2012厦门大学翻译硕士211真题

2012年中山大学翻译硕士211真题翻译硕士（MTI）备考系列中山大学二○一二年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：211科目名称：翻译硕士英语考试时间：1月7日下午考生须知全部答案一律写在答题纸上，答在试题纸上的不得分!请用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答。

答题要写清题号，不必抄题。

PART ⅠGRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [60 MIN] (1×30=30 POINTS)There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the correct answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The old couple moved to the countryside ________ their health for the doctor said fresh air would do them good.A. for the sake of B, because of C. in case of D. in spite of2. Lover of towns ________ I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.A. becauseB. whereC. whoD. as3. She was trying ________ by the teacher in class.A. avoiding questioningB. avoiding to questionC. to avoid being questionedD. to avoid questioning4. ________ , I must do another experiment.A. Be it ever so lateB. It is ever so lateC. It be ever so lateD. So late it be ever5. He might have been killed ________ the arrival of the police.A. except forB. but forC. withD. for6. He’s ________ as a "be llyacher" —he’s always complaining about something.A. who is knownB. whom is knownC. what is knownD. which is known7. The law requires that everyone ________ his car checked at least once a year.A. hasB. would haveC. loveD. will have8. Until then, his family ________ from him for six months.A. didn’t hearB. hasn’t been hearingC. hasn’t heardD. hadn’t heard9. Nowhere but in the continuous research work ________ find the meaning of his life.A. for him toB. he canC. he couldD. can he10. In order to escape from the boring and heavy study tasks, many students choose to play video games to feel ________ .A. emotionally highB. high emotionalC. high emotionallyD. emotional high11. By the time Bob arrives in Beijing, ________ .A. we have been staying here for two daysB. it has been for two days we have stayed hereC. it is already two days before we have arrived hereD. we will have stayed here for two days12. Carmakers challenged the law, in part ________ CO2, was not an air pollutant.A. on the groundB. on groundC. on the ground thatD. on ground that13. ________ in a famed university abroad was what his parents wished for.A. The boy to be cultivatedB. The boy cultivatedC. The boy’s being cultivatedD. The boy was cultivated14. We looked for a table to sit down, but they were all ________ .A. reserved forB. engaged forC. used upD. taken up15. In spite of his ________ appearance, his movements were as spirited as a young man’s.A. agingB. agedC. being agedD. having aged16. Sales usually go up in the stores during December, but ________ again aider Christmas.A. drop offB. drop outC. drop byD. drop down17. It was impolite for you to leave without saying goodbye; you really ________ have done so.A. shouldn’tB. wouldn’tC. couldn’tD. mustn’t18. The detective and his assistant have begun to ________ the mysterious murder.A. look intoB. see toC. make overD. come through19. ________ travels faster than ________ .A. The light, soundB. Light, the soundC. Light, soundD. The light, the s6und20. Being wronged, the little girl tried to ________ her tears at first, but on seeing her mother, she burst out crying.A. keep awayB. keep toC. keep upD. keep back21. Their refusal to sign the international treaty was ________ by many countries in the world.A. announcedB. denouncedC. renouncedD. pronounced22. When she saw how frightened he was at his mistake, her anger began to ________ .A. fade awayB. die awayC. fall downD. die down23. Mary is so ________ about her weight that she doesn’t eat staple food at all.A. sensibleB. sensationalC. senselessD. sensitive24. His dog was ________ by a truck last night and died immediately.A. run intoB. run overC. run outD. run through25. The Christmas presents were all ________ in shiny paper.A. done overB. done with C, done out D. done up26. The diamond is very big. It ________ any diamond that I’ve ever seen.A. dwellsB. dwarfsC. distainsD. dwindles27. Mary became ________ homesick and critical of the United States, so she fled from her home in west Bloomfield to her hometown in Austria.A. completelyB. sincerelyC. absolutely D, increasingly28. It is well known that knowledge is the ________ condition for expansion of mind.A. incompatibleB. incredibleC. indefiniteD. indispensable29. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ________ attitude toward customers...A. impartialB. mildC. hostileD. opposing30. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ________ to carrying out the plan.A. obligedB. committedC. engagedD. resolvedPART ⅡREADING COMPREHENSION [60 MIN] (1.5×20+2×5=40 POINTS) In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Please read the passages and then write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.TEXT AI live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such a glamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about the nature of happiness.Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun and happiness have little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activities that help us relax, temporarily forget our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bring happiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happiness has nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access to glamorous parties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells "happiness". But in memoir after memoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he’s honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun over painful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don’t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were so sure are happy because they are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.31. Which of the following is true?A. Fun creates long-lasting satisfaction.B. Fun provides enjoyment while pain leads to happiness.C. Happiness is enduring whereas fun is short-lived.D. Fun that is long-standing may lead to happiness.32. To the author, Hollywood stars all have an important role to play that is to ________ .A. write memoir after memoir about their happinessB. tell the public that happiness has nothing to do with funC. teach people how to enjoy their livesD. bring happiness to the public instead of going to glamorous parties.33. In the author’s opinion, marriage ________ .A. affords greater fun.B. leads to raising children.C. indicates commitment.D. ends in pain.34. Couples having infant children ________ .A. are lucky since they can have a whole night’s sleep.B. find fun in tucking them into bed at night,C. find more time to play and joke with them.D. derive happiness from their endeavor.35. If one gets the meaning of the tree sense of happiness, he will ________ .A. stop playing games and joking with othersB. make the best use of his time increasing happinessC. give a free hand to moneyD. keep himself with his familyTEXT BFilm has properties that set it apart from painting, sculpture, novels, and plays. It is also, in its most popular and powerful form, a story telling medium that shares many elements with the short story and the novel. And since film presents its stories in dramatic form, it has even more in common with the stage play: Both plays and movies act out or dramatize, show rather than tell, what happens.Unlike the novel, short story, or play, however, film is not handy to study; it cannot be effectively frozen on the printed page. The novel and short story are relatively easy to study because they are written to be read. The stage play is slightly more difficult to study because it is written to be performed. But plays are printed, and because they rely heavily on the spoken word, imaginative readers can conjure up at least a pale imitation of the experience they might have been watching a performance on stage. This cannot be said of the screenplay, for a film depends greatly on visual and other nonvisual elements that are not easily expressed in writing. The screenplay requires so much "filling in" by our imagination that we cannot really approximate the experience of a film by reading a screenplay, and reading a screenplay is worthwhile only if we have already seen the film. Thus, most screenplays are published not to read but rather to be remembered.Still, film should not be ignored because studying it requires extra effort. And the fact that we do not generally "read" films does not mean we should ignore the principles of literary or dramatic analysis when we see a film. Literature and films do share many elements and communicate many things insimilar ways. Perceptive film analysis rests on the principles used in literary analysis, and if we apply what we have learned in the study of literature to our analysis of films, we will be far ahead of those who do not. Therefore, before we turn to the unique elements of film, we need to look into the elements that film shares with any good story.Dividing film into its various elements for analysis is a somewhat artificial process, for the elements of any art form never exist in isolation. It is impossible, for example, to isolate plot from character: Events influence people, and people influence events; the two are always closely interwoven in any fictional, dramatic, or cinematic work. Nevertheless, the analytical method usessuch a fragmenting technique for ease and convenience. But it does so with the assumption that we can study these elements in isolation without losing sight of their interdependence or their relationship to the whole.36. What is mainly discussed in the text?A. The uniqueness of film.B. The importance of film analysis.C. How to identify the techniques a film uses.D. The relationship between film analysis and literary analysis.37. Why is it not handy to study film?A. Because screenplay is not as well written as literary works.B. Because a film cannot be effectively represented by a printed screenplay.C. Because a film is too complicated.D. Because publishers prefer to publish literary works.38. From the third paragraph we learn that ________ .A. the means by which we analyze a literary work cannot be applied to film analysisB. a good film and a good story have many elements in commonC. we should not pay extra effort to study filmsD. using the principles of literary analysis makes no difference in film analysis39. Why can’t we divide film into various elements for analysis?A. Because these elements are interwoven with each other and cannot be separated without failing to appreciate a film as a whole.B. Because films cannot be written down and it is inconvenient to analyse them.C. Because films elements are too complicated.D. Because films need not to be analysed in detail.40. What does the word "it" refer to in the last sentence of the passage?A. The analytical method.B. The fragmenting technique.C. Ease.D. Convenience.TEXT CModern technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using old materials. For the artist this means wider opportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a man’s work. Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture. Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object, to see its various sides superimposed on each other (as in Cubism or in an X-ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past. This new method encourages open designs, where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form itself.More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modem artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, discoveries that have infiltrated recent art, especially Surrealism. The Surrealists, in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past, present and intervening psychologicalstates. The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. For them, obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional message of expressionism. They did not need to smash paint and canvas; they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought.There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period when science has made revolutionary strides, artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories. But this has rarely been a one-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modem science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has been a vital part of their expression, it has not always been a symbol of destruction. Quite the contrary: it has been used to examine more fully, to penetrate more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect. In addition, it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world, but in fact to interpret it.41. According to the passage, it is true that ________ .A. artistic creations seem to be the reproductions of modern technologyB. artistic creations have made great strides scientificallyC. artistic creations appear to be incapable of ignoring material advancesD. artistic creations are the reflection of the material world42. The welding techniques ________ .A. can cause a lot of changes in sculpture artsB. permit details of an object to be seen clearlyC. can superimpose multiple sides of sculptor’s designsD. can make artists adaptable to surroundings43. We can learn from the text that Freud’s studies ________ .A. are more ambiguous than any other scientific inventionB. have influenced other scientific inventionsC. cause SurrealismD. have infiltrated Surrealism44. Which of the following is true about Surrealists?A. They diminished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnected dream experiences.B. They tried to express their subconscious world.C. They could transform real existence into incoherent dreams.D. They wanted to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.45. The sentence "But this has rarely been a one-way street." in the last paragraph means that ________ .A. contemporary art has been nourished by modem scienceB. modern science has been nourished by artC. artists can become scientists and scientists can become artistsD. the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutualTEXT DWhen we eat may be just as important as what we eat. A new study shows that mice that eat when they should be sleeping gain more weight than mice that eat at normal hours. Another studysheds light on why we pack on the pounds in the first place. Whether these studies translate into therapies that help humans beat obesity remains to be seen, but they give scientists clues about the myriad factors that they must take into. account.Observations of overnight workers have shown that eating at night disrupts metabolism and the hormones that signal we’re sated. But no one had done controlled studies on this connection until now. Biologist Fred Turek of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and graduate student Deanna Arble examined the link between a high-fat diet and what time of day mice eat. A control group of six nocturnal mice, ate their pellets (60% fat by calories, mostly lard) during the night. Another group of six ate the same meal during the day, Turek says, which disrupts their circadian rhythm—the body’s normal 24-hour cycle.After 6 weeks, the off-schedule mice weighed almost 20% more than the controls, Turek and Arble report today in Obesity, supporting the idea that consuming calories when you should be sleeping is harmful. Turek and Arble acknowledge that the disrupted mice ate a tad more and were a tad more sluggish, but the differences could not account for all of the weight gain.In the second study, a different team of researchers investigated the link between weight and the immune system. Hundreds of genes seem to affect the accumulation of fat, but one that helps protect us from infection might help us lose weight with little effort, biochemist Alan Saltiel of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and colleagues suggest today in Cell. The researchers tested the weight-adding abilities of a protein called IKKe, which is linked with obesity, diabetes, and chronic, low-level inflammation. For 3 months, the team fed six mice missing IKKe genes a diet of high-fat chow.Because IKKe’s main job is immune defense, Saltiel’s team didn’t expect to find weight differences between knockout mice and controls. But the knockout mice did gain significantly less. Best of all, the girth the animals did add was less harmful to their overall health. "The knockout mice don’t gain as much weight but also don’t get diabetes, don’t get insulin resistance, and don’t get accumulation of lipids on the liver," Saltiel says, all of which contribute to the suite of health problems associated with being overweight. Saltiel calls IKKe "an especially appealing drug target for the treatment of metabolic disease."Tom Maniatis, a molecular biologist at Harvard University, praises the study but remains skeptical about any drug that would inhibit IKKe. He helped develop the mice used in the experiment and notes that they are vulnerable to the flu. He suspects that suppressing IKKe may help people with diabetes or obesity, "but the first time the sw ine flu comes along, that’s it."Researchers are also enthusiastic about the circadian rhythm paper. Frank Scheer, a neuroscientist at Harvard who studies sleep, was struck that "you could see something happening [to the disrupted mice] in the first week already. That’s consistent with human studies where we found changes in just 3 days."Together, the papers suggest that there’s no simple answer to why people gain weight. Says Turek," It’s clearly not just calories in versus calories out."46. What .does the word "nocturnal" mean in the second paragraph?A. Hungry.B. Nightly.C. Healthy.D. Greedy.47. Which of the following statements is CORRECT according to Fred Turek’s research?A. The nocturnal mice and the off-schedule mice ate different pellets.B. The off-schedule mice ate significantly more and are more lively.C, If the nocturnal mice consume calories during the day, it should be very harmful.D. After 6 weeks, the group of mice ate at night gained more weight.48. Which of the following statements about IKKe is INCORRECT?A. The basic job of IKKe is to protect the body from diseases.B. IKKe is a kind of protein.C. IKKe is linked with many immune diseases.D. The mice missing IKKe genes gain much more weight.49. According to the passage, what’s Tom Maniatis’s attitude towards the second study?A. Doubting.B. Supportive.C. Negative.D. Neutral.50. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?A. IKKe: an appealing drag target for losing weight.B. Teach you how to lose weight.C. New researches about losing weight.D. Calories in versus calories out.TEXT EFew modem travel writers excite more hostility and awe than Sir Wilfred Thesiger, who died in 2003. Despising the "drab uniformity of the modern world", Sir Wilfred slogged across Africa and Asia, especially Arabia, on animals and on foot, immersing himself in tribal societies. He delighted in killing lions in Sudan in the years before the Second World War, Germans and Italians during it. He disliked "soft" living and "intrusive" women and revered murderous savages, to whom he gave guns. He thought educating the working classes a waste of good servants. He kicked his dog. His journeys were more notable as feats of masochistic endurance than as exploration. Yet his first two books, Arabian Sands, about his crossing of the Empty Quarter, and The Marsh Arabs, about southern Iraq, have a terse brilliance about them. As records of ancient cultures on the point of oblivion, they are unrivalled.Sir Wilfred’s critics invariably sing the same chorus. They accuse him of hypocrisy, noting that his part-time primitive lifestyle required a private income and good connections to obtain travel permits. They argue that he deluded himself about the motives of his adored tribal companions. In Kenya, where he lived for two decades towards the end of his life, his Samburu "sons" are calculated to have fleeced him of at least one million dollars. Homosexuality, latent or otherwise, explains him, they conclude, pointing to the photographs he took of beautiful youths.This may all be true, but it does not diminish his achievements Moreover, he admits as much himself in his autobiography and elsewhere. In 1938, before his main travels, for example, Sir Wilfred wrote of his efforts to adopt foreign ways: "I don’t delude myself that I succeed but I get my interest and pleasure trying."In this authorised biography, Alexander Maitland adds a little colour to the picture, but no important details. He describes the beatings and sexual abuse the explorer suffered at his fast boarding school. Quoting from Sir Wilfred’s letters, he traces the craggy traveler’s devotion to his dead father, his mother and three brothers. At times, Sir Wilfred sounds more forgiving, especiallyof friends, and more playful than his reputation has suggested. As for his sexuality, Mr. Maitland refers coyly to occasional "furtive embraces", presumably with men. Wearisome as this topic has become, Mr. Maitland achieves nothing by ski rting it; and his allusion to Sir Wilfred’s "almost too precious" relationship with his mother is annoyingly vague.There may be a reason why Mr. Maitland struggles for critical distance. He writes that he and Sir Wilfred were long-standing friends, but he fails to mention that he collaborated with the explorer on four of his books and later inherited his London flat. If Mr. Maitland found it so difficult to view his late friend and benefactor objectively, then perhaps he should not have tried. An earlier biography by Michael Asher, who scoured the deserts to track down Sir Wilfred’s former fellow travelers, was better; Mr. Maitland seems to have interviewed almost nobody black or brown.His book is, however, a useful companion to the explorer’s autobiog raphy, The Life of My Choice. Hopefully, it will also refer readers back to Sir Wilfred’s two great books, and to sentences as lovely as this: "Memories of that first visit to the Marshes have never left me: firelight on a half-turned face, the crying of g eese, duck flighting in to feed, a boy’s voice singing somewhere in the dark, canoes moving in procession down a waterway, the setting sun seen crimson through the smoke of burning reed-beds, narrow waterways that wound still deeper into the Marshes."51. According to the first paragraph, what kind of life did Sir Wilfred Thesiger long for?52. Why did Sir Wilfred Thesiger’s behavior call forth some criticism?53. How does Sir Wilfred Thesiger respond to the critics?54. In Alexander Maitlan’s writi ng, what kind of person was Sir Wilfred Thesiger?55. Was Alexander Maitland one of the opponents against Sir Wilfred Thesiger?PART ⅢWRITING [60 MIN] (30 POINTS)Nobody is living alone and people are living in a team or teams, so team spirit is of great importance in the present society. What do you think of team spirit? Write an essay of about 400 words entitled:On Team SpiritIn the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your essay on the answer sheet.。

厦门大学2012年二外英语考研真题Part I Reading Comprehension (每小题2分，共40分)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced, most people did not like it as well as “regular” coffer, and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage). At one point, though, instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity, and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth). After a while people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity). Sales went into a slight decline when freeze-dried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marking managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military?Market modification also means searching for increased usage among resent customers or going for a different market, such as senior citizens. A marketer may re-position the product to appeal to new market sections.Another product extension strategy is called product modification. It involves changing product quality, features, or style to attract new users or more usage from present users. American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets. Note, also, how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.1. According to the passage, when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product, its sales will ____.A) decrease gradually B) become unstableC) improve enormously D) remain at the same level2. The first paragraph tells us that a new product is _____.A) usually introduced to satisfy different tastesB) often more expensive than old onesC) often inferior to old ones at firstD) not easily accepted by the public3. Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to ____.A) work out marketing policies B) increase its popularityC) promote its production D) speed up its life cycle4. The author mentions the example of “backpacks” (the last sentence, Paragraph 2) to show theimportance of ____.A) increasing usage among studentsB) exploring new market sectionsC) pleasing the young as well as the oldD) serving both military and civil needs5. In order to recover their share of the world market, US auto makers are _____.A) improving product qualityB) modernizing product styleC) re-positioning their product in the marketD) increasing product featuresPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Play is the principal business of childhood, and more and more in recent years research has shown the vital importance of play in the development of a human being. From earliest infancy, every child needs adequate opportunity and the right material for play, and the main tools of play are toys. Their main function is to suggest, encourage and assist play. To succeed in this they must be good toys, therefore it is important to choose suitable toys for different stages of a child’s development.In recent years research on infant development has shown the standard a child is likely to reach, within the range of his inherited abilities, is largely determined in the first three years of his life. The right play materials for a baby should be things to touch, things to listen to, and things to watch. At no time in his life will a child develop as fast as now; in the first two years each month brings a change in what he can do and what he needs. A baby who is encouraged and stimulated, talked to, and shown things and played with, has the best chance of growing up successfully. There is no doubt that he right play materials and opportunities are of the utmost importance.The next stage, from three to five years old, is the heyday for toys, and at this stage curiosity knows no bounds. Every type of suitable toy should be made available to the child; bricks and jigsaws and construction toys; are concerned and serious when they play, for to them play is a serious business, and through it they are learning about the world and growing up.By the third stage of play development—from five to seven or eight year—the child is at school. But for a few more years play is still the best way of learning, at home or at school. The right toy at this stage can sometimes lead to the choice of a career.Until the age of seven or eight, play and work mean much the same thing to a child. But once reading has been mastered, then books and school become the main source of learning. Toys are still interesting and valuable, but their significance has changed—to a child of nine or ten years, toys and games mean, as to adults, relaxation and fun.6. From the passage we understand that a child ____.A) tends to be interested in toysB) matures through playing over and overC) cannot mature without toysD) has to be taught how to play7. In the writer’s opinion the right kind of play materials for infants ____.A) stimulate the talentsB) encourage visual awarenessC) develop the touching senseD) assist the aural responses8. Children of three to five years old find play a serious business because they _____.A) are developing their musclesB) are exercising their imaginationC) are acquiring knowledge through playD) are learning how to grow up9. Once a child has learned to read, he usually ______.A) stops playing with toysB) learns less from his toysC) only gets information from booksD) only learns when at school10. It seems that older children and adults consider toys and games should _____.A) be played as a jokeB) be played for amusementC) teach the players learn somethingD) make the players feel funnyPassage ThreeQuestions 11-15 are based on the following passage.The more time scientists spend designing computers the more they marvel at the human brain, Tasks that baffle (难住) the most advanced supercomputer—recognizing a face, reading a handwritten note—are child’s play for the 3-pound organ. Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imitate the brain’s abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of nerve cells, or neurons.Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, their processors can perform only once task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processors in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these artificial neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns.Instead of programming a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine.Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most existed as software simulations(模拟品) because redesigning computer chips took a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes.11. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the most advanced supercomputer _____.A) can recognize a face and read a handwritten noteB) can learn from its mistakesC) weights only 3 poundsD) cannot distribute information across an interconnected web nerve cells12. What is NOT true of a conventional computer?A) It must be programmed before it works.B) It can only solve one problem at a time.C) It is good at solving one problem at a time.D) It is trained to recognize patterns instead of making decisions.13. The main feature of a neural-network computer is that _____.A) its processors act as an interconnected web of neuronsB) it is programmed to make decisionsC) its networks are of all shapes and sizesD) its neurons are artificial14. The expression “this two-dimensio nal approach” in the second paragraph refers to _____.A) the conventional computer and the neural computerB) making decisions and recognizing patternsC) sharing information and performing tasksD) the computer and the human brain15. Scientists use software rather than hardware in their experiments because ______.A) it can avoid redesigning computer chipsB) it can save a lot of time and moneyC) it can avoid making mistakesD) it is more like the human brainPassage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a grater or lesser extent, notions of make superiority are hard to maintain. The pattern of sharing in tasks and indecision makes for equality and this in turn to further sharing. In such a home, the growing boy and girl learn to accept equality more easily than did their parents more fully for participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the “battle of the sexes”.If the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important-and that has happened in some cases-we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the main in the American family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism”—but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit—nor the blame. We have almost given up saying that a women’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze man’s place in the home and to insist that the does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism (命令主义) has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, and the ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent (相关的，切题的) not only to a healthy democracy, but also to a healthy family.16. The ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is ____.A) fundamental to a sound democracyB) not pertinent to healthy family lifeC) responsible for MonismD) what we have almost given up17. The danger in the sharing of household tasks by the mother and the father is that _____.A) the role of the father may become an inferior oneB) the role of the mother may become an inferior oneC) the children will grow up believing that life is a battle of sexesD) sharing leads to constant arguing18. The author states that bringing up children ______.A) is mainly the mother’s jobB) belongs among the duties of the fatherC) is the job of schools and churchesD) involves a partnership of equals19. According to the author, the father’s role in the home is _____.A) minor because he is an ineffectual parentB) irrelevant to the healthy development of the childC) pertinent to the healthy development of the childD) identical to the role of the child’s mother20. With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?A) A healthy, co-operative family is a basic ingredient of a healthy society.B) Men are basically opposed to sharing household chores.C) Division of household responsibilities is workable only in theory.D) A woman’s place in the home- now as always.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (每小题0.5分，共20分)Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence, Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.21. Does everyone on earth have an equal right_____ an equal share of its resources?A) by B) at C) to D) over22. Over a third of the population was estimated to have no _____ to the health service.A) assessment B) assignment C) exception D) access23. Our manager is so ______ in his thinking, he never listens to new ideas.A) stiff B) rigid C) tense D) tight24. Mary tried to ____ her friends to her new method of dieting.A) exchange B) convert C) alter D) transfer25. Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to _____ the color of his skin.A) with the exception B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) regardless of26. He’s watching TV? He’s _____ to be clea ning his room.A) known B) supposed C) regarded D) considered27. Excuse me. If your call’s not too urgent, do you mind_____ mine first?A) I make B) if I make C) me to make D) that I make28. The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.A) have told B) be told C) being told D) having told29. This box is too heavy, ______ give me a hand?A) would you mind B) would you please C) will you like D) will you please to30. The fire was finally brought under control, but not ______ extensive damage had been caused.A) before B) since C) after D) as31. This ticket _____ you to a free boat tour on the lake.A) entitles B) appoints C) grants D) credits32. The guests said that th ey wouldn’t mind ______.A) if they have a little wine B) having a little wineC) to have a little wine D) have a little wine33. At 7 o’clock tomorrow evening, I _____ a walk in the neighbourhood. So you won’t find me athome then.A) shall take B) will take C) shall be taking D) am taking34. The statistical figures in that report are not _____. You should not refer to them.A) accurate B) fixed C) delicate D) rigid35. She just had no faith in me. It was William ______ she still had her faith.A) that B) who C) whom D) in whom36. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things ______to teach you theart of learning.A) than B) nor C) rather than D) as37. I intended ______ the matter with you, but I had some guests then.A) discuss B) having discussed C) to have discussed D) discussing38. After retirement my father _____ enormous pleasure from his coin collection.A) figured B) derived C) released D) attached39. Last Sa turday and ______ my great surprise I met him at Mrs. Jones’ party.A) for B) to C) with D) in40. I tried to ring the shop assistant, but it seemed the shop telephone was always_____.A) occupied B) utilized C) employed D) engaged41. “What did you hear last night?” “I seemed ______ someone slam the door.”A) to have heard B) to hear C) to having heard D) to be hearing42. “Quite a number of students gave excellent answers to my last question,” said the professor inhis ______ on our performance in the exam.A) mention B）statement C）comment D) reference43. _____ in the office had made a mistake, and the firm regretted causing the customerinconvenience.A) Someone B）Some C）Anyone D) One44. The word “family” is used here to denote the members of a household, _____.A) either they are related or not B) whether or not they are relatedC) neither or not they are related D) if they are related or not45. He______ to his customers and halved the price.A) leaked B) drew C) quoted D) yielded46. In no way ____ described as a liberal.A) President Bush could have been B) could President Bush have beenC) could have President Bush been D) could have been President Bush47. For her, happiness_____ watching television and reading magazines.A) lies in B) builds on C) refers to D) composes of48. The products of consumer electronics will pay for environmental sanitation services to collectand _____ used refrigerators, computers and televisions under the new rules.A) repair B) redistribute C) dispose of D) recycled49. The red lines on the map ______ railways.A) represent for B) present C) stand for D) stand50. The manager spoke highly of such ______ as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by hisemployees.A) virtues B) features C) properties D) characteristics51. Justice must not be ______ to anyone, however poor he or she may be.A) detached B) disposed C) denied D) excluded52. “You are very selfish. It’s high time you ______ that you are not the most important person inthe world.” Edgar said to his boss angrily.A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize53. I found my home town completely_____.A) changed B) changing C) change D) to be changed54. The Chinese ____ about 22 percent of the world population.A) account up B) account for C) make in D) take for55. You’ll have to ____ the ladder to reach the top shelf.A) moor B) mount C) mound D)mould56. The poor old women can’t ______ her hot-water bottle.A) do without B) do with C) do up D) do away with57. The total amount of money we paid for the paint _____1,500 pounds.A) comes B) come to C) reaches D) reach58. The ________ of this container is 100 cubic metres.A) area B) content C) volume D) sphere59. His explanation of the problem made things _____.A) that it became even more complicatedB) be even more complicatedC) even more complicatedD) to be even more complicated60. Generous public funding of basic science would ______ considerable benefits for thecountry’s health, wealth and security.A) lead to B) result form C) lie in D) settle downPart III Cloze (每小题0.5分，共10分)Directions: Each Blank in the following passage is provided with for possible choices. Read the whole passage and choose the best answer for each blank. Then mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and 61 the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly 62 forward. At that moment, the air-hostess 63 . She looked vey pale, but was quite _ 64 . Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she 65 everyone that the pilot had 66 and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines – or at 67 how to drive a car. After a moment’s 68 , a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot’s cabi n.Moving the pilot 69 , the man took his seat and listened carefully to the 70 instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport 71 . The plane was now dangerously close 72 the ground, but to everyone’s 73 , it soon began to climb. The man had to 74 the airport several times in order to become 75 with the controls of the plane. 76 the danger had not yet passed. The terrible 77 came when he had to land. Following 78 , the man guided the plane to ward the airfield, It shook violently 79 it touched the ground and then moved rapidly 80 the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.61. A) although B) while C) therefore D) then62. A) shifted B) thrown C) put D) moved63. A) showed B) presented C) exposed D) appeared64. A) well B) still C) calm D) quiet65. A) inquired B) insured C) informed D) instructed66. A) fallen B) failed C) faded D) fainted67. A) best B) least C) length D) first68. A) hesitation B) surprise C) doubt D) delay69. A) back B) aside C) about D) off70. A) patient B) anxious C) urgent D) nervous71. A) beneath B) under C) down D) below72. A) to B) by C) near D) on73. A) horror B) trust C) pleasure D) relief74. A) surround B) circle C) observe D) view75. A) intimate B) familiar C) understood D) close76. A) Then B) Therefore C) But D) Moreover77. A) moment B) movement C) idea D) affair78. A) impression B) information C) inspections D) instructions79. A) as B) unless C) while D) so80. A) around B) over C) along D) abovePart IV English–Chinese Translation (每小题2分，共10分)Directions: Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is likely to be that everyone is in a rush-often under pressure. 81) City people appear always to be hurrying to get where they are going restlessly, seeking attention in a store. and elbowing others as they try to complete their errands(任务). Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating places are waiting for you to finish so that they too can be served and get back to work within the time allowed. Each person hurries to make room for the next person. If you don’t, waiters will hurry you. You also find drivers will be abrupt and that people will push past. 82) You will miss smiles, brief conversations, and small courtesies with strangers. Don’t take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else “wasting” it beyond a certain courtesy point. The view of time affects the importance we attach to patience. In the American system to values, patience is not a high priority. Many of us have what might be called “a short fuse.” 83) We begin to move restlessly about if wefeel time is slipping away without some return, be this in terms of pleasure, work value, or rest. Those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of their most difficult adjustments in both business and daily life. Many newcomers to the States will miss the opening courtesy of a business call, for example, 84) they will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a convention in their own country. They may miss leisurely business chats in a café or coffeehouse. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talks. We seek out evidence of past performance rather than evaluate a business colleague through social courtesies.85)Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly.Part IV Writing (20分)Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 150 words, and base your writing on the outline given in Chinese below. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）。

历年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题试卷与答案一、考试解读：part 1 学院专业考试概况：①学院专业分析：含学院基本概况、考研专业课科目:厦大英语翻译硕士的考试情况；②科目对应专业历年录取统计表：含厦门大学英语翻译硕士相关专业的历年录取人数与分数线情况；③历年考研真题特点：含厦门大学考研211翻译硕士英语专业课各部分的命题规律及出题风格。

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part 7 章节考点分布表：罗列厦门大学英语翻硕专业的专业课试卷中，近年试卷考点分布的具体情况，方便考生知晓厦门大学考研专业课试卷的侧重点与知识点分布，有助于考生更具针对性地复习、强化，快准狠地把握高分阵地！二、厦门大学历年考研真题与答案详解：2018年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题（部分不完整，回忆版）2017年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）2016年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）2015年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题（回忆版）2014年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2013年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2012年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2011年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解2010年厦门大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解真题试卷和答案摘自群贤厦大考研网。

2012年中南大学翻译硕士211真题翻译硕士（MTI）备考系列2012年中南大学翻译硕士211真题考试科目代码及名称：211 翻译硕士英语注意：1、所有答案(含选择题、填空题、判断题、作图题等)一律答在专用答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地点一律不给分。

2、作图题可以在原试题图上作答，然后将“图”撕下来贴在答题纸上相应位置。

3、考试时限：3小时：总分：100 分。

Ⅰ. Vocabulary and grammar(30’)Multiple choiceDirections：Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B，C and D.Choose the answer that best completes the sentence，Mark your answers on theanswer sheet.1. In developing counties people are ________ into overcrowded cities in great numbers.A. breakingB. fillingC. poutingD. hurrying2. Mark often attempts to escape ________ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A. having been finedB. to be finedC. to have been finedD. being fined3. This hotel $60 for a single room with both.A. claimsB. demandsC. pricesD. charges4. Liquids are like solids ________ they have a definite volume.A. in thatB. with thatC. for thatD. at that5. The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money couldA. stand up toB. make up forC. come up withD. put up with6. The survival of civilization as we know it is ________ threat.A. withinB. underC. towardsD. upon7. In recent years，much more emphasis has been put ________ developing students’ productive skills.A. ontoB. inC. overD. on8. A season ticket ________ the holder to make as many journeys as he wishes within the stated period of time.A. entitlesB. grantsC. presentsD. promises9. Petrol is refined from the ________ oil we take out of the ground.A. crudeB. freshC. rudeD. original10. This article ________ more attention to the problem of cultural interferences in foreign language teaching and learning.A. cares forB. applies forC. allows forD. calls for11. The crossed mandibles enable the birds to exert a powerful biting force at the bill tips，which is critical for maneuvering them between the scales and spreading the scales apart. Next，the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the ________ and draws out the seed.A. openingB. flowerC. mouthD. tree12. Using the combined action of the bill and tongue，the birds cracks open and ________ the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel.A. eatsB. breaksC. finds OutD. discards13. As a rule, large billed crossbills are better at seeming seeds from large cones while small billed crossbills are more ________ at removing the seeds from small, thin scaled cones.A. hungryB. deftC. tiredD. pleasant14. This bird fins a large, ________ bill, yet most of Newfoundland’s conifers have small cones, the same kind of cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.A. robustB. colorfulC. unusualD. sharp15. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore ________ the support of all thirteen colonies.A. influencedB. heraldedC. rejectedD. ignored16. The growing custom of regularly ________ from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups, not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and avocational ones. . . in turn supported the multiplying hotels.A. announcingB. motivatingC. assemblingD. contracting17. In the past, as today, men, women, and children ________ themselves with beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife.A. protectedB. adornedC. purchasedD. enjoyed18. Besides their wear ability, either as jewelry or incorpcrated into articles of ________, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural context as well as in today’s market.A. ritualB. importanceC. attireD. history19. Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of information one hopes to ________ .A. communicateB. transportC. improveD. unravel20. Even the most ________ beads may have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences.A. carvedB. beautifulC. ordinaryD. heavyⅡ. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are two passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passage and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.Passage AStratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there aretwo distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penn), to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making,The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side — don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight—seeing along with their play going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights)pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the , subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1, 431seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better. ) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices toe much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele, They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a. m.1. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________ .A. the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenueB. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stageC. the two branches of the RSC are not on good termsD. the townsfolk earn little from tourism2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________ .A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separatelyB. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseersC. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoersD. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater3. By saying "Stratford cries poor traditionally" (Line 2, Paragraph 4), the author implies that ________ .A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projectsB. Stratford has long been in financial difficultiesC. the town is not really short of moneyD. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid4. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________ .A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spendingB. the company is financially ill-managedC. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptableD. the theatre attendance is on the rise5. From the text we can conclude that the author ________ .A. is supportive of both sidesB. favors the townsfolk’s viewC. takes a detached attitudeD. is sympathetic to the RSC.Passage BJoy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: "Thefree expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. " Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations)as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal, Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. ’ Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses. )The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow’s feet "wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.6. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to.A. curiousB. unhappyC. thoughtfulD. uncertain7. The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to ________ .A. differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other meanings of itB. support Darwin’s theory of evolutionC. provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understoodD. contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions8. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning to ________ .A. estimateB. agreeC. expectD. understand9. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea?A. They did not want to be shown photographs.B. They were famous for their story-telling skills.C. They knew very little about Western culture.D. They did not encourage the expression of emotions.10. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were not expressed?A. They would become less intense.B. They would last longer than usual.C. They would cause problems later.D. They would become more negative.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following two passages and then answer/N COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answers on the answer sheet.Questions 1-3Americans are sleeping less to cram in more work and play, a self-defeating cycle that leaves half the work force complaining that drowsiness interferes with their job, researchers said Tuesday.The National Sleep Foundation said adults of all ages get less than the recommended eight hours of sleet, a night, putting themselves at risk of auto accidents and over the longer-term, greater risk of diseases such as high blood pressure and diabetes.The foundation released its "Sleep in America" poll that found a third of adults slept only 6. 5hours a night during the work week. People got more sleep on weekends but still not eight hours.The poll of 1, 154 adults found 45 percent of respondents will sleep less in order to get more work done.Surfing the Internet and watching television are also seen as prime contributors to the lack of sleep. Those activities were blamed by 43 percent for staying up late, with other causes including partner snoring, noise, pain and small children."Sleep is viewed as expendable, " said James Walsh, a vice president of the foundation and executive director of St. Luke’s Hospital Sleep Medicine/Research Center, in Chesterfield, Missouri."The people who stay up to work, they work more, but it’s probably the same people who complain they can’t concentrate the next day, "Walsh said at a press conference.Fifty-one percent said sleepiness on the job interferes with the amount of work they get done and nearly one in five adults reported making occasional or frequent work errors due to drowsiness.National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Jim Hall said sleep problems permeated society. He said operator fatigue had been on the agency’s priority list of safety improvements for over a decade."Human fatigue is one of the most endemic safety issues in our society, " said Hall, who recounted the death of a friend’s son when lie fell asleep at the wheel of his pickup truce Half of the poll’s respondents admitted to driving while drowsy. Among 18 to 29-year-olds, 24 percent reported falling asleep at the wheel at some point during the past year.Naps on the job can restore short-term alertness according to research. One third of those surveyed said they would nap at work if it was allowed.Union Pacific Corp. is letting train crews sleep briefly when idled. Sixteen percent of thosesurveyed said their employers currently endorsed on-the-job naps.Melissa Cullen, a Maryland woman who suffered major injuries and lost her father when a fatigued shiftworker’s car hit their vehicle head-on just before Christmas, said attitudes to drowsy driving had to change."Can anyone tell me why driving while tired is less irresponsible than driving while drunk?" Cullen asked.1. Paraphrase the sentence "Their employers currently endorsed on-the-job naps. "2. Explain in your own words the saying "Human fatigue is one of the most endemic safety issues in our society. "3. What is the major issuse(s) raised in this article?Questions 4-5By the time a child is six or seven she has all the essential avoidances well enough by heart to be trusted with the care of a younger child. And she also develops a number of simple techniques. She learns to weave firm square balls from palm leaves, to make pinwheels of palm leaves or frangipani blossoms, to climb a coconut tree by walking up the trunk on flexible little feet, to break open a coconut with one firm well-directed blow of a knife as long as she is tall, to play a number of group games and sing the songs which go with them, to tidy the house by picking up the litter on the stony floor, to bring water from the sea, to spread out the copra to dry and to help gather it in when rain threatens, to go to a neighboring house and bring back a lighted faggot for the chiefs pipe or thecook-house fire. But in the case of the little girls all these tasks are merely supplementary to the main business of baby-tending. Very small boys also have some care of the younger children, but at eight or nine years of age they are usually relieved of it. Whatever rough edges have not been smoothed off by this responsibility for younger children are worn off by their contact with older boys. For little boys are admitted to interesting and important activities only so long as their behavior is circumspect and helpful. Where small girls are brusquely pushed aside, small boys will be patiently tolerated and they become adept at making themselves useful. The four or five little boys who all wish to assist at the important, business of helping a grown youth lasso reef eels, organize themselves into a highly efficient working team; one boy holds the bait, another holds an extra lasso, others poke eagerly about in holes in the reef looking for prey, while still another tucks the captured eels into his lavalava. The small girls, burdened with heavy babies or the care of little staggerers who are too’ small to adventure on the reef, discouraged by the hostility of the small boys and the scorn of the older ones, have little opportunity for learning the more adventurous forms of work and play. So while the little boys first undergo the chastening effects of baby-tending and then have many opportunities to learn effective cooperation under the supervision of older boys, the girls’ education is less comprehensive. They have a high standard of individual responsibility, but the community provides them with no lessons in cooperation with one another. This is particularly apparent in the activities of young people: the boys organize quickly; the girls waste hours in bickering, innocent of any technique for quick and efficient cooperation.4. What is the primary purpose of the passage with reference to the society under discussion? How can it be achieved?5. What does the author refer by "high standard of individual responsibility"?Ⅲ. Writing (30’)Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic.Translation as a Bridge。

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【厦门大学】百科：一、选择1、东罗马帝国首都2、色即是空，空即是色出自哪部佛经3、轴心时代4、第一次人类环球航行是谁5、最古老的文字6、汉字的六书7、奠定欧洲文明的文明是什么8、四书五经9、三权分立指的是什么10、西方音乐史上都有哪些音乐流派二、应用文电力公司修电路踩坏农民朋友菜地，农民朋友没有责怪，还给予很多帮组，写一份感谢信。

三、命题作文互联网时代，手写信息逐渐变少，谈谈你的看法翻译硕士英语：一、英译汉单词句子翻译，好多都是选自英汉翻译教程》(厦门大学杨士焯，所以，参考书一定要看。

15分1. The houses were built of dry stone with stone slabs for furniture, all very well preserved. 房子是由无浆砌成的石墙建成，以石板为家居，一切保存完好。

2. Other media closer to the scene dismissed Carter as a poor loser. 对此事了解的其他媒体认为,卡特是以个输不起的人/输了就发脾气的人。

3. He is always politically incorrect. 他讲话总是不合时宜。

4. That was not a very happy remark. 那不是很恰当的话。

5. Enjoy the luxury of doing good. 以行善为乐。

6. A. His speech was reported at length in the newspaper. 他的演讲在报纸上详细的刊登出来了。

7. I remembered mailing the letter.我记得寄了信。

2012年全国53所高校MTI真题（网友回忆版）汉语写作和百科知识单元目录1. 对外经贸大学 (1)2. 北京大学 (2)3. 北二外 (2)4. 北京外国语学院 (3)5. 北林 (3)6. 首师大 (3)7. 北京科技大学 (5)8. 北京师范大学 (5)9. 北京交通大学 (6)10. 中石油（北京） (6)11. 北京航空航天大学 (6)12. 北京语言大学 (7)13. 复旦大学 (7)14. 上海交通大学 (8)15. 同济大学 (8)16. 郑州大学 (9)17. 上海外国语大学 (9)18. 上海大学 (14)19. 上海东华大学 (16)20. 华东师范 (16)21. 华中师范 (16)22. 华中科技大学 (17)23. 东南大学 (17)24. 西安外国语 (17)25. 南京农业大学 (18)26. 南京大学 (18)27. 南京师范大学 (19)28. 大连海事大学 (19)29. 天津外国语 (19)30. 天津大学 (20)31. 南开大学 (20)32. 广外 (21)33. 暨南大学 (21)34. 湖南师大 (21)35. 四川外国语 (22)36. 四川大学 (22)37. 山东大学 (23)38. 青岛大学 (23)39. 苏州大学 (23)40. 吉林大学 (24)41. 西工大 (25)42. 西财 (25)43. 浙江大学 (25)44. 重庆大学 (26)45. 武汉大学 (26)46. 贵州大学 (27)47. 扬州大学 (27)48. 福师大 (28)49. 中国海洋大学 (28)50. 中南大学 (28)51. 上海海事大学 (29)52. 云南师范大学 (29)53. 湖南大学 (29)1. 对外经贸大学百科：史记包含的五类，初唐四杰，初唐四大书法家，最大规模农民战争，唐代山水诗派代表，苦吟诗人，“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”是哪首诗的，中国画祖之类，看过一遍中国文化的应该都问题不大，但明年就说不定了。

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！2012年厦门大学汉教考研真题及其答案解析科目代码：445科目名称：汉语国际教育基础招生类别：汉语国际教育考生须知：答题必须使用（蓝）色墨水（圆珠）笔；不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿纸上作答；凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅，判分，责任考生自负。

壹中外文化及跨文化交际基础知识（共80分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）1.希伯来文化发祥于西亚的两河流域，希伯来是对____________民族的古老称为。

2.种姓制度和婆罗门教是古代_____________文化的重要组成部分。

3.“诸行无常”、“诸法无我”、“涅躱寂寞”属于佛教的_______________说。

4.___________文化又称米诺斯文化，是“爱琴海文化”的发祥地。

5.荷马史诗的题材取自公元前12-11世纪之交的__________战争。

6.公元前450年古罗马颁布第一部成文法___________________。

7.相传新罗时代薜聪发明了利用汉字作为朝鲜音符的___________方法。

8.唐代高增______曾6词东渡，于754年到达日本，灌泛传播佛教戒律。

9.德国著名音乐家贝多芬的《第五交响曲》又称_______________.10.欧洲的____________-运动对于整个资产阶级文化都有启迪作用。

在其以后的几个世纪里，它一直是资产阶级的核心观念“自由”、“平等”、“博爱”必要回溯的精神源泉。

11.13世纪由于蒙古人大规模西侵和西方十字军东征，____________文化遭到了沉重的打击。

12.中国古代的“文化”一词，指的是与“武力”相对的文德教育，“观乎人文，亦化成天下”出自_______________。

2012年秋季厦门大学英语口译资格证书考试1级试题第一部分：单句口译1. 汉译英要求：请先听一遍10个单句的录音，然后在第二遍每个句子停顿时开始口译。

1.北京和温哥华的时差是多少？2.参加今天的晚宴必须穿西服打领带吗?3.我在免税店买了一瓶红酒，是为朋友聚会买的。

4.我从中国的乌鲁木齐来，能告诉我这座城市有哪些好玩的地方吗?5.我想订桌，今天晚上6点，8个人，最好是能看海的位子。

6.你可以帮我申请网络银行服务吗，这样我就能上网交纳学费。

7.如果我们一次多买一些，在价格上给我们打个九折怎么样？8.您可以在这里搭乘机场快线，或者到中山路站转乘地铁去机场。

9.看起来我们可以扩大与贵方的贸易往来。

10.我们今天首先要游览一个佛教寺院。

然后参观一个茶园，在那里大家将了解到绿茶的生产过程。

2. English to ChineseDirections: Please listen to the recordings of the 10 English sentences first, then interpret each sentence at each pause.1.Where’s the tourist info rmation center?2.Can you tell me the rate for a single room with a bath, please?3.If you take quality into consideration, you won't think our price is too high.4.I have a rather tight schedule, so I prefer to take a one-day sightseeing touraround the city after the meeting.5.What happens if I want to cancel my credit card? Do I need to fill out a form?6.When does tomorrow’s conference start? Also are there any last minute changesto the program?7.I know this place is famous for its fresh seafood, but I think I will have a steak,because sea food doesn’t agree with me.8.I believe that you must have seen a lot of advertisements designed by ourcompany. If we cooperate, I'll certainly make your products better known and sold.9.I think we have all agreed during this afternoon’s discussion that theconstruction of the new office building must be finished by the end of this year.10.We are going to check out tomorrow and fly to Shanghai to attend a businessfair. We will be back in a week’s time. Can we leave our luggage at this hotel?Part Two Dialogue InterpretingDirections: Please listen to the description of the situation of the dialogue first, then interpret each segment at each pause.Situation: Mr. Lindsay wants to rent a shop in a newly-built shopping mall. He is talking to Mr. Wang, a Chinese sales manager working at the rental office of the shopping mall. You are interpreting for them.王经理：早上好, 请问两位有什么想要了解的吗？//Mr. Lindsay: We know this new shopping mall is ready for lease. We would like to know if any shops are still available. //王经理：是的，我们商场还有少量的商铺正在招租。

育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！2012年厦门大学汉教考研真题及其答案解析科目代码：445科目名称：汉语国际教育基础招生类别：汉语国际教育考生须知：答题必须使用（蓝）色墨水（圆珠）笔；不得直接在试卷（试题纸）或草稿纸上作答；凡未按上述规定作答均不予评阅，判分，责任考生自负。

壹中外文化及跨文化交际基础知识（共80分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）1.希伯来文化发祥于西亚的两河流域，希伯来是对____________民族的古老称为。

2.种姓制度和婆罗门教是古代_____________文化的重要组成部分。

3.“诸行无常”、“诸法无我”、“涅躱寂寞”属于佛教的_______________说。

4.___________文化又称米诺斯文化，是“爱琴海文化”的发祥地。

5.荷马史诗的题材取自公元前12-11世纪之交的__________战争。

6.公元前450年古罗马颁布第一部成文法___________________。

7.相传新罗时代薜聪发明了利用汉字作为朝鲜音符的___________方法。

8.唐代高增______曾6词东渡，于754年到达日本，灌泛传播佛教戒律。

9.德国著名音乐家贝多芬的《第五交响曲》又称_______________.10.欧洲的____________-运动对于整个资产阶级文化都有启迪作用。

在其以后的几个世纪里，它一直是资产阶级的核心观念“自由”、“平等”、“博爱”必要回溯的精神源泉。

11.13世纪由于蒙古人大规模西侵和西方十字军东征，____________文化遭到了沉重的打击。

12.中国古代的“文化”一词，指的是与“武力”相对的文德教育，“观乎人文，亦化成天下”出自_______________。

2012年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2012年华东师范大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解I. Grammar and Vocabulary: Choose ONE best answer to fill in the blank. (30 points, 1 point for each):1. ______a holiday, all the shops were shut.A. BeingB. It isC. T o beD. It being【答案】D【解析】本题考查独立主格结构。

it是独立主格的逻辑主语，holiday与be之间是主动关系，因此D项正确。

2. There are some books on the shelf. I will lend you such as ______ me.A. belongs toB. belong toC. is belonged toD. are belonged to【答案】B【解析】这句话中such后省略了books。

as引导定语从句，修饰books，因此belong to应该用原型。

3. I am sure there is no one there but ______ with what I’m saying.A. agreeB. agreesC. agreeingD. agreed【答案】B【解析】这句话中but作为关系代词，用在no或none之后，后接一个从句。

but在从句中作代词用，代替某物或某人，其含义是否定的，从句相当于that或who引导的否定意义的从句。

这样整个句子就是双重否定，语气强于一般肯定句。

4. The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as______.A. possibly little nourishmentB. nourishment possibly littleC. little as possible nourishmentD. little nourishment as possible【答案】D【解析】空格处是动词have的宾语。

山大2012翻译硕士真题回忆英语翻译基础一 20道选择，语法和词汇共20分二 10道选择，改错共10分三阅读，2篇选择题的，每篇大约6、7道选择。

1篇回答问题的，3个问，每题要求40词，尽量用自己的话 1篇要求写 summary ，文章挺长，8分四作文，题目是给了一个叫 john某某的名人名言，曰：“Contended with little yet wishing for more” 写300字题量大，建议开始就抓紧时间。

词汇量的积累将大有帮助。

英语翻译基础术语英译汉comfort stationaffirmative actionclinic psychologyanti-federalistgold rush"A Level "Baimuda triangleAIDSIQRenaissancelynching术语汉译英：航空航天医学高峰会议储蓄银行外汇集中营中国社会科学院负翁“一国两制”基本国策社会主义市场经济主页临时工文人画文化产业水利工程枢纽篇章英译汉是物理方面的，大意是物理学上你永远不可能有绝对的定论，实验结果你不断验证你的理论是对的，但一旦有不同的实验结果，结论就会被推翻。

小扯了一下爱因斯坦的相对论和牛顿的万有引力定律。

汉译英是科教兴国（翻译练习中挺常见到的文种）百科与写作百科口头禅城狐社鼠注意经济学科学模型皈依孝贤良仁生态旅游易卜生主义哥特式小说科学发展管理学财政学社会达尔文主义行政法刑法机械论空想主义应用文随着市民养宠物现象增多，带来的问题增多。

有的人喜欢宠物，有人不喜欢。

引发人们之间的矛盾。

也假设你是某都市报记者，写一篇社区规范养宠物的倡议书。

450字左右大作文以身体健康和生活幸福为题。

讲讲健康的重要性，影响健康的因素，养成良好生活习惯的必要性和意义。

800字建议大家扩大词汇量，不然还是很吃亏的。

作文拼命写，此招尤为提百科与写作分数的办法。

这份卷子山大出作文题目前总是很照顾考生实际，比较接地气。

厦门大学汉语国际教育考研真题及答案育明教育汇编。

汉语基础壹、汉语语言学基础知识（共80分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分）语音符号中不表达意义只能区别意义的单位是（）。

答案：音位（）是语音结构的最小单位。

答案：音素音位之间的最小对立项目叫做音位的（）。

答案：区别特征词与词因语义或语音上的某种相互联系而形成（）。

答案：孤立语的主要特点是（）。

答案：缺乏形态变化通过词根内部的音位变化来表示不同的语法意义或构成不同的词，这种语法语法手段称为（）。

答案：形态（）是构成词义的最小意义单位。

答案：义素词所具有的语法意义的概括称为（）。

答案：语法范畴由词所组成的组合体内各成分之间语法上的关系叫（）。

答案：句法关系（）指的是有共同历史来源的两种或几种语言。

答案：亲属语言广义的现代汉语包括普通话和（）。

答案：方言声母的发音部位是指发音器官（）。

答案：舌头普通话中共有6个擦音，其中（）是浊擦音。

答案：r双唇音b,p,m跟合口呼相拼时只限于（）。

答案：U从汉字跟汉语的关系看，汉字是（）文字。

答案：表意具有字形归类作用的偏旁叫做（）。

答案：部首部件的拆分着眼于字形，而偏旁的拆分则是从（）的角度出发。

答案：汉字部件的组合方式主要左右结构，上下结构和（）三种。

答案：内外汉字的规范化，一是汉字要有（），二是规范地书写和运用汉字。

答案:规范标准“齐”（）（字的简化方法是（）。

答案：保留轮廓“声”（）（字的简化方法是（）。

答案：保留轮廓“专”（）（字的简化方法是（）。

答案：草书楷化“谷”（）（字的简化方法是（）。

答案：同音替代“优”（）（字的简化方法是（）。

答案：构成新的形声字“礼”（）（字的简化方法是（）。

答案：换用简单符号根据结构特点划分出来的句子类别叫（）。

答案：句型“热水洗澡”的短语结构方式是（）。

答案：偏正“记忆是抹不去的，抹不去的是记忆。

”句中运用的修辞格手段是（）。

答案：回环“谁都知道这件事”，疑问代词“谁”表示（）。

[考研类试卷]2012年厦门大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、匹配题0 Match the authors or poets in Column I with the literary trends in Column II.(8 points)1)Modernism2)Imagism3)Romanticism4)Transcendentalism5)Pre-romanticism6)Realism7)Post-modernism8)Neo-classicism1 Henry David Thoreau2 George Gordon Byron3 Joseph Conrad4 Thomas Pynchon5 Amy Lowell6 Henry Fielding7 Henry James8 Thomas Gray二、名词解释9 Allegory10 avant-garde11 ballad12 Black Mountain poets13 Bloomsbury Group14 Eco-criticism三、评论题15 Pecola Breedlove(from: The Bluest Eye)16 Frederic Henry(from: A Farewell to Arms)17 Emma Woodhouse(from; Emma)18 Pip(from: Great Expectations)19 Yossarian(from; Catch-22)20 Quentin Compson(from; The Sound and the Fury)四、问答题21 The first half of the 18th century is called the Age of Pope. Why?22 Sinclair Lewis is the first American writer who got the Nobel Prize for Literature. Why do you think he deserve the prize?五、分析题23 Read the following poem and write a short essay based on the following questions in about 100 words.(8 points)I'm nobody by Emily Dickinson(1830 - 1886)I'm nobody, Who are you?Are you nobody too?Then there's a pair of us.Don't tell—they'd banish us, you know.How dreary to be somebody!How public—like a frog—To tell your name the livelong JuneTo an admiring bog.What, in your opinion is the theme of this poem?What is the meaning of each stanza? What is your attitude towards fame?。

2012年厦门大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 4. 简答题5. 应用文写作8. 命题作文简答题1．英美陪审制度中，小陪审团的主要功能是什么?正确答案：英美陪审制度中，小陪审团主要负责审理，做出裁决，决定被告是否有罪。

2．请写出中国三大木版年画产地中的两个。

正确答案：中国三大木版年画产地为潍坊杨家埠与天津杨柳青、苏州桃花坞。

3．人体的呼吸系统由哪两部分组成?正确答案：人体的呼吸由呼吸道和肺两部分组成。

4．中国南宋著名学者“二陆”是谁?正确答案：陆九龄和陆九渊兄弟。

【知识链接】文学史上最著名的“二陆”是指西晋的陆机和陆云兄弟。

历史上其他的“二陆”包括南朝陈代陆瑜和陆琰、南宋陆九龄和陆九渊兄弟、宋陆细和陆传兄弟。

5．请写出有“新疆三宝”之称的新疆三大著名物产中的两个。

正确答案：新疆三宝一般认为是指哈密瓜、和田玉、吐鲁番葡萄。

6．中国古代书法家郑板桥独特的书体名称是什么?正确答案：郑板桥自创独特的书体，用隶书参以行楷，非隶非楷，非古非今，自称“六分半书”。

7．世界上最软和最硬的石头分别是什么?正确答案：世界上最软的石头是滑石，最硬的石头是金刚石。

8．世界上第一部茶叶专著《茶经》的作者是谁?正确答案：中国乃至世界现存最早、最完整、最全面介绍茶的第一部专著《茶经》的作者是唐代陆羽。

9．请列出两种专利类型。

正确答案：我国《专利法》规定的专利类型有三种：发明专利、实用新型专利、外观设计专利。

10．现任国际奥委会主席是谁?正确答案：现任国际奥委会主席是比利时人雅克.罗格。

11．世界上第一部成文法典的名称是什么?正确答案：历史上最早的一部成文法典是《乌尔纳姆法典》。

它是古代西亚乌尔第三王朝(约公元前2113—前2006年)创始者乌尔纳姆颁布的。

它适应奴隶制的发展，主要用来保护奴隶和私有制经济，镇压奴隶和贫民的反抗。

【知识链接】古巴比伦国王汉谟拉比颁布的法律汇编《汉谟拉比法典》是迄今世界上最早的一部完整保存下来的成文法典。