初中英语语法——被动语态
(1)被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是 动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。
(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：
现在时态 一般现在时 现在进行时 一 般 将 来 时 现在完成时
谓语动词构 成 am
is +p.p.
are am
is
+being+p.p.
are will + be+p.p.
am
is +going to+ be +
p.p.
are have(has)
+been+p.p.
过去时态 一般过去时 过 去 进 行 时 过 去 将 来 时 过去完成时
谓语动词构 成 was
+p.p.
were was
+being+p.p.
were would +be+p.p.
was +going
to+be+p.p.
were had
+been+p.p.
[注] p.p.表示过去分词。
(1) 被动语态的用法：
① 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如：A man was killed
in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)
1 被动语态
一、 考点、热点回顾
【词汇辨析】
1. across, through 穿过
across指从一定范围的一边到另一边。动作是在物体的表面进行。常用于横穿街道、河流，穿过桥梁等。eg: They walk across the bridge. 他们步行走过了这座桥。
through 侧重从物体的内部空间穿过，动作是在物体内部进行。常用于门、窗户、森林等。
eg: He walks through the park. 他步行穿过公园。
2. ill，sick―生病的‖。
ill只在系动词后作表语 eg: Her mother was ill in bed.
sick 既可作表语 eg: Her mother was sick in bed.
也可作定语 eg: Jane is taking care of her sick mother.
若ill作定语，译为―坏的，恶劣的‖
eg: an ill person一个坏人
sick作表语时也常译为―恶心的，想吐的―
eg: The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.
【固定搭配】 动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词
make room for给.....腾出地方 eg: We can make room for her at this table.
play a joke on戏弄人；对人恶作剧 eg: We can’t play a joke on law.
speak highly of称赞 eg: The customs speak highly of their quality of service.
say good bye to告别；告辞 eg: I don't want to say good bye to them.
初中英语语法
被动语态
英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
一、被动语态的时态及结构（以动词do为例）
结构：主语 + be + 过去分词
时态：1. 一般现在时： am (is, are) done.
2.带情态动词的被动语态：must (can, may, should, need, would) be
done
3. 一般过去时： was (were) done
4. 一般将来时： will (shall) be done
5. 现在进行时： am (is, are) being done
6. 现在完成时： have (has) been done
(前三种形式为四会掌握内容)
二、从初中阶段所学五种基本句型谈变被动语态时应注意的问题。
1．主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 (S+V+P)
此结构不可用被动语态。
(正) The flowers smell sweet.
(误) The flowers are smelt sweet.
2．主语 + 不及物动词 (S+V)
此结构不可变被动语态。
(正) An accident happened last night.
(误) An accident was happened last night.
3．主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 (S + V+ O)
（1）将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
Children often sing this song
This song is often sung by children.
（2）将含有介词或副词的动词短语变为被动结构时，不可将介词或副词去掉。
We should listen to the teachers carefully.
The teachers should be listened to carefully.
1 被动语态
一、 考点、热点回顾
【词汇辨析】
1. across, through 穿过
across指从一定范围的一边到另一边。动作是在物体的表面进行。常用于横穿街道、河流，穿过桥梁等。eg: They walk across the bridge. 他们步行走过了这座桥。
through 侧重从物体的内部空间穿过，动作是在物体内部进行。常用于门、窗户、森林等。
eg: He walks through the park. 他步行穿过公园。
2. ill，sick“生病的”。
ill只在系动词后作表语 eg: Her mother was ill in bed.
sick 既可作表语 eg: Her mother was sick in bed.
也可作定语 eg: Jane is taking care of her sick mother.
若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”
eg: an ill person一个坏人
sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的“
eg: The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.
【固定搭配】 动词+ 名词/ 代词/ 副词+ 介词
make room for给.....腾出地方 eg: We can make room for her at this table.
play a joke on戏弄人；对人恶作剧 eg: We can’t play a joke on law.
speak highly of称赞 eg: The customs speak highly of their quality of service.
say good bye to告别；告辞 eg: I don't want to say good bye to them.
