商务汉英翻译中的“疑难杂症”及对症的“特效药”
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英文回答:The "Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases" (Shanghan Zabing Lun) is a classic medical text in traditional Chinese medicine. A white-collar explanation of its contents is as follows:Firstly, the basic symptoms of Taiyang disease are floating pulse, headache, stiffness and discomfort in the neck, and aversion to cold. When Taiyang disease manifests as fever, sweating, aversion to wind, headache, stiffness and discomfort in the neck, and a floating and slow pulse, it is known as Wind Stroke.Moreover, if Taiyang disease presents with fever or the absence of fever, aversion to cold, headache, stiffness and discomfort in the neck, body pain, vomiting, absence of sweating, and a floating and tight pulse in all three positions (cun, guan, chi), it is termed Cold Damage.On the first day of exogenous diseases, if the pathogenic factors remain in the Taiyang stage without progression, it indicates that the disease has not undergone a change in transmission. However, if the patient experiences constant vomiting, irritability, and a rapid and urgent pulse, it suggests that the pathogenic factors have penetrated into the interior, indicating a change in the disease's condition.Two or three days into exogenous diseases, when the pathogenic factors are expected to transmit to the Yangming and Shaoyang stages, if only the symptoms of Taiyang disease are present without any manifestations of Yangming or Shaoyang diseases, it indicates that the disease has not undergone a change in transmission. Additionally, when Taiyang disease manifests as fever, thirst, and a lack of aversion to cold, it is classified as Warm Disease. Warm Disease is caused by the invasion of warm pathogens, and therefore, the use of pungent-warm diaphoretics, purging methods, and fire therapy is contraindicated. Incorrect treatment can exacerbate the condition, leading to symptoms such as intense body heat, floating and strong pulses in the cun and chi positions, spontaneous sweating, heavy body sensation, constant drowsiness, nasal snoring during respiration, and difficulty speaking, which is known asWind-Warm Disease.中文回答:《伤寒杂病论》是中医的经典之作,以下是对其内容的白话注解:首先,太阳病的基本症候特征包括脉象浮、头痛、项部拘急不舒、畏寒。
中医词语对应的英文翻译以下是一些中医常用词语及其对应的英文翻译,供参考。
1. 中药:Chinese medicine2. 针灸:Acupuncture3. 脉象:Pulse condition4. 望、闻、问、切:Observation, listening, inquiry, palpation5. 辨证论治:Syndrome differentiation and treatment6. 气滞血瘀:Qi stagnation and blood stasis7. 气血两虚:Qi and blood deficiency8. 风寒感冒:Wind-cold感冒9. 湿热证:Damp-heat syndrome10. 脾胃虚弱:Spleen-stomach weakness11. 肝火旺盛:Liver fire flaming12. 心火旺盛:Heart fire flaming13. 肺热咳嗽:Lung heat cough14. 脾虚泄泻:Spleen deficiency diarrhea15. 肾虚腰痛:Kidney deficiency waist pain16. 湿温病:Damp-heat disease17. 风湿病:Rheumatism18. 痛经:Menstrual pain19. 月经不调:Menstrual irregularity20. 更年期综合症:Menopause syndrome21. 肥胖症:Obesity22. 高血压病:Hypertension23. 糖尿病:Diabetes24. 失眠:Insomnia25. 抑郁症:Depression26. 焦虑症:Anxiety disorder27. 自闭症:Autism28. 强迫症:OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)29. 多动症:ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)30. 老年痴呆症:Alzheimer's disease31. 帕金森病:Parkinson's disease32. 癌症:Cancer33. 白血病:Leukemia34. 心脏病:Heart disease35. 肝病:Liver disease36. 肾病:Kidney disease37. 肺病:Lung disease38. 高脂血症:Hyperlipidemia39. 甲亢:Hyperthyroidism40. 甲减:Hypothyroidism41. 黄褐斑:Chloasma42. 白癜风:Vitiligo43. 牛皮癣:Psoriasis44. 带状疱疹:Shingles45. 水痘:Chickenpox46. 麻疹:Measles47. 风疹:Rubella (German measles)48. 痄腮:Mumps (耳下腺炎)49. 红眼病(急性结膜炎):Red eye (acute conjunctivitis)50. 中耳炎:Otitis media (middle ear infection)请注意,这些翻译可能并不完全准确或具体,因为中医是一个非常复杂和深奥的医学系统,其概念和术语往往难以用简单的英文词汇来表达,仅供参考。
医学常用药品名称中英文对照与翻译一、引言在医学领域,了解药品的名称是非常重要的。
药品名称的准确对照与翻译,不仅有利于跨国医学研究合作,还能帮助医学工作者更好地理解药物的作用和用途。
为此,本文将提供一份医学常用药品名称的中英文对照与翻译,以帮助读者更好地研究和使用药品。
二、常用药品名称1. 阿莫西林(Amoxicillin)阿莫西林是一种广谱抗生素,常用于治疗细菌感染,如呼吸道感染、皮肤感染等。
2. 氨基糖苷类抗生素(Aminoglycoside Antibiotics)氨基糖苷类抗生素是一类抗生素,用于治疗严重的细菌感染,如肺炎、败血症等。
3. 乙酰水杨酸(Aspirin)乙酰水杨酸是一种非处方药,用于缓解轻度至中度的疼痛和发热,也可用于预防心脏病。
4. 氯化钡(Barium Chloride)氯化钡是一种用于诊断胃肠道疾病的造影剂,常用于胃肠道X光检查中。
5. 盐酸贝南单抗(Bevacizumab Hydrochloride)盐酸贝南单抗是一种抗肿瘤药物,常用于治疗结直肠癌、肺癌等恶性肿瘤。
6. 苯巴比妥(Phenobarbital)苯巴比妥是一种抗癫痫药物,也可用于缓解焦虑和失眠。
7. 碘化钾(Potassium Iodide)碘化钾是一种抗甲状腺肿药物,常用于治疗甲状腺功能亢进症以及预防放射性碘污染。
8. 氨糖葡萄糖胶(Chondroitin Glucosamine Gel)氨糖葡萄糖胶是一种用于关节疾病治疗的外用药物,常用于缓解关节疼痛和改善关节活动度。
9. 左炔诺孕酮(Levonorgestrel)左炔诺孕酮是一种避孕药物,常用于紧急避孕和长期避孕。
10. 甲氧苄啶(Methoxsalen)甲氧苄啶是一种光敏剂,可用于治疗白癜风等皮肤疾病。
三、结论通过本文所提供的医学常用药品名称中英文对照与翻译,读者可以更方便地查阅和理解药品的名称及其作用。
在医学研究、临床实践和日常生活中,正确使用药品名称非常重要,这不仅有利于医学交流,还能确保患者获得正确的治疗。
1 Acid acetyl salicyliqe 乙酰水杨酸2 Paracetamol对乙酰氨基酚3 Morphine吗啡,美施康定4 Quinine 4ml 奎宁5 Quinine 2ml奎宁6 CTA7 Penicilline G青霉素8 Amoxicilline阿莫西林9 Gentamycine庆大霉素10 Cotrimoxazole磺胺甲基异恶唑11 Aureomycine pomade 1%金霉素软膏(金霉素每管含量1%)12 Aureomycine pomade 3%金霉素软膏(金霉素每管含量3%)13 Ampicilline 氨苄西林14 Thiamphenicol CP硫霉素口服15 Thiamphenicolinj 硫霉素注射16 Acidebenzoique + Acidesalycpde 3% 苯甲酸+ 水杨酸 (3%)17 Acidebenzoique + Acidesalycpde 6% 苯甲酸+ 水杨酸 (6%)18 Acidenalidixique萘啶酸口服19 Metronidazole甲硝唑20 Cimetidine西米替丁21 Hepatisane sachet22 Charbon active 活性炭23 Dexamethasone地塞米松24 Eau distillee 蒸馏水25 Eau de javel le litre 漂白水26 Gresilsuperieur le litre27 Eau oxygenee 双氧水28 Promethazine spfl普鲁本近,抗胺荨,普鲁米近,异丙嗪29 Atropine阿托品,硫酸阿托品30 Betamethasone + Neomycinecollyre倍他米松+新霉素洗眼液31 Chlorpromzaine氯磺丙脲,对氯苯磺酰丙脲,特泌胰[降血糖药]32 Heparine 肝素33 Promethazine CP 口服异丙嗪34 Dextran右旋糖酐35 Miconazolecreme咪康唑软膏36 Ketoconazole CP 口服酮康唑,力素劳,尼唑啦,里素劳,霉康灵37 Metro Ov甲硝哒唑1 Acetyl salicylate de lysine 赖氨酸乙酰水杨酸盐2 Diclofenac双氯芬酸3 Ibuprofene右旋布洛芬4 Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine磺胺多辛+乙胺嘧啶5 Amodiaquine阿莫地喹6 Amoxiciline阿莫西林7 Erythromycine红霉素8 Doxycycline多西环素9 Cotrimoxazole磺胺甲基异恶唑10 Serum glucose 5% Isotonique 5%等渗糖11 Serum sale 0.9% Isotonique 0.9%等渗盐12 Serum glucose hypertonique 10% 10%高渗糖13 Ringer lactate 林格液乳酸盐14 Perfuseurl’unite 灌注液15 Metro perfusion fl甲硝哒唑灌注液16 Cipro perfusion fl盐酸环丙沙星灌注液17 Furosemide 10mg inj 呋塞米,速尿10毫克注射用18 Furosemide 40mg comp 呋塞米,速尿40毫克复方19 Methyl dopa 甲基多巴20 Digoxine地高辛21 Propranolol普萘洛尔,心得安22 Nifedipine硝苯地平,心痛定23 Buthylhyoscinebromure 20mg inj24 Buthylhyoscinebromurecp25 Praziquantel吡喹酮,环吡异喹酮26 Mebendazole甲苯达唑27 Terpine codeine松油二醇可待因28 Carbocisteinesirop羧甲半胱氨酸糖浆29 Aminophylline inj 注射用氨茶碱30 Aminophylline cp 口服氨茶碱31 Vitamine B complexecp 口服复合维他命B32 Vitamine B complexeinj 注射用复合维他命B33 Acide Ascorbique抗坏血酸, 维他命C34 Hydroxyde Al +Mg 氢氧化铝氢氧化镁35 Seringue 10cc 10cc注射器36 Seringue 5cc 5cc注射器37 Fer+ Acidefolique铁质叶酸38 Coton 药棉39 Hydrosol polivitaminefl 水溶性复合维生素溶液40 Preservatif安全套41 Nystatine oral 口腔制霉菌素42 Nystatinesuspfl43 Nystatine ovule 阴道制霉菌素44 Oxytocine催产素1 Diclopar2 Niflurilpommade le tube三氟甲苯胺基吡啶甲酸软膏3 Niflugel tube4 Olfen奥尔芬5 Fervexadulte6 Spasfoncp口服间苯三酚7 Spasfoninj注射用间苯三酚8 UPSA-C le tube管装维生素C9 Biofar 12Vit + 12 minerauxBiofar 12种维生素合 12种矿物质10 Baume bengue tube11 Diclininj12 Calpolspfl对乙酰氨基酚,扑热息痛溶液13 Caprazole14 Metrowinsusp15 Veinobiase16 Topaal comp17 Vogaleneinj注射用甲磺哌丙嗪18 Skilaxgtte le fl19 Actapulgite20 Polyginax ovule21 Dermobacter solution fl法国原装进口滴之清(皮肤消毒抗菌液)22 Gants steriles N 7 2/1 la paire 消毒手套规格7 2 /123 Gants steriles N 8 la paire 消毒手套规格824 Tardyferon维生素B9 补充叶酸和铁25 Calgin26 Novalgin安乃近27 Indosolcollyre吲哚克索洗眼液28 VitabactcollyreVitbact洗眼液29 Gentamycinecollyre庆大霉素洗眼液30 Chloramphenicol collyre氯霉素滴眼液31 SterdexpommadeSterdex软膏32 Eludril solution fl氯己定溶液33 Eludrilcollutoirefl 氯己定漱口水34 Otrivinegoutte丁苄唑啉滴液35 Celestene倍他米松36 Nasonexgouttefl内舒拿滴液37 Otoralgylgouttefl38 Aerius恩理思地氯雷他定39 Primalan波丽玛朗美喹他嗪40 Otrivine gel le tube 丁苄唑啉管剂41 otrivinegtte 1% le tube42 Vental spry fl43 Ventoline沙丁胺醇44 Ketamine氯胺酮45 Lidocaine 2%利多卡因 30ml 装46 Tulle gras润肤细布,敷伤巾47 Alcool lode solution乙醇48 Betadinejaunedermique le fl聚烯吡酮磺49 Permanganate de k. 高锰酸钾50 Albuplastperfore51 Compresse敷料,敷料纱布52 Alcool a 96 le litre 96度酒精53 Bande simple 简易绷带54 Bandevelpeau 绷带55 Cacip56 Cary咖喱粉57 Carmox58 Euromox 25059 Euromox 12560 Cary 125 suspfl/60 ml61 Cary 250 suspfl/60 ml62 Rovamycine 3 M螺旋霉素63 Retarpen苄星青霉素64 Bactox阿莫西林钠65 Ceftriaz 1000mg 呋肟头孢菌素酶66 Ceftriaz 5000mg呋肟头孢菌素酶67 Calben68 Blokium天诺敏69 Catapressan氯压定70 Solumedrol泼尼松龙71 Diazepam地西泮72 Tranxene氯卓酸钾73 Nootropyl吡乙酰胺,脑复康74 Ecazide卡托普利/氢氯噻嗪75 Baneocinpoudre76 Exoderil crème tube盐酸萘替芬膏剂77 Exoderil solution 盐酸萘替溶液78 Pommade anti-hemorroidaire tube 治疗痔疮药膏79 Bristopen苯唑西林80 Dicynoneinj注射用酚磺乙胺81 Dicynonecp口服酚磺乙胺82 Fluditecspenft le fl83 Amugyl solution le fl。
Unit 1:《黄帝内经》Hua ngdi’s Classic on Medicine// Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine《伤寒杂病论》Treatise on Cold-Induced and Miscellaneous Diseases《肘后备急方》A Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies《千金方》Invaluable Prescriptions《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica《诸病源候论》Treatise on the Causes and Symptoms of Diseases《新修本草》Newly Compiled Materia Medica of the Tang Dynasty《针灸甲乙经》The ABC Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion《素问》Plain Questions //Basic Questions《灵枢》Spiritual Pivot // Miraculous Pivot《五十二病方》Prescriptions for Fifty-two Ailments《本草》Treatise on Herbal Medicine《新修本草》Newly Compiled Materia Medica of the Tang Dynasty《唐本草》The Tang-dynasty Materia Medica《胡本草》Tartar Herbal Medicine《脉经》The Pulse Classic湿症damp ailment / 湿证damp syndrome湿dampness挤压病区press on the affected area寒病cold diseases炎症感染inflammatory infection草药麻醉herbal anesthesia保持健康maintain wellness/ maintain health临床经验clinical experience民间医药folk medicine中西医结合integration/combination of TCM and Western medicineintegration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine (WHO世卫组织)integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine (WFCMS世中联)各类预防措施various preventive measures预防伤寒病guard against typhoid第一本中国药典the first official Chinese pharmacopoeia在植物治疗学领域in the domain of phytotherapy精通草药研究versed in herbal medicine study从……而来的治疗方法remedies drawn from…著名中医大师renowned TCM masters/ successful TCM doctors他的植物治疗学领域的医学知识his medical knowledge in the realm of phytotherapy 医药管理与教学the administration and teaching of medicine当代中医药著作contemporary TCM works伤口感染的危险the risk of infection from woundsUnit 2:阴阳学说theory of yin and yang / the yin-yang theory阳中之阳yang within yang阴中之阳yang within yin身体上部the upper part of the body身体下部the lower part of the body内脏internal organs/ viscera疾病发展过程disease progression阴阳对立opposition of yin and yang恢复平衡的治疗手段treatment strategies to restore balance 体表superficial aspects of the body疾病治疗treatment of disease; disease treatment阴虚yin deficiency阳虚yang deficiency阳气yang qi卫气wei qi /defensive qi心情,心境state of mind阴性体质yin constitution阴液耗伤consumption of yin fluid虚证deficiency syndrome实证excess syndrome畏寒intolerance of cold蜷卧huddle up形寒肢冷cold limbs and body面色晄白 a pale / pale and bright complexion语声低微weak voice懒言disinclined to talk呼吸浅弱shallow, weak breathing恶寒aversion to cold体若燔炭hot limbs and body面色发红flushed face声音洪亮loud voice渴喜冷饮thirst with preference for cold drinks不渴喜热饮absence of thirst with preference for hot drinks 小便清长copious and clear urine小便短赤concentrated and dark urine / dark scanty urine 大便干燥dry stools大便溏泻loose stools舌红苔黄red tongue with yellow fur舌淡苔白pale tongue with white fur芤脉hollow pulse洪脉surging pulse阴阳对立opposition of yin and yang / yin-yang opposition阴阳互根mutual rooting of yin and yang / interdependence between yin and yang阴阳消长waxing and waning of yin and yang阴阳转化yin-yang conversion; conversion/ transformation of yin and yang阴阳平衡yin-yang balance阴阳調和yin-yang harmonyUnit 3:生克乘侮:generating, controlling, over-acting, and insulting sequence;generation, restriction, over-whelming/ subjugation, reverse restriction肝藏血, 血舍魂。
翻译中的常见问题与技巧翻译是将一种语言的文字转化为另一种语言的过程,对于专业翻译人员来说,除了熟练掌握两种语言外,还需要具备一定的翻译技巧,同时还要注意避免一些常见的问题。
本文将介绍翻译中常见的问题以及一些应对技巧。
一、常见问题1. 语言障碍不同语言之间存在着差异,有些表达方式在另一种语言中可能没有对应的词汇或短语。
在翻译过程中,可能会遇到许多无法直接翻译的情况,这就需要翻译人员具备一定的语言功底和理解能力,通过准确理解原文的意思,并找到与之相对应的词汇或短语来表达。
2. 文化差异翻译不仅仅是将词句转化为另一种语言,还需考虑到文化差异。
不同的文化背景可能会导致对同一事件的理解出现差异,因此在翻译过程中需要充分考虑目标语言读者的文化背景,适当调整表达方式和措辞,使翻译结果更符合目标读者的理解和习惯。
3. 歧义与多义词在翻译中,时常会遇到许多含糊不清、模棱两可的词汇或短语。
这就需要翻译人员通过对上下文以及作者意图的理解,选取适当的表达方式来消除歧义,保证翻译结果的准确性。
4. 语法结构的转换不同语言的语法结构有所差异,这也是翻译中常见的问题之一。
在进行翻译时,需要注意原文的语法结构,并尽可能保持目标语言的语法规范。
同时,也要注意目标语言中的表达习惯和语法规则,确保翻译结果通顺、自然。
二、翻译技巧1. 熟悉领域知识翻译涉及到各个领域的专业术语,为了更准确地进行翻译,翻译人员需要提前了解和学习所涉及领域的专业术语和相关知识。
只有充分了解原文所表达的意思,才能准确地将其翻译为目标语言。
2. 保持逻辑连贯在翻译过程中,需要保持原文的逻辑连贯性,不仅仅是句子间的逻辑关系,还包括段落和全文的结构。
适当运用连接词和过渡词等手段,使翻译结果在语言表达上更流畅自然。
3. 多角度思考翻译不仅仅是语言的转换,还需要考虑到作者的意图和读者的理解。
为了更好地体现原文的意义,翻译人员应该从多个角度思考,尽可能地捕捉和表达原文的内涵。
Lesson 16ⅰ.1. Chinese medicinal herbs2. four properties and five flavors3. the part used for medical purpose4. collection of herbs5. processing of herbs6. eliminating impurity/ removal of impurity7. mild/ moderate effect8. relieving exterior syndrome by dispersion9. astringing and checking10. lubricant purgation by softening hardness11. drying dampness to invigorate the spleen12. ascending, descending, sinking and floating13. channel/meridian tropism//channel distribution of medicines14. medication contraindication15. dosage16. pungent and warm herbs with the function of relieving exterior syndrome17. herbs for expelling wind and dampness18. eighteen incompatible herbs and nineteenherbs of mutual antagonism19. herbs for clearing away heat and cooling blood20. herbs for eliminating sputum and stopping coughⅱ.1. The seasons and methods of collecting herbs vary with the parts used for medicinal purpose of the herbal plants.2. Processing of herbs refers to the preparation of crude herbs with water, fire, alcohol and vinegar.3. The aim of processing is to get rid of /eliminate/ remove impurity and make the herbs clean for the convenience of oral taking / administration and storage.4. The processing of herbs can reduce the toxicity,intensity and side-effects of herbs and reinforce the curative effect.5. Cold-natured herbs have the function of clearing away heat, purging fire, and removing toxins/detoxification.6. Cool-natured herbs have the same function with cold-natured herbs except that the former is milder.7. Hot-natured herbs have the function of expelling coldness, warming the interior and invigorating yang.8. Mild-natured/ Neutral herbs fall in between cool-natured herbs and warm-natured herbs.9. Herbs pungent in flavor have the function of dispersing and promoting qi flow and blood circulation.10. Herbs sweet in flavor have the function of tonifying, harmonizing and moderating.11. Herbs sour in flavor have the function of astringing and controlling.12. Herbs bitter in flavor have the function of drying dampness and promoting defecation.13. Herbs salty in flavor have the function of softening hardness for lubricant defecation. 14. The functional tendencies of herbs are marked by ascending, descending, sinking and floating.15. Channel tropism means that certain herbs playa central role in treating certain disorders of the viscera and channels.16. Most herbs have to be used in combination except a few special ones used singularly/in a single way.17. Proper combination of herbs can reinforce the curative effects or reduce toxicity.18. Overuse of herbs with acute/strong toxicity will cause side-effects or intoxication.19. Special attention should be paid to the contraindication of herbs for medication in gestational period.20. The dosage of a singularly-applied herb should be small while the dosage of herbs in a compound prescription should be large.Lesson 17ⅰ.1. Science of prescription/prescriptionology2. compatibility/combinative relationship3. prescription-formulating principle4. modification of prescriptions5. drug form and dosage6. sovereign, minister, assistant and guide7. toxicity of medicinal herbs8. moderating /neutralizing the property of herbs9. guiding action10. mediating all herbs in a prescription11. warming meridians to dissipate cold12. dispersing lung to relieve/sooth asthma13. flexible modification14. clearing away and dispersing stagnated heat15. modification according to symptoms16. processed herbs/prepared slices of Chinese crude herbs17. powder for oral taking18. medicinal extract for external application19. mixed/infused in boiled water for oral taking20. condensed extractⅱ.1. The science of prescription aims to study the compatibility, formulating rule, and clinical application of different herbs in a prescription as well as the pharmacology of compound prescription.2. Modification of herbs refers to the changes of prescription effect by adding or deducting/subtracting one or several herbs, or by changing the compatibility of different herbs ina prescription.3. The function and indication of a prescription vary with the modification of herbs in the prescription.4. The compatibility/combination of Mahuang and Shigao aims to clear away and disperse stagnated heat.5. Under the circumstances of unchanged main syndrome, one or several herbs could be added or deducted according to the changes of symptoms.6. Though there are certain rules for the formulation of prescriptions, the application of the prescriptions is very flexible.7. The advantage of decoction is that the effective elements can be easily absorbed after being taken.8. Herbs with the function of promoting sweating to relieve the exterior syndrome are not suitable for long-term decoction because the main substances of these herbs are volatile oil. 9. For some fresh herbs, they are usually taken by extracting juice.10. Pills are commonly used in chronic diseases because they are slow in absorption.11. The powders for external application, made by grinding medicinal herbs into minute substances, are often spread or pasted on affected areas of the body for topical treatment.12. Medicated wine can generally activate blood to dredge collaterals and expel wind to stop pain, so it is often used to treat rheumatalgia or pains due to sprain, etc.13. Exterior syndrome-relieving prescription, mainly composed of pungent herbs with the function of dispersing exterior pathogenic factors, is used to treat exterior syndromes.14. Mahuang Decoction is very effective in diaphoresis/promoting sweating, so it is used only to treat exterior-excess syndrome due to wind-cold.15. Guizhi Decoction is effective in expelling exogenous pathogenic factors from the skin and muscles and harmonizing yingfen and weifen /ying and wei aspect.16. Wind-expelling prescription is mainly composed of herbs with the function of expelling wind-cold or herbs with the function of eliminating wind-dampness.17. The herbs used in wind-expelling prescriptions are mostly bitter in flavor, warm and dry in property, and yang-lifting in function.18. Dampness-expelling prescription, mainly composed of herbs with the function of expellingpathogenic dampness, is used to treat rheumatism.19. Heat-clearing prescription, mainly composed of cool or cold natured herbs, is used to treat heat syndrome and fire syndrome.20. Purgative prescription, mainly composed of herbs with the function of purgation, is used to purge interior-excess.。
医学常用药品剂型英文翻译Medical Terminology Translation for Common MedicationsTranslation of medical terminology can be a challenging task, especially when it comes to pharmaceutical drug names and dosage forms. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive guide to translating common medication dosages and forms from Chinese to English, ensuring accuracy and clarity in conveying vital medical information.1. Tablets and CapsulesTablets and capsules are the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms. They are designed to be swallowed whole and are available in various strengths and sizes. When translating these terms, it is important to differentiate between tablets and capsules.- Tablets (片/片剂): Tablets are solid dosage forms made by compressing or molding a powdered drug together with excipients. They are often scored to facilitate breaking them in half if needed. For example: - Compound Aspirin Tablet (复方阿司匹林片)- Vitamin C Tablets (维生素C片)- Capsules (胶囊): Capsules are solid dosage forms consisting of a drug enclosed within a gelatin shell. They come in different colors, sizes, and types, such as hard or soft gelatin capsules. For example:- Amoxicillin Capsules (阿莫西林胶囊)- Fish Oil Soft Gel Capsules (鱼油软胶囊)2. Solutions and SuspensionsSolutions and suspensions are liquid dosage forms used for oral administration or external use. They contain one or more active ingredients dissolved or dispersed in a suitable liquid medium.- Solutions (溶液): Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of one or more drugs dissolved in a liquid. They are usually clear and transparent. For example:- Saline Solution (盐水溶液)- Oral Rehydration Solution (口服补液溶液)- Suspensions (悬浊液): Suspensions consist of finely divided drug particles suspended in a liquid medium. They often need to be shaken before use. For example:- Ibuprofen Suspension (布洛芬悬浊液)- Calamine Lotion (氧化锌悬浊液)3. InjectionsInjections are parenteral dosage forms intended for injection into the body by various routes, such as intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous.- Intravenous Injection (静脉注射): This administration route delivers the drug directly into a vein. Examples include:- Vitamin B12 Injection (维生素B12静脉注射)- Insulin Injection (胰岛素注射)- Intramuscular Injection (肌肉注射): The drug is injected into a muscle. Examples include:- Penicillin Injection (青霉素肌肉注射)- Tetanus Toxoid Injection (破伤风类毒素肌肉注射)- Subcutaneous Injection (皮下注射): The drug is injected into the space between the skin and muscle layers. Examples include:- Heparin Injection (肝素皮下注射)- Human Growth Hormone Injection (人类生长激素皮下注射)4. Creams and OintmentsCreams and ointments are topical dosage forms applied to the skin for local effects. They are semisolid preparations containing a water-soluble or water-insoluble base.- Creams (乳膏): Creams are smooth, semi-solid emulsions that are easily spreadable. Examples include:- Hydrocortisone Cream (氢化可的松乳膏)- Antibiotic Cream (抗生素乳膏)- Ointments (软膏): Ointments are greasy, semi-solid preparations with a petroleum jelly base. Examples include:- Zinc Oxide Ointment (氧化锌软膏)- Burn Ointment (烧伤软膏)5. Drops and SpraysDrops and sprays are liquid dosage forms used for local or systemic treatment, administered in small quantities.- Eye Drops (眼药水/滴眼液): Eye drops are sterile solutions used to treat eye conditions. Examples include:- Antihistamine Eye Drops (抗组胺眼药水)- Artificial Tears (人工泪液)- Nasal Spray (鼻喷雾剂): Nasal sprays deliver medication into the nasal cavity. Examples include:- Nasal Decongestant Spray (鼻塞通喷雾剂)- Corticosteroid Nasal Spray (皮质类固醇鼻喷雾剂)In conclusion, accurate translation of medication dosages and forms is crucial for effective communication in the medical field. Whether it's tablets, injections, creams, or drops, it is essential to provide clear and concise translations to ensure proper understanding and safe administration of medications.。
外语学习中的常见翻译困难与解决方法外语学习是现代社会中的重要能力之一,而翻译作为外语学习的重要环节,常常会遇到各种困难。
本文将探讨外语学习中常见的翻译困难,并提出相应的解决方法。
一、词汇难题在进行外语翻译时,遇到词汇难题是常见的。
词汇的多义性、复杂的同义词、短语和习语等都可能导致翻译失误。
例如,中英文中“领导”一词的翻译就存在困难,既可以翻译成“leader”,也可以翻译成“boss”或者“head”。
解决这一问题的方法是通过大量的阅读和积累,提高词汇量和对词汇的理解。
二、语法结构问题语法结构在翻译中起到了至关重要的作用,然而不同语言的语法结构存在差异,这往往会导致翻译时的困扰。
例如,英文中的被动语态在中文中往往需要重新进行结构调整。
解决这一困难的方法是通过对两种语言的语法结构进行深入的比较和研究,掌握语法规则,并通过大量的练习来提高自己的翻译水平。
三、文化差异不同的语言和文化具有独特的特点和习惯用法,这就需要在翻译过程中对文化背景有一定的了解。
例如,中国文化中的“礼貌”和西方文化中的“尊重”在含义和表达方式上存在差异。
解决文化差异的方法是通过学习目标语言的文化,了解不同文化间的差异,并在翻译时注意将原文的意思准确传达出来。
四、表达风格问题外语翻译要求准确传达原始语言的意思,同时又要符合目标语言的表达习惯和风格。
这种矛盾导致了翻译中的困难。
解决这种困难的方法是通过大量阅读目标语言的文学作品和专业文献,培养对目标语言的感觉和理解力,提高自己的翻译技巧。
五、上下文理解问题上下文理解是外语翻译中的重要环节,也是一个常见的困扰。
上下文中的词语和句子往往会影响到对某一句子的准确理解。
解决这一问题的方法是在翻译时要仔细阅读原始文本的上下文,了解其中的信息背景,并结合语境进行翻译,以确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。
总结起来,外语学习中常见的翻译困难包括词汇难题、语法结构问题、文化差异、表达风格问题和上下文理解问题。
外资药企常用英语单词一、药品相关1. Drug [drʌɡ] (n.):药物,药品。
例如:This new drug has shown great effectiveness in treating the disease.(这种新药在治疗这种疾病方面显示出极大的有效性。
)2. Medicine ['medsn] (n.):药,医学。
可以指内服药,与drug通用,但更侧重于医学意义上的药物。
如:Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history.(传统中医有着悠久的历史。
)3. Pill [pɪl] (n.):药丸,药片。
例如:Take one pill three times a day.(每天服用三次,每次一粒药丸。
)4. Capsule ['kæpsjuːl] (n.):胶囊。
例如:The doctor prescribed some capsules for my cold.(医生为我的感冒开了一些胶囊。
)5. Syrup ['sɪrəp] (n.):糖浆。
例如:This cough syrup tastes sweet.(这种止咳糖浆尝起来很甜。
)二、研发相关1. Research [rɪ'sɜːtʃ] (n. & v.):研究。
作名词时,例如:Our company is doing a lot of research on new drugs.(我们公司正在进行许多新药的研究。
)作动词时:They research the possible side effects of the medicine.(他们研究这种药物可能的副作用。
)2. Development [dɪ'veləpmənt] (n.):开发,发展。
例如:The development of new drugs is a long - term process.(新药的开发是一个长期的过程。
“药品说明书”的英文表达方式有Instructons,Directions,Package Insert,或简称Insert,也有用Leeflet或Data Sheets①药品名称(Drug NameS),②性状(Description),③药理作用(Pharmacological Actions),④适应症(Indications),⑤禁忌证(Contraindications),⑥用量与用法(DOsage and Administration).⑦不良反应(Adverse Reactions)。
⑧注意事项(Precautions),⑨包装(Package),⑩贮存(Storage),⑾其他项目(Others)。
规格(specification)?镇静剂:sedatives, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, downers, depressants, anxiolytics, soporifics(催眠药), or sedative-hypnotics镇痛剂Analgesic (an-alge-sic)剂型:Pill, powder, ointment, small pill, medicinal liquor , decocting pieces丸,粉,油膏,小丸?药酒,煎剂Big honeyed pill, water-honeyed pill , medicinal wine, tablet, troche(药片、片剂),soft capsule, granule(粒料),syrup(糖浆),watered pill(水丸),plaster(膏药、石膏),aerosol(气雾剂),smeared pill, pasted pill(糊剂),liniment(擦剂),tincture(酊剂),power, concentrated pill (浓缩丸),dripping pill, concentrated decoction (浓缩煎剂)removing ineffective elements like starch and fiber while retaining effective elements like organic acid, alkaloid, essential oil and higher alcohols 有机酸,生物碱,香精油,高级醇中医英语翻译的一些特点1. 采用音译法,阳明(Yangming),功夫(KongFu),太极(Taiji);或使用音义混合译法,如温阳(Warming Yang),阴阳五行(Yin Yang and five elements),孤阴(Single Yin),气分证(Syndrome of Qi system),太阳腑病( Syndrome of Taiyang Fu-organ ),肺阴(the Lung-yin),2. 采用借代法,新造词汇。
药品说明书翻译实例来源:翻译界浏览次数:890 添加时间:2008-7-6医学翻译中常涉及到药品说明书的翻译,中外药品说明书格式大致相同,虽然其内容千差万别,但其项目及说明方式仍大同小异。
我国有些药厂翻译说明书时不参阅英美国家说明书,却想当然地用中文去套,就不可避免地要出现错误了,令外国人费解,选择优秀的翻译公司可以保障品质。
准确性与简洁性是药品说明书翻译的两大要点,下面,我们摘录一些意思表达准确、语言简明规范的英文翻译例子,以供仿效借鉴。
1)对药物性状的说明It is a white or a faintly yellow powder to which appropriate amounts of water are added to pre pare an off white suspension for intramuscular use or a yellowish solution for intravenous administration. 它是一种白色至微黄色粉末,加适量水可配制成近乎白色的悬浊液,供肌肉注射用,或配制成黄色的溶液,供静脉注射用。
2)在药物作用方面It is a bactericidal antibiotic which is resistant to most B-lastamases and is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organism. 它是一种抗菌素,不但能抵抗大多数B内酰铵酶,而且抵抗各种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌。
3)适应症It is indicated for the treatment of infection before the infecting organism has been identified or When caused by sensitive bacteria. 在感染的细菌未被确认出来,或由敏感细菌引起感染时,适于用它来治疗。
郑州市管城中医院肿瘤科整理常见中医术语英文翻译及中文释义常见中医术语英文翻译及中文释义中医术语的中英文参考对照治则principle of treatment 在对临床的具体立法、处方、用药等具有普遍的指导意义,因而在治疗疾病时必须遵循的基本原则。
治病求本treatment aiming at its pathogenesis 针对产生疾病的根本原因进行治疗的原则。
急则治标symptomatic treatment in acute condition 与缓则治本相对而言,在大出血、暴泻、剧痛等标症甚急的情况,及时救治标病。
缓则治本radical treatment in chronic case 与急则治标相对而言,针对病势缓和、病情缓慢的情况,从本病的病机出发,采取调理、补益为主的治疗原则。
标本兼治treating both manifestation and root cause of disease 针对病证出现的标本并重的情况,采用治标与治本相结合的治疗原则。
治未病preventive treatment of disease 采取一定的措施防止疾病产生和发展的治疗原则,包括未病先防和既病防变两个方面。
同病异治treating same disease with different methods 表现相同的病证,可因人、因时、因地的不同,或由于病情的发展、病机的变化、病型的各异、正邪消长等差异,采取不同治法的治疗原则。
异病同治treating different diseases with same method 表现不同的病证,由于发病机理相同,采取相同治法的治疗原则。
因时制宜treatment in accordance with seasonal conditions 考虑到时令气候寒热燥湿的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。
因地制宜treatment in accordance with local conditions 考虑到地域环境的不同而选择适宜的治法、方药的治疗原则。
浅析中医病症及药名术语汉英翻译及其策略摘要:随着我国对外开放步伐的加快,中西文化交流的不断深入,中医,作为我国灿烂的文化宝藏,吸引了越来越多的国外学者的关注,而随之而来的则是中医术语汉英翻译的发展。
本文从当今中医病症及药名的术语翻译的现状出发,指出问题。
接着从两个角度来探讨问题存在的原因,根据原因,提出解决方案。
本文认为恰当规范的中医术语翻译有利于中医的传播和应用。
关键词:汉英翻译中医术语文化语言特点1.引言中医,作为我国的文化宝藏之一,承载了丰富的中华文化和深厚的哲学内涵。
随着我国改革开放步伐的加快,中西文化不断交流碰撞,中医文化引起了越来越来国外学者的关注。
中医文化的传播必然带来中医术语汉英翻译的快速发展。
尽管在中医术语汉英翻译领域,确是存在一些高造诣的专家,但是,中医术语汉英翻译仍然存在着很多问题。
而这些问题都在一定程度上影响了中医文化在海外的传播。
完善中医术语英译工作仍有一段很长的路要走。
我们首先要做的事就是分析翻译过程中产生的问题,然后解决逐一解决它们。
本文从当今中医术语汉英翻译的发展现状出发,找出问题所在。
然后从不同角度出发,通过深入的分析,找出问题产生的原因。
最后通过分析问题从而解决问题。
2.中医术语汉英翻译的研究现状2.1中医英译的成就由于中西方文化及语言的差异,汉英翻译成了中医文化向外传播的敲门砖。
尽管翻译学科的发展有着悠久的历史,但是,中医术语汉英翻译,却是近年来新发展起来的,因此,引起来了国内外众多学者的关注,并引起了大范围的讨论和研究。
在我国,有不少学者专家一直致力于中医术语汉英翻译的研究,并取得了不少成就。
有一些更是提出了系统且实用的理论,比如李照国教授。
在他的《中医基本术语英译国际标准化研究》中,他给出了中医术语英译的标准,并且总结了中医术语英译的方法。
这些研究为我们能更好的寻得中医术语汉英翻译标准给以了许多启示。
其实,除了李照国教授,我国还是有很多专家,在中医术语汉英翻译方面取得很多成就,在这里就不一一例举了。
中药方剂名的英译技巧与原则
英译中药方剂名技巧原则:
1、英文表达中尽量减少使用拼音。
比如,不要用Xiao Chai Hu Tang(小柴胡汤)表达小柴胡汤,可以用Minor Bupleurum Decoction表达。
2、遵循中药学的科技术语表达。
例如,白术在大多数语言中称为Atractylodes,而科学名称为Atractylodes macrocephala,所以,用英文表达时必须使用Atractylodes macrocephala的科学名称。
3、每个药物的名称应完整。
因此,尽可能将每个中药单味特征表达清楚,将其联系在一起,如小柴胡汤。
4、主治症状及其他疗效贴近中文意思。
特别是对于症状及疗效,不能简单把中文翻译成英文就可以使用,而应采用更加具体的,更恰当的表述方式。
5、多用修辞手法,使表达更加通顺。
当中药方案翻译成英文时,多用修辞手法,如连接词,动词,介词等,使表达句子更加通顺。
商务汉英翻译中的“疑难杂症”及对症的“特效药”李太志【摘要】商务汉英翻译中疑难杂词就像疑难杂症一样很难处理,而对作为特殊用途的商务汉语中的行话套语和专业术语进行地道而规范的英译转换,就要像服用“特效药”一样,采用诸如“回译”、“套译”、“逆向翻译”等比较特别的翻译方法或策略.【期刊名称】《疯狂英语(教师版)》【年(卷),期】2012(000)003【总页数】3页(P162-163,166)【关键词】商务汉英翻译;疑难杂词;回译;套译【作者】李太志【作者单位】广东石油化工学院外国语学院,广东茂名525000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9商务汉英翻译中经常会遇到一些疑难杂词,它们就像疑难杂症一样很难处理。
而对作为特殊用途的商务汉语中的行话套语和专业术语进行地道而规范的英语转换处理,就要像服用“特效药”一样,采用诸如“回译”、“套译”、“逆向翻译”等非同一般的翻译方法或策略。
病有疑难杂症。
汉英翻译中所发生的错词病句各种各样,而导致错词病句的主要原由就是那些疑难杂词。
首先,商务汉英翻译中遇到的疑惑之处众多,有令人疑惑的语言形式,也有令人不解的语义,还有令人迷惑的语音,等等(李太志,2009:167)。
商务汉英翻译中,疑者有三:一是那些商务汉英翻译中对应而不对等之词语(即:假朋友),如:金砖=goldbricks?总公司=general company?二是那些似是而非和似非而是的词语,如:开电闸=open the switch?珍贵=invaluable?三是那些所指似异而实指相同的词或短语,如:alpha stocks=blue chips?financial standing=credit status?其次,因基础薄弱或因疏忽大意,商务英语中的同义词、近义词、多义词难于区别把握,因而在汉英翻译时选错用错的情况时有发生。
难点大致有四:难点之一是同一个英语词语有不同的用法,如:“deal with sb.”(应对某人/与某人做生意);white goods(白色家电/白色织物)。
难点之二是同一个汉语词语有着不同所指的英语对应词语,如:翻番double≠quadruple;返销:be sold back to a grain-producing area≠buy back。
难点之三是难于把握的近义词或易混淆的词,如:port of destination(目的港)≠port of discharge(卸货港)、private limited company(责任有限公司)≠public limited company(股份有限公司)。
难点之四则是难于把握的反义词,如:LCL(拼箱货)—FCL(整箱货)、dry goods(干货)—wet goods(湿货)。
再者,世界万物,形形色色,而描写世界万物的词语同样丰富多彩,复杂多变。
因此,同一事物而有细微差异(shades of meaning),描述细微差异的词语繁杂而难于把握。
例如,公司不仅分总公司(head office)与分公司(branch office)、母公司(parent company)与子公司(daughter company/ subsidiary)和孙公司(sub-subsidiary)、股份有限公司(Inc.)与责任有限公司(Ltd.),还有跨国公司(multinational corporation)、集团公司(group)、控股公司(holding)和数目不下三十个的各种专业公司,如:大世界百货公司(Great Universal Store)、瑞士国际航空公司(Swiss International Air Lines)、非洲-新西兰服务公司(Africa-New Zealand Service)、休斯敦广告公司(Houston Advertising Agency),等等。
上述汉英两种语言中的疑难杂词可能是翻译中引起错词病句的主要客观原因之一。
“治病”重要,找到治病的“药方”则更重要。
作为特殊用途的商务英语除了有普通英语常用的语汇之外,还有许多在汉英翻译中极易引发各种“疑难杂症”的专业语汇。
而翻译这些极易引发各种“疑难杂症”的专业语汇,有没有对症的“特效药”呢?对症的“特效药”无外乎以下几种:首先,汉语中很多外来词都是国际商务活动中,随着引进的新产品一起从英语等外语中信手掂来的。
在汉英翻译中,对引进的新词应采取“回译法”(Back Translation),即还“舶来品”以本来面目。
例如,“金砖四国”或最近形成的“金砖五国”不能望文生义地硬译成“gold-brick countries”,而应回译成这些国家名称的缩略词——“BRIC”(Brazil, Russia,India and China)或“BRICS”(Brazil,Russia, India, China and South Africa);“传销”不能死译成“relay selling”,否则只能“回娘家”(谢金领,2007:75),把它译成“multi-level marketing”或“pyramid selling”。
其次,汉语中某些旧词新译其实也是来自外来语,英译时也只能采用“回译法”。
例如,“傻瓜照相机”的正式商品名称为“自动照相机”(instamatic)或“全自动照相机”(fully automatic camera),但作为俗称,“傻瓜照相机”最好回译成“foolproof camera”或“user-friendly camera”。
商务覆盖面很广,有商业、贸易、金融、保险等。
各行各业都有自己的行话套语(jargons and conventionalities)。
针对行话套语的英译,须采用套译法(Corresponding)。
例如,“宾至如归”的英语套译就是“Home fromHome”。
又如,“不怕不识货,只怕货比货”的英语对应语是“Comparisons are odious.”。
此外,汉英互译中经常碰到“假朋友”(false friends)现象。
所谓“假朋友”,就是Roger E.Axtell在他的《环球英语的奥秘》(1997)一书中所说的“words in another language that look like the same as English words but mean entirely different things”(两种语言中字面意义相同而实际意义全然不同的词语)(转引自方梦之,2004:8)。
历史上,“the Milky Way”的汉译“牛奶路”被当作笑话流传至今(对等汉译应是“银河”)。
商务汉语中有着许多与英语相比看似对应而实际上并非对等的专业语汇。
针对这一类语汇,也须采用“套译法”。
例如,“敢于吃螃蟹的人”不能简单地译成“person whodare to eat crabs”,而应套译成“the first person to try tomatoes”;“经济作物”不能想当然地译成“economy crops”,而应套译成“cash crops”。
汉英两种语言都有许多文化特色语汇。
针对商务汉语中常用文化语汇的英译,须采用“音译加注法”(Annotation)。
以下就以“红案”、“白案”这两个汉语特色语汇为例。
在饭店里炒菜一行被俗称为“红案”,与之相对的“白案”是指面点制作。
“红案”的英译“red (chopping) board(cooking that deals with dishes, both meat and vegetable)”是直译加注的译法;而“白案”的英译则是“white(kneading) board(cooking that deals with staple food, both rice and flour)”(李太志,2009:167)。
商标、品名和企业名称属于专有名词。
针对此类专有名词,须采用“半音半意法”(Transliteration plus Semantic Translation)或“音义合译法”(Combination of Transliteration and Semantic Translation)。
“呼啦圈”、“奶昔”和“道林纸”的英译“hula-hoop”、“milk shake”和“Dowling paper”就是很典型的采用“半音半意法”的译例。
又如,中国著名企业集团“海尔集团”的英译“Haier Group”就采用了“半音半意法”。
再如,“乌龙粗茶”就可采用“音义合译法”,英译成“Oolong Crude Tea”即可。
商务汉语中有许多约定俗成的专业用语或行话,它们或取肯定式,或取否定式。
在汉英转换中,只有进行“逆向翻译法”或“正反式转换”(Mutual Transformation of Affirmative and Negative Expressions)才能做到规范而地道的表达。
例如,“禁止推销”应逆向翻译成“We do not buy at this door”;“游客止步”进行正反式转换,其英译就是“Staff Only”或“Employee Only”,而不是“Tourists, Please Stop”;“打七折”的逆向翻译就是“give a 30% discount”。
商务英语学习中,应该弄清那些疑难杂词,并仔细观察和分析商务汉英之间地道而规范的翻译转换,努力避免汉语式英语(Chinglish)的出现和胡翻乱译的发生。
方梦之.译学辞典[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004:8.李太志.商务汉英特色语汇翻译[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009:Ⅲ.李太志、高明.商务汉英疑难杂词辨析与翻译[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2009:167.谢金领.世纪商务英语翻译教程[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社,2007:75.。