2020年考博英语模拟试题：阅读练习(1)

博士研究生考试考博英语模拟题2020年(32)(总分34, 做题时间165分钟)Part Ⅰ VocabularySection A1. Presently this kind of antidepressant is still in clinical______, even though the concept has been around since 1900s.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D2. Someone who is in ______ confinement is kept alone in a room in prison.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D3. My brother's plans are very ______; he wants to master English, French and Spanish before he is sixteen.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AC CD D4. The distinctions between the different schools and approaches are often very ______.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D5. A(n) ______ is a person who studies the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of human beings.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D6. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC C7. The school board attached great emphasis to ______ in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D8. As to the living environment, bacterial needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ______.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D9. The educators should try hard to develop the ______ abilities of children.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D10. The person he interviewed was ______ his former schoolmate.•** other than•** more than•** other than** the lessSSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD DSection B1. The doctor did not rule out the possibility of food poisoning.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D2. Illness, injury, love, lost moments of true greatness and sheer stupidity-all occur to test the limits of your soul.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D3. The time needed for the eggs to incubate is nine or ten days.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D4. For years, biologists have known that chimpanzees and even some monkeys produce a panting sound akin to human laughter.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D5. Let's meet halfway and each pay half the damage.•** on the road•**•** Dutch**SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D6. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is 2 years' imprisonment.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AC CD D7. He is usually well-behaved, this rudeness is only a(n) lapse.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D8. When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days, John was startlingly pale.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD D9. The radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine emit gamma rays that can be detected externally by special types of cameras.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC C10. The temperatures are somewhat lower than the average temperature in May this year.•**•**•** little**SSS_SINGLE_SELA AB BC CD DPart Ⅱ Cloze. Whenever people go and live in another country they have new experiences and new feelings. They experience culture shock. Many people have a(n) 1 about culture shock they think thatit's just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country. But this isn't really true. Culture shock is a completely natural 2 , and everybody goes 3 it in a new culture.There are four stages, or steps, in culture shock. When people first arrive in a new country they're usually excitedand 4 . Everything is interesting. They notice that a lot of things are 5 their own culture and this surprises them and makes them happy. This is Stage One.In Stage Two people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture. They become confused. It seems difficult to do even very simple things. They feel 6 . They spend a lot of time 7 or with other people from their own country. They think "My problems are all because I'm living in this country."Then in Stage Three they begin to understand the new culture better. They begin to like some new customs. They 8 some people in the new country. They're 9 comfortable and relaxed.In Stage Four they feel **fortable. They have good friends in the new culture. They understand the new customs. Some customs are similar to their culture and some are different but that's OK. They can 10 it.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 2.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 3.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.•** of•** from•** to** toA AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL8.•** friends with•** transactions with•** hostility to** the door toA AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.•** with•** without•** up with** a success ofA AB BC CD D. What draws my firm's attention is the design of cities. When we designed America's first "green" office building two decades ago, we felt very 11 . But today, the idea that buildings can be good for people and the environment will be increasingly influential in years to come.Back in 1984 we discovered that most manufactured products for decoration weren't designed for 12 uses. The "energy-efficient" buildings constructed after the 1970s energy crisis revealed indoor air quality problems caused by materials such as paints and carpet. So, we've been focusing on thesematerials 13 to the molecules, looking for ways to make them safe for people and the planet.Home builders can now use materials thatdon't 14 the quality of the air, water, orsoil. 15 our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being "less bad", but on **pletely healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil 16 reused by industry again. In fact, the world's largest manufacturer hasalready 17 a fully and safely recyclable carpet.No one 18 to create a building that destroys the planet. But our current industrial systems are inevitably causing these conditions. So 19 simply trying to reduce the damage, we are adopting a positive approach. We're giving people healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that havea 20 effect on the world. It's not just the building industry. Entire cities are taking these environmentally positive approaches to design, planning and building.SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 13.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 14.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 15.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 17.•**•**•****A AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 18.•** out•** up•** at** upA AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 19.•** of•** to•** ofA AB BC CD DSSS_SINGLE_SEL 20.•**•**•****A AB BC CD D1。

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷113(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00)The close relationship between poetry and music scarcely needs to be argued. Both are aural modes which employ rhythm, rime, and pitch as major devices; to these the one adds linguistic meaning, connotation, and various traditional figures, and the other can add, at least in theory, all of these plus harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration techniques. In English the two are closely bound historically. Anglo-Saxon heroic poetry seems certainly to have been read or chanted to a harpist's accompaniment; the verb used in Beowulf for such a performance, the Finn episode, is singan, to sing, and the noun gyd, song. A major source of the lyric tradition in English poetry is the songs of the troubadours. The distance between the gyd in Beowulf and the songs of Leonard Cohen or Bob Dylan may seem great, but is one of time rather than aesthetics. The lyric poem as a literary work and the lyrics of a popular song are both still essentially the same thing: poetry. Whether the title of the work be "Gerontion", or "Hound Dog", our criteria for evaluating the work must remain the same. The most important prerequisite for both a significant poem and significant lyrics in a popular song is that the writer be faithful to his own personal vision or to the vision of the poem he is writing. Skill and craft for writing poetry are indeed necessary because these are the only means by which a poet can preserve the integrity of this vision in the poem. A poet must not, either because of lack of skill or because of worship of popularity, wealth, or critical acclaim, go outside of his own or his own poem's vision —on pain of writing only the derivative or the trivial. Historically, the writers and singers of the lyrics of popular songs have seemed often to be incapable of personal vision, and to have confused both originality and morality with a servile compliance to popular taste.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the relationship between poetry and music______.（分数：2.00）A.is a debatable topicB.can be made but in a limited wayC.is indisputable if you analyse historyD.needs to be acknowledged more by poets(2).The author cites Beowulf in order to show that______.（分数：2.00）A.the distance between song and poetry is not so greatB.a song like Beowulf can sound like a poemC.English poetry is highly connected to songsD.songs generally evolve into poetry over time(3).Which of the following statements is true, according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.The lyrics of a song are no different from the lyrics of poetry.B.Song lyrics and poetry must be treated analytically as the same.C.The differences between poetry and song lyrics have been overstated.D.It is the time not the aesthetics that is different in most poems and song lyrics.(4).A poem or a song can be significant when______.（分数：2.00）A.it is done by a faithful writerB.the writer has a personal vision of the poem or songC.it is written within the vision of the poem, song, poet or songwriterD.the writer is willing to go outside of the vision(5).In the text, the author focuses on______.（分数：2.00）A.the shared, most important evaluation criteria in songwriting and poetryB.the various ways songs and poems are similarC.the difference between good poetry and songs and mediocre onesD.how to evaluate a poem and a song's value from a lyrical standpointWhatever their chosen method, Americans bathe zealously. A study conducted found that we take an average of 4.5 baths and 7.5 showers each week and in the ranks of non-edible items purchased by store customers, bar soap ranks second, right after toilet paper. We spend more than $700 million annually on soaps, but all work the same way. Soap is composed of molecules that at one end attract water and at the other end attract oil and dirt, while repelling water. With a kind of pushing and pulling action, the soap loosens the bonds holding dirt to the skin. Unless you're using a germicidal soap, it usually doesn't kill the bacteria —soap simply removes bacteria along with dirt and oil. Neither baths nor showers are all that necessary and unless you're in a Third World country where infectious diseases are common, or you have open sores on your skin, the dirt and bacteria aren't going to hurt. The only reason for showering or bathing is to feel clean and refreshed. There is a physiological basis for this relaxed feeling. Your limbs become slightly buoyant in bathwater, which takes a load off muscles and tension. Moreover, if the water is hotter than normal body temperature, the body attempts to shed heat by expanding the blood vessels near the surface of the skin, lessening the circulatory system's resistance to blood flow, and dropping blood pressure gently. A bath is also the most effective way to hydrate the skin. The longer you soak, the more water gets into the skin and because soap lowers the surface tension of the water, it helps you hydrate rapidly and remove dry skin flakes. However, in a bath, all the dirt and grime and the soap in which it's suspended float on the surface. So when you stand up, it covers your body like a film. The real solution is to take a bath and then rinse off with a shower, however, after leaving a tub or freshly exposed skin becomes a playground for microbes. In two hours, you probably have as many bacteria on certain parts of the body, such as the armpits, as before the bath.（分数：10.00）(1).The statement "Americans bathe zealously"(Line 1, Para. 1)is closest to saying______.（分数：2.00）A.Americans bathe wastefullyB.Americans are rather ambivalent to bathingC.Americans bathe with intense enthusiasmD.Americans bathe too much(2).Which of the following is mentioned as one of the benefits of bathing?（分数：2.00）A.Dry skins flakes will disappear from the body once you get out of the bathtub.B.It kills bacteria better than showering.C.It reduces your blood circulation if it is nice and warm.D.The floating action can reduce the stress on your muscles.(3).According to the text, bathing removes dry skin flakes because______.（分数：2.00）A.the soap draw it off the bodyB.the skin hydratesC.the circulation of blood expands skin particlesD.the change in blood pressure releases the film(4).A bath will not kill the bacteria from your body even if______.（分数：2.00）A.you use a germicidal soape an anti-bacterial soapC.you use soap to scrub it vigorouslyD.you are under special treatment for it(5).We can infer from this text that the author believes______.（分数：2.00）A.the real benefits of bathing are psychological not hygienicB.bathing is superior to taking showerC.buying soap is a waste of moneyD.we do not need to bathe as much as we do currentlyVery soon, unimaginably powerful technologies will remake our lives. This could have dangerous consequences, especially because we may not even understand the basic science underlying them. There's a growing gap between our technological capability and our underlying scientific understanding. We can do very clever things with the technology of the future without necessarily understanding some of the science underneath, and that is very dangerous. The technologies that are particularly dangerous over the next hundred years are nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and biotechnology. The benefits they will bring are beyond doubt but they are potentially very dangerous. In the field of artificial intelligence there are prototype designs for something that might be 50,000 million times smarter than the human brain by the year 2010. The only thing not feasible in the film Terminator is that the people win. If you're fighting against technology that is that much smarter than you, you probably will not win. We've all heard of the grey goo problem that self-replicating nanotech devices might keep on replicating until the world has been reduced to sticky goo, and certainly in biotechnology, we've really got a big problem because it's converging with nanotechnology. Once you start mixing nanotech with organisms and you start feeding nanotech — enabled bacteria, we can go much further than the Borg in Star Trek, and those superhuman organisms might not like us very much. We are in a world now where science and commerce are increasingly bedfellows. The development of technology is happening in the context of global free trade regimes which see technological diffusion embedded with commerce as intrinsically a good. We should prepare for new and unfamiliar forms of argument around emerging technologies.（分数：10.00）(1).From the text, we know that the author's greatest worry is______.（分数：2.00）A.our lack of technological understanding of the process involvedB.our lack of technological capabilityC.creating technology without really understanding the issuesD.our refusal to face the consequences of the technology we create(2).It can be inferred from the text that the author______.（分数：2.00）A.thinks people overestimate the capabilities of technologyB.is not optimistic that artificial intelligence will always be used positivelyC.thinks that we should take science fiction movies more seriouslyD.believes artificial intelligence is the greatest threat we face technologically(3).Why does the author say it is not feasible in the film Terminator that the humans win?（分数：2.00）A.Because the power of the technology was exaggerated.B.Because the strength of the machines would be much greater.C.Because machines with that much intelligence would not allow it.D.Because even heroic humans would achieve nothing from such a battle.(4).The mixing of nanotech with organisms may______.（分数：2.00）A.produce dangerous viruses capable of killing many peopleB.produce creatures that are unfriendly to humansC.upset our balance of natureD.reduce the world to sticky glue(5).The author's attitude toward the emerging technologies is______.（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.skepticalC.provocativeD.alarmistThe long, wet summer here in the northeastern U.S. notwithstanding, there's a world shortage of pure, fresh water. As demand for water hits the limits of finite supply, potential conflicts are brewing between nations that share transboundary freshwater reserves. Many people ask why wecannot simply take it from the sea, using our sophisticated technology of desalinization. But a good water supply must be hygienically safe and pleasant tasting and water containing salt would corrode machinery used in manufacturing in addition to producing chemical impurities. Since more than 95% of our water sits in the salty seas, man is left to face the reality that most water on the surface of the earth is not available for us. One very feasible way of sustaining our supply of freshwater is to protect the ecology of our mountains. Mountains and water go together, a fact to which Secretary General Kofi Annan has drawn attention more than once. From 30% to 60% of downstream fresh water in humid areas and up to 95% in arid and semi-arid environments are supplied by mountains. Without interference nature has its own way of purifying water — even though chlorination and filtration are still necessary as a precaution. In a mountainous area, aeration, due to turbulent flow and waterfalls, causes an exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the water. Agriculture, industry, hydroelectric generators and homes that need water to drink and for domestic use depend on these resources and, thus, we must protect mountainous areas as a means of survival.（分数：10.00）(1).The author of this text states that______.（分数：2.00）A.the problem of obtaining good drinking water has plagued man throughout timeB.palatability is synonymous with purity of waterC.most of the world's water is unusable as a water supplyD.man no longer depends on desalinization for his water supply(2).The author believes that industry avoids salt water because______.（分数：2.00）A.water is needed for livestockB.crops must be considered before man-made productsC.it is used in desalinization plantsD.it causes corrosion(3).Streams would purify themselves if not for______.（分数：2.00）A.human beingsB.natureC.chlorinationD.mountains(4).By saying that nature "has its own way of purifying water"(Line 5, Para. 3)the author is referring to______.（分数：2.00）A.aerationB.filtrationC.chlorinationD.absorption(5).The best title for this text is______.（分数：2.00）A.The Water Problem: The Dangers AheadB.The Water Supply Problem: Our OptionsC.The Mountains: Our Only Hope for WaterD.Water Conservation: The Challenges Ahead。

考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷98(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.C．How women have been struggling for full membership of the Stock Exchange.D．How women were gradually allowed to work in the Stock Exchange.正确答案：D解析：从文中内容可知，A、B两个选项与文章无关，应首先排除。

C项应排除，本文重点并不是讲述妇女如何斗争，如何争取进入证券交易所，而是讲述证券交易所的理事会怎样阻挠妇女进入证券交易所，但同时又不得不逐步退让，让妇女进入交易所工作。

只有D项为正确答案。

知识模块：阅读理解When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get a good score on a certain kind of test, or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a style of life, a life, a way of behaving in various situations. The true test of intelligence is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when we don’t know what to do. The intelligent person, young or old, meeting a new situation or problem, opens himself up to it. He tries to take in with mind and senses everything he can about it. He thinks about it, instead of about himself or what it might cause to happen to him. He grapples with it boldly, imaginatively, resourcefully, and if not confidently, at least hopefully; if he fails to master it, he looks without fear or shame at his mistakes and learns what he can from them. This is intelligence. Clearly its roots lie in a certain feeling about life, and one’s self with respect to life. Just as clearly, unintelligence is not what most psychologists seem to suppose, the same thing as intelligence, only less of it. It is an entirely different style of behavior, arising out of entirely different set of attitudes. Years of watching and comparing bright children with the not-bright, or less bright, have shown that they are very different kinds of people. The bright child is curious about life and reality, eager to get in touch with it, embrace it, unite himself with it. There is no wall, no barrier, between himself and life. On the other hand, the dull child is far less curious, far less interested in what goes on and what is real, more inclined to live in a world of fantasy. The bright child likes to experiment, to try things out. He lives by the maxim that there is more than one way to skin a cat. If he can’t do something one way, he’ll try another. The dull child is usually afraid to try at all. It takes a great deal of urging to get him to try even once; if that try fails, he is through. Nobody starts off stupid. Hardly an adult in a thousand, or ten thousand could in any three years of his life learn as much, grow as much in his understanding of the world around him, as every infant learns and grows in his first three years. But what happens, as we grow older, to this extraordinary capacity for learning and intellectual growth? What happens is that it is destroyed, and more than by any other one thing, it is destroyed by the process that we misname education—a process that goes on in most homes and schools.5．The writer believes that intelligence is______.A．doing well in schoolB．doing well on some examinationsC．a certain type of behaviorD．good scores on tests正确答案：C解析：本题的依据是文章第1段的第2句话By intelligence we mean a style of life，a life，a way of behaving in various situations，从中可知C项为正确答案。

医学博士外语模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: How is Bill? I heard that he’ s got his ankle hurt severely. M: Well, that jolly fellow is in good shape now.Q: What do we learn about Bill from this conversation?1．A．He has hurt his uncle severely.B．He benefits a lot from doing exercises.C．He is very happy to have a better figure now.D．He is in good health now.正确答案：D解析：文中指出Bill脚踝受伤了，但现在已经in good shape即“处于良好的健康状况”，故D项正确。

听力原文：M: What kind of father am I? My only son almost died and I didn’ t even know he was ill.W: Don’ t blame yourself. You are too busy to pay attention to him. If his mother were still alive, things would have been much better. Q: Why does the man blame himself?2．A．His only son is dying.B．His mother died some years ago.C．He didn’ t look after his sick wife.D．He hasn’ t taken good care of his son.正确答案：D解析：从男子的话“I didn’t even know he was ill”可以看出他为没有照看好儿子而自责，故D项正确。

考博英语模拟试题一、阅读理解（共4篇，每篇5题，每题2分，共40分）阅读下列文章，然后回答后面的问题。

文章一：随着全球化的发展，英语作为国际交流的主要语言，其重要性日益凸显。

然而，对于非英语母语国家的学生来说，学习英语往往是一项挑战。

本文将探讨英语学习的难点以及应对策略。

1. 英语中存在大量的不规则动词，这些动词的过去式和过去分词形式往往没有规律可循。

例如，“go”的过去式是“went”，而“eat”的过去分词是“eaten”。

学生需要通过大量的记忆和实践来掌握这些不规则形式。

2. 英语的发音对于许多非母语者来说也是一个难题。

英语中有多种音标，而且不同地区口音的差异也会影响学习者的理解。

因此，提高听力和口语能力需要大量的听力训练和模仿练习。

3. 英语词汇量庞大，学习者需要不断扩充词汇量。

除了课本学习，阅读英文原著、观看英文电影和参加英语角等活动都是有效的学习方式。

4. 英语语法结构复杂，尤其是从句的使用。

学习者需要通过练习和分析来掌握不同从句的用法。

5. 英语文化背景知识也是学习过程中不可忽视的一部分。

了解英语国家的历史、文化和习俗可以帮助学习者更好地理解语言背后的深层含义。

问题：1. 英语中不规则动词的难点在于它们的什么？2. 为什么英语发音对于非母语者来说是一个挑战？3. 扩充英语词汇量的有效方法有哪些？4. 英语语法中哪个部分对于学习者来说较为复杂？5. 为什么了解英语国家的文化背景对学习者很重要？文章二：在现代科技的推动下，人工智能（AI）技术正迅速发展，并逐渐渗透到我们生活的方方面面。

AI技术不仅在工业生产中发挥着重要作用，也在医疗、教育、交通等领域展现出巨大的潜力。

1. AI技术在医疗领域的应用主要体现在辅助诊断、个性化治疗和远程医疗等方面。

通过深度学习算法，AI能够分析大量的医疗数据，帮助医生做出更准确的诊断。

2. 在教育领域，AI可以提供个性化学习方案，根据学生的学习进度和理解能力，调整教学内容和难度，从而提高学习效率。

考博英语模拟试卷63(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Cloze 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionAt no time in history has there been such a mass movement of people from countryside to city as is happening now. By the year 2030, it’ s estimated that more than two thirds of the word’s population will be living in cities, twice as many as today. This means that the problems faced by cities to day-overcrowding, poor housing, unemployment, poverty, and lack of food water--will be twice as had in the next century, unless we find solutions soon. Another serious issue is how to provide good transport to their citizens. Many world’s major cities are already struggling with out-of-date transport infrastructures. How can they deal with the additional demands in the 21stcentury? London is a good example. It was the world’ s first big city--the first with a population of a mil lion people. Its enlargement was made possible by the invention of the steam engine, which powered the world’s first underground railway. But its transport systems are now hopelessly out-of-date, and need urgent modernization. London’s future success depends very much on transport. Over a million people travel into central London every day from outside the city. They, and the people who live in London, want a public transport system that is fragment, safe and environmentally friendly. What they often get, however, falls far short of that ideal. Commuters complain about disorder, cost and pollution, while businesses worry about the problems their staff have in getting to work on time. Yet, the proportion of London households that own a car grew from just over 10 per cent in the early 1950s to over 60 percent today. As the city has become increasingly crowded and polluted, there has been a growing realization that action is needed.1．It is believed that ______.A．overpopulation causes the problems in citiesB．two-thirds of the world’ s population are living in cities todayC．it isn’ t difficult to solve the problems faced by cities todayD．with fewer people, we would be free from any problems正确答案：A解析：第一段提到2030年估计世界多于2/3的人口将会居住在城市，这意味着the problems faced by cities today．．．will be twice as had in the next century，unless we find solutions soon，可见是人口过度导致城市面临诸多问题。

2020年浙江大学考博英语真题及答案SectionⅠ listening comprehension (20 marks,1 mark each )Part ADirections: You will hear a passage about Disneyland’s Opening Day in 1915. Listen and complete the sentence in questions 1-5 with the information you’ve heard. Write not more than 3 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.Part BDirections: You will hear a passage about Harvard Extension School. Answer the questions 6-10 while you listen. Use not more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the question.Part CDirections: Questions 11-13 are based on the followingpassage about John Grisham. You now have 15 seconds to read choices for question11-13.Directions: Questions 14-16 are based on the following passage about Changes When Becoming Grandparents. You now have 15 seconds to read choices for question14-16.Directions: Questions 17-20 are based on the following passage about Ecotourism. You now have 15 seconds to read choices for question17-20.Section Ⅱ Vocabulary (15 marks,1 mark each ) Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Ⅰ with a single line through the centre.21. “Like most foreigner, I ask a lot of questions, some of which are insultingly silly. But everyone I ＿has answered those questions with patience and honesty.A. come acrossB. come byC. come overD. come into22. Among picture books for 4-8 years olds, severaloutstanding works appeared that combined original stories with＿ illustrations.A. imaginableB. imaginativeC. imagingD. imageless23. As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracle appearsto depend on seeming＿: The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.A. interruptionB. descriptionC. qualificationD. contradiction24.The party leader justified his subsequentre-election＿that he had brought political stabilityand economic development to his country.A. in the wayB. by no meansC. on the groundsD. to the extent25.A leading British scholar has proposed translating Shakespeare into contemporary English＿young audiences who are confused by jokes which are 400 yearsout of date.A. in memory ofB. at the cost ofC. on behalf ofD. for the benefit of26.The objective of this popular consultation is todetermine,＿, the final political status of the region, whether to remain of the country as a special district, or to part from it.A. once upon a timeB. once and againC.all at once D. once and fall all27. The＿choice for a consumer, therefore, is the choice among the available ones that will enable himor her to maximize utility.A. optimalB. optionalC. opticalD. optimistic28. The Adult Vocational College is an opportunity to gain the right qualifications for various careers, forit offers an＿ range of subjects and courses.A. additionalB. excessiveC. adequateD. extensive29.It’s disturbing to note how many of crimes we do know about were detected＿, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.A. by accidentB. on scheduleC. in generalD. at intervals30. In calculating the daily calories requirements foran individual, variations in body size, physicalactivity and age should be＿.A. brought into practiceB. taken into accountC. thrown light onD. look down upon31. The more a nation’s companies＿factories abroad,the smaller that country’s recorded exports will be.A. lieB. locateC. spotD. stand32.The defence lawyer was questioning the old man who was one of the＿of the murder committed last month.A. witnessB. audiencesC. viewersD. observers33. The belief that the universe is improving and that good will＿triumph over evil prevails.A. ultimatelyB. conclusivelyC. feasiblyD. terminally34. It was difficult to build a power station in the deep valley, but it＿as we had hoped.A. came offB. went offC. brought outD. made out35. The local people were joyfully surprise to find the prices of vegetables no longer＿according to theweather.A. evaluatedB. convertedC. fluctuatedD. modifiedSectionⅢ Cloze Test (20 marks, 1 mark each) Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONEthat best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet Ⅰ with a singleline through the centre.SectionⅣ Reading Comprehension (20 marks, 1 mark each)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠ with a single line through the centre.Passage 1At all ages and at all stages of life,At all ages and at all stages of life, fear presents a problem to almost everyone. "We are largely the playthings of our fears," wrote the British author Horace Walpole many years ago. "To one, fear of the dark; to another, of physical pain; to a third, of public ridicule; to afourth, of poverty; to a fifth, of loneliness--for all of us our particular creature waits in a hidden place." Fear is often a useful emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your heartbeat and responses quicken; your pupils expand to admit more light; large quantities of energy-producing adrenaline (肾上激素) are poured into your bloodstream. Confronted with a fire or accident, fear can fuel life-saving flight (逃离). Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical, fear can force you to take self-protective measures. It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger at hand that it becomes a problem.Some people are simply more vulnerable to fear than others. A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of their births, a few fortunate infants respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cry out with profound fright. From birth, he or she is more prone to learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more sensitive.Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly shape and determine our later fears. A young man named Bill, for example, grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a temporary obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage. Using his father as a model, Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problem.Phil's dad, however, spent most of his time trying to protect himself and his family. Afraid to risk the insecurity of a job change, he remained unhappy in one position. He avoided long vacations because "the car might break down." Growing up in such a home, Phil naturally learned to become fearful and tense.56. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, "our particular creature" refers to ______.A. fear of somethingB. a fierce beastC. physical painD. public ridicule57. Fear can be a useful emotion to us because itcan______.A. stimulate many physical changes within our body.B. quicken our heartbeat and response.C. pour large quantities of adrenaline into our bloodstreamD. help us respond quickly to danger and protect ourselves58. Fear becomes a problem only when______.A. the danger is thought greater than itreally isB. the danger is more psychological than physicalC. one cannot stand the dangerD. one is not well prepared for it59. Different responses of newborn infants toa loudly slammed door imply that ______.A. some people are inherently more easily affected by dangerB. people’s response to stimuli is not an inherited f eatureC. some people seem to be very sensitiveto noiseD. people sometimes seem to turn a deaf ear to noise60. Psychologists have found that our later fears are determined largely by our ______.A. home educationB. school educationC. parents’lifestyleD. early experiencesPassage 2Both civilization and culture are fairly m odern words, having come into prominent use during the 19th century by anthropologists, hist orians, and literary figures. There has been a strong tendeny to use them interchangeabl y as though they mean the same thing, but they are not the same. Although modern in t heir usage, the two words derived from ancie nt Latin. The word civilizationis basedon the Latin civis, of a city. Thus civilization, in its most essential meaning, is the ability of people to live together harmoniously in cities, in social groupings.From this definition it would seem that ce rtain insects, such as ants or bees, are al so civilized.They live and work together in social groups . So do some microorganisms. But there is m ore to civilization, and that is what cultur e brings to it. So, civilization is insepara ble form culture. The word culture is derive d from the Latin verb colere, “to till the soil”. But colere also has a wilder range of starting and promoting growth and develo pment. One may cultivate a garden: one may also cultivate one’s interests, mind, and abilities. In its mod ern use the word culture refers to all the positive aspects and achievements of humanit y that make mankind different from the rest of the animal world. Culture has grown out of creativity, a characteristic that seems to be unique to human beings. One of the b asic and best-known features of civilization and culture is the presence of tools. But more important than their simple existence is that the tools are always being improved a nd enlarged upon, a result for creativity. I t took thousands of years to get from the first wheel to the latest,most advanced model of automobile. It is the concept of humans as toolmakers and improve s that differentiates them from other animals . A monkey may use a stick to knock a ban ana from a tree,but that stick will never, through a monkey’s cleverness, be modified into a hook or a ladder.Monkeys have never devised a spoken languag e, written a book, composed a melody, builta house, or painted a portrait. To say th at birds build nests and beavers their densis to miss the point. People once lived i n caves, but their cleverness, imagination an d creativity led them to progress beyond cav es to buildings.61. What does the author think of the words“civilization”and “culture”?A. They are identicalB. They are different concepts.C. They can often be used interchangeably.D. They are denied different by different pe ople62. According to the author the word “civil ization” originally refers to ______.A. people’s way of life in citiesB. people’s ability to live together in citiesC. a type of social organizationsD. an advanced level of social life63. The Latin verb colere originally means“______”.A. live in a cityB. develop oneselfC. promote growthD. cultivate the land64. The author believes that creativity _______.A. is a unique feature of civilized beingsB. brings forth the improvement of toolsC. is the result of human developmentD. helps the advance of culture65. The author mentions monkeys in the last paragraph to show that _______.A. monkeys are the same as birdsB. people once lived in caves like monke ysC. monkeys can never develop into human beingsD. man is different fromother animals such as monkeysPassage 3Job-related illnesses are growing in freque ncy. In 1985, there were 390,000 cases of i llnesses that were job related, including lun g and bladder(膀胱) cancers, skin ailments, emphysema(肺肿), and heart disease. There were also 100,000 deaths. Many of these illnesses and deat hs are attributable to chemically hazardous s ubstances.An obvious approach to reducing occupationa l illnesses is to rid the workplace of the chemical agents or toxins that are the sou rce of many of the problems. However, someti mes that is not financially feasible or tech nicallypossible. An alternative approachis to capitalize on the fact that not all individu als are equally susceptible to health hazards in the workplace. For example, until the e arly 1970s when strict safety standards were introduced, allworkers in shipbuilding plants were exposed to excessively high levels of asbestos(石棉) dust, yet only some have, or will devel op, respiratory problems such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and emphysema. Researchers have begun only a certain portion to attack the puzzling problem of work groups that are “h yper susceptible”to particular chemical agents or toxins. One approach is to use geneti c information as a means of differentiating between those who will and will not have ad verse reactions to the toxin. At present, th ere are several known genetic markers that s ignal an individual’s predisposition to developing health problems in the presence of certain working conditio ns. For example, people with a pair of gene s deficient in an enzyme called G-6-PD are more likely than others to experience a brea kdown of red blood cells and consequent anem ia(贫血) when they work with chemicals contained in TNT, or types of antimalarial drugs(抗疟药). Recent researchalso suggests hat presence of a defective ge ne on the eleventh chromosome(染色体) reduces thebody’s ability to remove excess cholesterol(胆固醇) deposits from artery walls(动脉壁), thuspredisposing carries of the gene to coronary artery(冠状动脉) disease. Presumably, individuals with this genetic anomaly(异常) would be more likely to have heart problems when stressful job si tuations are encountered thanthose without it. Accordingly, genetic screeni ng is based on the premise that individuals have different genetic markers and some of these differences can be used to predict p redisposition to occupational diseases. Thereis some evidence that certain companies have used the genetic screening to control the incidence of job-related illnesses.Some of the companies also had taken acti on as a result of the tests, including warn ing employees about potential health problems, transferring employees, suggesting that emplo yees seek otherjobs, using the data for replacement purposes , or changing the production process.66. The author states in the passage that chemically dangerous substances in the workplac e _____. A. have nothing to do with occup ational illnessesB. are responsible for many occupational il lnessesC. play a minor role in bringing about su ch occupational diseases as lung cancer and emphysemaD. usually give rise to skin ailments67. The author gives an example of workers in shipbuilding plants _______.A. to show that workers are usually subje ct to bad working conditionsB. to prove there were no safety standard s before 1970C. to warn workers against respiratory pro blemsD. to show that not allworkers exposed to chemically dangerous substa nces are liable to occupational illnesses68. How many occupational diseases are listed in this passage?A. SixB. SevenC. EightD. Nine69. According to the passage, when a person has a defective gene on the eleventh chrom osome, he or she is in the riskof developing _____.A. coronary artery diseaseB. pulmonary diseaseC. respiratory diseaseD. bladder cancer70. This passage is mainly about _____.A. how to reduce job-related diseaseB. the incidence of job-related diseasesC. genetic testing and the preventionof job-related diseasesD. the functions of genetic markersPassage 4The work that women do has always been f undamental to the global economy. But theircontribution hasn’t registered with traditional economic institu tions because so much of it hasbeen nonmonetary. In fact, one common economi c term for nonmonetary work is inactivity. I t’s that attitude that has made women’s work invisible. No wonder the battle cry of the women’s was equality. By moving into the world of paid work, in rich countries at least, wom en have indeedupped their visibility. But I doubt that you could make a very conclusive case that they have become equal to men. The United Nations estimated in 1993 that ec onomic equality between the sexes would take, at the pace then prevailing, 1000 years to achieve.The media love female high fliers, the handf ul of company directors and CEOs who are tr ottedout time and again as evidence of thegains women have made. But they are not truly representative of the average working woman, sad dled with a double burden as she tries to balance her job with life as a mother and homemaker. This balancing act is a formula f or unfulfillment. It would havebeen farmore equitable for women in the long run if it was the nonmonetary work that h ad been shared out --- if, for example, men spent more than afraction of the time with their childrenthattheir wives do. Andbelieve that, in practice, most women would prefer simple fairness to economic equality. As my friend Hazel Henderson says, our kids didn’t want to see us turn into the best bloody men. Still, it’sery much a trend to focus on the global e conomic impact of women, particularlyas it’s felt in the small-scale initiatives that w omen have established around the world. Deali ng directly with economically marginalized com munities and cooperatives around the globe, I’ve seen howwomen hold a society together. Ec onomic opportunity means much more to them t han money. It also fosters the fundamentals of self-esteem: education, health care, cultur al continuity and the chance to protect the past while shaping a future.A sense of community is one of the so-calle d “feminine”values that ethical business t hinkers put forward in their quest for new paradigms. These values reflectintimatepersonal and cultural attributes that are in many w ays the reverse of the global-market syndrome , which is all about distance, impersonality and the movement of capitalregardless of hu man consequence. You don’t have to wonder what would happen if we c ould feminize economic activity and economic relations. There is already plenty of evidenc e in the work of some pioneering female thi nkers whose concern about the society their childrenwill inherit promises to fundamentallychange global economics. In fact most of t he financial sector’s innovative thinking on socially responsive investing has come from women.Why am I not surprised? Globalization is a mug’s game being played in a Man’s world. I can imagine a day when compassio n counts as much as cash flow. After all, the challenges that confront thebusiness world already demand a holistic perspective. And who is going to be best equipped to face t hat future?71. According to the writer, most women ____ ___.A. want to demonstrate how responsible they arein doing businessB. are ignorant of the global economyC. just seek simple fairness rather than q ualityD. are fed up with their husbands’spending less time their children72.The expression “saddled with”in Line10 of Paragraph 2 means _______.A. let downB. put upwithC. played upD. burdened with73. The fifth paragraph suggests that in economic activity and economic relations, wome n ______A. are much more compassionate tha n menB. are less qualified than menC. can make a lot of intimate friendsD. attach much importance to economic con sequences74. By saying “Globalization is a mug’s game being played in a man’s world”, the writer means _______.A. it is men who can really have the ec onomic globalization materializedB. men are unlikely to succeed in economi c globalizationC. men do not take economic globalization seriouslyD. it is a piece of cake for men to gl obalize the world economy75. The writer implies inthe last paragraph that the persons whoare going to be best equipped in world economy are _______.A. university studentsB. futuristsC. menD. womenSection Ⅴ Translation (25marks)Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.76.一直以来，哈佛大学要求在校本科生除了自己的主修专业课程之外，还要修习一系列课程，以确保他们受到的本科教育涵盖了宽泛的研究课题和研究方法。

考博英语模拟试卷118(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Reading Comprehension Structure and V ocabulary1．With her last child having left home, she felt a ______ need to fill her time.A．tenseB．thoroughC．pressingD．small正确答案：C2．it is generally thought that as teachers work with students, psychology course work is ______ to teacher-training.A．indispensableB．inviolateC．indisposedD．invariable正确答案：A3．The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair to ______ their lives.A．overflowB．scatterC．permeateD．manipulate正确答案：C4．Fear of pirate ______ led the French to fortify their coastline.A．excursionsB．incursionsC．transmigrationsD．transmogrifications正确答案：B5．During the oil crisis of the 1970s, many states ______ speed limits to reduce gasoline use.A．implantedB．imposedC．impairedD．impressed正确答案：B6．Over-taxation, many argue, impedes initiative, so that government income may actually ______.A．mushroomB．capsizeC．shrinkD．dispel正确答案：C7．The assassin hid himself carefully from view before ______ his future victim.A．drawing fromB．drawing upC．drawing withD．drawing on正确答案：D8．He never exerts himself to aid those trying to ______ a difficult situation.A．rectifyB．modifyC．solidifyD．verify正确答案：A9．His alibi was fishy, yet ______ to close scrutiny.A．stood stillB．withstoodC．stood upD．stood off正确答案：C10．Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many countries which seems to indicate that ______ depends on profession or title.A．prestigeB．superiorityC．privilegeD．merit正确答案：A11．The majority of the observers at the conference, in contradistinction to the delegates, were opposed to ratification.A．adjournmentB．distributionC．tablingD．approval正确答案：D12．Although it was none of my business I asked her if the one she was lamenting for was in any way kin.A．speaking forB．running risks forC．pleading forD．mourning for正确答案：D13．I could never spend the time that he does pouring over sports magazines, compiling intricate lists, and calculating averages.A．delicateB．incomprehensibleC．meaninglessD．complicated正确答案：D14．In England, Latin appears never to have superseded the old Gaelic speech among the people.A．joinedB．replacedC．influencedD．given way to正确答案：B15．Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall impeded our best attempts at rescuing the victims.A．encouragedB．hinderedC．nullifiedD．crowned正确答案：B16．Death ensued as a result of suffocation.A．heart failureB．an accidentC．diseaseD．asphyxiation正确答案：D17．We must safeguard against coerced confessions.A．bribedB．emotionalC．unprofitableD．forced正确答案：D18．My attention was engaged by the article’s caption.A．graphB．authorC．contentsD．title正确答案：D19．The report was unusual in that it insinuated corruption on the part of the minister.A．deniedB．suggestedC．proposedD．stated正确答案：B20．When a newspaper prints an inaccurate date for an event, universal chagrin results.A．discomfitureB．amusementC．reprisalD．loss of profit正确答案：AGrammar21．______ sugar ______ salt is oil water.A．Not as... asB．No more than... asC．Not more than... isD．Not more than... as正确答案：B22．His mother frequently denies him permission to do things, and that is ______.A．everB．thisC．thatD．over正确答案：C23．The staff in pediatrics ______ rushed whereas the geriatric ward is not busy at all.A．is nearly alwaysB．nearly is alwaysC．always is nearlyD．is always nearly正确答案：A24．Anais Nin’s diaries are often scandalous, probably because she describes herself as she is rather than ______.A．others define herB．as others define herC．her definition by othersD．she is defined by others正确答案：B25．______ , the mayor conceded defeat in his bid for re-election.A．Having racked up a lead of some 150000 votesB．Having been racked up a lead of some 150000 votesC．His opponent having racked up a lead of some 150000 votesD．His opponent racking up a lead of some 150000 votes正确答案：C26．Never has a scientific explanation emerged, ______ someone somewhere has objected to it.A．thatB．whichC．whomD．but正确答案：D27．Your mentor and friend ______ to support me in my financial, undertaking.A．have consentedB．has consentedC．have been consentingD．are consented正确答案：B28．Due in large part to the complexity of its structure--over two hundred bones ______ together by ligaments--the human skeleton is a marvel of architectural construction.A．bindingB．boundC．boundedD．bind正确答案：B29．In as much as a year does not elapse without a certain number of villagers falling victim to the ferocity of a tiger, its roar is ______ heard by the natives ______ feelings of terror.A．not... withB．not... withoutC．seldom... withD．always... without正确答案：B30．I regret to say that your thesis requires more thinking than ______ for the problem is exceedingly complex.A．to be put inB．has been put inC．being put inD．have been put in正确答案：B31．One of the (more intriguing) theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that the population (may destroy) their ziggurats and (abandoned) their metropolis in anger against the deities that permitted (so long) a famine.A．more intriguingB．may destroyC．abandonedD．so long正确答案：B32．In the bush, the ill (took it to be) only logical (if) the one who could dure an illness (should also possess) the ability of causing it, and (that) even at a distance.A．took it to beB．ifC．should also possessD．that正确答案：B33．Ores which (are occurred) naturally (as) elements, such as gold (are of) extreme rarity and (are occasionally) of high value.A．are occurredB．asC．are ofD．are occasionally正确答案：A34．Unless (they are so permitted) by the attending (physician), no visitors or relatives (can) enter, the (patient’s) roomA．they are so permittedB．physicianC．canD．patient’s正确答案：C35． A rigorous alertness (must be) (adhered) when (notetaking) with the inessential ignored (and) the superfluous eliminated.A．must beB．adheredC．notetakingD．and正确答案：B36．It is (largely) through perspiration, (or) the evaporation of water (through) the pores, that humans(rid them) of excess moisture.A．largelyB．orC．throughD．rid them正确答案：D37．(Provided) the computer is (given) correct information (to start), accuracy (is) another outstanding advantage.A．ProvidedB．givenC．to startD．is正确答案：C38．And (so early) every morning (therefore), but not before the infant (bathed), (did she betake) herself to the outhouse.A．so earlyB．thereforeC．bathedD．did she betake正确答案：C39．He (stood) on tiptoe, (stretching) as far as he could, (however), still, he (could not reach) the book.A．stoodB．stretchingC．howeverD．could not reach正确答案：C40．(As gentle as possible), and (with help from) an assistant, the veterinarian examined the hippo to determine (if) (she) was pregnant.A．As gentle as possibleB．with help fromC．ifD．she正确答案：AReading ComprehensionResearchers disagree whether the “use it or lose it”philosophy holds for cognitive aging, but there is one evidence that keeping mentally active can slow age-related declines. At Pennsylvania State University, Sherry Willis and her husband, K. Warner Schaie, have studied 5000 people, some since 1956. People lucky enough to avoid chronic diseases may also fare better in intellectual function, they find, perhaps because chronic diseases can restrict lifestyle and reduce mental stimulation. Similarly, those lucky enough to be relatively affluent also fare better, perhaps because money can buy intellectually stimulating things like travel. Education helps, too, researchers say because of instills the conviction that you can always learn something new. The Schaie-Willis team also has some other observations. Being in a stable marriage with a stimulating spouse, they say, helps maintain intellectual vigor. Flexibility counts too. People who stay mentally vibrant are often those who do not insist that “they must do things today as they did before”Schaie says. In neuropsychological terms, the ability to see problems in new ways often yields higher scores on tests of-mental function. And people satisfied with life also stay more mentally fit, he says. If you find your mental skills sagging, consider working on specific deficits. When Willis gave 5-hour tutorials on inductive reasoning or spatial skills to about 200 people whose skills had declined in the previous 14 years, 40 percent regained lost abilities. That advantage held up seven years late when they were retested. Other ways to stay sharp, Schaie says, are doing jigsaw puzzles to hone visuo-spatial skills, working crossword puzzles for verbal skills, playing bridge for memory and simply matching wits at home with players on TV game shows. Finally, remember this. Even though you may lose some mental skills with normal aging, you also gain in one key area: wisdom. The growth of wisdom continues throughout the 40s, 50s and even 60s.41．In the passage, the author mainly discuss ______.A．the role mental stimulation in preventing mental aging,B．gradual loss of mental skills with normal aging.C．the relationship between mental function and spatial skills.D．effective ways to keep intellectual vigor.正确答案：D42．The word “it” in the saying “use it or lose it” (paragraph 1) refer to ______.A．brain powerB．cognitive developmentC．mental stimulatingD．intellectual function正确答案：A43．According ;to the researchers, which of the following factors affects cognitive aging?A．EducationB．Chronic illnessC．Standard of livingD．All of the above正确答案：D44．From this passage we may safely infer that ______ might help prevent mental declines.A．physical exercisesB．social interconnectionsC．rigid daily routinesD．a healthy diet正确答案：A45．According to the author, all of the following can truly be said about wisdom EXCEPT that ______.A．wisdom may be thought of as a special form of abilities and knowledge completely developed with life experience.B．wisdom may still grow even when the process of mental aging started.C．wisdom is superior in importance to mental skills such as inductive reasoning and spatial skills.D．wisdom makes up an important part of brain power.正确答案：CGeneration gaps are nothing new. Imperfect communication between age groups plagued the ancient Greeks and current works alike. Many an older worker chafes at an under-30 colleague who surfs the Internet, listens to his Sony Walkman and chats on the phone or with his desk mate, all while working on a projectdue in an hour. Sometimes, of course, he isn’t corking, and that’s a whole different issue. But sometimes he is getting lots of great stuff done. In the meantime, the different work styles create a case of “Would you please shut up” vs. “Lighten up. Get a life”Marc Prensky, vice president of Bankers Trust and founder of its interactive learning subsidiary, Corporate Gameware, was on point in Across the board, a publication of the conference board. The business research organization titled Prensky’s article “Twitch Speed,”a reference to the fast pace of video game play. Today under-30 workers likely grew up in a multimedia, technology-rich, twitch-speed environment. Prensky says they simultaneously did homework, watched TV and listened to music; this exposure changed the ways they receive and process information. Baby boomers and older workers may or may not have done homework by TV, but much else has changed. Sociologists say the over-30s are more likely to want room doors close. TV off, one thing happening at a time, quiet, please! When the two heritages clash in the workplace, it pits comfort with speed and “multitasking”against comfort with deliberation and focused concentration. Sound familiar? If the gap has become a chasm in your workplace, it’s time to talk. Both work styles can be productive, but both sides need to make accommodations so the other’s productivity isn’t impaired.46．This passage is mainly talking about ______.A．generation gapsB．work styles of different age groupsC．lack of mutual understanding between the old and the youngD．imperfect communication between old and young workers正确答案：B47．From the context we may figure out that the word “plagued” (paragraph 1 ) means ______.A．annoyedB．infectedC．damagedD．affected正确答案：C48．According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A．Older workers often feel annoyed about their young colleagues’attitudes towards work.B．Younger workers always do a good job of their work though they prefer to listen to music or chat with others while working.C．The different work styles may sometimes lead to an unnecessary argument.D．Older workers are used to working in a comfortable and quiet environment sothat they can fully concentrate on what they are doing.正确答案：B49．The author agrees with Marc Prensky on the point that younger workers prefer a “multitasking” style because ______.A．they are smart and energeticB．they have the special ability to perform several tasks at the same time.C．brought up in a special cultural background, they have developed a behavioral pattern different from that of their older colleagues.D．they have been trained to receive and process information in a special way.正确答案：C50．The author maintains that both sides should ______ if the two pattern work styles clash headlong.A．be patientB．realize that both work styles are productiveC．make efforts to avoid doing damage to the other’s productivityD．make compromise to bridge the gulf between them正确答案：CA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed test, so much the better. A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulses. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often g0.ilty of cruelty than those who had not. Every child has aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises form the child having heard the story once. familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into other pleasure of the fear faced and mastered. There are also people who object fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that faints, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc, do not exist, and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their ease were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering atelephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girlfriend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external work and no sane child had ever believed that it was.51．The author considers that a fairy story is more effective when it is ______.A．repeated without variationB．treated with reverenceC．adapted by the parentD．set in the present正确答案：C52．Some people dislike fairy stories they feel that they ______.A．tempt people to be cruel to childrenB．show the primitive cruelty in childrenC．lend themselves to undesirable experiments with childrenD．increase a tendency by which children’s impulses may be正确答案：D53．Fairy stories are a means by which children’s impulses may be ______.A．beneficially channeledB．given a destructive tendencyC．held back until maturityD．effectively suppressed正确答案：A54．The advantage claimed for repeating fairy stories to young children is that it ______.A．makes them come to terms with their fearsB．develops their power of memoryC．convinces them there is nothing to be afraid ofD．encourages them not to have ridiculous beliefs正确答案：C55．The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to suggest that ______.A．fairy stories are still being made upB．there is confusion about different kinds of truthC．people try to modernize old fairy storiesD．there is more concern for children’s fears nowadays正确答案：BNo other country spends what we do per capita for medical care. The care available is among the Best technically, even if used too lavishly and thus dangerously, but none of the countries that stand above us in health status have such a high proportion of medically disenfranchised persons. Given the evidence that medical care is not that valuable and access to care is nor that had, it seems most unlikely that our bad showing is caused By the significant proportion who are poorly served. Other hypotheses have greater explanatory power: excessive poverty, both actual and relative, and excessive affluence. Excessive poverty is probably more prevalent in the U. S. than in any of the countries that have a better infant mortality rate and female life expectancy at birth. This is probably true also for all but four or five of the countries with a longer male life expectancy. In the notably poor counties that exceed us in male survival, difficult living conditions are a more accepted way of life and in several of them, a good basic diet, basic medical care and basic education, and lifelong employment opportunities are an everyday fact of life. In the U. S. a motional unemployment level of 10 percent can be 40 percent in the ghetto while less than 4 percent elsewhere. The countries that have surpassed us in health do not have such severe or entrenched problems. Nor are such a high proportion of their people involve in them. Excessive affluence is not so obvious a cause of ill health, but, at least until recently, few other nations could afford such unhealthful ways of living, excessive intake of animal protein and fats, dangerous intake of alcohol and use of tobacco and drugs (prescribed and proscribed), and dangerous recreational sports and driving habits are all possible only because of affluence. Our heritage, desires, opportunities, and our machismo, combined with the relatively low cost of had foods and speedy vehicles, make us particularly vulnerable to our affluence. And those who are not affluent try harder. Our unacceptable health status, then, will not be improved appreciably by expanded medical resources nor by their redistribution so much as by a general attempt to improve the quality of life for all.56．All of the following are mentioned in the passage as factors affecting the health of the population EXCEPT ______.A．the availability of medical care servicesB．the genetic endowment of individualsC．the nation’s relative position in health statusD．an individual’s own behavior正确答案：C57．The author is primarily concerned with ______.A．condemning the U. S. for its failure to provide better medical care to the poor.B．evaluating the relative significance of factors contributing to the poor healthstatus in the U.S.C．comparing the general health of the U. S. population with world averagesD．advocating specific measures designed to improve the health of U. S. population正确答案：B58．The passage best supports which of the following conclusions about the relationship between per capita expenditure of the health of a population?A．The per capita expenditure for medical care has relatively little effect on the total amount of medical care available to a population.B．The genetic makeup of a population is a more powerful determinant of the health of a population than the per capital expenditure for medical care.C．A population may have very high per capita expenditures for medical care and yet have a lower health status than other populations with lower per capita expenditures.D．The higher the per capita expenditure on medical care, the more advanced is the medical technology; and the more advanced the technology, the better is the health of the population.正确答案：C59．The author refers to the excessive intake of alcohol and tobacco and drug use in order to ______.A．show that some heath problems cannot be attacked by better medical care.B．demonstrate that use of tobacco and intoxicants is detrimental to health.C．cite examples of individual behavior that have adverse consequences for health status.D．illustrate ways in which affluence may contribute to poor health status.正确答案：D60．The passage provides information m answer which of the following questions?A．Which is the most powerful influence on the health status of a population?B．Which nation in the world leads in health status?C．Is the life expectancy of males in the U. S. longer than of females?D．What are the most important genetic factors influencing the health of an individual?正确答案：AIn the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that anymajor change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illness of a family member”were high on the list but so were some positive life-changing events like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress, it only shows how much you have chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness.”“If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy,” the articles said, “avoid stressful events.” But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, many, like the death of a loved one, are impossible to avoid. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulnerable and passive in the face of adversity. But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom and mental strain.61．The result of Holmes-Rahe’s medical research tell us ______.A．the way you handle major events may cause stressB．what should be done to avoid stressC．what kind of event would cause stressD．how to cope with sudden changes in life正确答案：C62．The studies on stress in the early 1970’s led to ______.A．widespread concern over its harmful effectsB．great panic over the mental disorder it could causeC．intensive research into stress-related illnessesD．popular avoidance of stressful jobs正确答案：A63．The score of the Holmes-Rahe test shows ______.A．how much pressure you are underB．how positive events can change you lifeC．how stressful a major event can beD．how you can deal with life-changing events正确答案：A64．Why is “such simplistic advice” (Line Par A.3) impossible to follow?A．No one can stay on the same job for longB．No prescription is effective in relieving stressC．People have to get married somedayD．You could be missing opportunities as well正确答案：D65．According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become ______.A．nervous when faced with difficultiesB．physically and mentally strainedC．more capable of coping with adversityD．indifferent toward what happens to them正确答案：C“Most episodes of absent-mindedness--forgetting where you lift something or wondering why you just entered a room--are caused by a simple lack of attention,”says Schacter, “you are supposed to remember something but you haven’t encoded deeply.” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you are involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe. “Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter, “rather you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.”Laek of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.’ Women have slightly better memories than men possibly because they pay more attention to their environment and memory relies on just that. “Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness.”says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available,”he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table--don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness like walking into a room and wondering why you’re there is most likely because you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time,’ says Zelinske. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room and you will likely remember.66．Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?A．It helps us understand our memory system better.B．It enables us to recall something from our memory.C．It expands our memory capacity considerably.D．It slows down the process of losing our memory.正确答案：B67．One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that ______.A．they have a wider range of interestsB．they are more reliant on the environmentC．they have an unusual power of focusing their attentionD．they are more interested in what’s happening around them正确答案：D68．A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because ______.A．it will easily get lostB．it’s not clear enough for you to readC．it’s out of your sightD．it might get mixed up with other things正确答案：C69．What do we learn from the last paragraph?A．If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.B．Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.C．Repetition helps improve our memory.D．If we keep forgetting things, we’d better return to where we were.正确答案：B70．What is the passage mainly about?A．The process of gradual memory loss.B．The causes of absent-mindedness.C．The impact of the environment on memory.D．A way of encoding and recalling.正确答案：BIt is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean’s largest creature, Which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior. So biologists were delighted early this year when with the help of the Navy they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43。

考博英语模拟试题Part I Cloze (0. 5 x 20 = 10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.The most famous painter in Victoria's history is Emily Carr. When she was a child，she discovered that walking in the woods 1 more to her than playing with other children, and that she was more interested in 2 the streets of old Victoria than playing at home with 3 and spending her time making up.Emily was a cute little girl who spent 4 of her childhood in Beacon Hill Park 5 was very close to her home. Drawing 6 her, and she also liked to play with the pets. She had ducks and chickens, and even 7 a monkey. She was 8 interested in the First Nations people and the Chinese people she saw in Victoria's Chinatown. Their culture and way of dressing seemed so 9 from her own.As she became a young, strong and 10 woman, Emily began to go on long trips into the forests to11 and draw what she saw. She loved the free and simple 12 of the First Nations people. In the summer of 1895 she went on 13 with two other women to 14 the wilderness along the Cowichan River that runs through Duncan, 15 north of Victoria.She knew more about their lifestyle and the forests of B. C. than 16 other European woman.When you look at her paintings you can sense the 17 of these dark mysterious forests. Her paintings are now very famous and, 18 the dark colors may not be attractive to some people, they19 the beauty and mystery of the deep woods and the skill of a great artist. Emily was a very brave and independent woman. She walked through the woods alone, even though she knew that bears and wolves might be her only 201. A. attracted B. appealed C. allured D. induced2. A. dashing B. strolling C. jogging D. roaming3. A. friends B. mates C. dolls D. parents4. A. much B. lots C. more D. many5. A. where B. which C. since D. it6. A. fascinated B. bewildered C. captured D. indulged7. A. fed B. domesticated C. trained D. confined8. A.particularly B.almost C. constantly D. intrinsically9. A. diverse B.various C. distinct D.outstanding10. A. special B. independent C. lonely D. unaided11. A. paint B. record C. describe D. take12. A. society B. work C. lifestyle D. pace13. A. an adventure B. an exploitation C. a tour D. an expedition14. A. check B. explore C. examine D. search15. A. only B. just C. much D. in16. A. any B. some C. certain D. none17. A. mood B. tone C. taste D. atmosphereI8. A. if B. otherwise C. though D. but19. A. evoke B. arouse C. remind D. raise20. A.enemies B. foods C. companions D. friendsⅡ. Reading comprehension (20 x 2 = 40% )Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions, you are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Passage OneFast food, a mainstay of American eating for decades, may have reached a plateau in the United States as the maturing baby-boom generation looks for a more varied menu. Fast food still represents a $ 102 billion a year industry, but growth has turned sluggish recently amid tough competition from retail food stores and a more affluent population willing to try new things and spend more, analysts say. Signs of trouble in fast food include price-cutting by industry leaders, including efforts by McDonald's to attract customers with a 55 cent hamburger, and major players pulling out or selling. O'Pepsico, for example, is selling its fast-food restaurant division that includes Taco Bell, Pizza Hut and KFC."It's becoming harder and harder for these firms to grow," said Jim Brown, a professor of marketing at Virginia Tech University. "I think in the United States fast food has reached a saturation (饱和) point because of the number of competitors and the number of outlets."Fast-food restaurant revenues grew 2. 5 percent in 1996 according to industry figures, the slowest since the recession of 1991. That is for cry from (大不相同于) the levels of the 1970s and 1980s. According to the Food Marketing Institute, consumers are using supermarkets for 21 percent of take-home food, nearly double the level of a year ago. While fast-food restaurants still lead, their share slipped significantly, from 48 percent in 1996 to 41 percent in 1997."Consumers have never been more demanding than they are today," said Michael Sansolo, senior vice president of the Supermarket Trade Group. "They are pressed for time. Money is still an issue.-, but their tastes are increasingly diverse -- whether it's gourmet foods, ethnic foods or organic offerings."Meanwhile, the aging of the baby-boom population -- and the growth in the number of so-called "empty nesters" with grown children -- has meant a surge in the number of people willing to spend more for upscale items. This generation "will have the luxury of being more discriminating" as their children leave home, notes Harry Balzer, vice president of the Chicago-based NPD consulting group. Balzer said some 18 million baby boomers will become empty-nesters in the next 10 years, leaving them with more disposable income to spend on dining out. "Fast and cheap will still be driving factors.., but our definitions of fast and cheap may be changing."Various reports suggest industry leader McDonald's is struggling, losing market share, with lower same-store sales while cutting back the number of new outlets in the United States, partly due to pressure from franchisers who don't want to be squeezed. The company replaced the head of its 12,000 US restaurant chain last October amid a slump in US market share.21. What does the passage mainly tell about?A. Fast food disappoints consumers.B. People prefer less expensive food.C. McDonald's dominates the market of fast food.D. Fast food is losing its attraction.22. What can we learn from the passage?A. O'Pepsico goes bankrupt.B. The number of supermarkets doubles.C. Jim Brown takes a negative attitude towards the development of fast food.D. McDonald's survives from the competition with retail food stores.23. What is NOT true about baby-boom generation?A. They seek a variety of food.B. They have come of age.C. They will spend more money on food.D. They tend to have luxurious food.24. Which of the following is not mentioned as an influence on people's choices of food?A. Speed and price of the food.B. Diversity of the food.C. Tastes of the consumers.D. Age of the consumers.25. What brings trouble to fast food industry?A. Customers' demand and competition with retailers.B. The aging baby-boomer and diversity of food.C. Competition with retailers and diversity of food.D. Customers' demand and the aging of baby-boomer.Passage TwoParents of wailing (哀号) babies, take comfort: You are not alone. Chimpanzee babies fuss. Sea gull chicks squawk. Burying beetle larvae tap their parents' legs. Throughout the animal kingdom, babies know how to get their parents' attention. Exactly why evolution has produced all this fussing, squawking and tapping is a question many biologists are trying to answer.Someday, that answer may shed some light on the mystery of crying in human babies. "It may point researchers in the right direction to find the cause of excessive crying," said Joseph Soltis, a bioacoustics expert at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista. Florida. Soltis published an article on the evolution of crying in the current issue of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.Young animals vary in how much they cry, squawk or otherwise communicate with their parents, and studies with mice, beetles and monkeys show that this variation is partly based on genes. Some level of crying in humans, of course, is based on gas pains and messy diapers. But as for the genetic contribution, you might expect that natural selection would favor genes for noisier children, since they would get more attention.Before long, however, this sort of deception may be ruinous. If the signals of offspring became totally unreliable, parents would no longer benefit from paying attention. Some evolutionary biologists have proposed that natural selection should therefore favor so-called honest advertisements. Some biologists have speculated that these honest advertisements may not just tell a parent which offspring are hungry. They might also show their parent that they are healthy and vigorous and therefore worth some extra investment. The babies of monkeys cry out to their mothers and tend to cry even more around the time their mothers wean (断奶) them. The mothers, in response, begin to ignore most of their babies' distress calls, since most turn out to be false alarms."Initially, mothers respond any time an infant cries," said Dario Maestripieri, a primatologist at the University of Chicago. "But as the cries increase, they respond less and less. They become more skeptical. So infants start crying less. So they go through these cycles, adjusting their responses."Kim Bard, a primatologist at the University of Plymouth in England, has spent more than a decade observing chimpanzee babies. "Chimps can cry for a long time if something terrible is happening to them, but when you pick them up, they stop," Bard said. "I've never seen anychimpanzees in the first three months of life be inconsolable."Maestripieri and other researchers say these evolutionary forces may have also shaped the cries of human babies. "All primate infants cry." Maestripieri said. "It'sa very conserved behavior. It's not something humans have evolved on their own."26. What can be the most probable title of this passage?A. Parents Bothered by Babies' CryB. Infants Crying for Parents' AttentionC. Clues from Animals on Why Babies CryD. False Cry27. Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?A. Scientists discovered why animal infants cry.B. The difference in the amount of children's cry is somewhat due to genes.C. Babies have a violent reaction to the mother's ignorance.D. Chimpanzees' annoyance can hardly be alleviated.28. What is implied in Paragraph 4?A. Children with truthful cry may eventually draw their mothers' attention.B. Noisy infants are preferred by their mothers for their health and strength.C. Mothers would rather nurse the obedient babies.D. Mothers tend to ignore the deceitful cry.29. How do the parents respond to babies' cry?A. They come to doubt it.B. They take it seriously.C. They are indifferent to it.D. They are weary of it.30. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as the reason for babies' cry?A. Discomfort.B. Hungry.C. Consolation.D. Thirsty.Passage ThreeWhenever I hear a weather report declaring it's the hottest June 10 on record or whatever, I can't take it too seriously, because "ever" really means "as long as the records go back", which is only as far as the late 1800s. Scientists have other ways of measuring temperatures before that, though -- not for individual dates, but they can ten the average temperature of a given year by such proxy measurements as growth marks incorals, deposits in ocean and lake sediments, and cores drilled into glacial ice. They can even use drawings of glaciers as there were hundreds of years ago compared with today.And in the most comprehensive compilation of such data to date, says a new report from the National Research Council, it looks pretty certain that the last few decades have been hotter than any comparable period in the last 400 years. That's a blow to those who claim the current warm spell is just part of the natural up and down of average temperatures -- a frequent assertion of the global -- warming-doubters crowd.The report was triggered by doubts about past-climate claims made last year by climatologist Michael Mann, of the University of Virginia (he's the creator of the "hockey stick" graph A1 Gore used in "An Inconvenient Truth" to dramatize the rise in carbon dioxide in recent years). Mann claimed that the recent warming was unprecedented in the past thousand years -- that led Congress to order up an assessment by the prestigious Research Council. Their conclusion was that a thousand years was reasonable, but not overwhelmingly supported by the data. But the past 400 was -- so resoundingly that it fully supports the claim that today's temperatures ale unnaturally warm, just as global warming theory has been predicting for a hundred years. And if there's any doubt about whether these proxy measurements are really legitimate, the NRC scientists comparedthem with actual temperature data from the most recent century, when real thermometers were in widespread use. The match was more or less right on.In the past nearly two decades since TIME first put global warming on the cover, then, the argument against it has gone from "it isn't happening" to "it's happening, but it's natural", to "it's mostly natural" --\and now, it seems, that assertion too is going to have to drop away. Indeed. Rep. Sherwood Boehert, the New York Republican who chairs the House Science Committee and who asked for the report declared that it did nothing to support the notion of a controversy over global warming science -- a controversy that opponents keep insisting is alive. Whether President Bush will finally take serious action to deal with the warming, however,is a much less settled question.31. What does this passage mainly deal with?A. The tendency of earth's becoming hotter.B. The assessment of earth's temperature.C. The menace of global warming.D.The measurement of tackling global warming.32. What is "proxy measurement" in Paragraph 1 likely to refer to?A. Studying the characteristics of glaciers.B. Measuring the growth signs of aquatic organism.C. Taking advantage of previous pictures.D. Using clues left from the past.33. What does the report from NRC indicate?A. The earth will become warmer.B. It is somewhat suspicious of Michael Mann's assertion.C. The earth reaches the highest temperature in the history.D. The proxy measurements are reliable.34. Which statement is NOT true concerning the controversy about global warming?A. The new report from NRC is motivated by the controversy over Michael Mann's claim.B. Those who doubt global warming consider that warming is a natural phenomenon.C. Those suspicious of global warming take an inconsistent stance on the issue.D. The argument ends in the defeat of global-warming-doubters.35. What is the author's attitude towards global warming theory?A. Negative.B. Indifferent.C. Favorable.D. Neutral.Passage FourA proposed Russian ban on European Union meat exports could jeopardize Russia's aspirations to join the World Trade Organization next year, the EU trade commissioner, Peter Mandelson, warned Friday. He warned that several of the 25 EU member states were growing weary of Russia's trade tactics and could move to block its WTO bid.He emphasized that the European Union supported Russia's WTO accession in principle and that he did not want to link the Russian meat ban to Russia's WTO prospects ,though EU states could do so. in order to join the organization,Russia must reach agreement with each of the 149 WTO members."Issues like this will affect the attitude of member states toward signing off on accession," Mandelson said. "This is not the only trade irritant between us and Russia -- there are at least half a dozen -- and this latest ban is bound to affect the attitude of member states," toward Russia's aim of joining the WTO. "We can't have so many of these trade irritants hanging over us."Mandelson said he would work to get Russia to back off from its current plans to ban all EUanimal products as of Jan. 1, which would affect C = $ 1.7 billion, or $ 2. 2 billion, in exports to RussiaMoscow has justified the ban on the grounds that Bulgaria and Romania, which will join the European Union on that day, do not have adequate food safety measures. But Mandelson warned that if Moscow refused to back down, it could sour overall trade relations with the European Union, which is already concerned about fair access to Moscow's energy resources. "Russia is acting in a disproportionate way," he said.President Vladimir Putin has made WTO membership one of his key economic objectives. He is keen to improve access to world markets for Russian exports and to provide a lift to the country's neglected aghculrural sector. European resistance would add to reservations by trade negotiators in Washington who want Russia to make more progress on reducing tariffs on U. S. meat imports and protecting intellectual property before joining the world trade body.Trade disputes cast a shadow over the summit meeting, which was supposed to mark the start of talks on a partnership agreement between the European Union and Russia covering energy, trade and human rights. But Poland -- in a separate dispute with Moscow over a Russian ban on Polish farm exports -- used its veto to stop the talks on Friday.Putin defended the Russian ban after earlier complaining that the European Commission had failed to consult him before agreeing to admit Bulgaria and Romania, whose food safety practices he called into question.EU officials said privately that Putin's stance suggested he was suffering from a Cold War hangover because the former Soviet satellites will soon become EU members.36. What is the theme of this passage?A. Russia conflicts with EU members in meat trade.B. Russia may risk WTO entry with EU meat ban.C. Russia prepares to enter WTO.D. Russia complains about food security of Bulgaria and Romania.37. Which statement is NOT true about EU?A. EU has not signed partnership agreement with Russia.B. EU is disappointed with at Russia's trade strategy.C. EU wants Russia to cut down on tariffs on its meat imports.D. EU may connect the trade conflict with Russia's entry into WTO.38. Which word has the similar meaning to "imtant" in Paragraph 3?A. disagreementB. misunderstandingC. annoyanceD.interference39. What can be implied from the last paragraph?A. Russia will soon suffer from isolation.B. Russia will soon lose its satellites.C. Former Soviet satellites resist Russia's entering WTO.D. Some EU officials understand Russia's position.40. What is the author's attitude towards Russia?A. Suggestive.B. Prejudicial.C. Sympathetic.D. Objective.Part UI Translation (30%)Section A : From Chinese into English (15%)每个人心中都该有个志向，否则他的经历就会被浪费掉。