2000年国际贸易术语解释通则INCOTERMS2000

《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》中文版（INCOTERMS 2000）（1999年7月国际商会第六次修订2000年1月1日生效）引言1．《国际贸易术语解释通则》的宗旨和范围《国际贸易术语解释通则》(以下简称Incoterms)的宗旨是为国际贸易中最普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的国际规则，以避免因各国不同解释而出现的不确定性，或至少在相当程度上减少这种不确定性。

合同双方当事人之间互不了解对方国家的贸易习惯的情况时常出现。

这就会引起误解、争议和诉讼，从而浪费时间和费用。

为了解决这些问题，国际商会(ICC)于一九三六年首次公布了一套解释贸易术语的国际规则，名为Incoterms 1936，以后又于一九五三年、一九六七年、一九七六年、一九八0年和一九九0年，现在则是在二000年版本中作出补充和修订，以便使这些规则适应当前国际贸易实践的发展。

需要强调的是，Incoterms涵盖的范围只限于销售合同当事人的权利义务中与已售货物(指“有形的”货物，不包括“无形的”货物，如电脑软件)交货有关的事项。

关于Incoterms，看来有两个非常普遍的特别误解。

一个是常常认为Incoterms适用于运输合同而不是销售合同。

第二个是人们有时错误地以为它规定了当事人可能希望包含在销售合同中的所有责任。

首先，正如ICC一贯强调的那样，Incoterms只涉及销售合同中买卖双方的关系，而且，只限于一些非常明确的方面。

对进口商和出口商来讲，考虑那些为完成国际销售所需要的各种合同之间的实际关系当然是非常必要的。

完成一笔国际贸易不仅需要销售合同，而且需要运输合同、保险合同和融资合同，而Incoterms只涉及其中的一项合同，即销售合同。

虽然如此，当双方当事人同意使用某一个具体的贸易术语时，将不可避免地对其他合同产生影响。

举例说明，卖方同意在合同中使用CFR和CIF术语时，他就只能以海运方式履行合同，因为在这两个术语下他必须向买方提供提单或其他海运单据，而如果使用其他运输方式，这些要求是无法满足的。

2000年国际贸易术语解释通则2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（Incoterms）是国际商会（InternationalChamberofCommerce，ICC）制定的一种国际商业买卖的术语，旨在提供买卖双方在国际贸易中运输货物、付款、履行义务和承担风险的范围和方式。

该术语出现于相关法律之前，它不仅有助于双方明确责任，而且也可以帮助贸易关系变得更加明晰。

Incoterms为每种贸易提供了不同的准则。

它们可以帮助消费者和供应商更有效地完成贸易，消除不必要的误解和障碍，从而提高贸易效率和贸易环境质量。

关于2000年Incoterms的定义主要分为四类，它们分别是EXW、FCA、FAS、CIF。

EXW（Ex Works）：交货方式为卖方负责把货物放到工厂以外的指定地点，买方负责把货物从该地点运走，运输费用由买方承担。

FCA（Free Carrier）：卖方负责把货物交付给指定的载运人，买方负责在卖方指定的地点之间支付运费。

FAS（Free Alongside Ship）：卖方负责把货物装载到船上，由买方负责支付所有的船费和陆运费。

CIF（Cost, Insurance and Freight）：卖方负责把货物装运到指定的港口，由买方负责支付海运费、保险费和进口税等费用。

由于Incoterms的定义清楚明确，这些术语在国际贸易中广泛使用，帮助双方明确自己的权利义务。

与其他国际贸易术语不同，Incoterms只运用在交易中，确定有关特定交易的责任归属、货物运输范围和货物价款履行方式，以及损失承担方式。

因此，在国际贸易中，Incoterms具有很强的约束力，买卖双方都要遵守这些术语的规定。

最后，Incoterms明确指出，无论何时何地，所有参与国际贸易的双方都必须遵守所有术语定义，以确保一致性和公平。

如果任何一方违反了Incoterms，另外一方可以向仲裁机构或法院提起诉讼，并要求为违约行为提供赔偿。

总之，2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（Incoterms）是国际贸易活动中十分重要的一部分，双方应该根据Incoterms的定义进行交易，以确保交易权利义务的有效性和公平性，从而有效的促进国际贸易的发展。

2000年国际贸易术语解释通则第一节贸易术语的含义、发展、性质与作用国际货物贸易的货物一般要经过长途运输，涉及到运输、保险、清关等多方面的问题。

为了明确买卖双方各自的权利和义务，双方当事人在商订合同时，必然要考虑以下几个方面的问题：1．卖方在什么地点、以何种方式来完成交货？2．货物发生损坏或灭失的风险何时由卖方转移给买方？3．由谁负责办理货物的运输、保险及清关手续？4．由谁负担办理上述手续所需的各种费用？5．买卖双方需要交接哪些相关的单据？如果买卖双方在每笔交易中都对上述这些问题逐一协商，将耗费大量的时间和费用，并可能影响交易的达成。

经过长期实践，国际贸易中逐渐出现了贸易术语。

1 贸易术语概述一、贸易术语的含义及作用用来说明商品价格的构成及买卖双方责任、费用与风险划分的专门用语，称为贸易术语(Trade Terms)。

贸易术语可以用文字表示，如“装运港船上交货”(Free On Board)，也可以用由三个英文字母组成的国际代码表示，如FOB。

贸易术语具有两重性，即一方面表示交货条件，另一方面表示价格构成因素。

二有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例《1932年华沙-牛津规则》（Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932）《1941年美国对外贸易定义(修订本)》(Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions l941) （1941年美国队外贸易定义修订本对六种贸易术语的解释规定了6种术语）《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》(INCOTERMS2000)三、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》对贸易术语的分类归纳为13种，并将这13种术语按不同类别分为E、F、C、D四个组。

E组只包括1种贸易术语—EXW；F 组包含有FCA、FAS和FOB 3种术语；C组包括CFR、CIF、CPT、CIP 4种术语；D组中包括5种术语，它们是DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU和DDP。

该惯例现共解释了13种术语。

《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》Inco terms 2000目录一、总述 (1)二、FOB、CFR 、CIF、…………………………….2/5/8 一、总述贸易术语，又称价格术语，用来说明价格的构成，风险的划分点以及买卖双方费用、责任的划分，可以节省交易磋商时间和费用，简化交易磋商和买卖合同的内容。

《2000通则》把13个贸易术语分为E、F、C、D四组，其中E组签定的合同为起运合同，F、C组签定的合同为装运合同，D组签定的合同为到达合同。

F、C组的交货属于象征性交货，卖方在合同规定日期内把符合合同规定的单据交给买方，即完成交货，特点是单款对流。

E、D组的交货属于实际性交货，卖方在合同规定日期内把符合合同规定的货物交给买方，即完成交货，特点是货款对流。

在贸易术语中，有三个划分点，一个是①交货地点，一个是⑵风险划分点，还有就是③费用划分点。

其中交货地点就是风险划分点，F、E、D组的贸易术语的三个划分点一致，简称三点合一，而C组较为特殊，C组的费用划分点延伸到了目的港、目的地，而风险划分点在装运港、装运地，因此只是两点合一。

13个贸易术语的交货地点：EXW在卖方处所，FCA、CPT、CIP在合同规定的出口国内地或港口，FAS在装运港船边，FOB、CFR、CIF在装运港船上，DAF在两国边境，DES在目的港船上，DEQ在目的港码头，DDU、DDP在进口国所在地。

13个贸易术语的风险划分：EXW在买方接管货物后，FCA、CPT、CIP在承运人接管货物后，FAS货交船边后，FOB、CFR、CIF货物越过装运港船舷，DAF在买方接管货物后，DES买方在船上收货后，DEQ买方在目的港上收货后，DDU、DDP买方在指定地收货后。

13个贸易术语的进出口清关手续的办理：除了EXW进出口清关手续全由买方负责、DDP 进出口清关手续全由卖方负责，其他术语全是卖方负责出口清关手续，买方负责进口清关手续。

13个贸易术语适合的运输方式：只适合海运和内河运输的有FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF、DES、DEQ，适合一切运输方式的为剩余的7个术语。

2000年国际贸易术语解释通则（1999年7月国际商会第六次修订2000年1月1日生效）一、《国际贸易术语解释通则》概述（1）根本宗旨：《国际贸易术语解释通则》(简称Incoterms)由国际商会(ICC)首次于 1936年颁布，现为2000年版本（2000年1月1日生效）。

其宗旨是为国际贸易中最普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的国际规则，以避免因各国不同解释而出现的不确定性，或至少在相当程度上减少这种不确定性。

（2）制定机关-----国际商会（3）适用范围：第一，完成一笔国际贸易不仅需要销售合同，而且需要运输合同、保险合同和融资合同，而Incoterms第二，Incoterms只涉及销售合同中买卖双方的关系，也即其涵盖的范围只限指“有形”货物，不含“无形”货物，如电脑软件如涉及货物进口和出口清关、卖方交付货物（含货物单据）的义务、买方受领货物（含付款）的义务、风险转移的时间和地点、运输方式、保险负担等。

第三，Incoterms并未涉及货物所有权和其他产权的转移（如抵押）、违约（如产品质量、数量、包装问题）、违约行为的后果（法律责任）以及某些情况下的免责（如不可抗力）等。

即产权转移、合同违约、法律责任（含免责）3项内容（4）主要内容A、涉及事项：1、交货地点； 2、交货方式； 3、运输方式； 4、风险转移；5、保险办理；6、费用承担；7、出关手续8、货检费用B、划分依据：按照双方所应承担的合同义务；C、表示方式：将买卖双方的权利和义务按10项相对应列明；如卖方义务（10项）：A1、A2、A3----A10；买方义务（10项）：B1、B2、B3----B10；（5）基本结构：====四组13种贸易术语E组(发货/发货合同)───────────────────────────EXW 工厂交货(……指定地点)F组(主要运费未付/装运合同)───────────────────────────FCA 货交承运人(……指定地点—通常为出口国)FAS 船边交货(……指定装运港)FOB 船上交货(……指定装运港)C组(主要运费已付/装运合同)───────────────────────────CFR 成本加运费(……指定目的港)CIF 成本、保险费加运费(……指定目的港)CPT 运费付至(……指定目的地)CIP 运费、保险费付至(……指定目的地)D组(到达/到货合同)───────────────────────────DAF边境交货(……指定地点--通常为进口国)- DAPDES目的港船上交货(……指定目的港)- DAPDEQ目的港码头交货(……指定目的港) --DATDDU未完税交货(……指定目的地)- DAPDDP 完税后交货(……指定目的地)注意：①术语名称均以卖方的义务和交货的地点来命名的；②术语名称在一定程度上反映了买卖双方责任、风险和费用的划分：如交货地点、保险负担、运输方式（适用于水上运输方式的贸易：FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF 、DES、 DEQ）和风险（货物灭失或损坏）转移的地点和时间；③术语的排列以卖方的义务由小到大依次排列，如E组EXW术语下卖方的义务最小，而在D组DDP术语下卖方的义务最大；④术语也反映了货物的价格构成，并与其排列顺序一样由低到高依次排列，如E组EXW术语下价格最低，而在D组DDP术语下价格最高。

《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》中文版INCOTERMS 2000(1999年7月国际商会第六次修订，2000年1月1日生效)引言EXW工厂交货…（指定地点）"工厂交货（……指定地点）"是指当卖方在其所在地或其他指定的地点（如工场、工厂或仓库）将货物交给买方处置时，即完成交货，卖方不办理出口清关手续或将货物装上任何运输工具。

该术语是卖方承当责任最小的术语。

买方必须承当在卖方所在地受领货物的全部费用和风险。

但是，若双方希望在起运时卖方负责装载货物并承当装载货物的全部费用和风险时，则须在销售合同中明确写明。

在买方不能直接或间接的办理出口手续时，不应使用该术语，而应使用FCA，如果卖方同意装载货物并承当费用和风险的话。

A卖方义务B买方义务A1提供符合合同规定的货物卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。

B1支付价款买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。

A2许可证、其他许可和手续应买方要求并由其承当风险和费用，在需要办理海关手续时，卖方必须给予买方一切协助，以帮助买方取得为货物出口所需的出口许可证或其他官方许可。

B2许可证、其他许可和手续买方必须自担风险和费用，取得任何出口和进口许可证或其他官方许可，在需要办理海关手续时，并办理货物出口的一切海关手续。

A3运输合同与保险合同a）运输合同无义务。

b）保险合同无义务。

B3运输合同与保险合同a）运输合同无义务。

b）保险合同无义务。

A4交货卖方必须按照合同约定的日期或期限，或如果未约定日期或期限，按照交付此类货物的惯常时间，在指定的地点将未置于任何运输车辆上的货物交给买方处置。

若在指定的地点内未约定具体交货点，或有若干个交货点可使用，则卖方可在交货地点中选择最适合其目的的交货点。

B4受领货物买方必须在卖方按照A4和A7/B7规定交货时受领货物。

A5风险转移除B5规定者外，卖方必须承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至已经按照A4规定交货为止。

十三种贸易术语《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（Incoterms 2000）共列出十三种贸易术语，其要点如下：E组：启运(一)工厂交货(EXW)本术语英文为“EXW orks (…named place)”，即“工厂交货(……指定地点)”。

它指卖方负有在其所在地即车间、工厂、仓库等把备妥的货物交付给买方的责任，但通常不负责将货物装上买方准备的车辆上或办理货物结关。

买方承担自卖方的所在地将货物运至预期的目的地的全部费用和风险。

采用EXW条件成交时，卖方的风险、责任、费用都是最小的。

F组：主要运费未付(二)货交承运人(FCA)本术语英文为“Free Carrier (…named place )”，即“货物交承运人(……指定地点)”。

它指卖方应负责将其移交的货物，办理出关后，在指定的地点交付给买方指定的承运人照管。

根据商业惯例，当卖方被要求与承运人通过签订合同进行协作时，在买方承担风险和费用的情况下，卖方可以照此办理。

本术语适用于任何运输方式。

采用这一交货条件时，买方要自费订立从指定地点启运的运输契约，并及时通知卖方。

《2000通则》规定，若双方约定的交货地点是卖方所在地，卖方负责把货物装上买方制定的承运人的运输工具即可，若交货地是其它地点，卖方在自己的运输工具上完成交货，无需卸货。

(三)船边交货(FAS)本术语英文为“Free Alongside ship(…named port of shipment)”即“船边交货(……指定装运港)”。

它指卖方在指定的装运港码头或驳船上把货物交至船边，从这时起买方须承担货物灭失或损坏的全部费用和风险，另外买方须办理出口结关手续。

本术语适用于海运或内河运输。

与《90通则》不同的是，《2000通则》规定，办理货物出口报关的风险、责任、费用改由买方承担。

(四)船上交货(FOB)本术语英文为“Free on Board(…named port of shipment )”，即“船上交货(……指定装运港)”。

有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例主要有以下三种： ⼀、《1932年华沙—⽜津规则》〔Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932〕 《华沙⼀⽜津规则》是国际法协会专门为解释CIF合同⽽制定的。

19世纪中叶，CIF贸易术语开始在国际贸易中得到⼴泛采⽤，然⽽对使⽤这⼀术语时买卖双⽅各⾃承担的具体义务，并没有统⼀的规定和解释。

对此，国际法协会于1928年在波兰⾸都华沙开会，制定了关于CIF合同的统⼀规则，称之为《1928年华沙规则》，共包括22条。

其后，将此规则修订为2l条，并更名为《1932年华沙⼀⽜津规则》，沿⽤⾄今。

这⼀规则对于CIF的性质、买卖双⽅所承担的风险、责任和费⽤的划分以及所有权转移的⽅式等问题都作了⽐较详细的解释。

⼆、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》 〔Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941) 《美国对外贸易定义》是由美国⼏个商业团体制定的。

它最早于1919年在纽约制定，原称为《美国出⼝报价及其缩写条例》，后来于1941年在美国第27届全国对外贸易会议上对该条例作了修订，命名为《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》。

《美国对外贸易定义》中所解释的贸易术语共有六种，分别为： 1．Ex(Point of Origin，产地交货)； 2．FOB(Free on Board，在运输⼯具上交货)； 3．FAS(Free Along Side，在运输⼯具旁边交货)； 4．C＆F(Cost and Freight，成本加运费)； 5. CIF(Cost，Insurance and Freight，成本加保险费、运费)； 6．Ex Dock(Named Port of Importation，⽬的港码头交货)。

《美国对外贸易定义》主要在北美国家采⽤。

由于它对贸易术语的解释与《通则》有明显的差异，所以，在同北美国家进⾏交易时应加以注意。

三、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》〔《INCOTERMS2000》〕 《国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Inter—pretation of Trade Terms)。

INCOTERMS 2000FOREWORDBy Maria Livanos Cattaui, Secretary General of ICCThe global economy has given businesses broader access than ever before to markets all over the world. Goods are sold in more countries in larger quantities, and in greater variety. But as the volume and complexity of international sales increase, so do possibilities for misunderstandings and costly disputes when sales contracts are not adequately drafted.Incoterms the official ICC rules for the interpretation of trade terms facilitate the conduct of international trade. Reference to Incoterms 2000 in a sales contract defines clearly the parties' respective obligations and reduces the risk of legal complications.Since the creation of Incoterms by ICC in 1936, this undisputed worldwide contractual standard has been regularly updated to keep pace with he development of international trade. Incoterms 2000 take account of the recent spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communications in business transactions, and changes transport practices. Incoterms 2000 offer a simpler and clearer presentation of the 13 definitions, all of which have been revised.The broad expertise of ICC's Commission on International Commercial Practice, whose membership is drawn from all parts of the world and all trade sectors, ensures that Incoterms 2000 respond to business needs everywhere. ICC would like to express its gratitude to the members of the commission, chaired by Prof. Fabio Bortolotti (Italy), its Working Party on Trade Terms chaired by Prof. Jan Ramberg (Sweden), and to the drafting group which Sed Prof. Charles Debattista (Chairman - UK), Robert De Roy (Belgium), Philippe Rapatout (France), Jens Bredow (Germany) and Frank Reynolds (US).CONTENTSMode of transport and the appropriate Incoterm 2000EXW Ex Works (... named place)FCA Free Carrier (... named place)FAS Free Alongside Ship (... named port of shipment)FOB Free On Board (... named port of shipment)CFR Cost and Freight (... named port of destination)CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (... named port of destination)CPT Carriage Paid To (... named place of destination)CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To (... named place of destination)DAF Delivered At Frontier (... named place)DES Delivered Ex Ship (... named port of destination)DEQ Delivered Ex Quay (... named port of destination)DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid (... named place of destination)DDP Delivered Duty Paid (... named place of destination)Thöông maïi Vieät Nam 1Mode of transport and the appropriate Incoterm 2000Any mode of transportGroup EEXW Ex Works (... named place)Group FFCA Free Carrier (... named place)Group CCPT Carriage Paid To (... named place of destination)CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid To (... named place of destination)Group DDAF Delivered At Frontier (... named place)DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid (... named place of destination)DDP Delivered Duty Paid (... named place of destination)Maritime and inland waterway transport onlyGroup FFAS Free Alongside Ship (... named port of shipment)FOB Free On Board (... named port of shipment)Group CCFR Cost and Freight (... named port of destination)CIF Cost, Insurance and Freight (... named port of destination)Group DDES Delivered Ex Ship (... named port of destination)DEQ Delivered Ex Quay (... named port of destination)EXWEX WORKS(... named place)•Ex works" means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller's premises or another named place (i.e. works factory, warehouse, etc.) not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller and the buyer has to bear all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the sellers premises.However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the loading of he goods on departure and to bear the risks and all the costs of such loading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term should not be used .when the buyer cannot carry out the export formalities directly or indirectly In such circumstances, the FCA term formalities directly. In such circumstances the FCA term should be used, provided the seller agrees that he will loadat his cost and risk.A THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS2Thöông maïi Vieät NamA1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contractThe seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.A2 Licences, authorizations and formalitiesThe seller must render the buyer, at the latter's request risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining, where applicable2 any export licence or other official authorization necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurancea) Contract of carriageNo obligation3.b) Contract of insuranceNo obligation4.A4 DeliveryThe seller must place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle on the date or within the period agreed or, if no such time is agreed at the usual time for delivery of such goods. If no specific point has been agreed within the named place, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point at the place of delivery which best suits his purpose.A5 Transfer of risksThe seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.A6 Division of costsThe seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.A7 Notice to the buyerThe seller must give the buyer sufficient notice as to when and where the goods will be placed at his disposal.A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic messageNo obligation8.A9 Checking - packaging - markingThe seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of placing the goods at the buyer's disposal.The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to make the goods of the contract description available unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.A10 Other obligationsThe seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages issued or transmitted in the country of delivery and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the export and/or import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through anyThöông maïi Vieät Nam 3country. The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.B THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONSB1 Payment of the priceThe buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.B2Licences, authorizations and formalitiesThe buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any export and import licence or other official authorization and carry out where applicable 5, all customs formalities for the export of the goodsB3Contracts of carriage and insurancea) Contract of carriageNo obligation 6b) Contract of insuranceNo obligation 7B4 Taking deliveryThe buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in accordance with A4 and A7/B7.B5 Transfer of risksThe buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods•from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and•from the agreed date or the expiry date of any period fixed for taking delivery which arise because he fails to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.B6 Division of costsThe buyer must pay• all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and• any additional costs incurred by failing either to take delivery of the goods when they have been placed at his disposal, or to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and • where applicable7, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon export.The buyer must reimburse all costs and charges incurred by the seller in rendering assistance in accordance with A2.B7 Notice to the sellerThe buyer must, whenever he is entitled to determine the time within an agreed period and/or the place of taking delivery, give the seller sufficient notice thereof.B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message The buyer must provide the seller with appropriate evidence of having taken delivery.B9 Inspection of goods4Thöông maïi Vieät NamThe buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection, including inspection mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Other obligationsThe buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith.REE CARRIER(... named place)"Free Carrier" means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the seller's premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transport."Carrier" means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that person.A THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONSA1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contractThe seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.A2 Licences, authorizations and formalitiesThe seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official authorization and carry out, where applicable 1, all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurancea) Contract of carriageNo obligation2. However, if requested by the buyer or if it is commercial practice and the buyer does not give an instruction to the contrary in due time, the seller may contract for carriage on usual terms at the buyer's risk and expense. In either case, the seller may decline to make the contract and, if he does, shall promptly notify the buyer accordingly.b) Contract of insuranceNo obligation3A4 DeliveryThe seller must deliver the goods to the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer, or chosen by the seller in accordance with A3 a), at the named place on the date or within the period agreed for delivery.Delivery is completed;Thöông maïi Vieät Nam 5a) If the named place is the seller's premises, when the goods have been loaded on the means of transport provided by the carrier nominated by the buyer or another person acting on his behalf.b) If the named place is anywhere other than a), when the goods are placed at the disposal of the carrier or another person nominated by the buyer, or chosen by the seller in accordance with A3 a) on the seller's means of transport not unloaded.If no specific point has been agreed within the named place, and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point at the place of delivery which best suits his purpose.Failing precise instructions from the buyer, the seller may deliver the goods for carriage in such a manner as the transport mode and/or the quantity and/or nature of the goods may require.A5 Transfer of risksThe seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4 A6 Division of costsThe seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay• all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and• where applicable6, the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes or other charges payable upon export.A7 Notice to the buyerThe seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered in accordance with A4. Should the carrier fail to take delivery in accordance with A4 at the time agreed, the seller must notify the buyer accordingly.A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message The seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual proof of delivery of the goods in accordance with A4.Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document, the seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining a transport document for the contract of carriage (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document, an air waybill, a railway consignment note, a road consignment note, or a multimodal transport document).When the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraph may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.A9 Checking - packaging - markingThe seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to send the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately.6Thöông maïi Vieät NamA10 Other obligationsThe seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of delivery and/or of origin which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country.The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.B THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONSB1 Payment of the priceThe buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.B2 Licences, authorizations and formalitiesThe buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official authorization and carry out where applicable4, all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurancea) Contract of carriage The buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named place, except when the contract of carriage is made by the seller as provided for in A3 a).b) Contract of insuranceNo obligation5.B4 Taking deliveryThe buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in accordance with A4.B5Transfer or risksThe buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods• from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and• from the agreed date or the expiry date of any agreed period for delivery which arise either because he fails to nominate the carrier or another person in accordance with A4, or because the carrier or the party nominated by the buyer fails to take the goods into his charge at the agreed time, or because the buyer fails to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.B6 Division of costsThe buyer must pay•all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and• any additional costs incurred, either because he fails to nominate the carrier or another person in accordance with A4 or because the party nominated by the buyer fails to take the goods into his charge at the agreed time, or because he has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; andThöông maïi Vieät Nam 7• where applicable7, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and for their transit through any country.B7 Notice to the sellerThe buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the name of the party designated in A4 and, where necessary, specify the mode of transport, as well as the date or period for delivering the goods to him and, as the case may be, the point within the place where the goods should be delivered to that party.B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.B9 Inspection of goodsThe buyer must pay the costs of any pre-shipment inspection except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Other obligationsThe buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewith and in contracting for carriage in accordance with A3 a).The buyer must give the seller appropriate instructions whenever the seller's assistance in contracting for carriage is required in accordance with A3 a).FASFREE ALONGSIDE SHIP(... named port of shipment)"Free Alongside Ship" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.THIS IS A REVERSAL FROM PREVIOUS INCOTERMS VERSIONS WHICH REQUIRED THE BUYER TO ARRANGE FOR EXPORT CLEARANCE.However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale1.This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.A THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONSA1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contractThe seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.A2 Licences, authorizations and formalitiesThe seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official authorization and carry out, where applicable2, all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurance8Thöông maïi Vieät Nama) Contract of carriageNo obligation3.b) Contract of insuranceNo obligation4.A4 DeliveryThe seller must place the goods alongside the vessel nominated by the buyer at the loading place named by the buyer at the named port of shipment on the date or within the agreed period and in the manner customary at the port.A5 Transfer of risksThe seller must, subject to the provisions of B5, bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4.A6 Division of costsThe seller must, subject to the provisions of B6, pay• all costs relating to the goods until such time as they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and• where applicable7, the costs of customs formalities as well as all duties, taxes, and other charges payable upon export.A7 Notice to the buyerThe seller must give the buyer sufficient notice that the goods have been delivered alongside the nominated vessel.A8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic messageThe seller must provide the buyer at the seller's expense with the usual proof of delivery of the goods in accordance with A4.Unless the document referred to in the preceding paragraph is the transport document, the seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining a transport document (for example a negotiable bill of lading, a non-negotiable sea waybill, an inland waterway document).When the seller and the buyer have agreed to communicate electronically, the document referred to in the preceding paragraphs may be replaced by an equivalent electronic data interchange (EDI) message.A9 Checking - packaging - markingThe seller must pay the costs of those checking operations (such as checking quality, measuring, weighing, counting) which are necessary for the purpose of delivering the goods in accordance with A4.The seller must provide at his own expense packaging (unless it is usual for the particular trade to ship the goods of the contract description unpacked) which is required for the transport of the goods, to the extent that the circumstances relating to the transport (for example modalities, destination) are made known to the seller before the contract of sale is concluded. Packaging is to be marked appropriately,A10 Other obligationsThe seller must render the buyer at the latter's request, risk and expense, every assistance in obtaining any documents or equivalent electronic messages (other than those mentioned in A8) issued or transmitted in the country of shipment and/or of originThöông maïi Vieät Nam 9which the buyer may require for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country.The seller must provide the buyer, upon request, with the necessary information for procuring insurance.B THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONSB1 Payment of the priceThe buyer must pay the price as provided in the contract of sale.B2 Licences, authorizations and formalitiesThe buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import licence or other official authorization and carry out where applicable5, all customs formalities for the import of the goods and for their transit through any country.B3 Contracts of carriage and insurancea) Contract of carriageThe buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment.b) Contract of insuranceNo obligation6.B4 Taking deliveryThe buyer must take delivery of the goods when they have been delivered in accordance with A4.B5 Transfer of risksThe buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods• from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and• from the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery which arise because he fails to give notice in accordance with B7, or because the vessel nominated by him fails to arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods.B6Division of costsThe buyer must pay• all costs relating to the goods from the time they have been delivered in accordance with A4; and•any additional costs incurred, either because the vessel nominated by him has failed to arrive on time, or is unable to take the goods, or closes for cargo earlier than the time notified in accordance with B7, or because the buyer has failed to give appropriate notice in accordance with B7 provided, however, that the goods have been duly appropriated to the contract, that is to say, clearly set aside or otherwise identified as the contract goods; and• where appliable8, all duties, taxes and other charges as well as the costs of carrying out customs formalities payable upon import of the goods and for their transit through any country.B7 Notice to the seller10Thöông maïi Vieät NamThe buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and required delivery time.B8 Proof of delivery, transport document or equivalent electronic message The buyer must accept the proof of delivery in accordance with A8.B9 Inspection of goodsThe buyer must pay the costs of any pre - shipment inspection, except when such inspection is mandated by the authorities of the country of export.B10 Other obligationsThe buyer must pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents or equivalent electronic messages mentioned in A10 and reimburse those incurred by the seller in rendering his assistance in accordance therewithFOBFREE ON BOARD(... named port of shipment)"Free on Board" means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship's rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's rail, the FCA term should be used.A THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONSA1 Provision of goods in conformity with the contractThe seller must provide the goods and the commercial invoice, or its equivalent electronic message, in conformity with the contract of sale and any other evidence of conformity which may be required by the contract.A2 Licences, authorizations and formalitiesThe seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export licence or other official authorization and carry out, where applicable1, all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.A3 Contracts of carriage and insurancea) Contract of carriageNo obligation2.b) Contract of insuranceNo obligation3.A4 DeliveryThe seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyer.A5 Transfer of risks。

简析INCOTERMS2000的分组及其特性INTERCOMS 2000，即2000年国际贸易术语解释通则。

它是由国际商会(International Chamber of Commerce, ICC)制定并作出统一解释。

INCOTERMS2000的分组INTERCOMS 2000共定义了13个贸易术语，分为4组，即：E组，F组，C 组，D组。

一、E 组：主要指内陆交货合同EXW。

是最简单的一种出货方式，卖方参与面最小，风险也最小，货物的风险自交货时就已转移。

卖方的义务：（1）履行交货义务，（2）承担交货前的风险和费用；买方的义务：（1）买方必须承担在卖方所在地受领货物的全部费用和风险；（2）办理出口清关手续。

二、F组：共有3个贸易术语FCA、FAS和FOB（主要运费未付）（装运合同）1、FCA－Free Carrier，货交承运人（指定地点）。

2、FAS－Free Alongside Ship，船边交货（指定装运港）。

3、FOB－Free on Board,船上交货（指定装运港）。

以Ｆ组术语签订的销售合同为装运合同，即卖方均是在货物的装运地或启运地或出口地完成交货义务,而主要运费未付。

FAS和FOB只适用于海运和内河运输，FCA可适用于任何方式。

另外以FOB 方式成交，明确装船费用由何方负担，还有以下3种变形方式：1、FOB Liner Terms （FOB班轮条件），装船费用按照班轮的做、由支付运费的一方，即买方负担。

2、FOB Under Tackle（FOB吊钩下交货），卖方负责将货物交至买方指定的船只吊钩所及之处，吊装费用由买方负担。

3、FOB Stowed（FOB理舱费在内），卖方负担将货物装入船仓并承担包括理船费在内的装船费用。

理舱费是指货物入舱后进行安置和整理的费用。

4、FOB Trimmed(FOB平舱费在内），卖方负担将货物装入船仓并承担包括平舱费在内的装船费用。

三、C组术语（主运费已付）（装运合同）共有四个贸易术语：CFR-Cost and Freight，成本加运费（指定目的港）、CIF-Cost Insurance and Freight，成本加运费加保险费（指定的目的港）、CPT-Carriage Paid to，运费付至（指定目的地）、CIP-Carriage and Insurance Paid to，运费及保险费付至（指定目的地）。