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越南学生学习汉语语法常见的四种偏误分析研究生姓名：李依霖导师姓名：孙建元教授学科专业：汉语言文字学研究方向：对外汉语教学年级：2005级提要汉语是世界上使用人数最多的语种，中国改革开放以来，随着全球化进程的不断扩大和加深、政治、经济、文化等各方面的频繁交流，使汉语在世界上占有举足轻重的地位，所以对外汉语教学发展得非常迅速，由于地理位置相邻母语为越南语的学习者日益增多。
目前，该学习领域也存在着不少问题，较为突出的就是语法问题。
虽该领域的研究对语法涉足得也不少，但对于语法偏误的类型的研究却不多。
因此，我决定在前人研究成果的基础上，采取语料搜集、问卷调查等形式，加上本人五年来的教学经验，搜集越南学生的语法偏误实例，找出数量最多、使用频率最高、学生困难最大的偏误类型，通过对具体数据的计量统计，本人决定对其作出进一步的探讨。
文章以问卷调查数据为基础，对越南学生在使用汉语的过程中作出了全面的量化分析，除了以问卷测试形式对一、二年级越南学生、进行的定量研究、考察以外，加上本人在五年教学经验中，累积的学生练习，作业，运用科学统计的方法对结果进行检验，结合语言迁移进行对比分析，对偏误现象进行了探讨和分析。
在对越南学生习得汉语语法常见的一些偏误现象分析的基础上，对中越相关语法偏误进行研究，归纳偏误典型类。
通过分析，把搜集到的资料按鲁建骥在《外国人学汉语的语法偏误分析》语言文字应用1994年第一期中，开始进行越南学生学习汉语语法常见的四种典型偏误分析 1.遗漏偏误 2.误加偏误 3.误代偏误 4.错序偏误，在分类时力求做到把即共性和差异归类。
分析时，从对外汉语教学的角度出发，特别是对越南学生易出错的地方进行了深入细致的说明。
汉语和越语在词汇上有着不少共同点，导致越南人学汉语在很大程度上倾向于依赖母语。
这便是语言中的语言迁移现象。
另外补充说明越南学生汉语习得偏误原因：越南学生汉语习得偏误原因概说、母语为越南语负迁移的影响。
Lesson11 One good turn deserves antherSummary writing摘要写作1 I was having dinner at a restaurant.2 I saw Tony Steele after a while.3 He always borrows money from his friends.4 Tony/He sat at my table.5 I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.6 He gave me the money at once.7 He wanted me to pay for his dinner.Key structures a 现在进行时，b一般现在时，c一般过去时，d现在完成时，e过去进行时A a he is now working (1. 2)b he gets (1. 3); he always borrows (1. 3); never pays it back (1. 4)c came in(1.1) ; worked (1.2); Tony saw me and came and sat (1. 4); I asked him (1. 6); he gave me (1. 7); Tony said (1. 8)d He has never borrowed (1. 5); I have never borrowed (1. 7)e I was having (1. 1); While he was eating (1. 5/6)B was having; came; worked; is now working(题面有错)；gets; borrows; pays; saw; came; sat; has never borrowed(题面错误)；was eating; asked ; gave; have never borrowed (题面有错); saidC 1 gets ；got 2 have not had（题面错误）3 was writing ..talked/ were talking; 4 am typing; 5 passed/ were passing (当主句的动作发生在从句的动作发生的过程中时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时，也可以在从句中用进行时态)D The Taj Mahal // 泰姬陵was built; became/ had become ; died; was built; were called; was begun ; (was) completed; cost ;has been visitedSpecial difficulties 难点a练习A1 The officer ordered the men to fire at the enemy.2 He wants his wife to wear this dress.3 She wants us to explain it.4 I cannot allow him to enter the room.B (sample sentences)1 He asked me to answer a question /me to help him.2 We preferred herto stay at home. 3 He taught me to speak English. 4 My mother wished me to go to a great school/me to collect the laundry. 5 Do you want themto play with you/ her to visit you?b 练习 1 salary 2 lent ,salary/ wages 3 borrowed 4 wages 5 wages Multiple choice questionsl.(b) 2.(b) 3.(b) 4.(a) 5.(b) 6.(c) 7.(c) 8.(a) 9.(c) 10.(c) 11.(b) 12.(d) Sentence structureTo my surprise, he gave me the money immediately.练习册AHow much do you want/would you like?How long do you want it for?Why do you want it?How much did you borrow?Why do you want to borrow ￡20 from me?B1 died2 left3 has just received4 was 5had to 6 received 7said8 invited 9 accepted 10 was 11 sat 12 had 13 thanked 14 saidC1 salary2 wages3 borrow4 lend, wages5 borrow, salaryD1 Can you teach that girl to ride a horse?2 He wants me to explain the plan to her.3 They have advised us to borrow some money from the bank.4My parents never allow me to stay out late on Saturday nights.5Can you help me to do my maths homework?6 The officer ordered his men to fire at the enemy.7I would prefer you to stay at home this evening.8I will ask her to help us.9 Will the farmer allow the children to play in his field?10My father told me to save as much money as I could.。
The risk analysis of the payment and settlement transaction Over the last twenty years, the consensus view of systematic risk in the financial system that emerged in response to the banking crisis of the 1930s .So , the risks the banking system face have a great importance on our financial system.With the fierce competition between the banks and the tight fiscal policy adopted by the government, apart from these, more and more people have adopted various ideas to invest, so the state-owned commercial banks must tend to other ways to increase their revenue. As a result of that, many banks trend to the payment and settlement transactions in the international settlement to survive in this competitive financial world.We can see the importance and effect of the payment and settlement to a bank clearly. First, payment and settlement is the basic for innovation for most banks in the modern financial system; Second, the payment and settlement transaction has a great importance on banks’ utilizing their capitals and moreover on their successful survival in this competitive world; Third, it also provide a method for banks to make legal profits outside their traditional services/Apart from those benefits, we will absolutely face many risks during the process of paying and settling.The first and most common risk is settlement risk, which is the result of settling the exchange capitals outside the bank or just lies in the process of using your own capitals. Then, it may also bring risks when some illegal persons try to make profit by erasing or recreating the bills of exchange. The third is systematic risk. That is partly due to the imperfect system of settlement and the lack of a timely revising system. The last one is management risk, which is liquidity risk in sense, causing by inefficient management. Some banks want to earn illegal profits by investing in the real estate, which will undoubtedly decrease the liquidity of the bank or even bring more severe outcomes.With the introduction of new technology, the banking system may face more up-to-date problems.For example, it will bring extra risks to a bank if it has opened the E-services.But what impressed the modern ecologists most is the trend of the future risks among banking system. The risks in collections, L/C and T/T all have changed a lot, presenting some new features. That is to say, we should take some new methods in case of those risks being a real tragedy.First, we should try to perfect our payment and settlement system, making sure that we can tend to a union legal system for help when we have some obscure questions; Second, we should devote ourselves to building a powerful team. A team full of talented and creative person will bring more energy and innovations to the banking system. We should make a list of regulatory managing works, such as educating their thought, increasing their professional skills and professional disciplines, making them more productive and efficient. Then, we could also launch some speeches on the related financial laws, trying to increase their sense of legality and justice, it is also a help when they have to use some lawful expertise to solve some special and difficultproblems. The last but not least, we should make sure that our staff members have the right ability, legal expertise and enough familiarity about their current job and the banking system.Third, we could accompany our banking system with a more scientific and more effective reward system, that is a prerequisite for a higher quality working outcomes. By classifying our rating methods, setting general index and particular index will encourage more staff to work hard. Setting a valid and reasonable objective will increase the efficiency too.At last, we could develop more new products to keep pace with the competitive financial system, that will make our advantages stand out. In ordering to make our products more accustomed to the customers, we should first know what they want and need, that reminds us to diversify our products to satisfy the different customers’needs, such as in the cost and capitals’delivery time. Besides, we should also advertise our products to appeal to more concerns, even our utmost target is not to make profit like those general enterprises do, we aims at selling our financial products, but the advertising will help us better communicate with our potential customers, the computer technology, the press, the internet are the most common methods, we can also launch speeches and symposiums to intensify the communications between communities and corporations.We modern commercial banks will face so many different kinds of risks, so we should broaden our expertise and legal knowledge, and at the same time, make some precautionary measures aim at the weak points. That will not only decrease the potential risks we may suffer but also increase the whole management level.。
教学摘要范文课堂教学摘要第一单元大数知多少第一课时授课时间 xx 年 9 月 2 日一、教学内容：整万数的读写二出示学习目标三、学习过程：（一）、创设生活情境，导入新课 1．提问：说出万以内的计数单位。
(板书：个、十、百、千) 2．读出下面各数：（二）、学习新课再说一说 1、万以内数的读法。
2．用计数器帮助数数，认识万、十万、百万、千万、亿。
(1)让学生在计数器上拨上一千。
板书万。
(2)让学生再在算盘上一万一万地数，一直数到九万。
一四、稳固练习板书设计：五、课后小结：通过这节课的学习，你有什么收获？六、布置作业第二课时授课时间 xx 年 9 月 3 日一、教学内容：整万数的读写练习二出示学习目标三、学习过程：（一）、创设生活情境，导入新课 1．提问：(1) 板书：个、十、百、千 (2．学生读数：（二）、学习新课再说一说 1、万以内数的读法。
2．用计数器帮助数数，认识万、十万、百万、千万、亿。
四、稳固练习：板书设计：亿以内数的认识五、课后小结：通过这节课的学习，你有什么收获？六、布置作业授课时间 xx 年 9 月 4 日一、教学内容：亿以内数的读写二、出示学习目标：三学习过程：（一）、创设生活情境，导入新课 1、读写出下面各数：自主合作，经历学习的过程 2、（1）观察计数器，（2）指名答复。
（1）观察计数器写数。
（2）学生归纳：（3）学生自主尝试，四、稳固强化，拓展应用想想做做 1、2、3 练习题。
板书设计：五布置作业授课时间 xx 年 9 月 5 日一、教学内容：亿以内数的读写二、出示学习目标：三、学习过程：（一）、创设生活情境，导入新课 1、读写出下面各数：（二）、自主合作，经历学习的过程 1、（1）在计数器上拨珠：2、（1）观察计数器，（2）分析这个数的读法。
四、稳固强化，拓展应用自主练习。
五、小结板书设计：亿以内数的读写六作业布置授课时间 xx 年 9 月 6 日一、教学内容：整亿数的读写及整万、整亿数的改写二、出示学习目标：三、学习过程（一）：1．提问：(1)说出亿以内的计数单位。
双固化：硅氧烷型光-潮气双固化保形涂料的合成及光固化行为摘要：合成了一种以异氰酸酯为"桥"的硅氧烷-丙烯酸酯型光-潮气双固化保形涂料.探讨了引发剂、稀释剂等对其光固化行为的影响,结果表明,所合成的保形涂料存在较明显的氧阻聚现象,加入三丁胺可以抑制部分氧阻聚的影响.聚己内酯三元醇型双固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯的合成及其固化膜性能研究摘要：以聚己内酯三元醇、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和羟基丙烯酸酯为原料,合成了一种新型聚氨酯丙烯酸酯.该树脂含有CC双键和未封闭的-NCO基团,可同时进行光固化和热固化反应.研究了不同双键含量对体系成膜性能的影响.结果表明,随着双键含量的上升,体系光固化后的摆杆硬度变大,耐溶剂性、玻璃化转变温度、铅笔硬度提高,但是柔韧性下降.同时发现,后期的热固化对体系的硬度和热性能有补强的作用,但是会在一定程度上导致涂膜的柔韧性下降.双固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯的性能研究摘要：将三种双固化聚氨酯丙烯酸酯低聚物与环氧丙烯酸酯组成不同的双固化体系,利用实时红外(FT-IR)的方法研究了不同固化顺序(先光固化后热固化和先热固化后光固化)对体系中-NCO反应基团和C=C双键转化率的影响,结果显示先光固化后热固化的固化顺序更有利于体系达到高转化率.通过测试不同体系固化后的硬度和柔韧性,证明后期的热固化能大幅度提高涂膜的硬度.硅氧烷改性环氧丙烯酸酯及其紫外-湿气双固化涂层的性能摘要：以环氧树脂和丙烯酸合成环氧丙烯酸酯,再与正硅酸乙酯反应,合成硅氧烷改性的环氧丙烯酸酯.以FT- IR分析合成产物的结构和UV-湿气固化过程；研究UV-湿气双重固化硅氧烷改性环氧丙烯酸酯涂膜的性能.以正硅酸乙酯封闭环氧丙烯酸酯的羟基,使环氧丙烯酸酯的黏度降低82％；经紫外-湿气双重固化,改性环氧丙烯酸酯涂层的摆杆硬度、耐磨性、水接触角均比未改性样品大幅提升,起始热失质量温度比未改性环氧丙烯酸酯高约63℃.汽车用新型罩光涂料--UV和热双固化清漆摘要：轿车车身面漆涂装采用两涂层涂装工艺(即底色+罩光)已逐步成为面漆的典型涂装工艺,罩光涂料已成为关键的汽车涂料.介绍UV固化涂料的固化机理及其特征,新型双固化汽车用罩光涂料,双固化工艺及涂膜的优异性能以及新工艺的节能、环保效益及发展前景.有机硅改性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯光-潮气双固化体系摘要：由甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯和二-(γ-三乙氧基硅烷基丙基)胺为原料,合成了有机硅改性聚氨酯丙烯酸酯(Si-PUA)预聚物,预聚物属于宾汉流体. 用GPC凝胶渗透色谱方法测得预聚物的分子量分散度为1.12,用FTIR和光DSC示差扫描量热法(DPC)方法研究了预聚物的固化行为,光聚合反应的转化率为56.3%,用TG(热重分析)等方法研究了光、潮气固化膜的膜性能,发现光固化膜的电性能、热性能均好于潮气固化膜的膜性能.紫外光/湿气双固化聚哇氧烷树脂的制备及其固化机理的研究聚硅氧烷树脂可以通过硅羟基缩合及硅氢加成反应进行交联固化，同时固化产物具有优良的耐高低温性能和弹性的可调节性，在电子灌封以及建筑门窗密封等行业受到广泛应用，并且在诸多领域已经成为不可或缺的材料。
五年级奥数集成练习1一、植树摘要:两端都种植:树数=节段数+1只种植一端:树数=节段数，两端都不种植:树数=节段数-1工作1、学生做早操，21名学生站成一排，每个相邻两个学生之间的距离相等，从第一个人到最后一个人的距离是40米，两个相邻的人之间的距离是多少米？2.学校图书馆大楼离实验楼60米远。
绿化小组将在两栋建筑之间的道路两侧植树。
每3米种多少棵树？3.鱼塘的周长是1500米。
你需要在鱼塘周围每6米种多少棵树？金桥大厦共有22层，每个楼梯有18级台阶。
有一天停电了，住在顶层的一名乘客不得不走上楼。
他要走多少步才能到达顶层？一名乘客上楼数了数。
当他数到252时，他走到了他住的楼层。
他住在几楼？5.一个木匠锯了一块14米长的木头。
他先把一端受损的部分锯掉2米，然后把其余部分锯成3米长的片段。
一次砍断木头需要5分钟。
总共需要多少分钟来锯木头？六年级和六年级的学生参加了无线电练习比赛。
他们在一个5向列中。
XXXX年级有多少学生？7.小文住在九楼。
那天，小文因为停电不得不走上楼。
他花了42秒从一楼走到三楼。
他从三楼到家花了多长时间？第二，拼图问题1.公式中的每个汉字代表什么不同的数字？2华金杯× 3华金杯2中国=罗=耿=金=茶杯=2.公式中的每个汉字代表什么不同的数字？期待着祖先的国家早日统一，期待着，期待着，期待着国家=早=日=系统= 1 =3.在下面的公式中，每个七巧板代表一个不同的数字。
当公式成立时，它们各自代表什么数？七个熟练板x七个熟练板七个巧板4.在下面的公式中，不同的汉字代表不同的数字，相同的汉字代表相同的数字。
它们各自代表什么数字？一个团*圆、圆、美组=圆=和=美= 5。
确定下列公式中每个汉字代表的数字，使公式成立。
克林果林4)奥林·皮克林4 3匹马Kroc 3 g 3 g 0第1页，共12页6.用7个数字0，1，2，3，4，5，6填充圆圈和方框。
每个数字都会出现一次，形成一个等式。
现代教育技术1-2章目录第一章教育技术概述第一节教育技术的概念一、国外教育技术的产生与演变二、我国教育技术的产生与发展三、教育技术定义四、教育技术相关概念辨析第二节教育技术学的理论基础一、学习理论二、教学理论三、传播理论四、系统科学理论第三节现代教育技术的地位与作用一、现代教育技术的教育变革二、现代教育技术的地位三、现代教育技术的作用第二章现代教学媒体与教学环境第一节现代教学媒体一、教学媒体的概念及分类二、现代教学媒体的特性三、现代教学媒体的教学应用第二节现代教育环境一、现代教育环境的概念二、现代教育环境教学功能第三节现代教学环境的建设与应用一、校园网二、多媒体教室三、网络技术四、数字图书馆第一章教育技术概述第一节教育技术的概念一、国外教育技术的产生与演变美国教育技术发展脉络清晰完整，在世界上影响也最大。
美国教育技术的形成分为三条脉络：一是早期的个别化教学，经历程序教学，最后发展为计算机辅助教学；二是发端于直观，经历视觉教学运动，视听教学运动，最终形成的媒体教学；三是由经验性的教学系统方法发展形成的教学系统开发和设计。
（一）直观教学阶段（20世纪初-20年代）（二）视觉教学阶段（20世纪20-30年代）（三）视听教学阶段（20世纪30-50年代）（四）视听传播阶段（20世纪50-60年代）（五）教育技术阶段（20世纪70年代至今）1970年6月25日，全美教育协会的视听教学部正式更名为教育传播与技术协会。
1972年，该协会将其实践和研究的领域正式定名为“教育技术”。
二、我国教育技术的产生与发展早期，我国的教育技术称为“电化教育”。
电化教育是我国特创的名称，教育技术作为一个新兴的研究领域，在美国开始于视听教育运动，而在中国则是以电化教育的出现为标志的。
1919年，我国的教育工作开始运用幻灯进行教学，这是我国电化教育起步的标志。
我国的电化教育分为两个阶段：视听教育阶段和信息化教育阶段。
（一）视听教育阶段（20世纪70年代后期-90年代初期）在视听教育阶段，电教领域应用的主流技术是：投影、录音、电视技术。
WORD实训一毕业论文的综合排版应用背景学生小陈就要大学毕业了，他在大学要完成的最后一项“作业”就是编辑毕业论文了。
开始他并没有当回事，他用过Word进行文字编辑，觉得很简单。
但当他看完学校下发的“毕业论文格式”后，却轻松不起来了。
因为毕业论文的排版要求比普通文档要复杂得多。
如：运用样式设置各级标题、插入目录、不同的页眉页脚及“域”的使用，这些知识是小陈以前从未遇到的，不得已他只好去请教刘老师。
解决方案刘老师告诉小陈，要完成一份符合要求的毕业论文，首先必须对论文的各级标题设置标题样式。
只有标题样式设置正确，才能生成正确的文档目录及满足要求的页眉页脚。
经过刘老师的一番指点，小陈终于交了一份满意的答卷。
下面是小陈的制作过程。
操作步骤STEP 1—操作准备（1）请大家选择“视图”→“文档结构图”（2）打开文件“毕业论文（素材）.doc”。
（3）将该文件“毕业论文（素材）.doc”另存为“学号+姓名（毕业论文）. doc”。
（4）在新文件的基础上进行以下操作。
STEP 2—页面设置（参见P74）定义如下的页面设置：（1）纸张尺寸为：自定义，按纸张大小，宽19cm，高26.5cm.。
（2）页面各边距设置为：位置距离上边距厘米下边距厘米左边距厘米右边距厘米STEP 3—设置文档属性（参见P75）设置文档的属性：标题：“大学生社会适应能力研究”作者：用自己的姓名单位：所在学院和班级。
温馨提示：“文件”→“属性”命令……注意：保存文件。
STEP 4—封面的制作（书上没有）（1）将文字“深圳职业技术学院”的字符设置为：华文行楷、小初。
（2）将文字“SHENZHEN POLYTECHNIC”的字符格式设置为：Colonna MT、二号、倾斜。
（3）将文字“毕业论文”转换为艺术字，艺术字的样式为第一行，最右一列，字体为“华文细黑、32号、加粗”。
（4）参照样例，利用表格将校徽图片与学校中文名及英文名文字进行混排，如下图所示（请听老师讲解）。
流行病学实习指导流行病学教研室实习一疾病的分布【目的】掌握流行病学常用疾病频率测量指标的概念、应用条件和具体计算方法.掌握疾病按时间、地区及人群分布的流行病学描述方法。
【时间】 3学时【内容】一、频率指标计算流行病学研究中疾病频率测量常用的指标有发病率（incidence rate）[包括累积发病率（cumulative incidene, CI）和发病密度（incidence density, ID）]、罹患率（attack rate）、患病率（prevalence raet）、感染率(infection rate)、续发率（secondary attack rate, SAR）、引入率（introducing rate）、死亡率（mortality rate, death rate）、病死率（fatality rate）、超额死亡率（excess mortality rate）、累积死亡率（cumulative death rate）等。
请复习上述指标的概念。
【课题一】某地1995年年初人口为2528人.1995~1998年某病三年间发病情况见图1-1.期间死亡、迁走或拒绝检查者。
图1-1 1995~1998年某病发生情况问题：请计算1995年1月1日、1996年1月1日、1997年1月1日的患病率.三年平均的年患病率。
【课题二】 1998年在某镇新诊断200名糖尿病人.该镇年初人口数为9500人.年末人口数为10500人.在年初该镇有800名糖尿病患者.在这一年中有40人死于糖尿病。
问题：1. 1998年该镇糖尿病的发病率。
2. 1998年该镇糖尿病的死亡率。
3. 1998年该镇糖尿病的病死率。
4. 1998年1月1日该镇糖尿病的患病率。
5. 1998年该镇糖尿病的期间患病率。
二、疾病三间分布（一）疾病的时间分布【课题三】 1. 意大利（在北半球）和阿根廷（在南半球）脊髓灰质炎的季节分布如图1-2。
Converting peer pressure.Gartner, Audrey1Social Policy; Winter96, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p47-49, 3p,A new hopelessness has arisen about our society's ability to educate young people today. Race and class discrimination is no longer considered the purported cause of poor school performance. The problem, we're told, is the students themselves. Peer pressure is blamed for everything from poor grades to drug abuse. Supporting this argument is new research by Steinberg, et al. (Beyond the Classroom). In a survey of 20,000 teenagers, the authors found that, while parents have little influence on youngsters' attitudes toward school, peers are very influential in producing negative attitudes.But there are, in fact, a large number of programs in school that utilize peers to provide a very different and positive message. Student-to-student programs such as peer drug education, peer tutoring, peer mediation, peer mentoring, youth helplines, and peer counseling are found in thousands of schools around the country. Research indicates that they are effective and, equally important, cost-effective. For example, a meta-analysis of 143 adolescentdrug-prevention programs showed that peer approaches are more persuasive than any other program in reducing drug use among young people. Another study determined that cross-age tutoring among students was most cost-effective in comparison with three other well-known reform strategies--reduced class size, computer-assisted instruction, and a longer school day.In peer programs, students become role models, and imbue the programs with their own idiom and style. To varying degrees, students feel good about themselves for being able to help someone else, a key element in all peer programs. These programs appeal to a wide variety of young people. In fact, those students who are not the "best" students often make exemplary tutors. And, in assuming this role, they have the most room for personal change. For example, if a tutor is a below average student a much greater growth potential exists.In all of these programs and others like them, students receive training and supervision by adults to carry out their peer activities. In a junior high school anti-drug program implemented by the Peer Research Laboratory, peer helpers met as a group twice a week with a teacher for training in listening and communication skills and how to handle one-to-one interactions, and they learned aboutsubstance abuse prevention. The training focused on the problems facing today's youth and how to cope with everyday school and family situations. These peer helpers staffed a rap room in their school, where students dropped in to talk about their concerns with other students, receive information and get support from others who shared the same experiences.Converting Students to HelpersStudents who use a rap room or receive tutoring assistance often are put in the unique position not only of receiving help, but offering help to their peers as well. The helping process works both ways. These students understand, in a very personal way, how it feels to need help and to receive it, preparing them, in turn, to give help to someone else.We tested the premise of whether the opportunity of being converted from helpee to helper would improve student learning. As part of a drop-out prevention effort, a tutoring program was started in three New York City high schools, and tutees were involved with tutors in training activities and in refining elements of the program. They were also given the opportunity to become tutors the following semester if they successfully passed the course in which they were being tutored. Compared with similar students who werebeing tutored as part of a traditional tutoring program at three other high schools, the first group of tutees had higher rates of completion in tutored courses and received significantly higher grades in tutored subjects.In all school-based peer activities, there is a tacit alliance between the students and the adults in the schools. It is an association that builds on the students' strengths, style and similarity--they understand each other's language--combined with the teaching and training skills of the school staff. Each of the partners is allied in sending critical messages: "It's good to achieve." "Drugs ruin people's lives." "There is a lot to look forward to."The scope and positive impact of peer programs could be widely expanded by giving all students the opportunity of playing the helping role. It is through the act of helping others that really powerful learning takes place for the helper. We need educational visionaries to lead schools in this process of unlocking this learning and helping power. Students, indeed, are the most overlooked resource in most schools.The crucial importance of youth participation in meaningful roles such as youth-helping-youth programs can go a long way in spreading pro-learning messages, as well as preventing substanceabuse, teen pregnancy, AIDS, and delinquency. The challenge is to have as many students as possible--a critical mass--involved in these activities, so that positive peer pressure becomes "the thing to do." The ultimate goal is the creation of student-centered, peer-focused schools.By Audrey GartnerAudrey Gartner is co-director of the Peer Research Laboratory, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York.。
