挪威居民消费结构变迁外文文献翻译中文字数3080字

Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth17世纪的欧洲经济增长In the late sixteenth century and into the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of the relatively less prosperous medieval period (from the midagricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.在十六和十七世纪之交，欧洲经济保持着脱离中世纪（公元 5 世纪中至公元15世纪末）衰微的势头继续增长。

拉动经济增长最关键的因素是农业生产力的提高和贸易规模的扩大。

Populations cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people. During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at the expense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in the Netherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the most spectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than 36, 000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.如果乡村经济不能生产足够的食物的话，人口增长就不可能。

人们谈起挪威，往往先想到它的历史。

这个欧洲最北、最冷的国家．历史上曾经住着一群暴戾骇人的维京海盗。

这群海盗与那些嗜血成性、专干烧杀抢掠的海盗魔鬼有所不同。

他们从北极荒野出发，驾乘自制的一叶扁舟，驰骋大海。

在征伐劫掠的同时．也在欧洲大陆进行通商贸易，拓展疆土，陆续建立了英国的“丹麦区”、爱尔兰的“都柏林”、法国的“诺曼底”和意大利的“西西里”这样的邦国领地。

后来在基督精神的教化下竞放下屠刀、幡然醒悟、回归人性。

从此，北欧海盗渐渐成为一段不可思议的传奇。

一个遥远的神话。

如今的挪威人不仅与先人血脉相承，而且性格也极其相似。

他们以与众不同的理念。

演绎着现代挪威人的神话与传奇。

不爱名牌酷爱自然前年。

瑞士最大银行瑞银集团（ＵＢＳ）曾对全球７１个城市的１２２项消费品和服务行业指数进行过比较和分析。

最后公布了最新的全球城市生活费用水平调查报告，其中挪威首都奥斯陆占据全球生活费最高城市排行榜的头名。

就连举世公认的高贵之都英国伦敦、日本东京和丹麦哥本哈根等著名城市，都位居其后。

然而令人不可思议的是。

在这样一个全球城市生活消费水平最高的国家里，竟然找不到一个路易威登专卖店。

路易威登．简称ＬＶ，是世界最著名的高档消费品的品牌。

以做工精细华美的旅行箱包闻名于世．深得各国名流喜爱，专卖店遍及世界各大城市，仅中国就有近２０家。

其产品价格昂贵出奇，据说在香港。

一套模特服饰价值７６万美元，合人民币６００余万元。

一只拉杆旅行箱最高售价超过人民币１８００１０元。

按说，挪威人最有资格享受这种高档的消费。

就人均国民收入而言，挪威是中国的２０多倍。

高达５４０。

０美元。

是世界上仅次于卢森堡位居第二的国家。

这么富足的国家却没有一家ＬＶ专卖店，着实耐人寻味。

有人做过研究．发现在挪威人心目中，最值得投入的消费项目是人的兴趣与健康。

他们宁可斥巨资在空气清新和环境美丽的峡湾旁边购买一套终生受用的豪华别墅，或者去周游世界、跨国旅行，也不肯为了一种虚名把大把的钱花在购买ＬＶ这种高档消费品上．体现了挪威人讲求实际不图虚浮的消费价值观。

Norway's oil and gas resources swell in 2011（陈晓丽）OSLO | Wed Feb 29, 2012 11:27am ESTOSLO Feb 29 (Reuters) -Norway's known oil and gas resources have surged on the back of big recent finds, especially the giant Johan Sverdrup field, official estimates showed on Wednesday.For the first time in years new reserves more than offset the amount of oil and gas extracted, creating a reserve replacement rate of 117 percent, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate said in its 2011 resource accounts.Total recoverable resources left on Norway's continental shelf increased by 4 percent in the year to an estimated 46.5 billion barrels of oil equivalent (o.e.), the directorate said. 2011年挪威油气储量猛增挪威首都奥斯陆2月29日路透社-周三，据挪威官方估计，因油气勘探重大发现，挪威油气储量猛增，尤其是Johan Sverdrup 大油田。

挪威石油理事会在其2011年储量报告中称，多年来这是首次油气新储量多于开采量，储备置换率达117%理事会称，今年挪威大陆架油气可采总量增长了4%，大约为465亿桶石油。

文献出处：Swan L G , Ugursal V I. The residents' consumption structure of Norway [J]. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2015, 5(8): 19-26. 原文The residents' consumption structure of Norway Swan L G , Ugursal V I Abstract Grasping the residents' consumption structure, not only can guide the optimization of the consumption structure of urban and rural residents residents and promote and promote the the quality quality quality of of of life, life, life, can can can also also also according according according to to to the the the residents' residents' residents' consumption consumption consumption structure structure structure and and reasonable reasonable adjustment adjustment adjustment of of of industrial industrial industrial structure, structure, structure, promote promote promote upgrading upgrading upgrading of of of the the the industrial industrial structure. Consumption structure optimization to promote upgrading of the industrial structure structure has has has great great great practical practical practical significance, significance, significance, through through through the the the analysis analysis analysis of of of three three three problems problems existing in the current consumption structure and three adverse factors affecting the consumption structure optimization, to put forward the optimization of the consumption consumption structure, structure, structure, promote promote promote the the the upgrading upgrading upgrading of of of industrial industrial industrial structure structure structure of of of new new new ideas. ideas. This paper analyzes the residents' consumption structure change history in the United States, and with the Norwegian town residents' consumption structure change process, revealed in the process of residents' income growth rule and trend of the consumption structure change. Key words: the consumption structure; Industrial structure; Optimization; 1 Introduction The 21st century, the Norwegian urban per capita income level into the $1000 mark. mark. Residents' Residents' Residents' consumption consumption consumption began began began to to to important important important changes changes changes in in in form. form. form. In In In the the the past past past few few years, the rapid growth of the automotive and real estate, and formed by a group of high-growth industrial clusters and fully confirmed the consumption structure upgrade to Norway huge role in promoting economic growth and structure upgrade. Quadruple by 2020, according to the GDP of speed estimation, the level of per capita income will be be close close close to to to $3500.The $3500.The $3500.The experience experience experience of of of developed developed developed countries countries countries shows shows shows that that that this this this phase phase phase is is often often residents' residents' residents' consumption consumption consumption structure structure structure change, change, change, the the the fastest fastest fastest to to to drive drive drive economic economic economic growth growth important time of rapid ascension. Especially considering the Norwegian population of of 1.4 1.4 1.4 billion, billion, billion, this this this stage stage stage growth growth growth of of of residents' residents' residents' consumption consumption consumption structure structure structure upgrade upgrade upgrade burst burst driving force will be unprecedented. In addition, after the reform and opening up, the income level of resident in Norway in 30 years actually grew by more than 8 times, but but our our our country's country's country's economy economy economy is is is still still still not not not get get get rid rid rid of of of the the the dual dual dual economic economic economic characteristics. characteristics. Although the urbanization process of our country continues to increase, the proportion of of urban urban urban population population population has has has risen risen risen by by by nearly nearly nearly 28% 28% 28% since since since 1978, 1978, 1978, but but but the the the Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian rural rural population still account for more than 55% of the population in Norway (data) in 2008, about 40% of the rural residents income of urban residents, the consumption structure is is not not not in in in the the the same same same class. class. class. This This This determines determines determines the the the Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian multi-level multi-level multi-level consumption consumption structure change will happen at the same time, the upgrade of industrial structure of multi-level. 2 U.S. residents consumption structure analysis Visit residents daily consumption structure can be found that per capita income at $1000-3500 $1000-3500 (1947-1970), (1947-1970), (1947-1970), American American American residents residents residents daily daily daily three three three major major major changes changes changes have have have taken taken place place in in in the the the consumption consumption consumption structure. structure. structure. From From From the the the perspective perspective perspective of of of the the the changes changes changes of of of U.S. U.S. residents Engel’s Engel’s coefficient, when the per capita disposable income rose from $1000 coefficient, when the per capita disposable income rose from $1000 to $3500 (1947-1970), the Enge l’s l’s coefficient decreased from 32% to 22%, the United coefficient decreased from 32% to 22%, the United States people's life from rich stage into the most wealthy stage, food consumption rose by 21.5% in real terms in 23 years. And Engel’s Engel’s coefficient of each 10% reduction in coefficient of each 10% reduction in the time longer and longer, average annual change more and more small, for example: the Engel coefficient of U.S. residents from 30% down to 20%, fell by 0.33% per year; And decreased from 20% to 20%, annual average fell by 0.21%; At the same time, the American American per per per capita capita capita food food food consumption consumption consumption accounts accounts accounts for for for the the the proportion proportion proportion of of of per per per capita capita disposable income is in constant decline. Although Engel’s Engel’s coefficient is maintained a coefficient is maintained a downward downward trend, trend, trend, but but but the the the per per per capita capita capita food food food consumption consumption consumption expenditure expenditure expenditure is is is growth growth growth on on on the the whole. Residents' consumption structure change in the United States, including health, education and entertainment, traffic and living XiangShouXing consumption increased year by year the proportion in total spending, household goods and services and clothing consumption such as survival consumption is on the decline, consumption consumption and and and the the the necessity necessity necessity of of of income income income elasticity elasticity elasticity is is is less less less than than than 1, 1, 1, the the the influence influence influence of of price price change change change is is is small, small, small, shows shows shows the the the characteristics characteristics characteristics of of of a a a certain certain certain rigid rigid rigid demand, demand, demand, while while XiangShouXing XiangShouXing consumption consumption consumption shows shows shows the the the characteristics characteristics characteristics of of of significant significant significant influenced influenced influenced by by price. Select the residents' consumption structure in 1947-1970 data on factor analysis (factor (factor extraction extraction extraction method method method as as as the the the main main main component component component analysis, analysis, analysis, factor factor factor rotation rotation rotation method method USES four largest orthogonal method), select the number of common factor into three, the the cumulative cumulative cumulative contribution contribution contribution rate rate rate was was was 96.79%, 96.79%, 96.79%, Kaiser Kaiser Kaiser - - - Meyer Meyer Meyer - - - Olin Olin Olin test test test value value value of of 0.410, is greater than 0.3, can meet the requirements of factor analysis. From the perspective of the size of matrix accumulative contribution, in 8 index of of consumer consumer consumer spending, spending, spending, extraction extraction extraction of of of three three three common common common factor, factor, factor, has has has enough enough enough can can can explain explain 96.79% of the residents' consumption common information, and general requirements on on statistics statistics statistics the the the cumulative cumulative cumulative contribution contribution contribution rate rate rate to to to achieve achieve achieve more more more than than than 85%, 85%, 85%, therefore, therefore, common factor extraction is effective. Consumer spending in the United States three common factors is respectively: F1 mainly focus on the living and medical consumption; consumption; F2 F2 F2 focused focused focused primarily primarily primarily on on on transportation transportation transportation consumption; consumption; consumption; F3 F3 F3 focused focused focused on on cultural cultural and and and educational educational entertainment, F2 F2 and and and F3 F3 F3 is is is an an an independent independent existence common factor of c onsumption. consumption. consumption. By By By common degrees, common degrees, the effectiveness of the three common factor expression index of consumer spending was greater than 95%. Look from the absolute value of coefficient of load, F1 of food, clothing, housing, medical treatment, the absolute value of miscellaneous is bigger, it shows that during the observation period of U.S. residents consumption results in these five changes the proportion proportion of of of consumer consumer consumer spending spending spending is is is bigger, bigger, bigger, which which which is is is the the the biggest biggest biggest drop drop drop in in in food, food, food, and and clothing consumption rose by the largest is the residential service consumption. This shows shows that that that when when when the the the people's people's people's life life life into into into rich, rich, rich, food food food and and and clothing, clothing, clothing, necessity necessity necessity of of of daily daily consumption will greatly reduced, the proportion of the medical and living XiangShouXing consumption accounts for the proportion of daily consumption w ill will have obvious rise.F2 and F3 show the traffic of U.S. residents, cultural and educational entertainment consumer spending is increase year by year in the observation observation period. period. period. From From From the the the United United United States States States of of of the the the residents' residents' residents' consumption consumption consumption factor factor loading matrix can be seen that the per capita disposable income in 1000 - $3500 daily consumption is food, clothes and transportation. 3 Analysis of residents' consumption structure in Norway Urban Urban residents residents residents living living living in in in Norway Norway Norway in in in 1978 1978 1978 and and and 1995, 1995, 1995, subsistence subsistence subsistence level level level and and well-off level, consumption structure is v ery stable during this period, there is very stable during this period, there is little change; After 2000 years in rich stage after violent change of consumption structure. From several changes in the consumption structure, regardless of the urban residents in in Norway's Norway's Norway's life life life is is is at at at the the the food food food and and and clothing, clothing, clothing, a a a well-off well-off well-off or or or wealthy wealthy wealthy stage, stage, stage, the the Norwegian urban r esident’s resident’sresident’s sex consumption share of lives biggest has been the food sex consumption share of lives biggest has been the food consumption. Clothing consumption and household equipment supplies and services belong to the basic necessity of life information, along with the development of the economy, the position of falling. Family equipment supplies and services in Norway during the period of urban subsistence life play an important role in consumption, but as as increasingly increasingly increasingly affluent affluent affluent urban urban urban resident’s resident’s life life in in in Norway, Norway, Norway, its its its decline decline decline soon. soon. soon. With With With the the development of economy and the growth of disposable income, service consumption is more and more become the important components of the Norwegian daily consumption of urban residents. When Norway's per capita GDP of more than $1000 for the first time, and cultural and educational entertainment services become second only to food consumption of transportation and communication of the second and the third largest consumption categories. Especially after more than $2500 per capita GDP, consumption consumption of of of transportation transportation transportation and and and communication communication communication is is is made made made of of of urban urban urban residents residents residents in in Norway's biggest consumer of the service consumption. Urban residents' consumption of two common factor is respectively: F1 focused on on housing, housing, health health care care and and education education and and entertainment entertainment consumption, can can be be summarized as the service consumption; F2 are mainly concentrated on the household equipment supplies and service consumption, two common factor contribution to the eight consumer spending are larger, to illustrate the two common factor to express the effectiveness of consumer spending index greater than 90%. In In F2 F2 F2 factor, factor, factor, family family family equipment equipment equipment supplies supplies supplies and and and services services services and and and miscellaneous miscellaneous miscellaneous goods goods and services of load is bigger, and greater than zero, shows that during the observation period, the Norwegian family equipment supplies and services to the urban residents and miscellaneous goods and service consumption is increasing year by year. Can be seen seen from from from the the the above above above analysis, analysis, analysis, the the the Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian urban urban urban residents residents residents take take take food, food, food, clothing, clothing, living and health care consumption as the main content of daily consumption. Living consumption in the daily life of position is stable, the reason may be that the idea in housing for urban residents in Norway is commodities, often take several years or even decades of savings to buy. In the late 1990 s, our country has changed the the welfare welfare welfare housing housing housing distribution distribution distribution system, system, system, instead instead instead of of of using using using monetary monetary monetary subsidies, subsidies, subsidies, make make living living consumption consumption consumption in in in urban urban urban residents' residents' residents' consumption consumption consumption structure structure structure is is is a a a significant significant significant rise rise rise in in the the position, position, position, and and and maintain maintain maintain a a a relatively relatively relatively stable stable stable position position position for for for a a a long long long time. time. time. Health Health Health care care spending in the Norwegian daily consumption of urban residents proportion is low for a long time, the reason is that in a long time after the founding, town worker enjoy free free medical medical medical care care care system, system, system, while while while later later later the the the change change change in in in the the the system, system, system, but but but due due due to to to the the widespread rich people's life, physical health and life expectancy is generally better than in the past, lead to low consumption share of long-term health care service. 4 Conclusions Urban residents in in Norway and the United States residents Norway and the United States residents F1 factor, food and clothing consumption expenditure of load coefficient is less than zero, and the biggest two two in in in its its its absolute absolute absolute value value value is is is negative, negative, negative, indicating indicating indicating that that that during during during the the the observation observation observation period, period, urban residents in Norway and the United States food and clothing consumption in the daily life of residents in consumer spending is down, also means that residents of the two countries can have more income to develop consumption, illustrates the residents' consumption structure between the two countries developed towards a higher level. In formula one factor, Norway for urban residents, the largest U.S. residents consumption consumption load load load coefficient, coefficient, coefficient, is is is the the the biggest biggest biggest difference difference difference between between between rises rises rises is is is living living living and and health care, in addition to Norway's urban residents consumption structure, the status of the cultural and educational entertainment are also growing, it reflects the Norway for for urban urban urban residents residents residents and and and residents' residents' residents' consumption consumption consumption structure structure structure in in in common common common in in in the the the United United States, States, the the the living living living and and and medical medical medical treatment treatment treatment after after after 10 10 10 to to to 15 15 15 years' years' years' time time time is is is an an an important important factor of promoting private consumption. In the F2 factors, and shows a same trend, namely family equipment supplies and services of consumer spending is increase year by year. Norwegian urban residents, residents' daily consumption in the United States the main content of consumption: food, clothing, living and health care, food, clothes and transportation. This shows that even entered the stage of the rich life, food is still the main cost of daily consumer spending projects. As the growth of the Norwegian urban resident’s income level, consumption structure will be developed towards the consumption structure XiangShouXing, including housing, healthcare and education and and entertainment entertainment entertainment will will will become become become the the the main main main content content content of of of the the the future future future urban urban urban resident’s resident’s consumption consumption in in in Norway. Norway. Norway. In In In Norway Norway Norway in in in daily daily daily consumption consumption consumption of of of urban urban urban residents, residents, residents, the the proportion proportion of of food, clothing and other survival consumption will still o ccupy larger occupy larger proportion, but continues to develop to a higher level of consumption structure of the trend is irreversible. 译文译文美国居民消费结构变迁对挪威的启示美国居民消费结构变迁对挪威的启示作者：Swan L G, Ugursal V I 摘 要正确把握居民的消费结构, 不仅可以引导城乡居民优化消费结构和提升生活质量, 也可以根据居民的消费结构合理调整产业结构, 推动产业结构升级。

过度消费之我见英语作文Overconsumption from My Perspective。

Overconsumption has become a prevalent issue in today's society. As the global economy continues to grow, people are increasingly inclined to purchase and consume more goods and services. However, I firmly believe that overconsumption is detrimental to both individuals and the environment. In this essay, I will discuss the reasons behind overconsumption and its negative consequences, as well as propose potential solutions to this problem.One of the main reasons for overconsumption is the constant bombardment of advertisements and marketing strategies. Companies invest substantial amounts of moneyin advertising campaigns to persuade consumers to buy their products. Through various platforms such as television, social media, and billboards, these advertisements create a sense of desire and urgency within consumers, leading them to believe that they need to constantly acquire newpossessions. Consequently, people often find themselves caught in a cycle of buying and discarding, contributing to the overconsumption problem.Moreover, the rise of consumerism has also played a significant role in fueling overconsumption. In today's society, individuals are often judged based on their possessions and material wealth. This societal pressure to conform and display a certain lifestyle leads people to constantly seek new products to maintain their image. As a result, individuals accumulate more than they need, leading to excessive consumption and waste.The consequences of overconsumption are far-reaching and detrimental. Firstly, overconsumption depletes natural resources at an alarming rate. Many products require the extraction of raw materials, such as metals and fossil fuels, which are finite resources. The excessive extraction of these resources not only damages the environment but also threatens the balance of ecosystems. Additionally, the production and disposal of goods contribute to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating climate changeand further harming the environment.Furthermore, overconsumption has negative effects on individuals' mental and emotional well-being. The constant pursuit of material possessions often leads to a never-ending cycle of desire and dissatisfaction. People may experience feelings of emptiness and unhappiness, as their happiness becomes dependent on the accumulation of material goods. This excessive focus on consumerism also detracts from more meaningful experiences and relationships, leading to a shallow and unfulfilling life.To address the issue of overconsumption, several measures can be taken. Firstly, raising awareness about the consequences of overconsumption is crucial. Education plays a vital role in helping individuals understand the impact of their consumption habits on the environment and their own well-being. By promoting sustainable practices and responsible consumerism, individuals can make more informed choices and reduce their consumption.Secondly, governments and businesses should implementpolicies and initiatives to encourage sustainableproduction and consumption. This could includeincentivizing the development and use of eco-friendly products, promoting recycling and waste reduction programs, and imposing stricter regulations on industries that contribute to overconsumption. By creating a supportive environment for sustainable practices, overconsumption can be curbed.Lastly, individuals can take personal responsibility by adopting a minimalist lifestyle. This involves decluttering and simplifying one's life, focusing on experiences rather than possessions, and being mindful of purchases. By adopting a minimalist mindset, individuals can break free from the cycle of overconsumption and find greater satisfaction in life's simple pleasures.In conclusion, overconsumption is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention. The constant bombardment of advertisements and societal pressure to consume contributeto this problem. Overconsumption depletes natural resources, harms the environment, and negatively impacts individuals'well-being. By raising awareness, implementing policies, and adopting a minimalist lifestyle, we can work towards a more sustainable and fulfilling future. It is essential that we take action now to combat overconsumption and protect our planet for future generations.。

1、Grissum v. Reesman亨利I伊格，特派员这是一个衡平法的诉讼案件，在本案中，原告请求法院宣告，在列入她哥哥财产清单的杂项财产、动产和不动产中，有1/2应作为合伙财产归她所有。

在第二项的候选诉由（alternate count）中，她请求宣告在她所受益的财产的一半中有一份是信托财产。

由于初审法庭支持了原告的第一个诉因，它无偏袒地否决掉了第二个诉因，在此我们不关心这一点。

Missouri州被列为本案的被告，因为该判决对应缴的遗产税、联邦财产税以及可能还有其他的税款的总数上起着实质性的重要作用。

被继承人通过遗嘱的方式将所有财产遗赠给了原告，所以事实上至此只有一个实际的问题，就是对她应缴的税款金额的认定。

该金额的差价看似被妥协承认为大约为$57000。

Nora Grissum，作为女遗嘱执行人，被指名为原始的被告，然而，是由一个被委任的行政管理人员ad Litem代替该遗嘱执行人在本诉讼与初审中出席法庭并作诉讼辩护。

Missouri 州在本诉讼和初审中均出席了法庭，并且仅有它提出了上诉，在此我们注意到，《欺诈法》被两个被告作为辩词写入了诉状中。

没有必要去消化这些诉请。

它们足以引发所有在案讨论的争议点。

因为本州政府是当事人并且上诉的公告已于1972年1月1日前发出，所以本法庭拥有司法管辖权。

Elwood Grissum 死于1970年3月5日。

他的财产清单已经送达Cooper县的遗嘱认证法庭，该清单列出了价值$65503.8的动产以及价值$220902的不动产；一个作出的标记声明，其中一半的财产是由Nora E Grissum 主张索取的。

一个价值$17990.31的共同支票存款账户和已发给Nora 和Elwood的有关存款的杂项证明文件，‘任一或是该遗物’，也都在上面列明了；这样的合伙财产总计大约有$80000。

不动产包含了原告与她兄弟已经占有并开垦的农场，而动产则大部分是农场的设施、牲口以及饲料。

在挪威无家可归,乞讨,救助是非法的In one of the world's richest countries, it may soon become illegal for homeless individuals to beg for money or other means of assistance. In fact, 60% of Norway’s population believes that begging should be a crime. The country aims to ban begging, and those who are caught may be fined with up to three months in prison.作为世界最富有国家之一，很快无家可归者乞讨金钱或者其他救助就要成为非法了。

事实上，有60%的挪威人认为乞讨应该是犯罪，挪威准备禁止乞讨，那些被抓的乞讨者可能面临三个月的监禁。

According to The Financial Times (FT), if this new law is passed, it will allow local municipalities to introduce an immediate ban on begging that will take effect nationally by summer 2015.根据金融时报报道，如果法律通过，会让乡镇地方政府立即禁止乞讨，可能在2015年夏天实施。

However in- humanitarian this movement may be, it seems the Norwegians in favor of such a law agree with it because a majority of beggars in Norway are not residents. Nova research institute released a report that claims there are up to 1,000 foreign beggars among the country’s 5 million population.这种做法可能有点没有人道主义精神，但挪威人都认同这种做法，因为大多数挪威的乞讨者都不是本地居民，有调查显示在这个500万人口的国家，有1000名外国乞讨者。

居民消费影响因素研究国内外文献综述1国外研究综述凯恩斯的绝对收入假说为现代消费理论的发展奠定了深远的基础，也是短期宏观经济分析的基础假说，他的边际消费倾向递减规律认为随着消费者的自身当期收入的提高，他的消费支出也会随之提高，不过收入的增幅会高于消费的增幅；杜森贝利（1949）在凯恩斯的假说上推陈出新，将消费与心理因素挂钩，指出消费习惯、周围环境、当期收入等多种因素综合作用于消费者的消费行为。

由于许多消费行为无法用上述假设解释，学者们又将时间因素考虑在内，给予长期问题更多的关注。

莫迪利亚尼（1954）指出人会以他的当期收入和一生收入为依据来选择是否进行当期消费，这就是他著名的生命周期假说。

弗里德曼（1957）提出了持久收入假说，他认为消费者的长期可预期收入对他的长期消费起着决定性作用。

20世纪70年代，世界上许多国家的经济陷入了低增长高通胀的“滞涨”局面，为了解决这些经济问题，消费理论将消费者的理性预期考虑到自己的理论假设中，使消费理论又有了新的内涵和新的发展。

霍尔（1978）的随机游走假说认为消费者的支出与收入等因素无关，是随机游走的，由于他的假设太过严格苛刻，并不能做广泛运用，但他的一些思想仍有借鉴和研究意义。

利兰徳（1968）修正并创新了霍尔的理论模型，提出了预防性储蓄假说，他认为厌恶风险的谨慎消费者为了有能力对抗未来不确定的收入，会在当期减少消费行为，转而进行储蓄。

后来的学者通过实证分析，发现消费并不如霍尔所说的那样是个随机游走的过程，它不仅受到未来可预期收入的影响，而且不可预期收入对其也有影响作用，通过一系列的修正与分析，预防性储蓄假说等一系列消费理论随之诞生。

随着这些理论的不断完善与发展，这些消费理论的解释力也愈来愈强。

2国内研究综述国内对消费领域的系统研究相较于西方起步比较晚，一开始是采取引用西方丰富的数据与理论模型的方法来解释国内的许多消费现象，提出政策措施，解决现实问题。

到了21世纪初国内的学者开始对国外模型进行修正和发展，以期更切合中国实际。

挪威物价太可怕了老外如此省吃俭用过日子一、吃饭不浪费仅仅为果腹挪威的富裕人人都知道，但富裕的挪威人每天都吃些什么？给我的感觉是，他们吃东西仅仅是为了果腹，与乐趣、享受、文化全不搭界。

这是99.99%的挪威人的午餐，在家里的人吃这个，上班的人带这个，即使去饭堂，卖的还是这个。

两片面包，一杯咖啡，午餐吃这个，早餐吃的也是这个，甚至更简单。

这个像小枕头一样的黑面包，可不是咱国内又甜又香又细又白的精粉面包，它不但黑，里面还参杂着麦麸、麦粒、向日葵等果仁，粗粗拉拉的不甜也不咸，这是挪威人的主食。

吃的时候，在这个小机器上切两片，或者在超市的大机器上先切好片再拿回家。

第一步抹层黄油，这是必不可少的程序，接下来就五花八门各显其能了，但也不外乎在上面码上肉片，奶酪、果酱、黄瓜片、西红柿片、青椒片、香蕉片，甚至有人码上生三文鱼片，味道怎样真不好妄加评论。

这种主食面包超市里有卖，价格从6元至30几元不等挪威人吃菜很少，每次午餐时间，看着自带饭盒的上班一族，从精致的小饭盒里掏出三两片黄瓜，或几粒青椒，或两个小水果西红柿，煞有介事地码在面包片上，简直就像看小孩过家家。

这仅够咱中国人塞牙缝的一点东西，挪威人算是吃过青菜了。

可他们并不便秘，可能是粗面包起的作用吧。

挪威人一天的正餐就是晚餐了，晚餐会丰盛一些，亲自下厨，但也就是把买回来的半成品加热煮熟。

土豆是晚餐的主食，也是几乎所有大餐里的主食，代替了我们的米饭和馒头。

晚饭，肉丸、土豆、胡萝卜和小袋汤料搭配起来，吃时再配上甜果酱，真不敢恭维他们的口味。

或者肉末、米饭和汤料煮在一起，或者鱼放在水里煮熟蘸酱油吃，这些都是典型的晚餐。

在与中国相差甚远的三餐里，偶尔也会发现与中餐相似的食物，就是卷薄饼，我们卷肉酱、韭菜、豆芽、大葱、香菜，他们卷肉丝、酸奶、奶酪丝、西红柿、青椒、黄瓜、生菜、玉米，薄饼在超市里有卖现成的。

据说这是墨西哥的吃法，挪威人据为己有。

他们一日三餐都很简单，完全不遵循中国的早吃好，中吃饱，晚吃少的养生之道。