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最全ASCII码对照表2009-04-15 00:00Bin Dec Hex 缩写/字符解释0000 0000 0 00 NUL (null) 空字符0000 0001 1 01 SOH (start of handing) 标题开始0000 0010 2 02 STX (start of text) 正文开始0000 0011 3 03 ETX (end of text) 正文结束0000 0100 4 04 EOT (end of transmission) 传输结束0000 0101 5 05 ENQ (enquiry) 请求0000 0110 6 06 ACK (acknowledge) 收到通知0000 0111 7 07 BEL (bell) 响铃0000 1000 8 08 BS (backspace) 退格0000 1001 9 09 HT (horizontal tab) 水平制表符0000 1010 10 0A LF (NL line feed, new line) 换行键0000 1011 11 0B VT (vertical tab) 垂直制表符0000 1100 12 0C FF (NP form feed, new page) 换页键0000 1101 13 0D CR (carriage return) 回车键0000 1110 14 0E SO (shift out) 不用切换0000 1111 15 0F SI (shift in) 启用切换0001 0000 16 10 DLE (data link escape) 数据链路转义0001 0001 17 11 DC1 (device control 1) 设备控制1 0001 0010 18 12 DC2 (device control 2) 设备控制2 0001 0011 19 13 DC3 (device control 3) 设备控制3 0001 0100 20 14 DC4 (device control 4) 设备控制4 0001 0101 21 15 NAK (negative acknowledge) 拒绝接收0001 0110 22 16 SYN (synchronous idle) 同步空闲0001 0111 23 17 ETB (end of trans. block) 传输块结束0001 1000 24 18 CAN (cancel) 取消0001 1001 25 19 EM (end of medium) 介质中断0001 1010 26 1A SUB (substitute) 替补0001 1011 27 1B ESC (escape) 溢出0001 1100 28 1C FS (file separator) 文件分割符0001 1101 29 1D GS (group separator) 分组符0001 1110 30 1E RS (record separator) 记录分离符0001 1111 31 1F US (unit separator) 单元分隔符0010 0000 32 20 空格0010 0001 33 21 !0010 0010 34 22 "0010 0011 35 23 #0010 0100 36 24 $0010 0101 37 25 %0010 0110 38 26 &0010 0111 39 27 '0010 1000 40 28 (0010 1001 41 29 )0010 1101 45 2D - 0010 1110 46 2E . 0010 1111 47 2F / 0011 0000 48 30 0 0011 0001 49 31 1 0011 0010 50 32 2 0011 0011 51 33 3 0011 0100 52 34 4 0011 0101 53 35 5 0011 0110 54 36 6 0011 0111 55 37 7 0011 1000 56 38 8 0011 1001 57 39 9 0011 1010 58 3A : 0011 1011 59 3B ; 0011 1100 60 3C < 0011 1101 61 3D = 0011 1110 62 3E > 0011 1111 63 3F ? 0100 0000 64 40 @ 0100 0001 65 41 A 0100 0010 66 42 B 0100 0011 67 43 C 0100 0100 68 44 D 0100 0101 69 45 E 0100 0110 70 46 F 0100 0111 71 47 G 0100 1000 72 48 H 0100 1001 73 49 I 0100 1010 74 4A J 0100 1011 75 4B K 0100 1100 76 4C L 0100 1101 77 4D M 0100 1110 78 4E N 0100 1111 79 4F O 0101 0000 80 50 P 0101 0001 81 51 Q 0101 0010 82 52 R 0101 0011 83 53 S 0101 0100 84 54 T 0101 0101 85 55 U 0101 0110 86 56 V 0101 0111 87 57 W 0101 1000 88 58 X0101 1100 92 5C \0101 1101 93 5D ]0101 1110 94 5E ^0101 1111 95 5F _0110 0000 96 60 `0110 0001 97 61 a0110 0010 98 62 b0110 0011 99 63 c0110 0100 100 64 d0110 0101 101 65 e0110 0110 102 66 f0110 0111 103 67 g0110 1000 104 68 h0110 1001 105 69 i0110 1010 106 6A j0110 1011 107 6B k0110 1100 108 6C l0110 1101 109 6D m0110 1110 110 6E n0110 1111 111 6F o0111 0000 112 70 p0111 0001 113 71 q0111 0010 114 72 r0111 0011 115 73 s0111 0100 116 74 t0111 0101 117 75 u0111 0110 118 76 v0111 0111 119 77 w0111 1000 120 78 x0111 1001 121 79 y0111 1010 122 7A z0111 1011 123 7B {0111 1100 124 7C |0111 1101 125 7D }0111 1110 126 7E ~0111 1111 127 7F DEL (delete) 删除ESC键VK_ESCAPE (27)回车键:VK_RETURN (13)TAB键:VK_TAB (9)Caps Lock键:VK_CAPITAL (20)Shift键:VK_SHIFT ()Ctrl键:VK_CONTROL (17)Alt键:VK_MENU (18)空格键:VK_SPACE (/32)退格键:VK_BACK (8)左徽标键:VK_LWIN (91)右徽标键:VK_LWIN (92)鼠标右键快捷键:VK_APPS (93) Insert键:VK_INSERT (45) Home键:VK_HOME (36) Page Up:VK_PRIOR (33) PageDown:VK_NEXT (34)End键:VK_END (35)Delete键:VK_DELETE (46)方向键(←):VK_LEFT (37)方向键(↑):VK_UP (38)方向键(→):VK_RIGHT (39)方向键(↓):VK_DOWN (40)F1键:VK_F1 (112)F2键:VK_F2 (113)F3键:VK_F3 (114)F4键:VK_F4 (115)F5键:VK_F5 (116)F6键:VK_F6 (117)F7键:VK_F7 (118)F8键:VK_F8 (119)F9键:VK_F9 (120)F10键:VK_F10 (121)F11键:VK_F11 (122)F12键:VK_F12 (123)Num Lock键:VK_NUMLOCK (144) 小键盘0:VK_NUMPAD0 (96) 小键盘1:VK_NUMPAD0 (97) 小键盘2:VK_NUMPAD0 (98) 小键盘3:VK_NUMPAD0 (99) 小键盘4:VK_NUMPAD0 (100) 小键盘5:VK_NUMPAD0 (101) 小键盘6:VK_NUMPAD0 (102) 小键盘7:VK_NUMPAD0 (103) 小键盘8:VK_NUMPAD0 (104) 小键盘9:VK_NUMPAD0 (105) 小键盘.:VK_DECIMAL (110) 小键盘*:VK_MULTIPLY (106) 小键盘+:VK_MULTIPLY (107) 小键盘-:VK_SUBTRACT (109) 小键盘/:VK_DIVIDE (111) Pause Break键:VK_PAUSE (19) Scroll Lock键:VK_SCROLL (145)。
西门⼦S的基本数据类型STEP7中的基本数据类型⑴位(BOOL)位数据的数据类型为BOOL(布尔)型,在软件编程中BOOL变量的值1和0常⽤英语单词TURE(真)和FALSE(假)来表⽰,对应⼆进制数中的“1”和“0”,常⽤于开关量的逻辑运算,存储空间为1位。
⑵字节(BYTE)字节数据长度为8位,数据格式为B#16#,B代表BYTE,表⽰数据长度为⼀个字节(8位),#16#表⽰⼗六进制,取值范围为B#16#0~B#16#FF。
⑶字(WORD)字数据长度为16位,这种数据可采⽤4种⽅法进⾏描述。
⼆进制:⼆进制的格式为2#,如2#101,取值范围为2#0~2#1111_1111_1111_1111,书写时每4位可⽤下划线隔开,也可直接表⽰为2#111111111111。
⼗六进制:⼗六进制的格式为W#16#,W代表WORD,表⽰数据长度为16位,#16#表⽰⼗六进制,数据取值范围为W#16#0~W #16#FFFF。
BCD码:BCD码的格式为C#,取值范围为C#0~C#999。
BCD 码是⽤4位⼆进制表⽰1位⼗进制数,4位⼆进制中的0000~1001组合分别表⽰⼗进制中的0~9,4位⼆进制中的1010~1111组合放弃不⽤。
BCD码的最⾼4位⽤来表⽰符号,⼗六位BCD码的取值范围为-999~+999。
在STEP7的数据格式中,BCD码的取值只取正值,与最⾼4位的符号⽆关。
⽆符号⼗进制数:⽆符号⼗进制数的格式为B#(×,×),取值范围为B#(0,0)~B#(255,255),⽆符号⼗进制数是⽤⼗进制的0~255对应⼆进制数中的0000_0000~1111_1111(8位),16位⼆进制数就需要两个0~255的数来表⽰,例如:B#(12,254)=2#0000_1100_1111_111012 254上⾯4种数据都是描述⼀个长度位16位的⼆进制数,⽆论你使⽤哪种⽅式都可以。
例如,如果想得到⼆进制数0000100110000111,可以使⽤2#0000_1001_1000_0111,也可以使⽤W#16#987,还可以使⽤C #987或者B#(9,135)。
实验一、交换机基本配置1.交换机命令行操作模式的进入Switch>enable //进入特权模式Switch#Switch#config t //进入全局配置模式Switch(config) #Switch(config)#int fa0/5 //进入交换机f0/5的端口模式Switch(config-if)#Switch(config-if)#exit //退回到上一级操作模式Switch(config)#Switch(config-if)#end //直接退回到特权模式Switch# !实验二、交换机的全局配置2.交换机设备名称的配置Switch>enableSwitch#config tSwitch(config)#hostname 105_ Switch //配置交换机的设备名称为105_ Switch 105_Switch(config)#3.交换机每日提示信息的配置105_Switch(config)#banner motd //配置每日提示信息&为终止符& //以&符号终止输入验证测试105_ Switch(config)#exit105_ Switch#show run //显示交换机的全部配置实验三、交换机端口基本配置4.交换机端口参数的配置:Switch>enableSwitch#config tSwitch(config)#int fa0/3Switch(config-if)#speed 10Switch(config-if)#duplex halfSwitch(config-if)#no shutdown查看交换机端口的配置信息Switch#show int fa0/3实验四、查看交换机系统和配置信息实验五、交换机端口隔离5.在交换机上创建VLANSwitch#config tSwitch(config)#VLAN 10Switch(config-VLAN)#name test10验证测试Switch#show VLAN6.将交换机的端口分配到VLAN中Switch#config tSwitch(config)#int fa0/5Switch(config-if)# SwitchPort access VLAN 10 //将fa0/5端口加入VLAN 10中验证Switch#show VLAN ID 10实验六、跨交换机实现VLAN7.把交换机SwitchA与交换机SwitchB相连的端口(假设为0/24端口)定义为Tag VLAN模式SwitchA(config)#int fa0/24Switch(config-if)# SwitchPort mode TRUNK //将fa0/24端口设为Tag VLAN模式验证SwitchA#show int fa0/24 SwitchPort实验七、端口集合提供荣誉备份链路8.思科的端口聚合操作命令:Switch(config)#interface fa0/1Switch(config-if)#speed 100Switch(config-if)#duplex fullSwitch(config)#interface fa0/2Switch(config-if)#speed 100Switch(config-if)#duplex fullSwitch(config)#interface range fa0/1 -2 -----------------range为同时配置二个以上的接口Switch(config-if-range)#channel-group 1 mode desirable --封装为自动协商模式Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunkSwitch(config-if-range)#switchport trunk allowed vlan all-允许所以vlan通过Switch(config)#interface fa0/3Switch(config-if)#speed 100Switch(config-if)#duplex fullSwitch(config)#interface fa0/4Switch(config-if)#speed 100Switch(config-if)#duplex fullSwitch(config)#interface range fa0/3 -4 -----------------range为同时配置二个以上的接口Switch(config-if-range)#channel-group 2 mode desirable --封装为自动协商模式Switch(config-if-range)#switchport mode trunkSwitch(config-if-range)#switchport trunk allowed vlan all-允许所以vlan通过注:(2950交换机没有encapsulation加密,打en dot1q会出错Switch(config-if-range)#switchport trunk encap ?% Unrecognized command)使用的命令是:show etherchannel summary -------------看端口汇聚状态SD表示关闭,SU表示打开实验八、快速生成树配置8.配置快速生成树协议Switch(config)#spanning-tree //开启生成树协议Switch(config)#spanning-tree mode rstp //指定生成树协议的类型为RSTP验证Switch#show spanning-tree9.设置交换机的优先级,指定SwitchA为根交换机SwitchA(config)#spanning-tree priority 4096 //设置交换机SwitchA的优先级为4096验证SwitchA的优先级SwitchA#show spanning-tree路由器配置1:配置路由器的全局参数Router> //用户模式提示符Router>enable //进入特权模式Router# //特权模式提示符router#config terminal //进入全局配置模式router(config) # //全局配置模式提示符router(config) #hostname R_A //配置路由器的名称为R_AR_A (config) # banner motd #welcome# //配置路由器的登录提示信息为welcome2:配置路由器的enable口令R_A> //用户执行模式提示符R_A>enable //进入特权模式R_A# //特权模式提示符R_A# configure terminal //进入全局配置模式R_A(config)# //全局配置模式提示符R_A(config)#enable password net //设置enable password 为netR_A(config)#enable secret student //设置enable secret 为studentR_A(config)#exit //回到上一级模式R_A # //特权模式提示符R_A #show running-config //查看正在运行的配置文件,请注意“enable password”与“enable secret”在配置文件中的区别R_A #copy running-config startup-config //把正在运行的配置文件备份到NVRAM中3:配置路由器的控制终端密码•控制终端密码是用户通过交换机的console端口访问交换机时需要输入的密码。
WINCOR CMD-V4 故障处理总则1.常见CDM 故障处理错误码 11 丢失软件错误码 14 最小配置错误码 18 钞票堵塞错误码 17 机械手传动故障错误码 18 钞票在集钞位前卡钞错误码 19 钞票在集钞位后卡钞错误码 20 单张回收弹出器卡钞错误码 21 双张DDU 连线接头故障码 23 路由盘出现问题故障码 24 单张回收机构继电器类故障码 25 主电机故障,一般为传感器故障错误码 28 SHUTTER模块故障错误码 3X 废钞太多错误码 4X 钞箱压力不正确错误码 90 光栅PS1被弄脏2.CMD-V4上的LED常见错误代码及处理00 正常01 软件错误按功能1 复位,或开关电源。
05 芯片控制板通讯故障检查芯片控制板连线06 芯片控制板通讯故障或插入了错误的芯片(芯片号码不在“226-0PR”之间)08 EEPROM 丢失或检测不到检查EEPROM芯片连线或更换EEPROM.10 控制板错误或电池跳线未安装在加电时发现CMD的电路板严重错误,必须更换控制板11丢失软件重新下载软件12 安全开关没有关闭关闭安全开关,推入出钞位置。
13 设备锁锁住由于用户忘记取钱,系统进行回钞,并把钱停留在SAT上,所以系统取消所有对CMD的传输操作。
将钱从传输通道上取出,并通过系统软件对设备锁复位。
14 最少配置15 钞箱代码不识别,认不到钞箱,检查压力传感器。
17 机械手上的皮带传送马达故障更换输出模块或换控制板18 出钞过程中钞票堵塞出钞时,有钞票停留在出钞区域或分钞通道的垂直通道或集钞器的通道里(光电传感器PSDx,DDU,PS1,PS18 )。
检查从钞箱到集钞器或到废钞箱的钞票传输路径。
检查CMD控制板或光传感器元件接线是否正确。
用检测程序进行自检“传感器状态”如果有一个传感器返回显示“COVERD”除了钞箱空传感器外,确定并消除故障,否则更换SAT.19 机械手在传送过程中故障或堵塞清除障碍物并重启,如有必要更换stacker或控制板。
机器类型(意大利、每台机器有两个OPC、比较新的机型)1、返回的温度数据:6417协议格式:64(帧头)+17(温度传送功能码)+(0000-1000)温度组号+9100(温度设定值,低字节在前,高字节在后)+9000(实际温度值,低字节在前,高字节在后)+000000(3字节,分别对应于温度值显示框上的CWD值,字节值为00时,CWD 值显示为绿色,01时显示黄色、02时显示红色、其他值显示绿色,分别表示恒温器的(C、W、D 检查、运作、诊断状态)6417(传送温度值代码)传送CWD(温度)值的号码:00、01、03、04、05、06、07、08、09、0a、0b、0c、0d、0e、0f、10 (应该是有17组值,但是监测数据没有发现02号的值,可能为16组)(CH页面温度值,共2列,4行,右边1位置没有温度值)00:CH页面,2列,2行,前一个对应上面的温度值,后一个对应下面的温度值。
01:CH页面,1列,1行,02:CH页面,1列,2行,03:CH页面,1列,3行,04:CH页面,2列,3行,05:CH页面,1列,4行,06:CH页面,2列,4行,07:CT页面,2列,2行,08:CT页面,1列,2行,09:CT页面,3列,2行,0a:CT页面,1列,1行,0b:CT页面,2列,1行,0c:CT页面,1列,3行,0d:X2页面,1列,1行,2、返回的速度数据:6400协议格式:64(帧头)+00(速度传送功能码)+(00、01、02)三组速度,00 CH页面下的速度值;01 CT页面下的速度值;02 X2页面下的速度值;+ 0001(指示机器的运行方向)0001,显示速度值,此时概要图的显示框中显示的是速度值,右边箭头为红色0002,显示速度值,此时概要图的显示框中显示的是速度值,左边箭头为红色0000,此时概要图中的显示框中显示的是绝对编码器的位置+ffff (绝对编码器的位置值)当速度非0时,没有停止,则值为ffff,没有实际意义;当速度为0时,值为0800、0a00、7500、7b00…..,表示绝对编码器的位置,便于停机后,根据值,对机器进行调整。
FANUC-0系统报警代码表1. 程序报警(P/S报警)报警号报警内容000 修改后须断电才能生效的参数,参数修改完毕后应该断电。
001 TH报警,外设输入的程序格式错误。
002 TV报警,外设输入的程序格式错误。
003 输入的数据超过了最大允许输入的值。
参考编程部分的有关内容。
004 程序段的第一个字符不是地址,而是一个数字或“-”。
005 一个地址后面跟着的不是数字,而是另外一个地址或程序段结束符。
006 符号“-”使用错误(“-”出现在一个不允许有负值的地址后面,或连续出现了两个“-”)。
007 小数点“. ”使用错误。
009 一个字符出现在不能够使用该字符的位置。
010 指令了一个不能用的G代码。
011 一个切削进给没有被给出进给率。
014 程序中出现了同步进给指令(本机床没有该功能)。
015 企图使四个轴同时运动。
020 圆弧插补中,起始点和终点到圆心的距离的差大于876号参数指定的数值。
021 圆弧插补中,指令了不在圆弧插补平面内的轴的运动。
029 H指定的偏置号中的刀具补偿值太大。
030 使用刀具长度补偿或半径补偿时,H指定的刀具补偿号中的刀具补偿值太大。
033 编程了一个刀具半径补偿中不能出现的交点。
034 圆弧插补出现在刀具半径补偿的起始或取消的程序段。
037 企图在刀具半径补偿模态下使用G17、G18或G19改变平面选择。
038 由于在刀具半径补偿模态下,圆弧的起点或终点和圆心重合,因此将产生过切削的情况。
041 刀具半径补偿时将产生过切削的情况。
043 指令了一个无效的T代码。
044 固定循环模态下使用G27、G28或G30指令。
046 G30指令中P地址被赋与了一个无效的值(对于本机床只能是2)。
051 自动切角或自动圆角程序段后出现了不可能实现的运动。
052 自动切角或自动圆角程序段后的程序段不是G01指令。
053 自动切角或自动圆角程序段中,符号“,”后面的地址不是C或R。
56XX/Personas/662x/663x Self-Service FinancialTerminal Diagnostic Status CodeINTEGRATED MOTORISED CARD READER WRITFR (RS232 OR USB)M_STATUSM_STATUS Meaning00 No error - Operation successful01 Blank track02 Track not supported - SCIF write not supported03 Read error04 Write error - write data error05 No card in reader (at stage position) at start of command06 Card removed by customer during capture07 Shutter jammed open after card staged08 Shutter switch failure detected09 Error recovery successful - invalid card ejected10 Shutter jammed closed on entry or eject11 Card jam - or invalid card in throat at startup12 Card captured after unsuccessful eject13 Possible customer tampering - card jammed in throat, unable to pull card into reader14 Too many consecutive read errors or blank tracks on any track15 Too many consecutive write errors16 Too many consecutive card jams17 Too many consecutive shutter jammed closed (not shutter test)18 Card jam during capture - unsuccessful eject19 Too many consecutive invalid cards20 Device still inoperative (not diagnostics)21 No card entered within 10 seconds22 Speed out of specification fast23 Speed within +3%24 Speed within ±1%25 Speed within -3%26 Speed out of specification slow27 Invalid card detected28 Fraud throat detected obstruct ion or fraud throat failure29 Manual card insertion fraud detected30 MM invalid31 MM Module defective33 For CIM/MM: service test failed For Smart command: contact unit failureINTEGRATED MOTORISED CARD READER WRITFR (RS232 OR USB)M_STATUSM_STATUS Meaning34 CIM/MM module communications failure service test35 Error in track 3 data - CIM/MM37 CROPF feature not supported (diagnostic)38 LFCC bin full soon/full40 LFCC bin removed/not configured41 CROPF feature failure - invalid command format (diagnostic)42 Device not authorized (UIMCRW only)50 Smart/SAM/Memory card not in correct SCRW stage position51 Smart card contacts lowered - unable to capture52 Invalid Smart/SAM/Memory card command code error - transmission error53 Invalid Smart/SAM/Memory card command data error - switched off54 SCIF not configured/not responding - invalid card type/parameter55 SCIF response time-out exceeded56 Reader is in Smart/SAM/Memory code (SCRW) mode (Not in MCRW mode)57 Invalid Smart/SAM/Memory card response code (length)65 Invalid Smart Card Command Format77 Contact unit failure78 Smart/SAM/Memory card movement failure79 Smart/SAM/Memory card switch off failure80 Smart/SAM/Memory card removed error81 Smart/SAM/Memory card - no response82 Smart/SAM/Memory card transmission error83 Smart/SAM/Memory card switched off84 Smart/SAM/Memory card - illegal type/ parameter87 CIM self test failed88 CIM security module defective89 CIM security module communications failure90 CIM Interface pcb defective91 CIM Interface pcb communications failure96 Device Communications Inoperative (UIMCRW only)97 Device Communications Operative (UIMCRW only)98 Device ReConnection (State Lost) (UIMCRW only)99 Device ReConnected (New Device) [SOH/Tallies Cleared] (UIMCRW only)INTEGRATED MOTORISED CARD READER WRITFR (RS232 OR USB)M_DATAThe following table gives an overview of the M_DATA information:M_DATA MeaningByte 0 Command codeByte 1 Mag track errors: Read error, Write error or Smart commands: sub function code Byte 2 Shutter jams, card jams, HiCo write, invalid cards or Battery statusByte 3 Sensors, HiCo capabilityByte 4 ICC block information or CIM overall statusByte5 0 or CIM detailed statusByte 6 Sankyo library function codeByte7 0 or Sankyo library error code●Byte0:-Command Code00H - Reset command01H - Accept02H - Read03H - Write04H - Determine reader state05H - Eject06H - Capture07H - Disable08H - Speed test09H - Shutter/Sensor test0AH - Cleaning cycle test0BH - Card fully inserted0CH - Card fully removed0DH - Card detection - being inserted or not fully removed0EH - CIM verify0FH - CIM turnaround test10H - C IM service test11H - CIM self test20H - Battery/Relay test21H - TICC bin shutter test28H - Write buffer29H - Write card70H - Smart card (SCIF) command●Byte1Byte 1 can take one of two meanings:Magnetic track errors or SCIF sub-commands (if Byte 0 = 70H)※Mag Track ErrorsBit 7 - 1 Write error (invalid data)Bit 6 - 1 Write error (Comms fail)Bit 5 - 1 Read after write errorBit 4 - 1 Read error (Comms fail)Bit 3 - 1 Read error (Parity or LRC)Bit 2 - 1 Track3Bit 1 - 1 Track2Bit 0 -1 Track 1Bits 3-6 will be set for any detected occurrence of the error, independent ofsuccessful retries.※SCIF Sub-commands10H - Stage11H - Release20H - Power on21H - Power off22H - Smart Card Direct25H - SCIF initialize27H - EMV Smart Card Direct28H - EMV Power on30H - Contact block31H - Firmware ID●Byte2Byte 2 can take one of two meanings:for commands with the exception of the Battery/Circuit test or for commands for the Battery/Charge test only※ For commands with the exception of the Battery/ Circuit test:Bit 7- 1 Long card detectedBit 6- 0 HiCo available (only when HiCo capable and HiCo enabled)Bit 5- 1 Card jam during captureBit 4- 1 Short card detectedBit 3-1 Card jamBit 2- 1 Shutter switch malfunctionBit 1- 1 Shutter jammed closedBit 0-1 Shutter jammed openBits 0-7 will be set for any detected occurrence of the condition, independent ofsuccessful error recovery.※For commands for the Battery/Charge test only:Bit 1 - 1 CROPF circuit failureBit 0- 1 Battery Low/Battery Charging●Byte3 -Sensor and HiCoBit 7-Reader is HiCo Capable - 1 = true, 0= falseBit 6- 1 LFCC bin full soon/fullBit 5- 1 Width switch blockedBit 4- 1 Shutter switch openBit 3- 1 PD1 or PD2 or PD3 busyBit 2- 1 PD3 blockedBit 1- 1 PD2 blockedBit 0- 1 PD1 blocked●Byte4Byte 4 has two meanings:ICC Block Information (only returned for SCIF sub-commands if byte 0 = 70H) or CIM/MM overall status (returned to VERIFY_MM or a CIM_Self_Test).※ SCIF sub-commands:Bit 1 - Smart card block position - 1 = contacts downBit0 - Unused※CIM Overall Status:00H - No error11H-19H - Self test error 1 - 940H - CIM module permanently “error”41H - CIM module permanently “busy”70H - Wrap connector attached71H - Comms timeout or open line●Byte 5- CIM Detailed StatusReturned to VERIFY_MM or a CIM Self Test:00H - CIM: No error or MM: Comms error01H - CIM: Comms error or MM: Quality 102H - MM Only, Quality 203H - MM Only, Quality 304H - MM Only, Quality 406H - MM Only, Quality 507H - MM Only, No MM08H – MM/CIM Module Defective09H - CIM module or interface pcb defective0AH - Error in track 3 dataThe following table lists additional M_DATA values for CIM/MM commands which can occur in bytes 4and 5 in the response to the level 1 SERVICE_TEST. The test cards used for this test are numbered from T1 to T11.Card No. (Byte 4) Parameter to be TestedTest Result(Byte 5)Interpretation0 - 59H Not a test card1 Internal parameter OS ofmeasurement50H-51H52H-54H55H-57H58HCIM ModuledefectOKCIM Module defect Test failed2 Internal parameter D ofmeasurement (may beinfluenced by ambient light)50H-53H54H-57H58HOKCIM Moduledefect Test failed3 External electrical spikes 50H-53H54H-57H58HGoodToo highTest failed4 External electrical noise orhum50H-53H54H-57H58HGoodToo highTest failed5 Average velocity deviation ofcard transport50H-53H54H,56H55H,57H58HGoodToo fastToo slowTest failed6 Short range velocity deviationof card transport50H-55H56H57H58HGoodToo fastToo slowTest failed7 Distance between MM sensorand card surface50H-53H54H-57H58HGoodToo narrow or too farTest failed8 Lateral position of MM sensorin respect to edge of card50H-51H52H-55H56H-57H58HSensor too far leftOKSensor too far rightTest failed9 Lateral position of MM sensor 50H-51H Sensor too far leftin respect to edge of card 52H-55H56H-57H58H OKSensor too far right Test failed10 Internal Parameter 1 50H-54H55H56H,57H58H59HOKOK but sensor has lowsensitivitySensor Defect FailedNo Test C ard11 Reflection in card transport 50H-53H54H55H-57H58HOK, lowreflectivity AcceptableReflectivity too highTest failed●Byte 6- Sankyo Library Function CodeIf a failure occurs, this byte will contain the function number of the Sankyo library where the error occurred.Byte 7- Sankyu Library Error CodeIf a failure occurs, this byte will contain the Sankyu detailed error code.RECEIPT/JOURNAL (40-COLUMN) PRINTERSM_STATUSM_STATUS Meaning00 No error (good)01 Head Jam/Knife Jam02 Not used03 Black mark error04 Not used05 Paper out06 Not used07 Paper not loaded or paper jam before transport08 Communications error09 Printer open10 Ribbon needs to be replaced soon (not thermal printer)11 Printhead needs to be replaced soon12 Knife needs to be replaced soon13 Ribbon needs to be replaced now (not thermal printer)14 Printhead needs to be replaced now15 Sideways communications error16 Eject jam146 SDC link failureM_DATAByte 0:Bit 7 -0 AlwaysBit 6 -1 Fault statusBit 5 -0 AlwaysBit 4 -1 Exit sensor (covered)Bit 3 -1 Paper out sensor (active)Bit 2 -1 Black mark sensor (covered)Bit 1 -1 Paper low sensor (active)Bit 0 -0 AlwaysByte 1:Bit 7 -0 AlwaysBit 6 -0 AlwaysBit 5 -0 Transport sensor (home) (Not thermal printer) Bit 4 -1 Printhead sensor (home) (Not thermal printer) Bit 3 -1 Unit open sensor (open)Bit 2 -1 Paper not loaded status.Bit 1 -1 Paper jam sensor (covered)Bit 0 -0 Knife sensor (open)Byte 2:Bit 7 -0 AlwaysBit 6 -0 AlwaysBit 5 -0 AlwaysBit 4 -0 AlwaysBit 3 -1 Communications failure statusBit 2 -1 Controller RAM error statusBit 1 -1 Controller ROM error statusBit 0 -1 Interface ROM/RAM error statusByte 3:Bit 7-Bit3 -0 AlwaysBit 2 -1 Failed to detect black mark statusBit 1 -1 Paper jam statusBit 0 -1 Knife jam statusUSB THERMAL PRINTERSJOURNAL PRINTER MSTATUSM_STATUS Meaning0 Printer OK5 Paper Out7 Paper Not Loaded8 Communications Error9 Printer Open11 Printhead Needs Replaced Soon14 Printhead Needs Replaced Now19 Paper Not Winding20 Mechanism Jammed24 Power Supply Voltage Error25 Control Board Error26 Head Over Heated (recoverable). 10s Transient status. Not reported.27 Head Burnt Out (non-recoverable)28 Paper LowRECEIPT PRINTER MSTATUSM_STATUS Meaning0 Printer OK1 Head Jam / Knife Jam3 Black Mark Error5 Paper Out7 Paper not loaded or Jam before transport8 Communications Error9 Printer Open11 Printhead Needs Replaced Soon12 Knife needs replaced soon14 Printhead Needs Replaced Now16 Eject jam17 Transport Jam18 Capture Jam21 No Receipt During Control23 Capture Bin Full24 Power Supply Voltage Error25 Control Board Error26 Head Over Heated (recoverable). 10s Transient status. Not reported.27 Head Burnt Out (non-recoverable)28 Paper Low29 Exit Jam On Capture30 Knife needs replaced now31 Receipt Transport Not Connected On Power Up32 Media Not Cleared34 Dual Feed Mechanism JamM_DATA●Byte 0 - Printer Indication⏹30H - Receipt Printer⏹31H - Journal Printer●Byte 1 - Receipt Printer, Sensor status 1⏹Bit 7 - BD sensor (Black Dot), 1=Black⏹Bit 6 - PB sensor (Paper End of Print engine), 1=Exhausted⏹Bit 5 - DF_2b sensor (Dual feeder #2 positioning sensor), 1 = Blocked⏹Bit 4 - DF_1b sensor (Dual feeder #1 positioning sensor), I = Blocked⏹Bit 3 - DF2a sensor (Dual feeder #2 PE sensor), 1 = Empty⏹Bit 2 - DF_1a sensor (Dual feeder #1 FE sensor), 1 = Empty⏹Bit 1 - Paper low (#2) sensor, 1 = Paper Low⏹Bit 0 - Paper low (#1) sensor, 1 = Paper Low●Byte 2 - Receipt Printer, Sensor status 2⏹Bit 7 - always 0⏹Bit 6 - always 0⏹Bit 5 - Cover Open Sensor, 1 = Open⏹Bit 4- CBF sensor (Capture Bin Full), 1 = Full⏹Bit 3 - CB sensor (Capture Bin), 1 = Empty⏹Bit 2 - Exit sensor (Transport exit), 1 = Blocked⏹Bit 1 - TJ sensor (Transport Jam), 1 = Blocked⏹Bit 0 - HP sensor (Cutter Home Position), 1 =Home●Byte 3 - Receipt Printer, Sensor status 3⏹Bit 1- Feed Switch #2, 1 = Pushed⏹Bit 0 - Feed Switch (Standard model or Feeder #1), 1 = Pushed⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 4 - Receipt Printer, Motor status⏹Bit 7 - always 0⏹Bit 6 - Printing, 1 = In progress⏹Bit 5- always 0⏹Bit 4 - Dual feed motor #2, 1 = Going⏹Bit 3 - Dual feed motor #1, 1 = Going⏹Bit 2 - Transport motor, 1 = Going⏹Bit 1 - Cutter motor, 1 = Going⏹Bit 0 - Feed motor, 1 = Going●Byte 5, Receipt Printer, Printer status⏹Bit 7 - Fault state, 1 = Fault⏹Bit 6 - Warning due to Over Heated, 1 = Over Heated⏹Bit 5 - Non Transport Detection, 1 = Error⏹Bit 1 - Reboot flag, 1 = After reboot⏹Bit 0 - Recovery running, 1 = yes⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 6, Receipt Printer, Error status 1⏹Bit 7 - Black mark error, 1 = Error⏹Bit 6 - Thermal head temperature, 1 = Error⏹Bit 5 – always 0⏹Bit 4 -Transport jam, 1 = Jam⏹Bit 3 - Cutter jam, 1 = Jam⏹Bit 2 - Dual feeder jam, 1 = Jam⏹Bit 1 - Flash Erase/Write error or Memory full, 1 = Error⏹Bit 0 - H/W error -unrecoverable- (ROM,RAM, etc), 1 = Error●Byte 7, Receipt Printer, Error status 2⏹Bit 7 - Capture Jam (inc. Customer tampering), 1 = Jam⏹Bit 6 – Cover Open, 1=Open⏹Bit 5- PE (Print engine), 1 = Exhausted⏹Bit 4 - Reserved, 1 = Empty⏹Bit 3- PE feeder #1, 1 = Empty⏹Bit 2 - Unable to load paper (Std model), 1 = Unable⏹Bit 1 - Unable to load paper feeder #2, 1 = Unable⏹Bit 0 - Unable to load paper feeder #1, 1 = Unable●Byte 8, Receipt Printer, Waning⏹Bit 7 - illegal sequence or parameter, 1 = Present⏹Bit 6 - 24V Anomaly, 1 = Anomaly⏹Bit 5 - Capture - Customer tampering, 1 = Tampering⏹Bit 4 - always 0⏹Bit 3 - Capture bin full, 1 = Full⏹Bit 2- Executed Present, Purge or Refract w/o a receipt, 1 = Executed⏹Bit 1 - always 0⏹Bit 0-Paper low (#1) sensor, 1 = Paper Low●Byte 9 - Printer Indication⏹30H - Receipt Printer⏹31H - Journal Printer●Byte 10 - Journal Printer, Sensor status 1⏹Bit 6 - PE sensor (Paper End of Print engine), 1 = Exhausted⏹Bit 0 - Paper low (#1) sensor, 1 = Paper Low⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 11 - Journal Printer, Sensor status 2⏹Bit 6 - Winding Jam sensor, 1 = High level⏹Bit 5 - Cover Open Sensor,1 = Open⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 12 - Journal Printer, Sensor status 3⏹Bit 0 - Feed Switch (Standard model or Feeder #1), 1 Pushed⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 13 - Journal Printer, Motor status⏹Bit 6 - Printing, 1 = In progress⏹Bit 5- Winding motor; 1 = Going⏹Bit 0 - Feed motor, 1 = Going⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 14, Journal Printer, Printer status⏹Bit 7 - Fault state, 1 = Fault⏹Bit 6 - Warning due to Over Heated, 1 = Over Heated⏹Bit 1 - Reboot flag, 1 = After reboot⏹Bit 0 - Recovery running, 1 = Yes⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 15, Journal Printer, Error status 1⏹Bit 6- Thermal head temperature, 1= Error⏹Bit 5-Winding jam, 1=Jam⏹Bit 1 - Flash Erase/Write error or Memory full, 1 = Error⏹Bit 0 - H/W error -unrecoverable-. (ROM, RAM, etc), 1 = Error⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 16, Journal Printer, Error status 2⏹Bit 6 - Cover Open, 1 = Open⏹Bit 5 - PE (Print engine), 1 = Exhausted⏹Bit 2 - Unable to load paper (Std model), 1 = Unable⏹Other Bits, always 0●Byte 17, Journal Printer, Warning⏹Bit 7 - illegal sequence or parameter, 1 = Present⏹Bit 6 - 24V Anomaly, 1 = Anomaly⏹Bit 4- Paper Not Wound, 1 = Not Wound⏹Bit 0- Paper low (#1) sensor, 1 = Paper Low⏹Other Bits, always 0CURRENCY DISPENSERM_STATUSA1 alongside the code shows that the M_STATUS applies to stacking dispensers only and A2 shows that the code is for spray dispensers onlyM_STATUS Meaning00 No error01 Dispense requested from a cassette which is not installed or no cassettes installedduring self test02 Too many bills being rejected, for example, undersize, oversize, doubles, extrabills, or unable to learn bill width and singularity03 Pick failure04 Pick failure plus low (Out of bills)05 Sensor failure or currency jam in main transport or A short dispense wasperformed (bills dispensed fewer than bills requested) and no error wasreported062Divert gate fault caused by one of the following:* Divert gate in wrong position initially* Divert gate failed to move to correct position* Divert gate sensor failure07 Purge bin not present (unit inoperative)081 Purge bin overfill sensor blocked (unit inoperative)082Purge bin full (unit inoperative)09 Communications failure between Command and Execution firmware, or betweenhost and device for USB S1 Dispenser. Current replenishment information maynot have been determined10 Operation not attempted because the device or a cassette type is FATAL from aprevious operation. A reset of SOH to HEALTHY must be performed to clear thiscondition. Current replenishment information is not determined.11 Operation not attempted due to one of the following conditions;* Bills are still stacked in the transport from a previous operation (stackingdispensers only)*Bills may not have been cleared from the transport due to an unrecoverederror during a previous operation* The dispenser has been powered up and no CLEAR/DIAG_CLEAR has been issuedCURRENCY DISPENSERM_STATUS MeaningA CLEAR or DIAG_CLEAR must be performed to clear this condition.Replenishment information is not determined121Presenter clamping mechanism (or bill alignment mechanism) failed or jammed 131Exit shutter jammed open1 41Exit shutter jammed closed151Reserved16 Main transport timing disk did not operate correctly or the main ac motor failed17 Reserved181Currency jam in presenter transport or transport sensor failure191 Exit sensor blocked initially on next operation after a good present (bills may not have been taken by cardholder). Current replenishment information is notdetermined. See “Replenishment Data”20 to 27 Reserved28 An area of NVRAM cannot be accessed (SOH cannot be updated)291Presenter transport timing disk did not operate correctly or motor failed30 One of the presenter transport sensors failed clear or blocked31 Reserved32 Heartbeat on execution processor failed331Communications failure on the 12C bus of the execution processor. On P86 style and USB S1 Dispensers this code denotes a communications failure on the pickinterface to pick modules. Also used to denote a Fluditi attack activation.341 A present bills operation has been attempted without any bills being stacked or a RETRACT with no bills presented351Operation incomplete due to ac and 24V dc power disconnection through interlock on ATM access door361Pick valve test not attempted because cassettes were installed37 TI service switched ON38 TI service switched OFF39 The LVDT/NTS or associated circuit is malfunctioning40 Bill parameters have not been set up. This is because this is the first operationsince initial power-up or because there was an NVRAM corruption and theNVRAM was reinitialized41 An attempt to pick from a cassette in a pick module which has been disabled forin-service replenishment42 The dispenser has not been authenticated by the PC Core module. This code isonly generated by USB S1 dispenser variants43 The serial number of the dispenser control board has changed and has not yetbeen authorized for use. This code is only generated by USB S1 dispenser variants. 146 SDC link failureCURRENCY DISPENSERM_DATADispenser - stacking and spray typesDivert Gate - spray type onlyPresenter - stacking type onlyMain Motor * - stacking and spray typesExit Shutter * - stacking type onlyPresenter Bill Motor * - stacking type onlyPresenter Clamp * - stacking type onlySensor/Switch * - stacking and spray types* The M_DATA returned for these tests are unique to the tests.The number of transport sensors in the currency dispenser depends on the dispenser type as follows:Stacking Dispensers:5674/75 Front Access ATM - Transport Sensors 1 to 75674/75 Rear Access ATM - Transport Sensors 1 to 55670 ATM Front or Rear Access - Transport Sensors 1 to 55684/85/88 ATMs (Through-The-Wall) - Transport sensors 1 to 8Personas 86 ATM (Through-The-Wall) - Transport sensors 1 to 5Personas 87 ATM (Through-The-Wall) - Transport sensors 1 to 5UF-NID, NID, UF-P86- Transport sensors 1 to 5USB S1 ATMs - Transport sensors 1 to 5Spray Dispensers:MCD1 Front Access ATM - Transport Sensors 1 (FEED) and 2 (EXIT)The highest number in each of the above ranges is the exit sensor for that type.The M_DATA field contains the execution level command executed end status information returned. The first byte (Byte0) is common to all responses. Byte 0 contains the execution firmware command description and this indicates the format of the status information in M_DATA bytes 1 to n.In the following lists, A1 alongside the code shows that the M_DATA applies to stacking dispensers only and A2 shows that the code is for spray dispensers only.CURRENCY DISPENSERM_DATA●Byte 0- Firmware Level Commands:00-Reset011 - Stack012 - Dispense bills021 - Present031 - Move clamp to present04 - Clear main transport051 - Check if bills taken061 - Purge07 - Set bill widths08 - Set bill singularities09 - Set bill presentation order0A - Read dispense counts0B - Clear dispense counts0C - Read configured parameters0D - Read container status0E - Read (“Set” on P86 style and USB S1) virtual cassette type0F1 - Rotate (“Move” on P86 style and USB S1) clamp to home position 101 - Close shutter command11 - Main motor test121 - Pick valve test122 - Pick solenoid test13 - Learn hill parameters141 - Exit shutter test151 - Presenter bill motor test161 - Presenter clamp test17-Sensor test1B - Disable Hamming codes.1C1 - Pre-present222- Divert Gate testM_DATA - DispenserThe M_DATA returned under the dispenser format are associated with firmware level commands as follows:Stacking dispensers commands 01, 04, and 13Spray dispensers - commands 01, 02, 05, and 17For SELF_TEST and DIAG_SELF-TEST, the status bytes refer to pick position in the order, top, 2nd, 3rd, bottom instead of virtual cassette types 1, 2 3 and 4 otherwise the status bytes are identical.The following format of M_DATA is for pick by virtual type response (the normal case). If the response is for a pick by position command (such as SELF_TEST) then the data has a slightly different format. in this case M_DATA bytes 2, 3, 4, and 5 are auxiliary status codes for the top, second, third, and bottom positions, and M_DATA bytes 6, 7,8, and 9 are divert reasons for the top, second, third, and bottom positions.●Byte1 - Main Dispenser Status:Bit 7- 1 Virtual cassette type 3 is low on billsBit 6- 1 Virtual cassette type 4 is low on billsBit 5-0 AlwaysBit 4- 1 Pick fail occurredBit 3- 1 Fatal malfunction IN0P flag setBit 2- 1 Self-Test commandBit 1 - 1 Virtual cassette type 1 is low on billsBit 0- 1 Virtual cassette type 2 is low on bills●Byte 2- Auxiliary Status Virtual Cassette Type 1:02- Purge bin not installed03- Pick failure (status 1 – 10H). Picking is tried three times after the initial attempt, eachattempt being four or five pick cycles. If a bill has not been picked, the motor is shut off.After a time delay, the motor is turned on and picking is tried again. The cycle, motoroff, delay, motor on, pick, is repeated op to three times. If all attempts fail, this status is generated04- Invalid pick interrupt. A bill enters the transport from the wrong cassette or one of the pick sensors is faulty052 -Divert gate not in dispense position during a dispense operation when an attempt is made to dispense a bill into the note tray062 - Divert gate not in the reject position on receipt of a dispense command or when an attempt is made to reject a bill09 - Pick sensor failed clear during operation. A bill is seen at the PRE_LVDT/NTS sensorwhen it is not expected. This may be the result of a faulty pick sensor or a drag-outseparating in the transport0C - Purge bin overfill or SOH active initially or at end of clear10 - Exit shutter not closed or closed sensor failed indicating not closed, or the I2C commshas failed (only applicable if the dispenser uses an l2C shutter) or open sensor failed indicating open11 - Pick sensor blocked initially or SOH active initially or at end of clear - occurs on anon-zero dispense. OR Bill did not clear pick sensor - occurs when a picked bill jams under a pick sensor or the pick sensor is malfunctioning14- PRE_LVDT/NTS sensor blocked or SOH active initially or at end of clear21 - PRE_LVDT/NTS sensor failed clear during operation. A bill seen by the pick sensor hasnot reached the PRE_LVDT/NTS sensor in time22- Pre_LVDT/NTS sensor failed blocked / bill jam during operation271 - Presenter clamp not in home position initially or clamp home sensor failed blocked 40 - Virtual cassette type not installed. A command has been received to pick bills fromcassette which is not installed411 -TSEN 1 sensor blocked or SOH active initially on stack or at end of clear (purge path) 412-TSEN 1 (FEED) sensor blocked or SOH active initially upon initiating a dispense command or on completion of a clear421 - TSEN 2 sensor blocked or SOH active initially upon initiating a dispense or on completion of a clear (clamp position)422 TSEN 2 (EXIT) sensor blocked or SOH active initially on stack or at end of clear431 - TSEN 3 sensor blocked or SOH active initially on stack or at end of clear441 - TSEN 4 sensor blocked or SOH active initially on stack or at end of clear451 - TSEN 5 sensor blocked or SOH active initially on stack or at end of clear (exit sensor for 5674/5 rear access and all 5670 dispensers and Personas 86)461 - TSEN 6 sensor blocked or 5011 active initially on stack or at end of clear471 - TSEN 7 sensor blocked or SOH active initially on stack or at end of clear (exil sensor for 5674/5 front access)481 - TSEN 8 sensor blocked or SOH active initially on stack or at end of clear (exit sensor for 568X through the wall)491 - I2C fault initially or a Pick Interface fault was detected before the operation started4A1 - I2C failure during operation4B - Main transport timing disk too slow4C - Reserved4D - Main transport timing disk failed4E - Pick sensor failed clear initially4F - Pick sensor failed blocked/bill jam50- Pre_LVDT/NTS sensor failed clear initially。
Determination of the degrees of methylation and acetylation of pectins using a C18column and internal standardsS.Levigne,M.Thomas,M.-C.Ralet*,B.Quemener,J.-F.ThibaultInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique,UniteÂde Recherches sur les Polysaccharides,leurs Organisations et Interactions,BP71627,F44316,Nantes Cedex03,FranceReceived10July2001;revised19November2001;accepted17December2001AbstractAn improved hplc method for the simultaneous determination of the degrees of methylation and acetylation of pectins has been developed. The proposed method involves saponi®cation in heterogeneous medium followed by the separation of methanol,acetic acid and internal standard on a C18column and quanti®cation by refractometry.The method is reproducible,accurate,and presents several advantages that are discussed in the present paper.q2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Pectin;Degree of esteri®cation;Methanol;Acetic acid1.IntroductionThe esteri®cation of galacturonic acid residues with methanol and/or acetic acid is a structural feature of pectic substances of paramount importance(Voragen,Thibault, Axelos,Renard,&Pilnik,1995).Indeed,these substitutions are key parameters for pectin behaviour within the cell walls(Carpita&McCann,2000;Thibault,Lahaye,& Guillon,1992),and for gelation properties when pectins are considered as food additives(Thibault&Ralet,2001). For instance,the ion-exchange properties,water-binding capacity,cross-linking through calcium ions and hydrogen bonding of pectins depend widely on the number and distribution of methyl and acetyl groups along the pectic backbone.The degree of methylation(DM)corresponds to the percentage of carboxyl groups esteri®ed with methanol. The degree of acetylation(DAc)is de®ned as the percentage of galacturonosyl residues esteri®ed with one acetyl group, assuming that only the hydroxyl groups of galacturonosyl residues are acetylated(Voragen et al.,1995).Methyl-ester-i®cation is widespread in native pectins,contrary to acetyl-esteri®cation,which is usually low,with some exceptions such as sugar beet pectin(Rombouts&Thibault,1986). Numerous methodsÐreviewed by Doner(1986)and Walter(1991)Ðhave been developed to quantify methoxyl and acetyl substituents in pectins.Some direct determina-tion of DM has been proposed by1H-NMR(Grasdalen, Bakoy,&Larsen,1988),by IR(Gnanasambandam& Proctor,2000)or by pyrolysis-MS(Maness,Ryan,& Mort,1990).However,most of the methods developed deal with saponi®cation prior to the quanti®cation of methanol and/or acetic acid by various means such as gas±liquid chromatography,high performance liquid chromatography,enzymatic methods,titrimetry or colori-metry after derivation(Cochrane,1975;Krop,Pilnik,& Faddegon,1974;MacComb&MacCready,1957;Schultz, 1962a;Wood&Siddiqui,1971).The DM is also commonly determined,together with galacturonic acid content by titra-tion of pectin under its acidic form(Schultz,1962b).In this latest case,the presence of acetyl leads to an overestimation of the DM values(acetic acid being also released during saponi®cation and titrated)if the amount of acetic acid is not incorporated into calculation.Irrespective of the method used,it is still tricky to obtain the content in methanol and acetic acid in a single run.An hplc method was set up by Voragen,Schols,and Pilnik(1986)using an Aminex HPX-87H column.This method is simple and widely used. However,a rather high amount of pectin is necessary (around30mg)partly because no internal but an external standard is used.Moreover,the presence,just before the methanol peak,of a negative peak in the hplc chromatogram may lead to errors in the integration of the methanol peak (Thibault,Renard,&Guillon,1994).Food Hydrocolloids16(2002)547±5500268-005X/02/$-see front matter q2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S0268-005X(02)00015-2/locate/foodhyd*Corresponding author.Tel.:133-2-40-67-50-64;fax:133-2-40-67-50-66.E-mail address:ralet@nantes.inra.fr(M.-C.Ralet).In this note,an hplc method for the determination of pectin DM and DAc in a single run is proposed and the advantages of this method are discussed.2.Results and discussionThe two proposed methods involve saponi®cation,followed by hplc separation on a C18column.Alkalinesaponi®cation has to be performed in a heterogeneous system.Indeed,in aqueous solution,pectins are not only saponi®ed but also de-polymerised by b -elimination and pectin fragments were shown to disturb the chromatogram severely (Voragen et al.,1986).The ®rst proposed method (`method 1')uses precipitation (isopropanol±water mixture 40±60%v/v)and saponi®cation (NaOH 0.4M,room temperature,2h)of 5mg pectin samples.These conditions are similar to those de®ned by Voragen et al.(1986)except for a decrease in isopropanol amount (40%instead of 50%).An internal standard (maleic acid)was added and a C18phase was chosen (i)to get a better sensitivity,(ii)to provide a shorter elution time,and (iii)to avoid lack of accuracy in the methanol peak integration.Fig.1a shows a typical chromatogram obtained for sugar beet pectin with this method.Methanol,acetic acid and maleic acid were eluted at 4.1,6.2and 7.9min,respectively,and iso-propanolÐused as precipitantÐbetween 10and 16min.This constitutes an important saving of time,when compared to the reference method (`Voragen et al.method')(30min of total elution time)(Voragen et al.,1986).Several determinations of DM were performed in triplicate with different lime pectins (Table 1).The proposed method wasS.Levigne et al./Food Hydrocolloids 16(2002)547±550548Table 1DM of pectins determined by methods 1and 2,conductimetry/colorimetry and titrimetry (values in parentheses are standard deviations,n 3)Lime pectins Method 1a Method 2b Conductimetry c Titrimetry d P3229.5(0.82)31.7(2.77)32.9(0.14)±P4642.0(1.44)44.9(1.55)46.1(0.07)46.1P6660.4(0.19)62.9(3.00)66.0(0.30)66.2L7259.7(1.25)69.3(0.46)68.9(0.14)±E8171.3(0.68)79.3(1.18)81.1(0.07)81.1a Isopropanol as precipitant and maleic acid as internal standard.b CuSO 4as precipitant and isopropanol as internal standard.c Values from Ralet et al.(2002).dValues from Limberg et al.(2000).shown to be reproducible.DM values calculated from the methoxyl content and from GalA content were 8±13%lower than values determined titrimetrically or by conducti-metry and colorimetry (Table 1).DAc values (Table 2)were in better agreement with values obtained by the Voragen et al.method,except for a particularly highly acetylated sample for which DAc determined by the isopropanol method was 16%lower.The proposed method led to under-estimated values for high DM and/or DAc samples,prob-ably because the conditions of de-esteri®cation were not optimal.Furthermore,the use of isopropanol as pectin preci-pitant led to a large tailing peak at the end of the chromato-gram,which lengthened the elution time.Therefore,another insolubilisation method had to be found.Copper ions,which are able to insolubilise pectins even if their DM/DAc is high (Jones &Stoodley,1965),have been used for that purpose.Isopropanol was used here as internal standard.Saponi®ca-tion was performed (i)in higher NaOH concentration (0.5M)in order to achieve a more complete release of methanol and acetic acid for high DM and/or DAc samples;(ii)at 48C to promote de-esteri®cation reaction rather than b -elimination (Albersheim,Neukom,&Deuel,1960).This method was termed `method 2'.Fig.1b shows a typical chromatogram obtained for sugar beet pectin by method 2.Methanol,acetic acid and iso-propanol were eluted at 4.1,6.2and 13.1min,respectively.No contaminating oligomers arising from b -eliminationreaction could be detected and CuSO 4appeared therefore,as ef®cient as isopropanol to maintain the mixture in a sus-pension form,which subsequently avoids de-polymerisation reactions (Voragen et al.,1986).As shown in Fig.2,saponi-®cation with CuSO 4/NaOH led to a very rapid release of methanol and acetic acid and 1h at 48C are largely suf®-cient for a complete release of these substituents.The latter conditions were chosen for the following determinations.DM values determined in triplicate on various lime pectins with method 2were compared with those obtained with conductimetry/colorimetry and titrimetry methods (Table 1).A good agreement between method 2and the two refer-ence methods was shown.The R -squared and the slopes of the linear regressions are as follows:(i)DM determined by method 2versus DM determined by conductimetry/colorimetry;(ii)DM determined by method 2versus DM determined by titrimetry were close to 1(0.97and 1.1,respectively),showing the good correlation between the different values (®gures not shown).There was also a good agreement in DAc values as determined by method 2,method 1and Voragen et al.method (Table 2).Fig.3shows that methanol could be reliably measured by method 2from around 2.5mg of a highly methylated lime pectin.What-ever be the DM,a good repeatability of measurements was obtained for 4±6mg of pectic sample (Table 1).3.ConclusionThe proposed methods involve saponi®cation in hetero-geneous medium followed by methanol and acetic acid separation by hplc on a C18column and quanti®cation by refractometry using an internal standard.Two precipitants (isopropanol or CuSO 4)and two internal standards (maleic acid or isopropanol)were used.From the results presented,it can been concluded thatÐusing CuSO 4as precipitant and isopropanol as internal standardÐthis method is very convenient to determine accurately,in a single run and within a short time,the degrees of methylation and acetyla-tion of low amounts (around 5mg)of pectins.4.Materials and methods 4.1.PectinsThe lime pectins L72,F43,P66,P46and P32were a gift from Danisco-Cultor (Denmark).These samples have been fully characterised and their DM determined by titrimetry (Limberg et al.,2000)and by conductimetry and colori-metry (Ralet,Dronnet,Buchholt,&Thibault,2002).Acid-extracted pectins from sugar beet were used for the determination of DAc (Levigne,Ralet,&Thibault,2002).S.Levigne et al./Food Hydrocolloids 16(2002)547±550549Table 2DAc of pectins determined by methods 1and 2,and Voragen et al.method (values in parentheses are standard deviations,n 3)Beet pectins Method 1a Method 2b Voragen et al.method c B136.0(0.93)43.2(0.83)43.1(1.51)B214.9(0.35)18.2(0.70)15.5(1.05)B320.8(0.07)24.4(1.82)24.6(0.80)B429.6(1.46)33.3(0.32)30.3(3.85)B520.1(2.46)19.9(0.56)21.0(1.81)a Isopropanol as precipitant and maleic acid as internal standard.b CuSO 4as precipitant and isopropanol as internal standard.cMethod described by Voragen et al.(1986).Fig.2.Kinetics of saponi®cation of sugar beet pectins B1with 0.5M NaOH in the presence of 5mM CuSO 4at 48C;n 2;(X )DM,(W )DAc.The reference method used for DAc determination was the one described by Voragen et al.(1986).4.2.Saponi®cationSamples were saponi®ed by the following two pro-cedures.(i)Pectin sample (5mg)was suspended in 1ml of isopropanol±water mixture (40±60%v/v)containing 0.4M NaOH and maleic acid (0.25mg)as internal standard.The reaction mixture was left at room temperature for 2h.(ii)Pectin sample (5mg)was suspended in 0.5ml of a solution containing 10mM CuSO 4and 25m M isopropanol as internal standard;0.5ml of 1M NaOH were added to achieve saponi®cation.The reaction mixture was left at 48C for 5min to 2h.Reaction mixtures were centrifuged for 10min at 8000g at room temperature.Supernatants were neutralised through a 2ml syringe equipped with a Maxi-clean IC-H device (Alltech)prior to injection.4.3.HPLC analysisNeutralised supernatants were injected on a C18column (Superspher 100RP-18end capped,Merk KGaA,250£4)with a guard column (LiChroCART,4£4).Elution was carried out with 4mM sulphuric acid at 0.7ml/min and 258C,with refractometric detection.4.4.CalculationThe factor responses (FR)for acetic acid and methanol have been determined:FRM MeOH or AcOH M int :std :Area int :std :Area MeOH or AcOHFR values of 6.89and 4.10for methanol and FR values of1.69and 1.12for acetic acid were determined with maleic acid and isopropanol as internal standards,respectively.The galacturonic acid (GalA)content was determined by the automated m -hydroxybiphenyl method (Thibault,1979),after saponi®cation of the pectins in 0.05M NaOH for 30min at room temperature.DM and DAc were calculated as follows:DM FRArea MeOH M int :std Area int :std :M sample 176£104%GalA £32DAc FRArea AcOH M int :std Area int :std :M sample 176£104%GalA £60ReferencesAlbersheim,P.,Neukom,H.,&Deuel,H.(1960).Archives of Biochemistryand Biophysics ,90,46±51.Carpita,N.C.,&Mc Cann,M.C.(2000).In B.Buchanan,W.Gruissem &R.Jones,Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants (pp.52±108).Rockville:American Society of Plant Physiologists.Cochrane,G.C.(1975).Journal of Chromatography Science ,13,440±447.Doner,L.(1986).In M.L.Fishman &J.J.Jen,Chemistry and function ofpectins ,ACS symposium series 310,Washington (pp.13±21).Gnanasambandam,R.,&Proctor,A.(2000).Food Chemistry ,68,327±332.Grasdalen,H.,Bakoy,O.E.,&Larsen,B.(1988).Carbohydrate Research ,184,183±191.Jones,J.K.N.,&Stoodley,R.J.(1965).In R.L.Whistler,Methods incarbohydrate chemistry (pp.36±38).vol.6.New York:Academic 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