germany to the U.S. by ship. The zeppelin could do it in half that time. It was speedy.Elise: Well, maybe I'll sit down and watch a little bit. Maybe I'll learn something ...T ra c k 4-1-OL-2B. Listen again. How was the zeppelin described Check your answers.Track 4-1-OL-3A. Listen to the conversation and check the correct picture.Jack: I think we should buy a bigger car. Big cars are safer.Kayla: Yes, but on the other hand, they consume more oil.Jack: They also look really cool.Kayla: That's true, but there are some SUVs which are not big but also very beautiful.Jack: And 1 think big cars are more fun to drive.Kayla: But then again, it's very expensive.Jack: Well, let's get more information about several kinds of cars, okayT r a c k4-1-O L-4Listen to another person talking about famous buildings in his country and fill in the blanks with information you hear.My country has two very famous buildings called the Petronas Towers. The buildings are made of glass, steel, and concrete. They were designed by an American architect, but he used a Malaysian style. They were finished in 1998, and they were the tallest buildings in the world at that time. Each tower has 88 floors, and is 452 meters high. I really like the Petronas Towers. They show both the modern and the traditional side of my country.T r a c k4-1-O L-5A. Listen to a talk on controversies about modern buildings. Then fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Modern buildings: We love them, We hate themThe world-famous Louvre Museum in Paris is almost 500 years old, and it faced a very modern problem: There simply wasn't enough space for six million visitors each year. In 1989, American architect . Pei designed a striking glass pyramid in the building's center to be a visitor entrance and shopping arcade. But he also started an angry debate. Some people felt his glass building was a piece of art, like the ones inside the museum. Others said it was just an ugly, modern mistake.Kyoto, Japan, is the country's ancient capital, and the heart of its culture. Its railroad station was too small for the millions of visitors. In 1997, the city completed a new station in a huge shopping center, right in the oldest part of the city. Designed by Hiroshi Hara, the building also contains a hotel and department store. Before it was built, critics said that the high, wide, modern building would destroy the city's traditional look. On the other hand, supporters said it would bring new life into the city center.Track 4-1-OL-6B. Now listen again and complete the chart with the information you hear.Track 4-1-OL-7B. Listen to the interview with Erika Van Beek, an engineer. According to Erika, what should be done about overcrowding in citiesThe future building boomInterviewer: What do you think is the biggest problem facing our citiesErika: I think it's overcrowding. Talk to anyone living in a major metropolitan area and they will say thesame thing: There's no space. Even the suburbs are getting crowded.Interviewer: Well, in some places there simply isn't any land left for building, rightErika: Y es, that's true, but you have to think creatively. You can't give up so easily.Interviewer: Think creatively What do you suggest？E r i k a:What I'm saying is that we can build more structures underground. We can add parking lots, malls, hotels, and even apartment buildings. There's plenty of space.Interviewer: Isn't it expensive？E r i k a:Yes, it can be. In the past building underground has been very expensive. However, we have new technology that will bring the cost down. It involves using robots. You don't have to pay robots a salary! Interviewer: Isn't "building down" more dangerous than other kind of construction？E r i k a:Actually, I think it's safer than building skyscrapers, for example. Remember, we already do it. We have subways and underground shopping malls. I'm just suggesting we invest in a variety of bigger projects and that we dig deeper.Interviewer: What would you say to people who doubt your idea？E r i k a:I can understand their feelings. Whenever there's a new idea, it can cause controversy. But "building down" is not some kind of impractical idea. It makes sense. There is so much space underground: It can accommodate a lot of traffic, storage, and people. With the new technology we have, we'd be crazy not to consider the idea — it's the wave of the future!Track 4-1-OL-8C. Listen again. Check the statements you think Erika would agree.Unit 2Track 4-2-OL-1Pam: Well, Lynn, I must be going. It was great to see you –Lynn: By, Pam.Pam: What’s thatLynn: Oh … that’s Ollie.Pam: Ollie: I didn’t know you had a dog!Lynn: Well, we don’t … really.Pam: What do you meanLynn: Come here.Pam: Oh my goodness. It’s a robot!Lynn: That’s right. It’s a dog robot. They call it a “dogbot.”Pam: How interesting! … But it’s a little strange, don’t you thinkLynn: Well, I wanted to get an interactive toy for the kids. They love it. So I’m happy.Pam: How much did it costLynn: Don’t ask. It wasn’t very affordable. It’s cheaper than having a real dog, though. We don’t ever have to buy dog food! And the batteries are rechargeable.Juliana: Hey, Henrik. Look.Henrik: What is it, JulianaJuliana: What’s that guy doing over thereHenrik: Which guyJuliana: The one over there. Wearing a suit. H’s punching so many buttons on his cell phone.Henrik: Oh, him. He’s probably playing a game.Juliana: ReallyHenrik: A lot of people have games on their cell phones. It’s really popular here in Finl and. They play them everywhere.Juliana: Do you play them, tooHenrik: Yes, I do.Juliana: I only use my phone to make telephone calls. I guess I’m old-fashioned.Henrik: I heard that some people play games even at work. They can play quietly during business meetings. No one knows about it.Juliana: I’d like to try it.Henrik: Here, use mine!Track 4-2-OL-3Penny: Hello. Your Computer World sales department.Ted: H i, Penny. It’s Ted.Penny: Oh, hi, Ted. What’s upTed: w ell, my computer has crashed again.Penny: Oh no!Ted: O h, yes. That’s why I’m calling. You know, it’s five years old. And I need to speak to Scott about getting a new one.Penny: well, you’ve called at a good time. We have some attractive new models.Ted: G reat! I’m looking for something affordable. And I want to get something portable this time.Penny: I’m sure Scott can help you with that… Let’s see, he is in a meeting until 3:30. I’ll ask him to call you. Ted: N o, that’s OK. I’ll call him after 3:30. Please give him the mess age.E-mail is my favourite way to communicate. I think it is as fast as a fax machine, and it is as easy as a cell phone. Of course, e-mail has some problems, too. It isn’t as affordable as ordinary mail, because you need a computer and Internet service. And I don’t think it is as reliable as a fax machine. Sometimes e-mail messages get lost. But in my opinion, e-mail is as convenient as a cell phone. I can send a message from my home or office, and my friends can read it when they have time.Track 4-2-OL-5In today’s report, we look at a new technology called pervasive computing.Pervasive computing means putting tiny computers into everyday electronic appliances, such as toasters and microwaves. With pervasive computing, appliances can communicate with their users –and with other appliances!Some companies now sell pervasive computing products like a “smart” toaster. It remembers your favourite kind of toast: light or dark. Companies are designing a “smart” coffee maker and a “smart” clock. The c offee maker can measure the water and coffee. It can even put milk in your breakfast coffee and make black coffee in the afternoon. The clock will check the time on other clocks in your house, and give information about other appliances. For example, it ca n tell you, “Your coffee maker needs more water.”And that’s only the beginning. One company is now advertising “Save time –phone your washing machine!” engineers are making a “smart” house. In this house, the lights, heater, and air conditioner change automatically when family members come home. This makes the home comfortable, and it saves a lot of energy. Pervasive computing could change many parts of our daily lives.But do people really want pervasive computing Do they really need technology everywhere One company asked people about their opinions on “smart” appliances. There were surprises. A “smart” refrigerator can buy more food on the internet, but people didn’t want it, because it might make mistakes.“Pervasive computing is as important as a telephone,” says Rebecca Blair, president of InnoTech Corporation. But some of these products are not useful, or even practical. Companies should learn more about the technology that people really want.Track 4-2-OL-7Local girl rescuedShe may have a broken leg, but she can’t be happier. Morgan Bailey, 11, is happy to be alive.Tuesday was like any other day for Morgan. She was at school. It was fourth period, and she was the first student to arrive in the gymnasium for her physical education class.Suddenly there was a loud noise.“There was a sharp cracking noise and then a loud boom. After that, I don’t remember anything,” said Morgan. The roof of the gymnasium had collapsed under the heavy snow. Morgan was trapped underneath. She couldn’t e scape.“I woke up and there was a big piece of wood on my leg. I couldn’t move it. I was starting to get cold.”Fortunately, help was nearby. A new program using “rescue robots” was tried for the first time.“We were nervous about using the robot,” said Derrick Sneed, the man in charge of the program. “But in the end, the robot gave us reliable information. It went extremely well.”The rescue robot was able to go into the gym and locate Morgan’s exact position.“We send in robots first because it may not be safe for humans,” said Mr. Sneed. “Human beings are not as useful as robots in some situations. A gas leak, for example, could kill you or me but wouldn’t hurt a robot.”Although it didn’t happen in Morgan’s case, some rescue robots can bring fresh air or water to people who are trapped.Rescue robots go into rough, dangerous places. They work in life or death situations. They have to be durable. Doctors say that Morgan is doing well. She should be going home in two or three days. What is the first thing she wants to do after she gets out of the hospital“I want to meet my hero,” laughs Morgan. “That little robot that saved my life!”Track 4-2-OL-9The first word processorMrs. Morgan: Good. So change the first part and make those corrections and your paper will be great.Tara: OK. Thanks for all your help, Professor Morgan. I’ll e-mail my paper to you later today. Mrs. Morgan: You know, technology is amazing. In high school I used to write my term papers on a typewriter. Tara: It must have taken a long time to write a paper on a typewriter.Mrs. Morgan: Well, I was pretty fast, but I made some mistakes. Actually, the typewriters weren’t that bad. Now, as for the first computers … oh my gosh!Tara: What do you meanMrs. Morgan: The first computers were so unreliable. They used to crash all the time. And they were not as affordable or as fast as they are now.Tara: Mine’s pretty fast, but not as fast as some of the newer, more expensive ones.Mrs. Morgan: I know! And nowadays, almost everyone has a computer. In those days, nobody had their own computer. We used to use the ones at the university.Tara: In the computer labMrs. Morgan: Yeah, that’s all we had. I’ll never forget, one spring, during final exams. Everybody was working on their term papers, and the electricity went out!Tara: So No big deal … laptops have batteries …Mrs. Morgan: Yes, but remember, in those days we didn’t have laptops. If your computer crashed, you lost everything.Tara: EverythingMrs. Morgan: Everything. We used to lose information all the time, but that time it was terrible. Everybody lost their papers that afternoon … including me.Tara: What did you doMrs. Morgan: I went back to the good, old-fashioned way.Tara: You mean typewritersMrs. Morgan: Nope. I used something more affordable, portable, reliable, disposable, something that always worked.Tara: What was thatMrs. Morgan: (holds up pencil and paper) The first word processor.Unit 3Track4-3-OL-1/Track4-3-OL-2Joe: What are you reading, MariaMaria: The Daily News.Joe: The News Ugh! That’s a terrible paper.Maria: Oh, Joe, it’s not so bad.Joe: Not so bad Look at that headline on the front page! It’s so sensational.Maria: Well, they’ve got great comics. I can’t live witho ut my comics.Joe: I know. But the news coverage is so poor, ... especially the international news. It’s a joke, really.Maria: I’m not so interested in the international news. Besides, they have so many other good features.Joe: Like whatMaria: Like… the daily horoscope, for example. I love it.Joe: That’s not a good reason to buy a newspaper … for the horoscope!Maria: Look, the newspaper only costs 50 cents. What so you expectJoe: Good point.Maria: Besides the horoscope, I also like the entertainment news. I like to read about the stars and their love affairs.Joe: Well, you can keep The Daily News. I’m going to stick with The Times.Track 4-3-OL-3Amy: John, I’ve never notice this old photo of your family before.John: My mother just found it in the attic. She decided to hang it up.Amy: It’s a nice picture of your family.John：I think it’s embarrassing. And I look stupid.Amy: Well, you could‘ve combed your hair … it’s a nice shot, though. Look at how young you are! How old were you in the photoJoh n: Eight … no wait, I’d just turned nine.Amy: I guess these two people are your parents.John: Yep. They were married when that picture was taken. Now they’re divorced.Amy: Oh. What do they doJohn: My father’s retired. Mom works in a hospital.Amy: What are their namesJohn：Well, my father’s name is Joseph. My mother is Olivia---she was named after a popular actress.Amy: How great! I have an aunt with the same name. I love the name Olivia … Who’s that guyJohn: Which oneAmy: The guy standing behind you. Is that your brother, TomJohn: No, that's my Uncle Randy. He’s only two years older than my brother.Amy: He’s cute. I love a guy with a moustache.John: Um, sorry, but he’s married now. His wife just had a baby.Amy: I was just making a comment … So the other young guy must be your brother.John: Yes. That’s Tom.Amy: How old is he in the pictureJohn: Let’s see … he’s nine years older than me … so he would‘ve been 18 then.Amy: And there’s your little sister, Tina. She’s so cute!John: Yeah. She’s two years younger than me. It’s hard to believe she’s in high school now!Track 4-3-OL -5A bank robbery in Virginia, USA, was stopped when the robber and the bank teller couldn’t reach an agreement. The robber pushed a holdup note under the window, but the teller looked at it, said,” I can’t read this,” and gave it back. The robber pushed the note through a second time. The teller crumpled the note up and threw it at the robber. He picked it up and walked out of the bank.A professional ice hockey player wil l miss the rest of this season’s games because he injured himself. National Hockey League goalie Jean-Louis Blanchard went on the injured list after he fell and seriously hurt his back. He was walking out of a restaurant in Ottawa, Canada, when he slipped on some ice.The first international camel beauty contest was held last week in Alxa, in western China. More than 100 dressed-up camels entered the contest. The judges examined them for shiny hair, tall humps, and beautiful costumes. Unlike human beauty contests, though, there were no interviews with the contestants.Police in Sheffield, England, arrested a 41-year-old man for stealing five cars. Graham Owens went to car dealers and said he wanted to buy a car, and borrowed a car to test-drive. Each time, he drove the car around, then cleaned it inside and washed it outside---before leaving it at the side of the road, and walking home.Track 4-3-OL-7Nutty newsLulu is a kangaroo. For 10 years she has lived with the Richards family. Lulu was adopted by the family after they found her next to her dead mother.Mr. Ken Richards is a farmer. He was working on his farm when a heavy tree branch suddenly fell on top of him. Lulu stood next to Mr. Richards’ body. She started barking and didn’t leave Mr. Richards’ sid e.I’ve never heard Lulu bark like that---she sounded like a dog. She barked and barked and she didn’t stop, “said Celeste, Mr. Richards’ daughter.After 15 minutes, the Richards family went to investigate. They found Ken on the ground and he was unconscious.“Lulu is a hero, “said Celeste. “She saved my father.”Mr. Middleton, an expert veterinarian, said that Lulu’s story is rare. “I have never seen a kangaroo act like that. Maybe lulu helped Ken Richards because the Richards family is the only family s he has ever known.”Lulu has always followed Ken around the farm. She’s a loyal, friendly, and very intelligent kangaroo. After Ken leaves the hospital, he is planning to go everywhere with Lulu.Nutty newsApproximately 175,000 people live in the Republic of Vanuatu, an island chain east of Australia. It is a popular tourist destination because there’s a lot to do there: you can visit waterfalls, go horseback riding, take an aerial tour, or visit a traditional Ni-Vanuatu village. Vanuatu is most famous for its scuba diving and snorkeling.In an effort to draw attention to these popular water sports, Vanuatu has created a world’s “first”: the government has opened an underwater post office. You have to be a certified scuba driver to work there. The office is three meters below the surface in an area on the outskirts of Port Vila, the capital city. So far, the post office has hired four workers. They will work in a room surrounded by the beauty of Vanuatu’s underwater world. Customers will buy waterproof postcards on land and then drive down to the post office to receive a special waterproof stamp.3-OL-51. cool2. sold out3. realizes4. music reviewer5. apartment building6. get them concert tickets7. goes over8. invites him to go with her9. a date with 10. mind Takeshi going without himUnit 4Track4-4-OL-1A. Listen to Camille’s job interview. Then circle the answer to the question.Man: So, I see here that you went to college.Camille: Yes, sir. For two years. I didn’t graduate.Man: Do you speak any languages besides EnglishCamille: Yes, I speak conversational French.Man: Any other languagesCamille: No, that’s it.Man: Well, that’s great. As you know, we fly to Paris twice a week. We always need people who can speak French.Man: Let’s see… have you worked for an airline beforeCamille: No. I have no job experience.Man: So, this would be your first job.Camille: Yes.Man; Well, I only have two more questions. Are you healthy and physically fit Can you lift heavy objects Camille: Yes, I think so.Man: Well, the emergency window exit on the plane weighs about 50 pounds. And the meal cart is very heavy, too. You need to move those objects sometimes.Camille: I think I can do that.Man: Wonderful. Let me tell you about the next step. We have a six-week training program that takes place in the summer. You have to…Track 4-4-OL-2B. Listen again. Check Yes or No for each statement about Camille.Track 4-4-OL-3Listen to Olivia talking about her future plan and fill in the blanks with information from the talk.I plan to become a teacher after I finish my studies. I decided to study at this university because the teaching program is very good. We have a lot of practice working with children. I love to work with young kids. I expect to graduate from the university next June, and I hope to find a job in a kindergarten. I’ll try to start working in September.Track 4-4-OL-4Listen to the job interview. Check the right item in the table based on the information from the interview.Mr. Grant: Hello, Ms. Hale. I’m Mr. Grant, the advertising manager for the company. Do you have a resume or curriculum vitae to give to meMs. Hale: Yes, Mr. Grant. Here it is.Mr. Grant: Thank you. Now, let me tell you a little bit about the job. We need someone to design brochures on the computer. Do you have up-to-date computer skillsMs. Hale: Yes, I do. In my present position I use computer graphics all the time. I have experience with animation as well.Mr. Grant: Oh, that’s very good. We hope to launch a new group of animated ads next spring. Can you work with others in a pleasant manner, Ms. HaleMs. Hale: My co-workers seem to think so. I can also work independently by myself.Mr. Grant: That’s necessary, too. What about flexibility in workin g long hours on a projectMs. Hale: I have a lot of energy and I’m willing to get the job done. The work I did last year won two awards at a national conference.Mr. Grant: Excellent. That’s very impressive. By the way, did I mention that we need someone t o start next week Ms. Hale: No, you didn’t, but it might be possible.Mr. Grant: Good. Thank you for coming today. We’ll be in touch soon.Track4-4-OL-5Listen to the passage about an unusual job. Fill in the blank with information from the passage.Yo u’ve never met Melissa Hayes, and you don’t know her name, but you know her voice. Mellissa record information messages for the telephone company. When you hear the number you called has been changed…--that’s Mellissa!“Yes, it’s true,” she say. “I’m the voice talent for Nation Telephone.” At least 50000 people hear her voice every day. “I try to sound warm and friendly, even when I’m saying, I’m sorry, that number is incorrect. Please try again.”Melissa works only three days a week, but she has to practice a lot. “My voice has to sound the same at the end of eight hours.” She’s very careful about her voice. “I don’t drink lots of water with honey. I can’t g to horror movies because I always scream, and I might hurt my voice!”How did she get her job “A friend told me about it. I listened to all the telephone company messages on my phone, and then I recorded a cassette of those messages. After I sent it to the company, I called them every day for a month!”She’s done this work for three years now, and she loves it. “It’s fun! And I’m helping people by using my voice.” Plus, people are always surprised when they hear about Melissa’s job. They say, “You’re a real person I thought it was a computer!”Track 4-4-OL-6Listen again. Check your answers.Track 4-4-OL-7Listen to the interviews about Ken’s and Steven’s jobs. Then check Ken or Steven for each item in the box below. Interview 1Interviewer: What is your job, KenKen：I’m a . or “video jockey.”Interviewer: How would you describe your jobKe n: I’m on TV. I introduce music videos and talk about them. I also interview singers who appear in videos. Interviewer: What is the best part of your jobKen: I get to meet a lot of famous people. That’s very exciting. Also, I love music, so it’s a lot of fun. Interviewer: What is the worst part of your jobKen: I get to meet a lot of famous people. Some of them are not very nice. They think they are better than me. They can be very demanding.Interviewer: What was your most memorable momentKen: Last year, I presented an award on TV at a video music award show. I couldn’t believe it. They flew me out to Los Angeles and I stayed in Beverly Hill. I was on the TV show for a whole 45 seconds! I got to meet a lot of stars.Interviewer: I want to be a . How I get the jobKen: Well, first you have to make a videotape about yourself. You need to talk about certain things on the video. In my case, there was a list of question, like “What did you do last weekend” and “What’s in your CD player right now” After you talk about yourself, you send the videotape in to the TV station. They call you if they like the tape.Interview 2Interviewer: What is your job, StevenSteven: I’m a car courier.Interviewer: How would you describe your jobSteven: Sometimes a person or a company needs a car moved from one place to another. They may not have time to do it themselves. They hire me to drive the car.Interviewer: What is the best part of your jobSteven: I like to drive, so it’s fun for me. Last summe r, I drove all the way from New York to California. The weather was great. I had the radio on and enjoyed my trip very much.Interviewer: What is the worst part of your jobSteven: I have to be very punctual. If I say I’ll arrive on Monday at 6:00, I h ave to be there by Monday at 6:00.I have to be dependable. It’s stressful at times.Interviewer: What was your most memorable momentSteven: I drove across the desert as the sun was setting. It was incredible!Interviewer: I want to be a car courier. How do I get the jobSteven: That’s a good question. My mother started this business, so she hired me. You’d have to call my mother to find out!Track 4-4-OL-8Listen again and the complete the summaries of Ken’s and Steven’s job below. Use the words in the box. Unit 5Track 4-5-OL-1B. Now listen to a quiz show and check your answers in A.Host:Welcome back to “You Snooze, You Lose!” the best game show on television! This is our final round. Let me remind you of the rules. We will show an object fo r a couple of seconds. It’s yourjob to guess what it is. Michael Linda Are you ready to playM & L:Yes!Host:Ok, then, let’s play “You Snooze, You Lose!” Show us item number one.Host:Yes, MichaelMichael:I know what they are. They’re called “cams” and they’re used in mountain climbing.Host:That’s right for one point! They’re used to hold climbing ropes. All right then, here’s our second object. Yes, LindaLinda:Is it some kind of toolHost:Can you be more specificLinda:I don’t know… a t ool used to fix some kind of machineHost:No, I’m sorry. It’s a nose and ear hair trimmer. Next … item number three. Do you have any idea Time is up. Since no one guessed, I’ll tell you the answer. Those are called Hopi ear candles. Linda:You stick them in your earsHost:That’s right. They are used to clean out your ears. They also help to relax you. Let’s move on to item number four. Here it is.Michael:That’s obvious. It’s a corkscrew. You use it to open bottles.Host:Yes, that’s correct! It’s a mini-travel corkscrew. You can pack it in your suitcase. Oh, no! You know what that means! You’re out of time. Michael, with two correct answers, you are today’s winner!Congratulations! And before we leave, let me show the remaining objects. Item number five is anegg slicer. Item number six is a tongue scraper---make sure to use it so that you don’t have badbreath! That’s all the time we have for today. See you next time on “You Snooze, You Lose!”Goodbye everybody.Track 4-5-OL-2A. You will listen to a passage about Microsoft Corporation. Then write down as much information as possible about Microsoft.。