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土壤微生物研究法土壤微生物是指生活在土壤中、具有生命活动能力的微生物种类，包括细菌、真菌、放线菌、放线杆菌、病毒等微生物，是土壤中一种极其重要的生物群落。
由于其对土壤生态系统的功能和稳定性有着极其重要的作用，因此对其进行研究具有重要的意义。
土壤微生物研究法包括传统的培养技术和现代的分子生物学技术。
传统的培养技术主要是通过对土壤样品进行适当处理后，将其分离出来并在特定培养基上生长，以获得代表土壤微生物种群的纯培养菌株。
而分子生物学技术则直接对土壤中的微生物DNA进行分析，以获得同时存在于土壤中的多种微生物群落的信息。
1. 传统的培养技术传统的培养技术主要是通过将土壤样品进行适当处理后，将其中的微生物进行分离、纯化、形态鉴定和鉴定物种等各种步骤。
该方法需要依靠生物培养基，通过对各种因素进行调控，使不同菌株能够在培养基上良好地生长繁殖。
其优点是可以准确地进行细胞计数、分离菌株、进行鉴定等，但也有不少局限性，如对部分微生物的培养需要非常特殊的培养基和条件，有时其培养数量也不足以代表真实的微生物群落。
在实际应用中，培养技术被广泛应用于微生物的鉴定和功能研究。
通过培养得到的不同菌株，可以进行各种实验，比如酶活性测定、基因表达等，以此来分析微生物的功能。
但是，在应用中仍然存在一些限制：1）在土壤中，存在许多有效菌株是难以在培养板上培养的；2）微生物分离所得的纯培养菌株有时会引起歧义或误判，无法准确反应真实的微生物群落；3）培养上的试验存在人为干扰，如微量元素的添加和实验条件等，可能影响微生物的形态和生长情况。
2. 分子生物学技术随着分子生物学技术的进步，直接对微生物DNA进行分析已经成为了研究微生物的重要方法之一。
这种方法不需要进行任何的培养步骤，能够直接获得土壤微生物胞外DNA信息，并可以分析土壤中细菌、真菌、原核生物等微生物量的水平和组成，其优点是准确、简便、迅速、全面。
目前常用的技术包括：1）宏基因组测序技术：该技术使用高通量测序机器，直接对土壤微生物DNA进行测序分析。
土壤中的微生物姓名：学号：专业：年级：学科：土壤是由地壳表面的岩石经过长期风化和生物学作用而形成的一层疏松物质。
土壤和以土壤为基质的生物种群紧密的联系在一起，构成一个有机整体，称为土壤生态系统。
一、土壤微生物的来源土著微生物种群：指在一个给定的生境中那些能生存、生长和进行活跃代谢的微生物，并且这些微生物能与来自其他群落的微生物进行有效的竞争。
土著微生物一般包括：G+球菌类、色杆菌、芽孢杆菌、节杆菌、分支杆菌、放线菌、青霉、曲霉等。
对物质的分解、代谢、转化起着极为重要的作用，是化学元素参与生物地球化学物质循环的重要推动者。
外来微生物种群：指来自于其他生态系统的微生物，所以这些微生物不能在这一生境中长期生活下去。
几乎不参与土壤生态学上重要的物质转化作用。
二、土壤微生物的种类包括细菌、放线菌、真菌、藻类、病毒和原生动物。
绝大部分微生物对人是有益的；也有一部分土壤微生物是动植物的病原体。
土壤中的微生物根据其对能源和营养的要求不同可分为四种营养类型●光能自养型●光能异养型●化能自养型●化能异养型大多属异养型微生物根据对氧的需要程度不同，可分为●专性厌氧●兼性厌氧●微需氧●专性需氧等真菌属需氧型微生物，因此土壤深层或潮湿的黏土中真菌数量少。
1、土壤中的细菌（1）土壤细菌的数量土壤中的微生物以细菌数量最多，细菌占土壤微生物总量的70%～90％，1g 肥沃土壤中约有土壤细菌几十万~几十亿。
（2）土壤细菌的特点1）个体形状和大小往往与人工培养条件下不同；2）土壤细菌数量多、代谢强、繁殖快、代时短，对其延续带来很大好处；3）种类多，其中多数是异养菌，少数是自养菌；4）土壤细菌按其来源可分为土著性和外来性，一般土著是优势种：●土著细菌：是土壤中真正的常驻者，如氨化细菌、硝化细菌、固氮细菌、纤维素分解菌等，异养型，无芽胞、嗜中温。
●外来细菌：人畜粪便、动物尸体、医院废弃物等污染土壤带入的。
如沙门菌、志贺菌、霍乱弧菌、大肠杆菌O157：H7、炭疽梭菌、破伤风梭菌、肉毒梭菌等。
土壤微生物土壤微生物是生活在土壤中的微小的生物体，包括细菌、真菌、原生动物、线虫等不同类型的微生物。
与土壤中的其他生物体相比，土壤微生物在生态系统中的作用非常重要。
它们参与土壤生产力、养分循环、有机物分解、土壤结构构建以及调控地球生态系统中各种生物体的数量和品种等方面，具有重要的生态学意义。
一、土壤微生物的分类和特征根据其遗传特征和形态特征，土壤微生物可以根据其细胞结构、生存方式和代谢模式等差异进行分类。
目前已知的土壤微生物主要包括细菌、真菌和原生动物三类。
（一）细菌细菌是一类单细胞生物体，其大小很小，约为0.5~5μm。
它们的特征在于无明显的细胞器官，但其表面具有独特的细胞壁和可能存在的纤毛、鞭毛、荚膜等器结构。
细菌是土壤微生物中数量最多的群体，同时也具有非常多样的代谢方式和生存策略，主要分为光合细菌、化学合成者、异养细菌、厌氧菌、益生菌、致病菌等几类。
（二）真菌真菌是一类多细胞生物体，分成极丰富的菌门、属、种等不同的分类。
一般而言，土壤中的真菌主要分为接合菌门（包括原生菌、示核菌等）和子囊菌门（包括担子菌、伞菌等）。
真菌体租有非常细微的菌丝，其菌落的形成具有很强的营养竞争力。
同时，真菌还能够在土壤中通过菌丝的特殊构造与其他微生物形成一定的联合生态系统。
（三）原生动物原生动物是一个广泛、复杂的群体，主要分为原生动物门和隐眼虫门两大类。
其体形较小，多为单细胞或从属于低等多细胞的微生物。
其生活方式一般而言主要分化为摄食者与厌氧发酵者等两类。
在土壤微生物中，原生动物多选择以真菌或细菌为食进行摄食，可有效地协同维持土壤生态，并对提升土壤生产力起到了积极的作用。
二、土壤微生物的生命周期和作用机制（一）氮循环机制土壤中的氮循环机制是由微生物协同发挥作用的，主要包括氮固定、氨化、硝化和脱氮四个不同的阶段性过程。
细菌和蓝藻类的光合细菌对花生、青豆等均有氮的固定作用；而硝化作用是由多种细菌和放线菌共同完成的过程，其中的硝氧化酶等酶类的表达和活性直接关系到硝化作用的效率和速度。
土壤中的微生物土壤微生物是生活在土壤中的细菌、真菌、放线菌、藻类的总称。
其个体微小，一般以微米或毫微米来计算，通常1克土壤中有106～109个，其种类和数量随成土环境及其土层深度的不同而变化。
它们在土壤中进行氧化、硝化、氨化、固氮、硫化等过程，促进土壤有机质的分解和养分的转化。
土壤微生物一般以细菌数量最多，有益的细菌有固氮菌、硝化细菌和腐生细菌；有害的细菌有反硝化细菌等。
土壤微生物，以细菌为最多，通常占土壤微生物总数量的70％～90％，主要是腐生性菌，少数是自养性的。
细菌虽小，但由于数量多，所以生物量也高，所谓生物量，是指单位体积中，活细胞的重量。
据估计，土壤中细菌的生物量，若以每亩半尺深耕作层的土壤重30万斤计，则每亩土壤的这一深度内细菌的活重为180～460斤。
以土壤有机质含量为3％计算，则所含细菌的干重约为土壤有机质的1％左右，而占土壤重量的万分之三左右。
由于它们个体小，数量大，与土壤接触的表面积特别大，成为土壤中最大的生命活动面，也是最活跃的生活因素，时刻不停地进行着与周围环境的物质交换。
土壤类型不同，土层深度不同，季节的不同，降水量的多寡，土壤反应，耕作制度等都对细菌的分布和活动产生影响。
一般来说，富含有机质的黑钙士比有机质缺乏的灰化土含有的细菌要多。
表层土中的数目和种类也都比深层土中多。
特别是硝化细菌、纤维分解菌和非共生固氮菌等更是随土层深度的增加而急剧减少。
土壤中有机质的矿化以春秋两季最甚，因而菌数也会相应增加。
土壤中含有的空气和水分是对立的，降雨量过多，碍及通气，好氧性细菌的数量会减少。
土壤过酸或过碱对很多细菌的生长都是很不利的。
耕作可以改善土壤中空气和水的状况，促进好氧性菌的活动，有利于有机质的分解。
土壤中放线菌的数量也很大，仅次于细菌，每克土壤含有几百万到几千万的菌体和孢子，约占土壤中微生物总数的5％～30％。
它们多喜欢碱性富含有机质的温暖的土壤。
放线菌数量虽比细菌少，但由于体积大，比细菌大几十倍到几百倍，所以，在土壤中的生物量并不低于细菌。
土壤微生物eps-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述土壤微生物是指存在于土壤中的微小生物体，主要包括细菌、真菌、放线菌、原生动物和微型藻类等。
这些微生物在土壤生态系统中扮演着至关重要的角色，并对土壤质量和生态功能起着不可替代的作用。
土壤微生物是地球上最丰富多样的生物群体之一，其种类繁多、数量庞大。
它们广泛分布于土壤中的各个微观和宏观环境中，如土壤颗粒表面、孔隙、根际、根际土等。
在土壤微生物群体中，细菌数量最多，其次是真菌、放线菌、原生动物和微型藻类。
土壤微生物具有多种功能，包括有益菌的生物肥料功能、降解有机物质的分解功能、微生物介导的土壤养分循环功能等。
它们可以分解有机物质，将其转化为植物可吸收的养分，促进土壤肥力的提高。
同时，土壤微生物也参与土壤中的固氮作用，将大气中的氮转化为植物能够吸收利用的形式，为植物生长提供源源不断的氮源。
此外，土壤微生物还具有生物防治病害的作用，部分菌株具有植物保健功能，并能抑制土壤传播的植物病原菌的生长。
同时，土壤微生物还能够对抗重金属和农药等环境污染物的毒害。
尽管土壤微生物在土壤生态系统中发挥着重要的作用，但目前受到各种因素的影响，其数量和多样性正逐渐减少。
土地利用方式的变化、化学农药的大量使用以及人类活动对土壤的破坏等因素，都对土壤微生物的生存环境和生物多样性造成了一定的影响。
因此，保护土壤微生物的多样性和数量对于维持土壤生态系统的健康和持续发展至关重要。
为了更好地理解土壤微生物的作用和功能，以及为保护和恢复土壤微生物群落提供科学依据，未来的研究应该加强对土壤微生物的调查和监测，并探索其在土壤生态系统中的作用机制，以促进土壤健康和可持续农业的发展。
1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以包括以下几点：文章结构部分旨在介绍本篇长文的整体布局和内容组织方式。
通过清晰地表明文章的结构，读者可以更好地理解和阅读文章。
首先，在引言部分之后，本长文将分为三个主要部分，分别是正文和结论。
土壤微生物的分类、多样性及作用--王悦-1521011188work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR土壤微生物的分类及作用摘要：土壤是生态系统中岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈的交界面，而土壤微生物分布广、数量大、种类多，是土壤的重要组成部分，也是土壤生物中最活跃的部分。
其在地球生境中数量最多、生物多样性最复杂、生物量最大。
土壤微生物能够参与土壤有机质的分解、腐殖质的合成、养分的转化和推动土壤的发育和形成，同时它也是土壤肥力水平的活性指标。
因此研究土壤微生物的分类、多样性以及其在土壤中的作用有重要意义。
关键词：土壤微生物分类；土壤微生物多样性；土壤微生物作用Abstract:The soil is the interface of lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere in the ecosystem.There are many kinds of soil microbial,their havel wide distribution and large quantity and, they are an important component of the soil, as well as the most active part of soil organisms. In the earth's habitats, their biodiversity is the most complex and the biomass is the largest. Soil microorganisms can participate in soil organic matter decomposition, synthesis of humus, nutrient transformation and promote the development and form of the soil, it is also the activity indicators of soil fertility level .So research the classification, thediversity of soil microorganisms and its role in the soil have important significance.Key words: the classification of soil microorganisms, the diversity of soil microorganisms, the role of soil microorganisms.1 引言土壤微生物是从19世纪中叶发展起来的一支生命科学的分支学科[1]，这时学术界己经将土壤内部的三大过程(土壤有机质的分解、硝化和固氮作用)清晰界定为生物过程，对这些土壤内部过程的机理探索直接催生了土壤微生物学，并导致20世纪初土壤微生物学的空前繁荣。
ContentsAcid Mine Drainage \ Jerry BighamAcid Rain and N Deposition \ George F. VanceAcid Sulfate Soils \ Delvin S. FanningAcid Sulfate Soils, Distribution and Extent \ Wim AndriesseAcid Sulfate Soils: Formation \ Martin C. RabenhorstAcid Sulfate Soils: Management \ Michael D. MelvilleAcid Sulfate Soils: Problems \ Martin C. RabenhorstAeration Measurement \ Robert E. SojkaAggregate Breakdown Mechanisms and Erodibility \ Yves Le Bissonnais Aggregates, Tensile Strength of \ Humberto Blanco-CanquiAggregation \ Sjoerd W. DuikerAggregation and Organic Matter \ Cynthia A. CambardellaAggregation, Fragmentation, and Structural Stability Measurement \ Edmund Perfect Aggregation, Fragmentation, and Structural Stability Measurement \ Martín Díaz-Zorita Air Permeability of Soils \ Manoj K. ShuklaAlbedo\ Endre DobosAlfisols\ Rienk MiedemaAlpine Soils \ Jérôme PoulenardAmendments/Ameliorants\ David C. McKenzieAmoozemeter\ Aziz AmoozegarAmorphous Minerals \ April L. UleryAnaerobic Processes \ Paul A. McDanielAndisols\ Jon Choro v erAndisols in Iceland \ Olafur ArnaldsAnimals and Ecosystem Functioning \ Alan J. FranzluebbersAnimals: Microbial Interactions and Nutrient Cycling \ Lisa ColeAnimals: Microbial Interactions and Nutrient Cycling \ Richard D. BardgettAnts\ Walter G. WhitfordArab Traditional Soil Classification: A Moroccan Case \ Mohamed SabirArchaeology and Soil \ John E. FossArid Soils \ H. Curtis MongerAtterberg Limits \ Thomas BaumgartlAvailable Water Capacity and Soil Organic Matter \ Tom G. HuntingtonBacteria\ Mary Ann V. BrunsBiodiversity and Sustainability \ Odo PrimavesiBioenergy Crops: A Carbon Balance Assessment \ Rocky LemusBiological Nitrogen Fixation \ Robert H. BurrisBiological Nitrogen Fixation: Contributions to Agriculture \ Mark B. Peoples Biological Nitrogen Fixation: Forms and Regulating Factors \ Ken E. GillerBiological Nitrogen Fixation: Techniques to Enhance \ David F. HerridgeBiota\ Lev O. KarpachevskyBiota\ Mikhail KarpachevskyBiotechnology\ Manas R. BanerjeeBoreal Forest, Soils of the \ Galina MazhitovaBoron and Molybdenum \ Umesh C. GuptaBulk Density \ Kwong Yin ChanCalcification\ Janis L. BoettingerCarbonates\ Douglas W. MingChemical Behavior of Sulfur in the Rhizosphere and Its Ecological Effects \ Zhengyi HuChemical Composition \ Goro UeharaChemisorption \ N. J. BarrowChlorine\ Uzi KafkafiClassification Systems: Australian and New Zealand \ Terry A. IsbellClassification Systems: French \ Jean-Paul LegrosClassification Systems: Indian \ M. VelayuthamClassification Systems: Major \ Lars KroghClassification Systems: Netherlands \ Alfred E. HarteminkClassification Systems: South African \ Jeffrey C. HughesClassification: Need for Systems \ Stephen NortcliffClay Minerals \ C. D. BartonClay Minerals: Weathering and Alteration of \ Anastasios D. KarathanasisClay: Charge Properties \ Christopher John MatochaClimate\ Alexander N. GennadiyevCobalt and Iodine \ Ronald G. McLarenColor\ Robin N. ThwaitesCompaction and Crop Yield \ Muhammad IshaqComparison of Four Soil Water Measurement Methods \ Des McGarryComputer Modeling of Water Management \ Laj R. AhujaConservation Tillage \ Jack ClineConservation Tillage \ Robert HendershotConsistence\ Ray McBrideConsolidation\ Tarunjit Singh ButaliaControlled Traffic \ Randall C. ReederCopper\ Judith F. PedlerCrop Plants and the Availability of Phosphorus in Soil \ Bettina Eichler-LoebermannCrop Residue Management \ David L. SchertzCrop Root Response to Soil Temperature in Temperate Regions \ Thomas C. KasparCrop Rotation and Farming Systems: Smallholder Farming Systems and Agroforestry Systems \ Stefan Hauser Crop Rotation and Farming Systems: Temperate Zone \ Martin R. CarterCrop Rotation and Farming Systems: Tropics and Subtropics and Swelling Soils \ D. M. FreebairnCroplands \ B. A. StewartDebris Flow \ Jau-Yau LuDegradation\ Rosa M. PochDegradation and Food Security on a Global Scale \ Michael A. ZoebischDegradation and Food Security on Local/Eco-Regional Scale\ Sara J. ScherrDegradation and Quality \ Rattan LalDegradation and the Greenhouse Effect \ Eddy De PauwDegradation, Food Security, and Poverty \ Pierre CrossonDegradation: Biological \ Ibrahim OrtasDegradation: Critical Limits of Soil Properties and Irreversible Degradation \ Anthony R. Dexter Degradation: Economic Implications Off-Farm \ Dennis WichelnsDegradation: Food Aid Needs in Low-Income Countries \ Shahla ShapouriDegradation: Food Aid Needs in Low-Income Countries \ Stacey RosenDegradation: Global Assessment \ Selim KapurDegradation: Physical \ Michael A. ZoebischDesertification\ Paul T. TuellerDesertification in a Humid Environment: An Example from Iceland \ Andres ArnaldsDesertification, Extent of \ Victor R. SquiresDesertification: Impact \ David A. MouatDesertification: Impact \ Judith LancasterDesertification: Reversal \ David TongwayDiagnostic Horizons \ E. M. BridgesDiffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Rapid Soil Analysis \ Keith D. Shepherd Diurnal Freeze/Thaw: Temperature and Water Distribution \ Joseph L. Pikul Drainage and Anaerobiosis \ Robert O. EvansEcology and the Cycling of Carbon and Nitrogen \ Alan J. Franzluebbers Economics of Soil Management in Developing Countries \ Stefano Pagiola Economics of Soil Management in the United States \ Jeffrey W. Hopkins Enchytraeidae \ Maria Jesus Iglesias BrionesErosion \ Dennis C. FlanaganErosion and Carbon Dioxide \ Pierre A. JacintheErosion and Carbon Dioxide \ Rattan LalErosion and Crop Yield \ Michael StockingErosion and Global Change \ Taolin ZhangErosion and Global Change \ Xingxiang WangErosion and Productivity: Effects on Human Life \ Neroli Pedro CogoErosion and Productivity: Effects on Human Life \ Renato LevienErosion and Sedimentation Control: Amendment Techniques \ X.-C. (John) Zhang Erosion and Sedimentation Control: Engineering Techniques \ Jose Miguel Reichert Erosion and Sedimentation Control: Vegetative Techniques \ Samson D. Angima Erosion and Water Quality \ Andreas KlikErosion Assessment \ John BoardmanErosion by Water: Empirical Models \ John M. LaflenErosion by Water: Hybrid Models \ Jeffrey G. ArnoldErosion by Water: Modeling \ Calvin W. RoseErosion by Water: Process-Based Modeling \ Mark A. NearingErosion by Wind: Climate Change \ Alan BusaccaErosion by Wind: Climate Change \ David ChandlerErosion by Wind: Control Measures \ Gary L. TibkeErosion by Wind: Effects on Soil Quality and Productivity \ John LeysErosion by Wind: Field Measurement \ Ted M. ZobeckErosion by Wind: Global Hot Spots \ Andrew WarrenErosion by Wind: Micrometeorology \ Giles F.S. WiggsErosion by Wind: Principles \ Larry D. StetlerErosion by Wind-Driven Rain \ Gunay ErpulErosion Control: Agronomic Practices \ Glenn A. WeesiesErosion on Disturbed Lands \ William J. ElliotErosion Tolerance/Soil Loss Tolerance \ David L. SchertzErosion Tolerance/Soil Loss Tolerance \ Mark A. NearingErosion, Controlling Irrigation-Induced \ Robert E. SojkaErosion: On-Site and Off-Site Impacts \ Jerry L. HatfieldEvaporation \ William P. KustasEvolution: The Role of Soil Seed Bank \ Paul B. CaversFauna and Microflora: Macrofauna \ Judy TisdallFertility Evaluation Systems \ Ram C. DalalFertility: Environmentally Compatible Management \ Bal Ram SinghFertility: Low Input and Traditional Maintenance Methods \ Miguel Altieri Fertilizer Application Methods \ John RyanFertilizers: Leaching Losses \ Paul G. SaffignaFertilizers: Mineral \ Balu L. BumbFertilizers: Mineral \ L. L. HammondFertilizers: Organic \ Gary J. GaschoFertilizers: Urban Waste and Sludges \ Rory O. MaguireFire and Soils \ P. K. KhannaFlooding Tolerance of Crops \ Tara T. VanToaiFluid Flow: Challenges Modeling \ John L. NieberForest Ecosystems: Nutrient Cycling \ Neil W. FosterForest Ecosystems: Soils Associated with Major \ Ken Van ReesForest Soils \ Nicholas B. ComerfordForest Soils Properties and Site Productivity \ Paul A. ArpForest Soils: Calcium Depletion \ Tom G. HuntingtonFuture of Soil Science: Role of Soils \ Richard W. ArnoldGas and Vapor Phase Transport \ Dennis E. RolstonGelisols\ James G. BockheimGeology and Soil \ Ken R. OlsonGeophysics in Soil Science \ Jeffrey J. DanielsGlobal Resources \ Paul ReichGlobal Warming: Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate \ Sherwood Idso Grass Strip Hydrology \ Hossein GhadiriGrasslands Soils \ Douglas D. MaloGreenhouse Effect on World Soils \ Rattan LalGreenhouse Gas Fluxes: Measurement \ Oswald Van Cleemput Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Measurement \ Pascal BoeckxGully Erosion \ Fenli ZhengGypsic Soils \ Juan HerreroGypsum Formation in Gypsic Soils \ Ahmet R. MermutHard Setting Soils \ Richard S. B. GreeneHealth\ Robin F. HarrisHeat Capacity of Soil \ Surinder Kumar JalotaHeat Flux \ Thomas J. SauerHeavy Metals \ Mike J. McLaughlinHistory of Soil Science: 1927-2000 \ Fred P. MillerHistory of Soil Science: Early to Mid-20th Century \ John P. Tandarich Human Culture and Soils \ Daniel HillelHuman Society and Soil \ Rattan LalHydraulic Conductivity \ Jacob H. DaneHydrologic Cycle: Role of Soils \ Keith R. J. SmettemInceptisols\ John M. GalbraithIndustrial Waste \ Warren DickInelastic Neutron Scattering for Assessing Soil Carbon \ Lucian Wielopolski Infiltration Management Factors \ Jutta RogasikInorganic Carbon Analysis \ Richard R. DreesInorganic Carbon and the Global C Cycle \ William H. Schlesinger Inorganic Carbon: Climate and Time \ Lee C. NordtInorganic Carbon: Composition and Formation \ H. Curtis Monger Inorganic Carbon: Composition and Formation \ Larry P. Wilding Inorganic Carbon: Global Stocks \ Larry P. WildingInorganic Carbon: Land Use Impacts \ Donald L. SuarezInorganic Carbon: Modeling \ Leslie D. McFaddenInorganic Carbon: Modeling \ Ronald G. AmundsonInsect Survival: Effect of Subzero Temperature \ Mike M. EllsburyIon Exchange \ Bryon W. BacheIron Oxides \ Nikolla P. QafokuIrrigation\ Jack KellerIrrigation and Soil Salinity \ James D. RhoadesIrrigation Efficiency \ Terry A. HowellIrrigation Erosion \ Robert E. SojkaIrrigation: Historical Perspectiv e \ Robert E. SojkaISRIC: World Soil Information \ David DentJhum/Shifting Agricultur e \ P. S. RamakrishnanLand Capability Analysis \ Michael J. SingerLand Capability Classification \ Thomas E. FentonLand Evaluation \ J. Herbert HuddlestonLand Forms \ Carolyn G. OlsonLand Husbandry \ Francis ShaxsonLand Restoration: Principles \ Richard W. BellLand use and Land Cover \ Andrew K. SkidmoreLand Use Planning: Geographic Information System (GIS) \ Egide Nizeyimana Land Use Planning: Geographic Information System (GIS) \ Jacob Opadeyi Land Use: Historic \ J. Douglas HelmsLandscape\ George HallLandscape Classification \ Philip J. SchoenebergerLandscape Elements \ Douglas WysockiLandscape Relationships \ Timothy A. QuineLandslide and Landcreep \ Jau-Yau LuLeaching and Illuviation \ Lynn E. MoodyLeast Limiting Water Range of Soils \ Alvaro Pires da SilvaLife Attributes and Environment in Soil Ecosystems \ Dennis R. Linden Liming and Lime Materials \ Mark K. ConyersLoess\ Fred E. RhotonLoess\ Helaine W. MarkewichMacroporosity \ Daniel GimenezMagnesium\ N. S. BolanManure, Compost, and Biosolids \ Bahman EghballManure, Compost, and Biosolids \ Kenneth A. BarbarickMetal-Clay Interactions \ Dean HesterbergMethane Emissions from Rice Paddies, Factors Affecting \ Ronald L. Sass Methane Emissions in Rice, Mitigation Options for \ Kazuyuki YagiMicrobial Biomass Measurement Methods \ K. R. IslamMicrobial Communities \ K. R. IslamMicromorphology and Soil Quality \ Ahmet R. MermutMineland Reclamation and Soil Carbon Sequestration \ Vasant A. Akala Minerals: Primary \ Nikolaos I. BarbayiannisMinerals: Secondary \ Deborah A. SoukupMinerals: Solubility \ Wayne P. RobargeModern Civilization and Soils \ Ken R. OlsonMulch Farming \ Rattan LalMycorrhiza of Forest Ecosystems \ Ian A. DickieNematodes\ Christien H. EttemaNitrate Leaching Index \ Harold M. van EsNitrate Leaching Management \ John J. MeisingerNitrogen and its Transformations \ Oswald Van CleemputNitrogen and its Transformations \ Pascal BoeckxNitrous Oxide Emissions: Agricultural Soils \ John R. FreneyNitrous Oxide Emissions: Sources, Sinks, and Strategies \ Katsu MinamiNo Till \ Paul W. UngerNon-Point Source Pollution \ Ravendra NaiduNutrient Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms \ Noel J. GrundonNutrient Diffusion, Bioavailability and Plant Uptake \ Niels Erik Nielsen Nutrient Interactions in Soil-Plant System \ Fusuo S. ZhangNutrient Management \ Jorge A. DelgadoOrganic Carbon Content Assessment Methods \ K. R. IslamOrganic Fertilization Effects on Heavy Metal Uptake \ Renata GajOrganic Matter Accumulation \ Sylvie A. QuideauOrganic Matter and Global C Cycle \ Keith PaustianOrganic Matter and Nutrient Dynamics \ Charles W. RiceOrganic Matter in the Landscape \ Henry H. JanzenOrganic Matter Management \ R. Cesar IzaurraldeOrganic Matter Modeling \ Peter SmithOrganic Matter Structure and Characterization \ Georg Guggenberger Organic Matter Turnover \ Johan SixOrganic Matter: Global Distribution in World Ecosystems \ Wilfred M. Post Organisms and Soil Food Webs \ David C. ColemanOrgano-Mineral Relationships \ Claire ChenuOxygen Diffusion Rate and Plant Growth \ Witold StepniewskiParamos Soils \ Pascal PodwojewskiParticle Density \ Keith R. J. SmettemParticle Packing \ Satish C. GuptaParticle Shape \ Brian M. SchaferPedogenic Silica Accumulation \ Katherine J. KendrickPedological Modeling \ Ronald G. AmundsonPedotransfer Functions \ J. H. M. WostenPermafrost: Soil Temperature/Special Problems \ Douglas Kane Permafrost: Soil Temperature/Special Problems \ Julia BoikePetrocalcic Horizons, Soils with \ Alain RuellanpH\ Grant W. ThomasPhosphorus\ John RyanPhosphorus in Agricultural Soils, Spatial Speciation of \ Anja Gassner Phosphorus in Manure: Effect of Diet Modification \ Rory O. Maguire Planet and Human Society, Soil as a Heritage of \ Fred P. MillerPlant Available Water \ Argyrios GerakisPlant Available Water \ Joe T. RitchiePlant Nutrients \ V olker RoemheldPlant Nutrients: Intensity, Quantity, and Buffer Power \ Ram C. Dalal Plant Nutrients: Sufficiency and Requirements \ Kanwar L. Sahrawat Plastic Properties \ Gunnar KirchhofPlinthite and Petroplinthite \ Eswaran PadmanabhanPlinthite and Petroplinthite \ Hari EswaranPodzols \ Peter BuurmanPoint Source Pollution \ Ravendra NaiduPolar Region, Soils of the \ Charles TarnocaiPolar Region, Soils of the \ Iain CampbellPollutants: Organic and Inorganic \ A. Paul SchwabPollutants: Persistent Organic \ Mark RadosevichPollution \ Zulkuf KayaPollution by Industrial Waste \ Winfried E. H. BlumPorosity and Pore Size Distribution \ Keith C. CameronPotassium \ Philippe HinsingerPotassium Dynamics and Mineralogy \ A. V. ShanwalPrecision Agriculture and Fertilization \ Silvia H. HaneklausPrecision Agriculture: Engineering Aspects \ Joel T. WalkerProductivity: Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances \ Douglas G. Maynard Pyrite\ Michael J. BordaQuality\ Ed G. GregorichQuality and Erosion \ Craig DitzlerQuality and Production of Carbon and Nitrogen Gases \ Philippe RochetteQuality and Production of Carbon and Nitrogen Gases \ Reynald LemkeQuality and Production of Carbon and Nitrogen Gases \ Sean McGinnQuality and Productivity \ Mike H. BeareQuality and Sustainable Agricultur e \ John W. DoranQuality Indicators \ Graham P. SparlingQuality: Critical Limits and Standardization \ Martin R. CarterQuality: Soil and Water \ Todd NissenRadionuclides\ Philip M. JardineRaindrop Impact and Splash Erosion \ Hossein GhadiriRaised-Bed Cultivation \ Kenneth D. SayreRare Earth Elements \ Zhengyi HuRedox Phenomena \ Bruce R. JamesRehabilitation After Open Cut Mines \ Douglas J. DollhopfRehabilitation of Minerals Processing Residue (Tailings) \ Lloyd R. Hossner Rehabilitation of Waste Rock and Overburden Dumps \ Martin V. FeyRehabilitation: Indicators and Monitoring \ David JasperRemote Sensing and GIS Applications in Watershed Management \ A. V. Shanwal Remote Sensing and GIS Integration \ Egide NizeyimanaRemote Sensing and Precision Agriculture\ Kerstin PantenRemote Sensing of Soil Moisture: Passive and Active Microwave \ Eric D. Warner Rendzina\ Thomas E. FentonResilience\ Moses M. TenywaResilience and Restoration \ F. W. T. Penning de VriesResources, Agricultural Productivity, and Food Security \ Keith D. WiebeRespiration\ Pierre A. JacintheRestoration Ecology \ Richard HobbsRestoration: Success and Completion Criteria \ Sam C. WardRevegetation of Landfill Sites \ Gilbert Yuk-sing ChanRevegetation of Landfill Sites \ Ming H. WongRocks\ Vsevolod V. DobrovolskyRoot Growth and Agricultural Management \ Susanne SchroetterRoot Growth Pressure at the Soil-Root Interface \ Rabi K. MisraSalt-Affected Soils \ Anna EynardSatellite Mapping \ Bruce E. FrazierScaling Effects \ Yakov A. PachepskySecondary/Pedogenic Carbonates \ Ahmet R. MermutSeepage\ Patricia M. GallagherSelenium\ Gunnar Gissel-NielsenSerpentinitic Soils \ Rebecca BurtSesquioxides\ Joey N. ShawSesquioxides\ Larry T. WestSlaking, Dispersion, and Crust Formation \ Hwat Bing SoSocial and Behavioral Sciences’ Contribution to Soil Science \ Sven B. LundstedtSodic Soils \ Pichu RengasamySodic Soils: Irrigation Farming \ David BurrowSodic Soils: Processes, Characteristics, and Classification \ Pichu RengasamySodic Soils: Reclamation \ Jock ChurchmanSodium-Affected Soils in Humid Areas \ Samuel J. IndoranteSoil Erosion: Perennial Crop Plantations \ Alfred E. HarteminkSoil Fertility Decline: Definitions and Assessment \ Alfred E. HarteminkSoil Heat and Water Movement \ Gerald N. FlerchingerSoil Law \ Ian HannamSoil Shrinkage \ Des McGarrySoil Water Content \ Tom J. JacksonSoil: The Essence of Life and its Interaction with Other Natural Resources \ Dennis J. GreenlandSoil-less Culture \ Nazim GrudaSoils in Time and Space \ Neil E. SmeckSoils of Cerrado \ Hélio do PradoSoils of the Pampas \ Martín Díaz-ZoritaSoils of the Pantanal \ Henrique de OliveiraSolute Transport \ Arne E. OlsenSpatial Variability \ Brian SlaterSpectral Mixtures: Soil-Plant \ Alfredo R. HueteSpectroscopic Methods for Soil Carbon Assessment \ James B. Reeves IIISpodosols\ Delbert MokmaStructure \ Eileen J. KladivkoStructure and Plant Establishment \ Douglas L. KarlenStructure and Roots \ Alvin J. M. SmuckerStructure, Pedological Concepts, and Water Flow \ Clinton C. TrumanStructure, Plant Establishment and \ Douglas L. KarlenStructure: Managing Belowground \ Ken A. OlssonSub-Irrigation\ Norman R. FauseySubsoil Organic Carbon Pool \ Klaus LorenzSulfate and Sulfide Minerals \ Delvin S. FanningSulfur\ Silvia H. HaneklausSurface Area, Specific \ L. A. Graham AylmoreSurface Management \ Kwong Yin ChanSustainability and Integrated Nutrient Management \ G. S. SaroaSustainability and Integrated Nutrient Management \ Rattan LalTechnologies: Environmentally Friendly Indigenous \ Selim KapurTemperature Measurement \ Kevin McInnesTepetates of Mexico \ Jorge D. EtcheversTermites \ David E. BignellTerrace Relationships \ Seth M. DabneyTesting \ Yash P. KalraTexture \ Harold R. GeeringThe Loess Plateau \ Fenli ZhengThermal Environment of Seasonally Frozen Soil Affected by Crop and Soil Management \ Brenton S. Sharratt Tillage and Gas Exchange \ Donald C. ReicoskyTillage Erosion: Description and Process \ Michael J. LindstromTillage Erosion: Measurement Techniques \ David A. LobbTillage Erosion: Properties and Productivity Effects \ Tom E. Schumacher Tillage Erosion: Relationship to Water Erosion \ Gerard GoversTorrential Erosion in the Himalayas \ R. P. YadavTropics and Subtropics, Soils of the \ Hari EswaranTurfgrass: Protection of Soil and Water \ James A. MurphyUltisols\ Joey N. ShawUranium Contamination \ Ewald SchnugUrban Soils and Construction Sites \ Wolfgang BurghardtValue of Soil to Humans \ William E. LarsonVariable Charge Soils: Mineralogy and Chemistry \ Nikolla P. Qafoku Vertisols \ Wouter A. BlokhuisVolatilization of Ammonia From Agricultural Soils \ Paul G. SaffignaWater Conservation in Soil \ Paul W. UngerWater Erosion Measurement Techniques \ Chia-Chun Joseph WuWater Harvesting \ Gary W. FrasierWater Infiltration in Soil \ Manoj K. ShuklaWater Relations in Frozen Soil \ John M. BakerWater Repellent Soils \ Anna EynardWater Retention in Soil \ Satish C. GuptaWater Use Efficiency, Enhancing \ David C. NielsenWatershed Approach \ Timothy R. GreenWeathering \ Dominique RighiWetland and Biodiversity \ Jean-Claude LefeuvreWetland and Biodiversity \ Virginie BouchardWetland and Carbon Sequestration \ Virginie BouchardWetland Conservation Policy \ Clayton RubecWetland: Economic Value \ Gayatri AcharyaWetlands \ Ralph W. TinerWetlands and Methane Emission \ Anna EkbergWetlands Sedimentation and Ecological Engineering \ Timothy C. Granata Windblown Dust \ Dale GilletteWinter Cover Crops \ Jorge A. DelgadoWorld Reference Base for Soil Resources \ Jozef Seppe DeckersAcid Mine Drainage \ Wendy GaglianoAcid Sulfate Soils, Distribution and Extent \ M. E. F. van MensvoortAcid Sulfate Soils: Formation \ Delvin S. FanningAcid Sulfate Soils: Management \ Ian WhiteAcid Sulfate Soils: Problems \ Delvin S. FanningAeration Measurement \ H. D. ScottAeration: Tillage Effects \ Dave J. HorneAeration: Tillage Effects \ Robert E. SojkaAggregates, Tensile Strength of \ Rattan LalAir Permeability of Soils \ Rattan LalAllophanes\ Jodi L. Johnson-MaynardAlpine Soils \ Pascal PodwojewskiAmazon Basin Soils \ Stanley W. BuolArab Traditional Soil Classification: A Moroccan Case \ Hassan Ben Jelloun Bioenergy Crops: A Carbon Balance Assessment \ Rattan LalBiological Nitrogen Fixation: Forms and Regulating Factors \ Paul Mapfumo Biotechnology\ Laila YesminBoron and Molybdenum \ J. A. MacLeodChemical Behavior of Sulfur in the Rhizosphere and Its Ecological Effects \ Silvia H. HaneklausChlorine\ Guohua XuClassification Systems: Australian and New Zealand \ A. E. HewittClassification Systems: Brazilian \ A.C.S. da CostaClassification Systems: Canadian \ Charles TarnocaiClassification Systems: Chinese \ Zi-Tong GongClassification Systems: Indian \ D. K. PalClassification Systems: Indigenous \ Erhan AkçaClassification Systems: Indigenous \ Selim KapurClay Minerals \ Anastasios D. KarathanasisClimate\ Serge S. ChernyanskiiCollembola\ Steve P. HopkinCompaction\ William E. WolfeCompaction and Crop Yield \ M. IbrahimComputer Modeling of Water Management \ Liwang MaCopper\ David R. ParkerCrop Plants and the Availability of Phosphorus in Soil \ Ewald SchnugCrop Residue Management \ Dan ToweryCrop Rotation and Farming Systems: Smallholder Farming Systems and Agroforestry Systems \ Lindsey Norgrove Crop Rotation and Farming Systems: Tropics and Subtropics and Swelling Soils \ G. D. SmithCroplands \ Robin O’MalleyDegradation\ Jose A. Martinez-CasasnovasDegradation and Food Security on a Global Scale \ Eddy De PauwDegradation and the Greenhouse Effect \ Michael A. ZoebischDegradation, Economic Implications at Farm Level \ Dennis WichelnsDegradation: Chemical \ M. Rifat DericiDegradation: Critical Limits of Soil Properties and Irreversible Degradation \ Michael A. Zoebisch Degradation: Economic Implications Off-Farm \ Ellen BurnesDegradation: Economic Incentives and Investments \ Dennis WichelnsDegradation: Global Assessment \ Erhan AkçaDegradation: Physical \ Anthony R. DexterDesertification and the Greenhouse Effect \ Craig IdsoDesertification and the Greenhouse Effect \ Sherwood IdsoDesertification: Reversal \ John LudwigDesertization\ Henry Noel LeHouerouDiffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy for Rapid Soil Analysis \ Markus G. WalshDrainage, Aeration, and Trafficability \ Norman R. FauseyEarthworms \ Patrick J. BohlenEntisols\ Larry T. WestErosion and Sedimentation Control: Engineering Techniques \ Elemar Antonino CassolErosion by Water \ David Favis-MortlockErosion by Water: Hybrid Models \ Kevin W. KingErosion by Wind-Driven Rain \ L. Darrell NortonErosion Control and Soil Conservation \ Eric T. CraswellErosion Control: Agronomic Practices \ David L. SchertzErosion, Controlling Irrigation-Induced \ David L. BjornebergErosion: Snowmelt \ Donald K. McCoolErosivity and Erodibility \ Peter I. A. KinnellEvolution: The Role of Soil Seed Bank \ David SuskoFertility Evaluation Systems \ A. Subba RaoFertilizers: Leaching Losses \ Ian R. PhillipsFertilizers: Types and Formulations \ Douglas McGuffogFertilizers: Urban Waste and Sludges \ James Thomas SimsFire and Soils \ R. J. RaisonFlooding Tolerance of Crops \ Getachew BoruForest Ecosystems: Nutrient Cycling \ Jagtar S. BhattiForest Soils Properties and Site Productivity \ Helmut H. KrauseFungi\ Serita FreyGeophysics in Soil Science \ Barry AllredGeostatistics for Soil Science \ Anja GassnerGlobal Resources \ Hari EswaranGlobal Warming: Carbon Sequestration to Mitigate \ Keith E. IdsoGrass Strip Hydrology \ Calvin W. RoseGully Erosion \ Chi-hua HuangGypsic Soils \ Jaime BoixaderaGypsum Formation in Gypsic Soils \ Hossein KhademiHealth\ D. E. RomigHeat Capacity of Soil \ B. S. GhumanHistory\ Fred P. MillerHistosols\ David L. LindboHydraulic Conductivity \ Marc JalbertIndigenous Soil Management \ Karl HerwegInfiltration Management Factors \ Kerstin PantenInfiltration Properties \ Walter J. RawlsInorganic Carbon Analysis \ C. Tom HallmarkInorganic Carbon: Global Stocks \ Lee C. NordtIntegrated Nutrient Management \ Bal Ram SinghInternational Union of Soil Sciences-International Society of Soil Science \ Stephen Nortcliff Iron Oxides \ James E. AmonetteIrrigation Erosion \ David L. BjornebergIrrigation: Historical Perspective \ David L. BjornebergLand Husbandry \ Malcolm DouglasLand Use: Historic \ Hari EswaranLandscape Elements \ C. William ZannerLandslide and Landcreep \ Hao-Jung ShiehLeast Limiting Water Range of Soils \ B. D. KayMagnesium\ K. ArulmozhiselvanMethane in Flooded Rice \ Ronald L. SassMicrobial Biomass Measurement Methods \ S. R. WrightMicrobial Communities \ S. R. WrightMineland Reclamation and Soil Carbon Sequestration \ Rattan LalMinerals: Primary \ Vissarion Z. KeramidasMites\ Hans KlompenNitrate Leaching Index \ Jorge A. DelgadoNitrate Leaching Management \ Jorge A. DelgadoNon-Point Source Pollution \ Mallavarapu MegharajNutrient Interactions in Soil-Plant System \ J. ShenNutrient Management \ Jerry L. LemunyonNutrient-Water Interactions \ Ardell D. HalvorsonOrganic Fertilization Effects on Heavy Metal Uptake \ Alexandra IzosimovaOrganic Matter in the Landscape \ B. H. Ellert。
