哈尔滨工业大学2016年秋季博士综合考评笔试题

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz veinsystems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the firstperformed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billionyears ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphicfluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of golddeposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time ofthe original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of explorationtechniques designed to locate buried mineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as didthose deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simpleprospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in thepassage in which of the following ways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and hence, cansupport conceptual models that have great practical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized,are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-agegold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, andthus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely usedtoday are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surfaceexpressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types ofgold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine andcontinental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent withresearchers’ findings in other disciplines than is data provided by datingcontinental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continentalsedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marinesedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continentalsedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage asa whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions andthen offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequencesand then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollenprofiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methods for determiningpast climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining pastclimatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yieldedcontradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concludedwhich of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because of increasedamounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during thelast ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of lessevapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logicallycontinues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.D. A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation,and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accuratecorrelationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found ingeological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic conditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditionsmust be widespread for which of the following reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of pastclimates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid andsemiarid regions than in temperate regionsB.Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions,paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiaridregions.C.Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid andsemiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions becausetheir climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British T elecom, there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing stateowned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivityin companies that have been privatized?A. A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB. a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to themD. a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buyingshares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers wereeligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies choseto buy shares in their companies.C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allowtheir employees the opportunity to buy shares.20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A. A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particularindustry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to forcecompanies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason thatstate-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programs must try toeliminate all resistance to the free-market system.21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatizationprocess in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.B.It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription forbusiness ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage havesupported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive newindustrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries.Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was .A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’semployment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantageswere obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s labor f ocused on factory workas a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factoryworkA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of women’s labor in theUnited States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sectorof the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-termthan in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much moreshort-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with theunpaid work associated with homemaking26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early millowners mentioned in the second paragraph?A.They hoped that by creating relativel y unattractive “female” jobs theywould discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means tokeep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particularkinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinished revolution” the authormentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economicforces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined joballocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as “female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previousexperience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of theirwartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hirewomen for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of thepassage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men incarrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph tothe passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn fromtwentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topicfor discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear tocontradict it.D. A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissedunimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’sprocreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept ofindividual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more generalintellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectualtradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism amongfeminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of thefollowing?A.The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is ahistorical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable, given theirtheoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.。

哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二Passage 1We have come a long way since 1896, and the clock cannot be turned back. Indeed, not only are women increasingly taking their rightful place on the Olympics athletics track, but there are also growing signs that the myth of their inevitable sporting inferiority may be about to be shattered for good.Women certainly are catching up fast. But although all the evidence points to a relentless closing of the gap between the athletics performances of men and women, there is still one last obstacle the women have to overcome: blind male prejudice.“Women can out-perform men in endurance events, and at extremes of heat and cold,” says Dr Graig Sharp, of Birmingham University’s Department of PhysicalEducation. “But in speed events, for a number of physiological reasons, the gender gap will level out at about 10 percent.” Other experts, however, see no reason why women won’t continue to narrow the gap even beyond that margin. “We cannot rely on physiology to assert that sex differences are fixed and inevitable. Women have always had fewer chances to train or participate to the same extent in most sports,” says Dr Kenneth Dyer of Adelaide University.In Britain sportswomen still face discrimination, even after the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act outlawed most forms of discrimination ongrounds of sex alone. In a section devoted specifically to the question of women in sport, the Act lays down that it is still perfectly legal to shut out women from “any sport, game or other activity of a competit ive nature where the physical strength, stamina or physique of the average women puts her at a disadvantage to the average man.” The legislationin its present form begs more questions than it answers. What is an average woman? Who decides whether she is at a disadvantage?During the 1930s, the Olympic Games were dominated by white, Anglo-Saxon males. Not because they were the best, but because they were the best of those who, for a variety of social, economic and cultural reasons were able to compete. Today, many of the same events ate dominated by black athletes. Is it inconceivable that when women have finally been offered the opportunities in the same numbers at the same competitive level, they too may leave men as equals?It is only 10 years since a US judge pronounced the immortal words:” Athletic competition builds character in our boys; we do not need that kind of character in our girls.” Time is catching up. And so are women.1. According to the text, the author believes that ____A. Women have become equals to men in sportsB. Women are inevitably inferior(身份)低下的，下级的) to men in sportsC. Women are at a disadvantage in most items of sportsD. The position of women in sports has changed with their achievements2. In the sentence “Women can out-perform men”, the word “out-perform” mean____A. DistinguishB. EnvyC. DefeatD. Match3. In paragraph 3, Dr. Graig Sharp’s statement shows that ____A. Women are physically and mentally weaker than menB. 10% women can surpass men in endurance sportsC. Women have either an advantage or a disadvantage in physiqueD. Women are catching up fast in their athletics performances4. The word “inconceivable”(Para.6, Sen.3) means ____A. ImaginableB. UnbelievableC. PredictableD. Impossible5. The function of paragraph 4 is ____A. To argue for the ActB. To use an example to support the idea in paragraph 1C. To reason out the controversies in paragraph 2D. To show an example of sex discriminationPassage 2It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA “letters” in the human body. The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable. The completed DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology. But the race itself, between the government’sHuman Genome Project and Rockville, Md., biotechnology company Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins (and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side) and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over (sort of), that both sides had won (kind of) and that the hostilities were resolved (for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now. Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon----the “finish lines” each has crossed arelargely arbitrary points, “first drafts” rather than thedefinitive version. And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they’rebeen in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likelyto take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britain’s Wellcome Trust,an HGPparticipant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP’s complains.Venter called the move “a lowlife thing to do,” but by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. “The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our inve stors,” Venter told Newsweek in Match, “and fighting back is probably not helpful.” At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other’s approaches, andexpressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit. By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday’s joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. “If this ends the horse race, science wins.” With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.6. The recent Genome Wars were symbolic of _____A. The enthusiasm in scientific researchB. The significance of the space raceC. The public versus private conflictD. The prospect of the completion of DNA sequence7. The tone of the author to what they will say on the joint press conference this Monday is____A. AstonishedB. Enthusiastic热心的，热情的;热烈的C. DisappointedD. Doubtful8. It is implies in the third paragraph that ____A. The “finish lines” does mean what it readsB. The sequencing machines have stopped at the “finish lines”C. The former warriors are now collaboratorsD. Both sides will work on independently9. The word “thaw” (line3, para4) most probably means ____A. Aggravation in tensionB. Improvement in relationC. Intensification in attacksD. Stoppage of coordination10. The critical thing facing the scientists is to ____A. Apply the newly-found knowledge to the benefit of mankindB. End their horse race for the success of scienceC. Get down to their genome researchD. Set their differences asidePassage 3Family is older than the human species, work is younger, friendship is about as old as we are. It is friendship that marks us as human. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote an essay comparing human being with termites. Termites build nests as elaborate and as well designed as our cathedrals. Every termite nest is an architectural wonder, with arches, vaults, galleries, ventilators, storerooms, and nurseries. But no single termite carries the architectural plan in her head. The building of the nest is a collective process. Each termite rolls little balls of mud and sticks them onto other little balls rolled by her neighbors. Out of this collective rolling and sticking the cathedral grows. (状语提前)Thomas is saying that human societies grow in the same fashion. Instead of rolling mud balls we play words. Instead of piling arch upon arch to make a nest we pile conversation upon conversation to make a culture. Just as no single termite knows how to build a nest, no single human knows how to build a culture. A single termite alone cannot survive, and a single human being alone is not human. Human societies are glued together with conversation and friendship. Conversation is the natural and characteristic activity of human beings. Friendship is the milieu within which we function.Work came later in human history than conversation. We invented work when we becamecivilized. Unlike friendship, work is a mixed blessing. At its worst, work is slavery. At its best, work is a sustained and lifelong conversation. The more satisfying and enjoyable work is, the more it partakers of the nature of conversation. Science at the working level is mostly conversation. The building where I work has twenty people in twenty rooms. Most of the doors are open. From morning till night the buzz of conversation seldom ceases. That is the way science is done. When I am not talking with friends down the hall, I am writing papersfor friends around the world. Without the friends, my activity would be pointless. Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites. If the lives of scientists are on the whole joyful, it is because ourfriendships are deep and lasting. Our friendships are lasting because we are engaged in a collective enterprise. Our enterprise, the exploration of nature’s secrets, had nobeginning and will have no end. Exploration is as natural anactivity for human beings as conversation. Our friends the explorers are scattered over the centuries, from Archimedes and Euclid to the unborn genius who will one day understand the mystery of how our exploring minds work.11. Human species distinguish itself from other animals by ____A. Collective workingB. Smooth cooperationC. Immense workingD. Lasting friendship12. The writer’s analogy of termites to human beings suggests that ____A. The building of the neat is a collective processB. Human societies grow in the nest-building fashionC. The nest-making may be likened to culture-makingD. An architectural wonder must be as elaborate as a termite nest13. According to the author, work as one of human inventions is ____A. The source of civilizationB. The product of civilizationC. A premise of civilizationD. A foundation of civilization14. According to the text, friendship emerged in scientists as a result of ____A. Their ceaseless conversationB. The exact number of colleagues and friendsC. The efficiency of making friends on phoneD. Their friendly wording situation15. In the last paragraph, “Scientists are as gregarious as species as termites” where ‘gregarious’is equivalent to ____A. Living in the company of othersB. Industrious in terms of workC. CivilizedD. IngeniousPassage 4happened to them. The world has been Globalization belonged to us; financial crisesturned on its head. Consumers in the wealthiest nations arestruggling with the consequences of the credit crunch and with the soaring cost of energy and food. In China, retail sales have been rising at an annual 15 percent. I cannot think of a better description of the emerging global order.The trouble is that the politics of globalization lags ever further behind the economics. For all its tacit recognition that power has been flowing eastwards, the west still wants to imagine things as they used to be. In this world of them and us, “they” are accused in the USpres idential contest of stealing “our” jobs. Now, you hear Europeans say, “they” are driving up international commodity prices by burning “our” fuel and eating “our” food.What struck me, though, was how this crisis (no one is sure it is over) provides a perfect metaphor for the new geopolitical landscape.Think back to the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s. For those of us in the west, these were unfortunate events in faraway places; Latin America, Russia, Asia, Latin American again. There was a risk of contagion, but in so far as rich nations paid a price, it lay largely in the cost of bailing out their own feckless banks. The really unpleasant medicine, prescribed by the International Monetary Fund, had to be taken by the far less fortunate borrowers.The parameters of globalization were set by the west. Liberalization of trade and capital flows was a project owned largely by the US. It was not quite an imperialist enterprise, but, while everyone was supposed to gain from economic integration, the unspoken assumption was that the biggest benefits would flow to the richest. The rules were set out in something called, unsurprisingly, the Washington Consensus.Against that background, the west’s present discomfort is replete with irony. Asizeable chunk of the excess savings that inflated the credit bubble were a product of the Washington Consensus. Never again, the victims of the 1997 East Asian crisis said to themselves after being forced to take the IMF’s medicine. This would be the lasttime they were held hostage to western bailouts. Instead they amassed their own hugeforeign currency reserves.So the boot is now on the other foot. The IMF is forecasting thatthe advanced economies will just about keep their heads above water. With luck, growth this year and next will come in at a touch above 1 percent. If they do avoid recession----and most of my American friends think it unlikely as far as the US is concerned----they will have to thank robust growth rates in Asia and Latin America. The forecast for China is growth of about 9 percent in both years, for India 8 percent and for emerging and developing economies as a whole something more than 6 percent.The old powers have not grasped this new reality. There are nods, of course, to a need to restructure international institutions. The rising nations, you hear western politicians aver, must be given more of a voice. More seats, maybe, at the World Bank, the United Nations and, yes, on the board of the IMF. But the assumption is that the rising powerswill simply be accommodated within the existing system----a small adjustment here, a tweak there and everything will be fine again.Missing is a willingness to see that this is a transformational moment that demands we look at the world entirely afresh.16. According to the passage, we can draw the conclusion that the statement “Globalizationbelonged to us; financial crisis happened to them” is ____A. A valid view held by most EuropeansB. An illusion cherished by most EuropeansC. A result due to the differences between nationsD. A sensible forecast17. The sentence “The world has been turned on its head” can be paraphrased as ____A. The world is radically transformedB. The development pace is acceleratedC. The world is in total confusionD. God has altered it favor18. At the end of the second paragraph, the author employs several “they” and “our” to aim at____A. A vivid descriptionB. An ironic effectC. A precise conclusionD. Being objective19. According to the passage, the financial shocks of the 1980s and 1990s ____A. Is beneficial to the westB. Is strictly confined to the less developed nationsC. Mainly plagued the less developed nationsD. Is attributed to the rich countries20. Which of the following is true?A. The rich countries have made a sense of the new realityB. The countries other than the rich ones have learnt their lessons from the past crisesC. The globalization was launched by the eastD. The globalization only benefits the westPassage 5According to Aristotle, the subject of tragic drama were rightly drawn from ancient mythology, a source considered invariably reliable, for it was believed that if man had invented such strange incidents, they would have appeared impossible. Furthermore, the chief characters of a tragic action should be persons of consequence, of exalted station, according to Aristotle, and the leading personage should not be a mancharacterized by great virtue or great vice, but of a mixed nature, a proclivity for errors and weaknesses that lead him in to misfortune. Such a mixture of good and evil makes the protagonist seem like ourselves, thus more quickly arousing the spectator’ssympathy, saturating him with feelings of compassion, driving outhis petty personal emotions, and thus “purging” the soul through pity and terror. The crimes suitable for tragic treatment may be committed either in ignorance, or intentionally, and are commonly against friends or relatives, though crimes committed intentionally are generally the more dramatic and impressive----this in spite of the fact that the central crime in Oedipus the King was committed in ignorance. As to style, a certain archaic quality of diction is needful to the dignity of tragedy.Another of the most famous of the Aristotelian rules were those relating to the so-called unities of time, place, and action. The unity of time limits the supposed action to the duration of a single day,unity of place limits it to one general locally; and unity of action limits the play to a single set of incidents related cause and effect, “having a beginning, a middle, and an end.” Concerning the unity of time, Aristotlenoted that all the plays since Aeschylus, except two, did illustrate such unity, but he did not lay down such a precept as obligatory. Perhaps tacitly he assumed that observance of the unity of place would be the practice of good playwrights, since the chorus was present duringthe whole performance, and it would indeed be awkward always to devise an excuse for moving fifteen persons about from place to place.But the third unity, that of action, is bound up with the nature not only of Greek but of all drama, for Aristotle conceived the action, or plot, of a play as of far greater importance than the。

博士生综合考试（口试）参考题（2014. 12）1、基础部分分类参考题现代数学1.请你谈谈数学与其他学科发展的关系，并列举一些你的研究领域中所常用的数学方法和技巧。

2.按照数学的历史发展，它可以分为初等数学、高等数学和现代数学。

请你描述现代数学的特征。

3.矩阵理论被称为高等数学屮的算术（R. Bellman语）。

请举例说明矩阵理论的一些运用。

近代物理、光学1.简述牛顿时空观和爱因斯坦时空观之特点。

2.简述相对论中同时的相对性和运动的时钟变慢的物理意义。

3.物体运动时的质量m和静止时的质量m（）有何区别。

4.说明相对论质能关系E=mc2的物理意义和E=mc2-m（）c2的意义。

5.简述光电效应的物理意义。

6.在量子物理学中微观粒子具有哪二重性？7.不确定关系说明了微观粒子的什么性质。

高等化学1.碳的同素异形体有哪些？并简述碳纳米管研究的新进展。

2.阐述键价理论的基本概念？请举例说明。

3.矿物表面荷电的原因是什么？4.简述纳米材料（粒子）的待征。

5.举例说明亲水性大分子在矿物加工中的应用。

6.DLVO理论的本质是什么？举例说明DLVO理论的应用。

7.化学电源的种类有哪些？8.消除NOx和SO2带來的环境污染一直是一个热门研究课题，请简要叙述消除NOx和煤及石油加工、使用中脱硫的方法。

思想政治1.试述中国特色社会主义的一条道路和一个理论体系的内容，以及坚持这条道路和这个理论体系的重大意义。

2.试述构建社会主义和谐社会的指导思想、目标任务和原则。

3.联系当前实际，谈谈怎样增强社会主义意识形态的吸引力和凝聚力。

4.着眼改革创新，谈谈怎样在思想政治工作中注重人文关怀和心理疏导。

5.谈谈你对唯物辩证法与科学发展观的关系的看法。

2、扩充知识部分分类参考题知识经济与技术创新1.什么是技术创新扩散？2.什么是知识创新？高技术创新有哪些风险？现代信息技术3.请给岀信息的定义？信息可以计量吗？信息量与事物发生的概率有什么关系？4.请说明什么是现代信息技术？它涉及到哪些技术？5.请说明现代信息技术的核心技术是什么？知识经济与技术创新6.人类经济发展可分为哪几个阶段，各阶段发展起决定作用的关键因素是什么？7.知识经济的主要特点是什么？8.为什么说知识经济是可持续发展的经济？9.什么是高科技，知识经济的支柱产业有哪些？10.发展知识经济需要哪些必要条件？什么叫技术创新？煤炭加工利用11.试从我国能源资源结构说明煤炭在廿一世纪上半叶仍应为第一能源？12.一次能源一般有那些，我国主要的一次能源是什么，和发达国家相比，我国一次能源的结构有什么特点？13.什么叫水煤浆，使用它的优点是什么？煤炭是否是一种洁净燃料，为什么？14.在一次能源屮现称为洁净能源的有哪几种？环境学、环境生态学15.为什么说，我国的大气污染是煤烟型污染16.何谓可持续发展，在可持续发展战略中环境保护的地位和作用是什么？17.什么是清洁生产，它对环境保护工作的作用是什么？1&白色污染指的是什么，对它的控制途径主要有那些？19.为什么要保护大气臭氧层，破坏因素是什么？20.什么是环境意识？今天的主要世界环境问题有那些？21.什么是温室效应，对资源与环境保护有何不利影响？22.对三峡工程可能带来的环境影响你能说出多少？23.生态意识有那些主要观点？24.什么是绿色消费？在大学校园中倡导“绿色文化”你认为应发展的主要方面有哪些？25.煤炭开采过程中对环境产生那些影响？SK方程族的代数几何解(2014. 6.4)26.己知谱问题怎样从该谱问题得到该族方程？27.刘维尔定理在弯曲的Riemann面上是否依然成立？2&矩阵W —是否满足驻定的?W⑵29.3是全纯的吗？30.是否可以用相同的方法求解kk方程的代数几何解？生物遗迹学理论与应用研究(2014. 5.9)31.遗迹化石与实体化石的区别？32.遗迹化石的研究方法有哪些？33.遗迹化石有哪些种类？34.遗迹化石具备哪些性质？35.遗迹化石的描述方法？选煤工程设计思路与进展(2014. 4. 29)36.简述我国煤炭资源分布有何特点？37.简要说明我国选煤现状？3&简要说明我国选煤设备发展现状39.选煤厂工程设计主要有哪几个阶段？40.选煤厂车间设备布置遵循原则是什么？煤岩剪切变形及其结构演化(2014. 4. 20)41.当煤层围岩为沉积岩时，煤层为什么却发生了变质和变形作用？42.与构造岩的分类相比，构造煤的分类有什么不同？43.煤岩为有机岩，能否向无机岩转化？其转化的条件是什么？44.煤岩为什么易发生剪切变形，其剪切变形特征有哪些？45.煤岩构造变形是否影响到微-纳米结构的变化？改进的Anderson断层模式及在裂陷盆地中的应用(2014. 4. 7)46.Anderson断层模式的假设前提是什么？47.Anderson断层模式在应用屮发现存在哪些问题？48.什么是“摩尔空间” ？49.用改进的Anderson断层模式如何解释裂陷盆地复杂断裂系统的成因机制？50.改进的Anderson断层模式对经典断层模式的改进表现在哪几个方面？SVC和STATC0M应用于提髙交直流混联电网稳定性和抑制次同步振荡(2014. 3. 29)51.HVDC引起次同步振荡的可能來源主要有哪些？52.电网的静态电压稳定性和暂态电压稳定性分别指什么？53.按照传统方式两套直接并联运行的独立控制的SVC之间出现无功振荡的原因？54.SVC抑制次同步谐振是通过什么原理实现的？55.为什么电网需要动态无功电压支撑？低渗透油气储层裂缝的分布规律与预测评价方法(2014. 3. 27)56.储层裂缝有哪些成因类型？57.储层裂缝有哪些控制因素？5&拉张裂缝和扩张裂缝形成的地质条件哟哟什么差异？59.裂缝在致密低渗透储层中的作用有哪些？60.储层裂缝的预测方法有哪几类？根据气候条件设计一如何建造适合当地气候坏境的绿色建筑(2014. 3. 17)61.绿色建筑的特征是什么？62.为什么要做轻质建筑呢？63.绿色建筑为什么要大量使用钢材？64.中国政府对待绿色建筑的态度是什么？65.如何看待清华的节能楼？当代中国文化软实力构建与大学的文化担当(2013. 12.3)66.建构当代中国文化软实力的重要意义？67.如何理解文化软实力是综合国力的重要组成部分？6&如何理解道德是文化软实力的制高点？69.大学在中国文化软实力建构过程中的地位？70.大学生在当代中国文化软实力建构中的责任？中国共产党与中国梦(2013. 11. 19)71.中国梦的基本概念是什么？72.孔子的大同世界思想的内容是什么？73.陈独秀的新社会理想是什么样子的？74.中国共产党靠什么实现了救国救民的梦想？75.如何理解党中央的富民强国战略？Novel Tailings Management Technologies (2013. 11. 15)76.传统的尾矿处理方式是什么？77.使用尾矿库处理尾矿会对坏境产生哪些危害？78.新型的尾矿处理方法有哪些？79.尾矿根据其颗粒粒径的组成分为儿类？80.固结尾矿的技术有哪些？岩石力学若干进展与面临挑战(2013. 11. 13)81.我国目前试验技术的发展如何？82.我国关于岩石力学的数值分析方法有哪些？83.岩石力学发展面临的挑战有哪些？84.我国学者过去30年对岩石力学的研究情况是怎样的？85.中国岩石力学的研究现状是怎样的？注：本参考题适用于2014年12月综合考试(口试)；口试时专家将根据研究牛的选题情况、所学专业等参考此有关的参考题进行提问。

哈尔滨工业大学招工作人员员考试笔试试题
一、填空题（20分）（顺序有点乱）
1、2015年是世界反法西斯、抗日战争多少周年？
2、高校德育内容
3、严格要求与尊重信任相结合原则
4、中国最早的军事著作
5、四大名著中，代表清朝最高艺术成就的是？
6、高校德育的基本途径
7、不记得了
8、不记得了
9、不记得了
10、文房四宝
二、简答题（20分）
1、高校德育的主要任务
2、社会主义核心价值观首次提出在哪次会议？具体内涵是？
3、辅导员的工作要求
4、三严三实
三、论述题（60分）
1、校训是什么？结合我校校训设计主题教育方案
2、高校创新创业教育的症结，及如何面对
3、辅导员如何面对毕业生离校的黑色5月？。

中国科学院2016年博士研究生入学考试试题（生态学B）
一、名词解释（6*5分=30）
1、偏利共栖
2、Gaia假说
3、林德曼效率
4、拮抗作用
5、尺度推绎
6、生长呼吸
二、简述（3*10分=30）
1、简述森林生态系统与CO2交换（通量）的主要过程及其主要生物物理驱动机制。

2、生态对策？举例说明R/K对策者的差异性。

3、利用生态学原理，简述“封育”对草地生态系统碳循环影响。

三、论述（2*20分=40）
1、人类活动引起全球变化降水格局，对干旱和半干旱地区生态系统影响深刻。

试论降水属性（降水强度、降水频率、降水时间）的变化
对草地生产力季节和年际变异的影响。

2、生态系统由生产者、消费者、分解者组成。

请以草地生态系统为例，试论如何进行可持续的草地管理才能提高各组分的生态服务功能。

哈尔滨工业大学自主招生综合素质评价面试及试题指导一．哈尔滨工业大学综合素质评价性面试形式（一）.个人陈述答辩式1.一对一谈话形式面试多轮一对一面试的形式，通常为考生与面试官一对一交流，并进行多轮，通常是三到五轮，类似车轮战，每轮的面试官都会为考生的表现独立打分，最后结果是综合各轮分数给出考生面试得分。

2.多对一谈话形式面试多对一（三对一）面试即一位考生同时面对三位或多位主考官，回答提问后综合几位考官的打分，给出考生的一个平均分作为考生面试得分。

3.多对一谈话形式面试多对多面试即多位考生同时面对多位考官，考生分成若干小组，每小组抽题，无组织自由参与问题的讨论。

考官考察每位考生在自由讨论中的表现，分别给每位考生打分。

个人陈诉答辩需注意的以下几点：面试时按10-20人分成大组，每次进入1名考生，接受3-5名面试官的集体面试，面试时间为每人10分钟。

首先进行自我介绍，接着考官会从考生的基本情况开始提问。

如：高中时学习情况如何？与老师和同学们关系？平时回家都做些什么农活？家里有没有兄弟姐妹？要报考这所学校的初衷是什么？等等，此时考生如实作答即可。

如果考生较多的情况下，可能就不了解最基本的情况，一般对考生基本情况的了解不会超过十五分钟。

如果时间充足，就会进入到考生基本素质的测试阶段。

主考官会就考生的知识储备、学习能力、心理素质等诸多方面的问题进行提问。

多数采取考官临场提问的方式，这些问题都比较开放，不需要考生思考和计算就能回答的问题。

比如，请谈谈你如何体现自己生活中的幸福感？你对琼瑶的小说有什么看法？等等。

考官也可能会准备一些题目，在面试的时候，要求考生回答这些问题。

为了公平、公正，在面试时，学校一般给考生一次更换题目的机会，但是，更换题目往往会对考生的得分情况产生负面的影响，所以，如果能够作答，尽可能的不要更换题目。

(二).场景化面试场景面试一般用于英语场景测试中，即考官给出一个对话的场景，让多个考生共同参与。

第一套:1．设 : R ×R R 连续且 ),(x t f n →n 0)0,(=t f . 对微分方程 ),(x t f dtdx = 分别叙述其零解的稳定，渐近稳定的定义。

2．判断下列微分方程的零解的稳定性 （1） ,22x y x dt dx ++−= （2） ,sin 2y x dtdx −−=.2y x y x dt dy −−−= .432xy y x dt dy −+−=3．证明系统 y xy x dtdx ++=22,4252x yx y dt dy ++−= 没有非常数周期解。

4．以R ∈μ为参数讨论系统 ,yz y x dtdx +−=μ ,22z y x dtdy ++=μ,522z x x z dt dz +−−= 的零解的稳定性和周期解的存在性。

第二套：1．设 : R ×R R 连续且 ),(x t f n →n 0)0,(=t f . 对微分方程 ),(x t f dtdx = 分别叙述其零解的稳定，渐近稳定和不稳定的定义。

2．判断下列微分方程的零解的稳定性 （1） ,2x y x dt dx ++−= （2） ,sin 2y x dtdx −−=.2y x y x dt dy −−−= .343y x y x dt dy −+−= 3．证明系统 .532y xy x dtdx ++=,552x yx y dt dy ++−= 不存在非常数周期解。

4．以R ∈μ为参数讨论系统 ,yz y x dtdx +−=μ ,2y y x dtdy ++=μ,522z x x z dt dz +−−= 的零解的稳定性和周期解的存在性。

5． 讨论向量场 ,52x y x dtdx −=,2x y dt dy +−= 的零解的稳定性。

哈工大博士申请考核英语测试知乎全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Insights into the Harbin Institute of Technology Doctoral Application Assessment English Test on ZhihuIntroductionZhihu, a popular question-and-answer platform in China, has been a valuable resource for applicants seeking insights into the Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) doctoral application assessment, specifically the English test. In this article, we will explore the common questions, strategies, and experiences shared by users on Zhihu regarding the HIT doctoral application assessment English test.Common QuestionsOne of the most common questions asked on Zhihu is about the format and content of the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Many users seek information about the types of questions, topics covered, and the level of difficulty of the test. Others inquire about the scoring criteria and how they can prepare effectively.StrategiesZhihu users often share their strategies for preparing for the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Some recommend focusing on improving vocabulary and grammar skills, while others suggest practicing reading and writing exercises to enhance comprehension and expression. Additionally, some users advise taking mock tests to familiarize themselves with the format and time constraints of the actual exam.ExperiencesMany Zhihu users also share their experiences of taking the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. Some describe the test as challenging but manageable with sufficient preparation, while others highlight the importance of time management during the exam. Overall, users emphasize the significance of thorough preparation and practice in achieving success in the test.ConclusionIn conclusion, Zhihu serves as a valuable platform for applicants seeking information and insights into the HIT doctoral application assessment English test. By addressing commonquestions, sharing strategies, and recounting experiences, users on Zhihu contribute to a better understanding of the test and help future applicants prepare effectively.篇2As one of the most prestigious universities in China, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) has a rigorous admission process for its doctoral program. One of the key components of this process is the English test, which is designed to assess the English proficiency of applicants.The English test for HIT's doctoral program is typically a comprehensive examination that covers all aspects of the language, including reading, writing, speaking, and listening. The purpose of this test is to ensure that applicants have the necessary language skills to successfully complete their studies at the university.The reading section of the English test usually consists of a series of passages on various topics, followed by a set of questions that test the applicant's comprehension and understanding of the material. This section is designed to assess the applicant's ability to read and comprehend academic texts, which is essential for success in a doctoral program.The writing section of the test typically requires applicants to write an essay on a given topic. This section is used to evaluate the applicant's ability to express ideas clearly and cohesively in written form. Applicants are expected to demonstrate their ability to organize their thoughts, support their arguments with evidence, and produce well-structured and coherent essays.The speaking section of the English test is designed to evaluate the applicant's oral communication skills. Applicants may be required to participate in a structured conversation, give a presentation, or respond to questions from an interviewer. This section assesses the applicant's ability to communicate effectively in English and demonstrate their fluency and confidence in speaking.The listening section of the test is designed to assess the applicant's ability to understand spoken English. Applicants may be required to listen to a series of recordings or lectures and answer questions based on what they hear. This section tests the applicant's ability to comprehend spoken English, follow complex instructions, and extract relevant information from aural sources.Overall, the English test for HIT's doctoral program is designed to assess the applicant's language proficiency andreadiness for graduate-level studies. Applicants are expected to demonstrate a high level of competence in all aspects of the language in order to qualify for admission to the university.In conclusion, the English test for HIT's doctoral program is an important component of the admission process and plays a crucial role in determining the eligibility of applicants. Applicants who are serious about pursuing a doctoral degree at HIT should prepare thoroughly for the English test and demonstrate their language proficiency to the best of their abilities.篇3Applying for a doctoral program at Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) is a rigorous process, especially when it comes to the English exam. Known for its high academic standards and cutting-edge research, HIT attracts top scholars and researchers from around the world. In this article, we will delve into the details of the English test for the HIT doctoral application, providing insights and tips for prospective applicants.The English test for the HIT doctoral application is designed to assess the candidates' language proficiency and academic readiness for graduate studies. The test typically consists of four sections: listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Each sectionevaluates different aspects of the candidates' English skills and poses unique challenges.The listening section tests the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts, such as academic lectures, discussions, and presentations. Candidates are required to listen to audio recordings and answer questions based on the content. This section assesses not only the candidates' listening skills but also their critical thinking and analytical abilities.The reading section evaluates the candidates' reading comprehension skills and their ability to analyze and interpret complex texts. Candidates are given academic articles, research papers, and other texts related to their field of study and asked to answer questions or write a summary. This section tests the candidates' ability to understand and critique scholarly work, as well as their knowledge of academic vocabulary and conventions.The writing section assesses the candidates' ability to communicate effectively in written English. Candidates are required to write essays, research proposals, or other academic papers on specific topics. This section tests the candidates' writing skills, including their ability to organize ideas coherently,support arguments with evidence, and use proper grammar and punctuation.The speaking section evaluates the candidates' oral communication skills and their ability to express their ideas fluently and convincingly. Candidates are required to participate in a speaking test, where they may be asked to discuss a given topic, present their research interests, or engage in a mock academic conversation. This section tests the candidates' speaking fluency, pronunciation, and ability to engage in academic discourse.In order to excel in the English test for the HIT doctoral application, candidates should focus on improving their language skills in all four areas. They can practice listening to English podcasts, reading academic articles, writing essays, and speaking English with native speakers or language partners. Additionally, candidates can take online English courses, attend language workshops, or seek feedback from teachers or tutors to enhance their English proficiency.Moreover, candidates should familiarize themselves with the format and requirements of the English test for the HIT doctoral application. They can review sample questions, practice mock tests, and seek advice from current students or alumni who havegone through the application process. By understanding the expectations of the test and preparing effectively, candidates can increase their chances of success and demonstrate their readiness for doctoral studies at HIT.In conclusion, the English test for the HIT doctoral application is a crucial component of the admissions process, as it assesses the candidates' language proficiency and academic preparedness. By focusing on improving their listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills, candidates can enhance their performance in the English test and showcase their abilities to excel in graduate studies at HIT. With dedication, practice, and perseverance, prospective applicants can conquer the English test and pave the way for a successful academic journey at one of China's top universities.。

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still ―frontier forests,‖ defined a s relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as ―frontier‖ because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. ―There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,‖ says research associa te Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are ―on the edge‖; 28 countries with ―not much time‖; and only eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, ―only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as fro ntier forest qualifies today.‖Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. ―Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,‖ says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms. What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extraction. ―It’s possible to restore frontiers,‖ says Bryant, ―but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.‖1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B. The history of ecology.C. The forest map in the past.D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2. The word ―unveiled‖ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A. They keep climate stable.B. They enhance timber industry.C. They provide people with unique scenery.D. They are of various types.4. The phrase ―on the edge‖ in Paragraph 5 probably means________.A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to________.A travel to other places through the short –cutB exploit more forest landC find directions easilyD protect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed;the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable. Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6. The sentence ―This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries‖ means that________.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7. The local authorities are_________.A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 If paper is to be recycled,________.A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9. British dairies are________.A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottlesD reusing their old glass bottles10. The environmentalists think that________.A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC too much plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by ―land value‖. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. ―Putting land to its highest and best use‖ becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the ―vertical‖ growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have to radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum ―psychological elbow room‖. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.The principal unit in this process is ―IM‖(one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The ―man-educated‖ man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.The highly-developed technology has made man________.A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD able to save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the ―vertical‖ growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of the town’s transportation systemC bring the same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16 the main purpose of the author is to_______. .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC point out the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17 the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must_______.A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C be economically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like.Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters20 each of the following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher cla w is supported by information in the passage except________.A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixthstage.21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C. A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster ships was designed to_______.A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment23 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are________.A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetricalC more likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of developmentC the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as________.A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likely in view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentationPassage 5Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Profes sor Zuckerkandl, in his book ―Sound and Symbol‖, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not atvariance with Einstein’s theories, since the ―faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26 the ―sound‖ in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.A the music of the spheresB music in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons27 The passage supports the inference that_______.A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is________.A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculativeD speculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B. New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkand1’sB plan for time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon tracesD attempt to improve current notation31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics is a_______.A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physicsD difficult field of study32 in the first sentence, the author refers to ―philosopher‖ as well as to ―scientist‖because________.A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33 when the passage says the ―particle called the tachyon may exist‖, the reader may infer that_________.A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.The term ―remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images was the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began to construct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions underwhich rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?A. The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.B. Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.C. The degree of radioactivity emitted by exposed rocks on the earth’s surface.D. Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.35 A major disadvantage of photographic imaging in geologic mapping is that such photography_________.A cannot be used at nightB cannot focus on the details of a geologic areaC must be chemically processedD is always enhanced by digital reconstruction36 Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that the former_______.A reveal the exact size of petroleum deposits and ore depositsB indicate the continuity of features that might not otherwise be interpreted as continuousC predict the movements of glaciersD provide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral deposits37.the passage provides information about all of the following topics except.A the principle method of geologic remote sensing prior to the mid-1960s。

课程综合考试，合计分数70分一、判断题（正确打√标记，错误打×标记，每题1分，共10分）1．（√）传感器的阈值，实际上就是传感器在零点附近的分辨力。

2．（×）某位移传感器的测量量程为1 mm，分辨力为0. 001 mm，这说明传感器的灵敏度很高，其灵敏度为0.1%。

3．（×）传感器A采用最小二乘法拟合算得线性度为±0.6%，传感器B采用端点直线法算得线性度为±0.8%，则可以肯定传感器A的线性度优于传感器B。

4．（×）无论何种传感器，若要提高灵敏度，必然会增加非线性误差。

5．（×）幅频特性优良的传感器，其动态范围大，故可以用于高精度测量。

6．（×）如果电容传感器的电缆丢失了，更换另一根电缆后，可以不必对测量系统重新进行标定，也可直接使用。

7．（×）压电式力传感器既可以测量静态力，也可以测量动态力。

8．（√）热电偶的工作机理是导体的热电效应，而热电势的产生必须具备两个条件，即两种导体材质不同且两个节点的温度不同。

9．（×）由于光敏电阻的光照特性是非线性的，因此不宜用做测量元件。

但由于光敏电阻的响应时间很短，因此可以用做高速光电开关。

10．（×）光纤是利用光的折射原理工作的，光纤由纤芯和包层构成，且纤芯的折射率小于包层的折射率。

二、选择题（请选择一个适合的答案，每小题1分，本题共10分）1．（①）车间条件下测量大型机床工作台的位移（行程为20 m)，可采用：①光栅传感器；②电容传感器；③电涡流传感器。

2．（②）为一个旋转式机械分度装置增加数显系统，可采用的角度传感器为：①增量式编码器；②绝对式编码器；③电容传感器。

3．（①）对生产流水线上的塑料零件进行自动计数，可采用的传感器为：①光电传感器；②霍尔传感器；③电涡流传感器。

4．（②）在线测量高速回转零件的主轴径向偏摆量，可采用：①差动变压器；②电涡流传感器；③压电式传感器。

哈尔滨工业大学自主招生综合素质评价面试及试题指导一．哈尔滨工业大学综合素质评价性面试形式（一）.个人陈述答辩式1.一对一谈话形式面试多轮一对一面试的形式，通常为考生与面试官一对一交流，并进行多轮，通常是三到五轮，类似车轮战，每轮的面试官都会为考生的表现独立打分，最后结果是综合各轮分数给出考生面试得分。

2.多对一谈话形式面试多对一（三对一）面试即一位考生同时面对三位或多位主考官，回答提问后综合几位考官的打分，给出考生的一个平均分作为考生面试得分。

3.多对一谈话形式面试多对多面试即多位考生同时面对多位考官，考生分成若干小组，每小组抽题，无组织自由参与问题的讨论。

考官考察每位考生在自由讨论中的表现，分别给每位考生打分。

个人陈诉答辩需注意的以下几点：面试时按10-20人分成大组，每次进入1名考生，接受3-5名面试官的集体面试，面试时间为每人10分钟。

首先进行自我介绍，接着考官会从考生的基本情况开始提问。

如：高中时学习情况如何？与老师和同学们关系？平时回家都做些什么农活？家里有没有兄弟姐妹？要报考这所学校的初衷是什么？等等，此时考生如实作答即可。

如果考生较多的情况下，可能就不了解最基本的情况，一般对考生基本情况的了解不会超过十五分钟。

如果时间充足，就会进入到考生基本素质的测试阶段。

主考官会就考生的知识储备、学习能力、心理素质等诸多方面的问题进行提问。

多数采取考官临场提问的方式，这些问题都比较开放，不需要考生思考和计算就能回答的问题。

比如，请谈谈你如何体现自己生活中的幸福感？你对琼瑶的小说有什么看法？等等。

考官也可能会准备一些题目，在面试的时候，要求考生回答这些问题。

为了公平、公正，在面试时，学校一般给考生一次更换题目的机会，但是，更换题目往往会对考生的得分情况产生负面的影响，所以，如果能够作答，尽可能的不要更换题目。

(二).场景化面试场景面试一般用于英语场景测试中，即考官给出一个对话的场景，让多个考生共同参与。

黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题一、词汇1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs.a. punishedb. bewilderedc. encouragedd. taught2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell.a. lookedb. stumbledc. pushedd. impulses3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family.a. severedb. limitedc. closedd. ignored4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong.a. prophecyb. dreamc. praised. wish5. I found the lecture boring and ____.a. reflectiveb. relevantc. repetitived. raw6. He ____ something she didn't quite catch.a. nosedb. murmuredc. spoked. planned7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____.a. movementb. collisionc. shiverd. vibration8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour.a. tastefulb. tastyc. tastedd. tasteless9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time.a. persistentb. tiresomec. dulld. troublesome10. Man's first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring.a. notorietyb. featurec. featd. livelihood11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses.a. attainedb. imaginedc. associatedd. assumed12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to.a. committedb. inclinedc. intendedd. subjected13. I have a little money away for the long winter.a. lainb. laidc. liedd. lay14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century.a. ancientb. originalc. primitived. raw15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour.a. experienceb. impressionc. pageantd. site16. The government paid the farmers for their potato .a. shortageb. surplusc. dearthd. demand17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.a. being acted onb. acting onc. to be acted ond. to act on18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture.a. dispensedb. discardedc. disposedd. discharged19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude.a. energeticb. livelyc. listlessd. active20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.a. surrenderedb. releasedc. abandonedd. discussed二、填空The greatest recent social changes have been 11 the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the 12 of a woman’s life spent in 13 for children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been inher 14 twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or fivelived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother 15 have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get 16 work. Today women marry younger and have 17 children . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-fiveand can be 18 to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirementat sixty. Even 19 she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliancesand convenience foods.This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effecton women’s economic 20 . Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usuallyleft work at once and never 21 to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls 22at school after that age, and though women 23 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards returnto full-or part-time work, Such changes have 24 to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the 25 and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, accordingto the abilities and interests of each of them.21. A of B for C in D to22. A amount B share C proportion D time23. A attending B caring C looking D minding24. A mid B medium C average D middle25. A could B might C should D would26. A paying B paid C payable D payment27. A less B fewer C few D a few28. A expected B hoped C likely D longed29. A if B as C while D when30. A situation B stand C position D aspect31. A came B went C returned D clung32. A are left B keep C are D stay33. A intend B tend C mean D consider34. A led up B led C resulted D caused35. A problems B issues C duties D jobs三、阅读Passage 1In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games .A. were merely national athletic festivalsB. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD. were primarily national events with few foreign participants37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games .A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take partC. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the GamesD. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics .A. has not definitely been establishedB. varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were heldD. was considered unimportant39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because .A. the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB. they are much betterC. details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD. they are much worse40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid forA. out of the prize money of the winnersB. out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC. by the athletes themselvesD. by contributionsPassage 2Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air, anticyclones（高气压）generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds.Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way.Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes.Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture.41. Anticyclones .A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging cloudsB. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging cloudsC. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weatherD. always occur when it is fine and clear42. Air masses are formed when .A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristicsB. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meetC. distinctive properties are developed in the air bodyD. large bodies of air began to move in different directions43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means .A. hotB. strongC. moistD. oceanic44. Fronts .A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by sideB. refers to the eastern coast of North AmericaC. are warm maritime tropical air massesD. refers to narrow tropical air masses45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, .A. it becomes extremely coldB. the air becomes moistC. the weather becomes fine and dryD. it begins to snow or rainPassage 3There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel.Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe.About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims（朝圣者）, and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world.The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere.As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world.46. Travelling for pleasure .A. can be traced back to the 12th century travellingB. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was builtC. was almost non-existent during the Middle AgesD. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel .A. went side by side with the development of economyB. was quicker when there was no warC. played a leading role in British expansion and colonizationD. stimulated industrial development and international exchange48. The largest hotel is .A. the Savoy Hotel in LondonB. the Ritz in ParisC. Hotel Russia in MoscowD. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago49. The Ritz is admired for .A. its important location in LondonB. its luxuries and various servicesC. its founder's leading role in hotel developmentD. its popularity among travellers50. The third paragraph focuses on .A. the growing size of hotelsB. hotel development in North America and RussiaC. the development of hotel in the 19th centuryD. the history of hotel industry in AmericaPassage 4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people willbe dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems .A. may be completely solved at sometime in the futureB. are unimportant and easily dealt withC. will not be solved until a new building material has been discoveredD. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future52. The writer is certain that in the distant future .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been inventedC. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century .A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts .A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possibleC. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. Forus, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankind.57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny" in Para.3 is .A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolutionB. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brainC. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophesD. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following except .A. a decrease in birth ratesB. opposition to the use of pesticidesC. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicalsD. an increase in the military budget by the president59. The author is in favor of the opinion that .A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoplesB. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent themD. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible.Passage 6The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is calledGondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge.B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust.C. The location of the Earth's major plates.D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement.61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the .A. upper mantleB. ocean floorC. crustD. asthenosphere62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following?A. Lava flowing from a volcano.B. A boat floating on the water.C. A fish swimming in a pond.D. The erosion of rocks by running water.63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when .A. Pangaea was createdB. plate movement ceasedC. Gondwanaland collided with PangaeaD. parts of Laurasia separated from each64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists.B. It was first proposed in the 1960's.C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses .A. why certain geological events happen where they doB. how geological occurrences have changed over the yearsC. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's historyD. the latest innovations in geological measurementPassage 6For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevent the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical pcedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatment and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate ove three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries our time.。

哈尔滨工业大学第 1 页
共 1 页二○○六年硕士研究生考试试题（回忆要点）
考试科目：半导体物理报考专业：微电子学与固体电子学
考试科目代码：[ 406 ]
考生注意：答案务必写在答题纸上，并标明题号.答在试题上无效.
一. 解释下列名词或概念:
1.状态密度 6. 光电导增益
2.直接复合与间接复合 7. 准费米能级
3.受主杂质与施主杂质 8. 本征吸收
4.热载流子 9. 光电子发射效率(内部,外部)
5.光电导敏度
二．分别化出硅、锗和砷化镓的能带结构、并指出各自的特点
三．简述半导体的散射机制。

四．以下p型和mos结构为例,说明的能测得的c-v特性曲线,如果有Na+影响又如何?如何测定平带电压以及如何用实验的方法求出SiO2层中Na+密度。

五．连续性方程。

（《半导体物理》刘秉升课本例题）。

哈尔滨工业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Vocabulary and Structure(36points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.Foreach sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choosethe one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she________too long.A.has been readingB.had readC.is readingD.read2.Niagara Falls is a great tourist________,drawing millionsof visitors every year.A.attentionB.attractionC.appointmentD.arrangement3.The hopes,goals,fears and desires________widely betweenmen and women,between the rich and the poor.Geng duo yuan xiao wanzheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.alterB.shiftC.transferD.vary4.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it________in Cuba.A.being cultivatedB.been cultivatedC.having cultivatedD.cultivating5.The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience________on benches,chairs or boxes.A.having seatedB.seatingC.seatedD.having been seated6.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ________comfortably.A.is wornB.wearsC.wearingD.are worn7.Some diseases are________by certain water animals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted8.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders________ will happen to her private life.A.thatB.whatC.itD.this9.—“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o’clock tonight?”—“I’m sorry.Mr.Williams________to a conference long before then.”A.will have goneB.had goneC.would have goneD.has gone10.You________him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A.shouldn’t followB.mustn’t followC.couldn’t have been followingD.shouldn’t have been following11.We agreed to accept________they thought was the best tourist guide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever12.It is our________policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A.consistentB.continuousC.considerateD.continual13.Between1974and1997,the number of overseas visitors expanded________27%.A.byB.forC.toD.in14.Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful________it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A.by whichB.to whichC.in thatD.so that15.He is________about his chances of winning a gold medal inthe Olympics next year.A.optimisticB.optionalC.outstandingD.obvious16.Sometimes I wish I________in a different time and a different place.A.be livingB.were livingC.would livedD.would have lived17.The director was critical________the way we were doing the work.A.atB.inC.ofD.with18.In a sudden________of anger,the man tore up everything within reach.A.attackB.burstC.splitD.blast19.________she realized it was too late to go home.A.No sooner it grew dark thanB.Hardly did it grow dark thatC.Scarcely had it grown dark thanD.It was not until dark that20.In Britain people________four million tons of potatoes every year.A.swallowB.disposeC.consumeD.exhaust21.I’d________his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community,and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out22.It is essential that these application forms________back as early as possible.A.must be sentB.will be sentC.are sentD.be sent23.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it________enough to eat.dB.slightC.lightD.tender24.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough________.A.nuisanceB.troubleC.worryD.anxiety25.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you ________you need.A.all the informationB.all the informationsC.all of informationD.all of the information26.Young people are not________to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A.conservativeB.contentC.confidentD.generous27.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairlycriticized and argue that the power of the medium is________.A.grantedB.impliedC.exaggeratedD.remedied28.I have no objection________your story again.A.to hearB.to hearingC.to having heardD.to have heard29.The clothes a person wears may express his________or social position.A.curiosityB.statusC.determinationD.significance30.You will see this product________wherever you go.A.to be advertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising31.The early pioneers had to________many hardships to settle on the new land.A.go along withB.go back onC.go throughD.go into32.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,________ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what33.I didn’t know the word.I had to________a dictionary.A.look outB.make outC.refer toD.go over34.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds________ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A.to be based onB.to base onC.which to base onD.on which to base35.There are signs________restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.thatB.whichC.in whichD.whose36.It is said that the math teacher seems________towards bright students.A.partialB.beneficialC.preferableD.liable(D)本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。