下载文档原格式
Quantum Mechanics and ApplicationsQuantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic levels. It is a framework for describing the behavior of particles that are too small to be observed directly and for predicting their interactions with one another and with their environment. As a field, quantum mechanics has led to many groundbreaking discoveries and has revolutionized our understanding of the physical world.In this article, we will explore some of the key concepts of quantum mechanics and their applications in modern technology.Wave-Particle DualityOne of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics is wave-particle duality. Simply put, this means that particles like electrons and photons can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like behavior, depending on how they are observed. This concept was first proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1924 and has since been confirmed through numerous experiments.One of the most famous experiments that demonstrates wave-particle duality is the double-slit experiment. In this experiment, a beam of electrons or photons is fired at a screen with two slits. Behind the screen, a detector records the pattern of interference that is created by the particles passing through the slits and interfering with each other. This pattern is characteristic of waves rather than particles and demonstrates the wave-like nature of the particles.Quantum SuperpositionAnother fundamental concept of quantum mechanics is quantum superposition. This refers to the ability of particles to exist in multiple states or locations simultaneously. This idea is often illustrated using the famous thought experiment of Schrödinger's cat, in which a cat is placed in a box with a vial of poison that will be released if a particular radioactive atom decays. According to the principles of quantum mechanics, until the boxis opened and the cat is observed, it is in a state of superposition, in which it is both alive and dead at the same time.Quantum superposition is key to the field of quantum computing, which is a new method of processing information that promises to be much faster than classical computing. In a quantum computer, data is stored in quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously. This allows quantum computers to perform certain calculations much more quickly than classical computers.Quantum EntanglementAnother key concept of quantum mechanics is quantum entanglement. This refers to the phenomenon in which two particles become correlated in such a way that the properties of one particle are dependent on the properties of the other, even when the particles are separated by large distances.Quantum entanglement is a key component of quantum cryptography, which is a method of secure communication that relies on the principles of quantum mechanics. In quantum cryptography, information is encoded using qubits, which are then transmitted over long distances. Because the qubits are entangled, any attempt to intercept or measure them will cause them to become disturbed, alerting the receiver to the presence of an eavesdropper.Applications of Quantum MechanicsThe concepts of quantum mechanics have led to many practical applications in modern technology. One of the most well-known applications is the laser, which uses the principles of quantum mechanics to produce a beam of coherent light.Another important application of quantum mechanics is in the field of medicine. For example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses the principles of quantum mechanics to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. In an MRI machine, the patient is exposed to a strong magnetic field, which causes the protons in their body to become aligned with the field. When a radio wave is then applied to the patient, the protons release energy, which is detected by the MRI machine and used to produce an image.ConclusionIn conclusion, quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of physics that has revolutionized our understanding of the physical world. Its concepts of wave-particle duality, quantum superposition, and quantum entanglement have led to many practical applications in modern technology, from lasers to medicine. As our understanding of quantum mechanics continues to develop, it is likely that we will see even more exciting applications in the years to come.。
包装工程第45卷第3期·292·PACKAGING ENGINEERING2024年2月收稿日期：2023-04-22 复合材料气密包装箱设计及试验验证雷雪媛，余家泉，赵鹏飞，丛彦超，张家骏（中国运载火箭技术研究院，北京100076）摘要：目的为适应产品集装化大批量输送、环境适应性强、快速保障的需要，研究轻质高强复合材料气密包装箱设计方案。
方法首先进行包装箱设计需求分析，明晰包装箱设计要点。
其次，分别从性能、结构、工艺三方面开展设计。
基于复合材料设计特点，采用系统最优的设计思路进行增强材料、基体材料和芯材料的设计及选型，提出箱体设计方法。
针对内装物长期存储问题，提出气密包装箱关键密封结构设计方法。
基于低导热系数聚氨酯保温材料，进行包装箱保温结构设计，满足包装箱在恶劣自然环境下的保温要求。
结合包装箱低成本设计要求，提出包装箱真空导流工艺技术路线。
结果包装箱承压能力可以达到20 kPa以上，可适应高温55 ℃、低温−50 ℃的使用环境，充气后72 h压降不大于10%，同时可以满足堆码、吊装及叉装工作要求。
结论该复合材料包装箱可以适应产品快速、高效保障的需求，有广阔的市场前景和推广价值。
关键词：复合材料；包装箱；气密性中图分类号：TB482.2 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1001-3563(2024)03-0292-07DOI：10.19554/ki.1001-3563.2024.03.034Design and Experimental Verification of Composite Material Airtight Packaging Box LEI Xueyuan, YU Jiaquan, ZHAO Pengfei, CONG Yanchao, ZHANG Jiajun(China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing 100076, China)ABSTRACT:The work aims to explore a design scheme of lightweight high-strength composite packaging boxes to meet the needs of mass transportation and strong environmental adaptability and rapid support of product containerization. Firstly, the design requirements of packaging boxes were analyzed to clarify the design points of packaging boxes. Secondly, the design was carried out from three aspects: performance, structure and process. Based on the design characteristics of composite materials, the design of reinforcing material, matrix material and core material was carried out according to the optimal design idea of the system, and the design method of boxes was proposed. Aiming at the long-term storage problem of products, the key sealing structure design of airtight packing boxes was proposed. Based on the low thermal conductivity polyurethane insulation material, the structure of packaging boxes was designed to meet the insulation requirements of packaging boxes in harsh environments. Combined with the low cost design requirements of packaging boxes, a process technology route of packaging boxes was put forward. The pressure bearing capacity of packaging boxes could reach more than 20 kPa, which could adapt to the environment of high temperature 60 ℃ and low temperature –55 ℃. The pressure drop 72 h after inflation was not more than 10%, and it could meet the requirements of stacking, hoisting and fork loading. The composite packaging boxes can meet the needs of rapid and efficient support of our military ammunition, and have broad market prospects and promotion value.KEY WORDS: composite materials; packaging box; air tight第45卷第3期雷雪媛，等：复合材料气密包装箱设计及试验验证·293·现代战争具有爆发突然、战场环境多变复杂、战争进程快、准备时限短、保障强度大等特点，产品运输是实施快速高效保障行动的基础，影响着保障速度和效率[1]。
第49卷第2期2021年1月广㊀州㊀化㊀工Guangzhou Chemical IndustryVol.49No.2Jan.2021高职‘生物制药技术“课程与国家职业标准对接的 三个结合 ∗谢承佳,陈秀清,郭双华(扬州工业职业技术学院,江苏㊀扬州㊀225127)摘㊀要:基于高职院校培养高素质技术技能型人才的定位和目标,高职教育人才培养有必要在学科体系内在逻辑的基础上达成课程标准与国家职业标准的融通㊂本文以药品生产技术专业核心课程‘生物制药技术“课程为例,在实践研究的基础上提出了高等职业教育课程与国家职业标准对接需做到三个结合:教学模块与职业功能结合㊁教学项目与岗位工作任务结合㊁教学考核与职业技能鉴定结合,以最大限度地实现学校人才培养与企业人才需求的无缝对接㊂关键词:职业标准;课程标准;技能鉴定㊀中图分类号:G710㊀文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-9677(2021)02-0123-03㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀∗基金项目:扬州工业职业技术学院2018年校级教改课题 基于 一城六区 制药产业发展的高职院校‘生物制药技术“课程标准与国家职业标准对接研究 (课题编号:2018XJJG19);扬州工业职业技术学院2016年校级教育教改课题 能力本位视阈下提升高职院校教师校本课程开发能力的研究 (课题编号:2016XJJG07)㊂第一作者:谢承佳(1982-),女,副教授,主要研究方向为教育信息化㊁教学设计等㊂Three Combinations of Biopharmaceutical Technology Course in Higher Vocational Education and National Vocational Standards ∗XIE Cheng -jia ,CHEN Xiu -qing ,GUO Shuang -hua(Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute,Jiangsu Yangzhou 225127,China)Abstract :Based on the positioning and goal of cultivating high -quality skilled talents in higher vocational colleges,it was necessary to achieve the integration of curriculum standards and national vocational standards based on the discipline system.Taking the course of Biopharmaceutical Technology as an example,on the basis of practical research,it proposed that in order to maximize the seamless connection between school personnel training and corporate talent needs,the integration of higher vocational education courses and national vocational standards needed to be combined in three ways:the combination of teaching modules and professional functions,the combination of teaching projects and job tasks,and the combination of teaching assessment and vocational skill appraisal.Key words :vocational standards;curriculum standards;skill identification‘国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)“中指出 加快建立健全政府主导㊁行业指导㊁企业参与的办学机制,推动职业教育适应经济发展方式转变和产业结构调整要求,培养大批现代化建设需要的高素质劳动者和技能型人才 [1]㊂高职院校培养的是高素质技术技能型人才,是以培养岗位技能为核心,但是,我国高等职业教育发展历史较短,职业教育培养的毕业生具备的职业素养与企业需求的职业素养有一定的差异㊂基于这样的现状,同时在长期的教学实践中,我们认识到有必要在学科体系内在逻辑的基础上达成课程标准与国家职业标准的融通㊂国家职业标准是劳动技能的衡量准则,是对从业人员在某一专业领域的职业素质最基本要求,课程标准与国家职业标准的融通,可以使更多的受教育者和培训对象的职业技能与就业岗位相适应,最大限度的实现学校人才培养与企业人才需求的对接㊂在这样的基础上,本文探讨了药品生产技术专业‘生物制药技术“课程内容与职业标准对接的问题研究,希望能指导一线教学,提高人才培养质量㊂1㊀课程概况1.1㊀专业概况在全国范围内,江苏省是医药大省㊂截至2019年底,省内正规的制药企业有超过500家[2]㊂在这样的区域经济发展背景下,我院化学工程学院在2006首次开办了化学制药技术专业,目前已经过十多年的发展㊂2016年,根据国家的相关文件,专业名称变更为药品生产技术专业㊂在本专业开办之初,秉承 市场为导向,以就业为目的,以能力为本位 的人才培养观,对制药产业及企业进行了充分调研,确定主要岗位群㊂目前,根据调研结果,药品生产技术专业主要有六大主要岗位群,包括化学药品生产岗位㊁生物药物生产岗位㊁药物制剂生产岗位㊁化工生产岗位㊁药品经营与124㊀广㊀州㊀化㊀工2021年1月管理岗位㊁药品质量控制岗位㊂对不同的岗位分析对应的工作任务,从而提炼职业能力要求㊂例如,生物药物生产岗位对应的素质能力要求主要包括 掌握生物药物生产工艺流程及环境划分㊁设备操作及质量控制等相关知识,具备生物制药的基本理论知识和岗位操作技能;具有药物制剂制备与设备维护保养能力 ,而药物制剂生产岗位则需要员工能够 掌握典型剂型的生产工艺流程,具备典型制剂制备及质量控制的操作技能;熟悉常用制剂设备的基本操作,具有常用制剂设备使用与维护能力;懂得常用仪器的使用方法;有解决药物制剂制备过程中一般性技术问题的能力 [3]㊂根据各个岗位提炼的职业能力要求,确定了学习领域,设计了 基于工作过程系统化导向 的课程体系,主要由文化课㊁专业课和拓展课三大课程模块构成㊂其中,专业课又包括专业平台课,专业模块课和综合实践课,分别对应职业通用能力㊁专项能力和综合能力㊂‘生物制药技术“课程就属于专业模块课程,旨在提高学生的职业专项能力,主要对应岗位为生物药物生产岗位㊂1.2㊀‘生物制药技术“课程概况作为药品生产技术的专业核心课程,‘生物制药技术“课程教学的主要任务是使学生熟悉生物技术的发展与基本概念㊁掌握生物制药技术的操作与相关应用㊂其前导课程为‘微生物技术及应用“‘制药过程及设备选择与操作“㊂后续课程为‘药物制剂操控“‘药物分离与纯化“㊂在‘生物制药技术“课程教授的十多年时间中,随着区域经济发展,授课团队越发感觉到课程应注重学生职业的可持续发展性,因此,有必要在国家职业标准导向下基于区域经济对高职‘生物制药技术“课程的课程标准进行改革㊂一方面,随着经济转型和产业升级,企业㊁单位用人对从业人员的职业能力要求也在不断变化㊂职业标准体现的是社会对人才的需求,而课程标准则是规定高职院校的课程如何更有效地培养出社会所需要的人才㊂因此,职业标准与课程标准以社会需要的人才为平台,前者提供社会对人才的要求,后者将人才的要求反馈到高职课程中㊂另一方面,高职院校人才培养规格也影响经济发展及产业结构㊂高校需要供给能够适应高新技术产业迅速发展和产业结构转型升级所需要的高素质㊁高技能人才,才能为区域产业结构转型升级提供保障㊂因此,高职院校人才培养规格描述的课程标准,应该具备可持续发展性㊂2㊀高职‘生物制药技术“课程与国家标准对接的 三个结合2.1㊀教学模块与职业功能结合具体职业岗位(群)的职业能力需求有其内在的层次结构,课程教学目标和课程教学内容应该根据这种 层级层次 构建不同的教学模块㊂课程教学项目模块设定的思路为:首先,根据国家职业标准中的职业功能确定项目模块范围;再结合江苏省制药产业现状和发展趋势对项目模块进行调整;之后,对职业功能中的工作内容列表分析,并基于学生的认知规律,将不同职业功能中的共同工作任务部分整合,将不同工作任务根据职业功能划分成单独模块㊂根据国家职业标准,生物制药技术方向对应的职业工种包括五大类,具体为:生化药品制造工㊁发酵工程制药工㊁疫苗制品工㊁血液制品工和基因工程产品工[4]㊂在此基础上,我们对江苏省的制药产业进行了综合考察,通过资料查阅及调查研究发现,江苏省制药产业结构分布的实际情况是:在500多家正规制药企业中,只有不超过10家为疫苗专营或兼营企业㊂结合制药技术概念界定,将疫苗制品工对应的职业要求归并至 细胞工程 教学模块;此外,考虑到产业现状与升级需求,增加 酶工程 教学模块㊂综上所述,本着区域经济发展服务的需求,根据职业功能确定教学模块为血液制品与生化分离技术㊁天然生物材料与天然药物㊁发酵工程技术与发酵药物㊁细胞工程技术与免疫技术药物㊁基因工程技术与基因药物㊁酶工程技术与生化反应制药㊂具体见图1㊂图1㊀职业功能与教学模块对应表Fig.1㊀Correspondence of professional functions andteaching modules在每一教学模块中,基于各个岗位的工作内容描述,同时充分考虑与前导课程可能存在的重复性及与后续课程存在的衔接性,制定各个模块的教学目标,并确定教学内容㊂例如,发酵工程制药工的职业描述中主要包括10个方面[3],其中,诸如 使用消毒锅或消毒柜等,对培养基㊁压缩空气或其他材料㊁设备㊁器皿等进行消毒㊁灭菌 ㊁ 采用微生物方法培养㊁制备各级生产菌种,复壮㊁选育优质高产生产菌株 等方面主要属于前导课程‘微生物技术及应用“教学范畴㊂而诸如 使用固液分离设备进行发酵液或浸提液的固液分离 ㊁ 使用溶剂或交换树脂等进行有效药用成分的提取和纯化 等职业能力要求也是后续课程‘药物分离与纯化“的教学目标㊂因此,综合考虑后将发酵工程技术与发酵药物这一个模块的教学目标确定为:了解发酵工程技术的概念,掌握发酵工程制药的一般工艺流程及技术特点,熟悉主要的发酵技术药物及生产工艺㊂并以典型发酵工程产品,包括抗生素㊁维生素㊁氨基酸等为教学载体,通过这些药品生产工艺的讲解达到职业标准中 操作发酵设备和控制仪器㊁仪表,根据发酵代谢指标适当调节发酵工艺条件,完成发酵 加入工具酶和中间体,控制工艺条件,完成抗生素的酶解㊁转化工序 等职业能力要求㊂2.2㊀教学项目与岗位工作任务结合将真实工作任务融入教学体系已成为高职院校课程开发和改革的共识[5-6]㊂考虑到与地区医药产业发展相适应的问题,需要确定合适的工作任务以便实现情境与岗位对接㊂而实施基于正式工作工程的项目,其目标是引导学生处于一个自己想要去了解的境地,让学生能以相对积极的态度去做原本可能并不喜欢做的东西,在完成相关项目的过程中重新构建知识㊂通过一门课程所呈现的多个教学项目的实施和训练,实现学生从 学生 到 企业员工 身份的转变,发展职业能力㊂以 青霉素的发酵生产 这一教学项目为例㊂青霉素高效㊁低毒㊁临床应用广泛,是人类历史上发现的第一种抗生素,也是学生在生活中经常能接触到的一类药品㊂通过微生物发酵是生产青霉素的主要途径之一,其工艺控制难度较大,但对于其他抗生素类药品发酵工艺的学习具有示范性㊂通过与企第49卷第2期谢承佳,等:高职‘生物制药技术“课程与国家职业标准对接的 三个结合 125㊀业沟通确定职业能力需求,结合参考‘药品生产质量管理规范“及发酵制药工职业标准,确定教学重点及教学目标(见表1)㊂同时,结合企业生产示例设定教学情境:东方梦想科技园生物工程有限公司是完全按照GMP要求建造的现代化生物工程公司,拥有设施先进的研发中心,发酵车间,生物分离车间,三废处理车间,动力车间,大型仓库等,公司具有8个200顿的发酵罐,青霉素年产量为2100吨㊂学生是东方梦想科技园生物有限公司的一线生产操作人员,日常工作内容为青霉素的发酵生产㊂在教学实施环节,遵循正常工作流程,并考虑技能级次,确定教学顺序为 发酵环境要求 ㊁ 发酵流程认知 ㊁ 发酵参数控制 ㊁ 发酵生产对接 ㊂在实践环节,利用智慧教室及仿真软件打造虚实融合的教学环境,通过丰富的活动设计,并配合各种激励性措施和反思性活动,使真实工作任务支持学习的功能得以充分有效发挥㊂例如,在学生操作仿真软件的过程中,设定两人为一小组,模拟真实生产过程,一人扮演中控室人员,主要负责DCS操作,一人扮演工艺员,主要负责监督管理㊂通过这样的分工合作互助互提,激发团队潜能,培养学生的职业观㊂表1㊀青霉素的发酵生产教学要求Table1㊀Teaching requirements for fermentationproduction of penicillin青霉素的发酵生产教学情境学生是东方梦想科技园生物有限公司的一线操作人员,该公司青霉素年产量为2100吨教学目标知识目标:能理解青霉素发酵工艺流程,会分析各个参数之间的影响及联系;技能目标:能根据监测参数判断发酵趋势并进行正确的操作处理;素养目标:能按照岗位职责要求,遵守生产纪律,完成各项生产任务教学重点青霉素发酵的工艺操作教学难点青霉素发酵工艺参数的控制在教学项目实施过程中,结合工作情境设计教学方法㊂即:考虑在实际工作情境中知识和技能的传递情境,并充分考虑教学规律及其他客观因素,设计教学方法㊂例如,对于在实际工作岗位中以语言传递为主要方式的学习过程,可采用讲授法等;以实际感知为主的知识形成过程,在授课中可采用演示法㊁参观法㊁角色扮演法等;以实际训练为主的技能培养过程,可采用理实一体化教学㊁仿真教学等㊂此外,创新精神是企业的核心竞争力,而企业的创新来自员工的积极参与意识㊁勇气和能力㊂因此,在教学中,我们也鼓励教师多用㊁用好诸如探究法㊁讨论法等以引导探究为主的方法㊂2.3㊀教学考核与职业技能鉴定结合职业技能鉴定是国家职业资格证书制度的重要组成部分,是对劳动者从事某种职业所应掌握的技术理论知识和实际操作能力做出客观的测量和评价㊂将职业技能鉴定的相关内容融入教学考核,有助于强调学生将所学知识和技能在实践中加以应用,积极引导学生自主学习,强化学生动手能力㊁职业素养和工程意识[7]㊂首先,在理论教学方面,将教学内容的知识点与职业标准中的考点对接㊂例如,发酵制药工的职业描述之一是 采用微生物方法培养㊁制备各级生产菌种,复壮㊁选育优质高产生产菌株 ,其中涉及到的知识点包括:微生物的生长㊁接种技术㊁菌种的扩大培养㊁菌种保存㊁菌种的复壮㊁菌种的选育等,在平时的教学中,我们就将这些内容与教学案例相结合或作为单独知识点进行讲解,既避免了职业技能鉴定时再花费大量时间再进行系统培训,从而避免了教育资源的重复和浪费;又提高了学生通过职业鉴定的合格率㊂在实训基地建设方面,建设工学结合的实训基地,从而保障职业技能鉴定与高职教学活动的结合㊂我们采用 自主开发㊁校企共建 的建设模式,按照 生产型㊁职场化 的理念建成了一批集技能训练㊁项目化教学实施㊁技术开发与服务㊁社会培训与技能鉴定㊁技能竞赛㊁职业素质养成等功能于一体的完整的制药实训室体系,具体包括有机合成㊁生物发酵㊁化学制药㊁药物制剂㊁分析测试等涵盖药品生产技术的上㊁中㊁下游,其中包含两个江苏省的省级研发和测试中心㊂同时,在校外实训基地建设方面,我们也与包括江苏扬农集团有限公司㊁扬州联博药业有限公司㊁扬子江药业集团有限公司在内的紧密合作企业分地区㊁分层次建成了工学交替㊁顶岗实习㊁产学研结合的10余个校外实训实习基地㊂校内和校外实训基地的建成为有效保障了工学结合背景下职业技能鉴定与教学活动的结合㊂同时,通过良好的职业氛围,培养学生爱岗敬业㊁团结互助的职业素养㊂3㊀结㊀语综上所述,高等职业教育课程与国家职业标准的对接研究,需依据职业标准,以区域经济的实际需求为落脚点和出发点㊂在高职‘生物制药技术“课程的改革中,我们遵循此原则,做到了教学模块与职业功能结合㊁教学项目与岗位工作任务结合㊁教学考核与职业技能鉴定结合,切实提高药品生产技术专业学生的职业核心素养,为学生今后的职业发展奠定坚实的基础㊂参考文献[1]㊀国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[OL]./publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/info_list/ 201407/xxgk_171904.html?authkey=gwbux.[2]㊀国家药品监督管理局[OL]./datasearchcnda/face3/dir.html.[3]㊀国家职业技能标准编制技术规程(2018年版)[M].北京,2018.[4]㊀江苏省职业技能鉴定网[OL]./jdfww_bak/zcfg/zsglyjdsf/.[5]㊀关艳阁.现代国家职业标准导向下的高职课程改革研究[D].广州:广东技术师范学院,2015.[6]㊀戴有华,于泓,刘旭.高职机制专业课程教学内容与国家职业标准对接研究[J].职业教育研究,2013,(9):11-13.[7]㊀李慧丽.我国高职院校课程内容与职业标准对接的研究[D].上海:华东理工大学,2016.。
《高级法学英语》李剑波主编Unit 8 Section B content of an EIA 译文第一段(1-2自然段)：什么是环境影响评估，它的目的和作用是什么。
1对环境影响评价的内容的充分讨论应当建立在理解它的目的的基础之上。
《埃斯波公约》将环境影响评价描述为“评估一项提议可能会对环境造成的影响的程序”。
这类环境影响评估的目的是，当国家决策者要决定是否批准某活动以及对该活动采取何种控制措施时，为国家决策者提供可能产生的跨界环境影响的信息。
一项环境影响评价是任何旨在确定环境风险、将环境问题纳入发展活动、促进可持续发展的管理体系的基础。
2它是一种工具,目标是明智的决策,但它不决定一个活动是否应该继续或如何被管理。
这些决定是为相关的公共部门制定的，平衡环境影响评价所提供的信息与其他被认为是决定性的因素，包括经济发展。
从这个角度看,很明显，一个“令人满意的”环境影响评价不需要显示一个活动不会有跨界损害的风险。
只要环境影响评价能提供有关活动可能的跨界影响的必要信息，并遵循适当的流程，就足够了。
第二段（3-7自然段）：联合国国际法院和（联合国）国际法委员会对于环境影响评价的内容提出了什么样的观点和解释。
3一项环境影响评价具体应该由什么内容构成，是一个应该由律师来回答的法律问题，而不是技术人员需要回答的技术问题。
在纸浆厂案件的判决中，联合国国际法院指出:每一个活动的环境影响评价的具体内容，应该根据活动的性质、规模、活动可能给环境带来的不利影响以及执行这样一个环境影响评价程序所耗费的尽职调查精力等等，由每个国家在制定国内法或者批准这个活动的过程中自行决定。
4这份判决传达了两个很重要的观点。
第一，环境影响评价不是仅仅只能由法律事先规定，也可以在授权或批准一个活动的过程中提出。
重要的是有一些实实在在的手段来确保环境影响评价的实施。
第二,尽管每个环境影响评价的具体内容由国家确定,但是(一项重大活动启动之前)必须进行环境影响评价，而且环境影响评价必须与活动的性质、规模、活动可能给环境带来的不利影响等息息相关。
1032023.19 / Urban and Rural Planning and Design 城乡规划·设计益主体涉及广、建设项目数量多、开发建设周期长，其前瞻谋划和规划实施工作在新时期高质量发展要求下面临更大的挑战，也更迫切需要对工作转型方向与制度创新路径进行探索。
近年来，各地城市结合自身实际开展了丰富的城市重点地区建设实践，在规划建设管理各个环节已积累了较为成熟的经验，但由于规划决策与行为的分散性，各阶段参与主体缺乏整体统筹意识，大多呈现碎片化多头推进状态，造成实际推进效果与城市高品质建设预期仍有差距。
在此背景下，基于我国现有的规划体系特征及广州在重点功能片区的规划探索实践，思考并总结有效适用于城市重点地区全流程规划建设管理的工作路径要点，对当前城市建设发展具有重要的现实意义。
2当前城市重点地区规划建设中的重难点研判城市重点地区，通常指城市战略规划、国民经济和社会发展规划等确定必须重点推进城市规划的建设开发区域，包括重要的城市商业商务区、产业功能集聚区及特色发展地区等。
城市重点地区在城市发展战略中一般被赋予了更高的发展定位、更高的空间品质、更高的建设效率的期许，其规划建设管理因高强度空间开发、高运转建设周期、多维度主体诉求及财务成本压力叠加面临严峻的挑战。
2.1空间维度：高效集约的空间资源利用土地是重要的生产资料，城市重点地区的土地更具有稀缺性。
有限的土地资源、高昂的再开发成本，驱使城市空间向高强度、高密度方向演进，间接导致人、地、产等客观要素及技术逻辑的矛盾高度集聚在有限的土地载体上。
由于单位面积更小的土地承载更多的空间发展需求，需在有限的空间里处理好自然资源、历史文脉与现代开发之间的矛盾，对跨专业设计协调及后期建设施工管理等方面带来新的更大的挑战。
如商务区内部小街区、密路网的摘要 研究探讨了在新时期城市建设由高增量转向高质量发展的背景下，城市重点地区规划建设环节中存在的难点和痛点，如高效集约的空间资源利用、精明紧凑的开发建设周期、多元复杂的利益主体诉求、理想空间范式与现实经济性的平衡取舍考量等，并基于广州市重点功能片区的规划实践，指出建立伴随式与成长型的地区规划、空间组织与开发建设机制的意义，进而从顶层设计、详细规划、城市设计、土地开发等环节，总结提出全生命周期管理视角下的规划建设工作要点，以期为超大、特大城市重点地区的高质量发展提供路径指引与模式借鉴。
Published online 18 November 2015 | doi: 10.1007/s40843-015-0099-1Sci China Mater 2015, 58: 854–859Challenges of organic “cocrystals”Weigang Zhu 1,2, Huanli Dong 1*, Y onggang Zhen 1 and Wenping Hu 1*1 Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China *Corresponding authors (emails: huwp@ (Hu W); dhl522@ (Dong H))ly pack in a DADA···DADA fashion with sufficient D -A π-electron overlap, ii) segregated-stacking, wherein mole-cules pack in a DDDD···AAAA fashion with D-D and A-A π-overlap.As a novel research area, there are full of challenges for organic cocrystals. The first challenge is the basic mech-anism of co-crystallization, because not any two types of materials can recognize each other and self-assemble into a cocrystal. Hence, a question is what kind of material is suitable for co-crystallization, and how different molecules co-assemble, nucleate and crystallize. This is also related to the method applied for co-crystallization, including solu-tion [24], vapor-phase [6,27−29] and mechanochemical techniques [16,30]. In our experience, some fundamental conditions are also essential for solution co-crystallization, such as strong intermolecular interactions, planar molec-ular structure and similar solubility of donor (D) and ac-ceptor (A). In order to reveal the nucleation and growth mechanism of organic cocrystals and further control the self-assembling process of co-crystallization, we used perylene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) CT cocrys-tal as an example [31], and found that the morphology and phase of cocrystals mainly depend on the concentration of perylene (C perylene ) rather than TCNQ (C TCNQ ), and high C perylene is favourable for the formation of (perylene)3TCNQ (P3T1) microblocks, while low C perylene faciliates the forma-tion of (perylene)1TCNQ (P1T1) nanowires (Fig. 1). More importantly, we demonstrate that the formed D-A complex is regarded as a new material species, because the solubili-ty of the formed P3T1 in acetonitrile is obviously lowered than that of any single components. It actually allows us to define the cocrystal as a new molecular species. The struc-ture-function relationship of these cocrystals is further investigated. P1T1 cocrystals exhibit n-type behavior with electron mobility of 0.05 cm 2 V −1 s −1, while P3T1 cocrystals display ambipolar behavior with high hole mobility of 0.03 cm 2 V −1 s −1 and low electron mobility of 2.1×10−5 cm 2 V −1 s −1. Moreover, white light responsivity of P1T1 is higher thanOrganic cocrystal (also “co-crystal”), formed with two or more different components via non-covalent intermolec-ular interactions, possesses novel, unpredicted and unique properties, which are not the simple sum of those molec-ular components, e.g., with effect of 1+1>2. In this regard, organic cocrystals provide a distinctive strategy for the syn-thesis of novel multifunctional materials, and an important platform for exploring new fundamental physicochemical phenomena in molecular systems, such as high conductiv-ity [1,2], ambipolar charge transportation [3], photovoltaic behavior [4−6], white light-emitting [7], room-tempera-ture phosphorescence [8], nonlinear optics [9−12] and ferroelectricity [13] etc., with potential application even in liquid crystal engineering [14,15] and drug industry [16]. Probably, the first cocrystal could be tracked back to 1844 assigning to the discovery of “quinhydrone” by WÖhler [17], while the conception of “cocrystal” was first-ly used by Schmidt and Snipes [18] to describe the crys-tal of pyrimidine and purine complex in 1967. However, the widely acceptance of this concept is still progressing, since the definition of a cocrystal has been debated in the crystallography field. Another terminology of “molecular complex” was also proposed by Patrick and Prosser [19] to define the mixture of benzene and hexafluorobenzene in 1960, and then became another word to describe crystals with multi-components. The word cocrystal re-attracted attention since 2003, and a generally accepted definition is a structurally homogeneous crystalline material that contains two or more neutral building blocks that are pres-ent in definite stoichiometric amounts [20,21]. We have gathered and analyzed all reported organic cocrystals, and divided them into four types according to the intermo-lecular interactions responsible for the co-crystallization: halogen-bonded [22], hydrogen-bonded [23], π-π packing [24,25] and charge transfer (CT) [26]. Using this kind of division, a much clear image of organic cocrystals could be given. Molecules in cocrystal pack general in two modes: i) mixed-stacking, wherein different molecules alternative-Figure 1 Optical images of (a) P1T1 nanowires and (b) P3T1 microblocks. (c) The dependence of crystal morphology and material concentration in acetonitrile solution. (d) Schematic illustration of the formation mechanism of cocrystals. (e) The optical images of mixed solution (C perylene = 0.80 mmol L −1, C TCNQ = 2.45 mmol L −1) prepared immediately and after aging for one day. (f) The optical images of the obtained crystals from the corre-sponding solution after aging for different time. (g) The proposed mechanism for cocrystal formation. The pictures are reprinted with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.cP3T1 precipitates1 day100 μm100 μm High C peryleneP1T1P3T1Low C peryleneMixed solutionefgdP+T0.00.20.40.60.8C P e r y l e n e (m m o l L −1)C TCNQ (mmol L −1)50 μma100 μmb115°Perylene-TCNQ(Perylene)3-TCNQthat of P3T1 cocrystals, since the mixed-like packing struc-ture in P3T1 is not favourable for exciton separation. These interesting results here pave the way for rational design and preparation of cocrystals with desired functions. It should be noticed, because of the limited reports on vapor-phase co-crystallization and lack of mechanism investigation on mechanochemical method, further research should focus on these issues as well as the extension of organic cocrystals into two-dimensional (2D) structures [32].Another long-standing problem is to understand the CT interactions and exciton dynamics. It is key importantto confirm whether the CT interactions exist in cocrys-tal, which significantly affect the lattice instability [33] and bulk optoelectronic properties [34,35]. A puzzle we are encountering is to distinguish the ground and excited state [36,37]. Recently, we [38] found that both of ground and excited states of 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) based cocrystals are actually CT state, as experimentally verified by spectroscopic studies, electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements and theoretical calculations (Fig. 2). Significantly, we demonstrated that the CT interactions in cocrystals are related to their molecular packing and can beFigure 2 (a) The morphology and structure of Bpe-TCNB cocrystal. Bpe = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethylene. (b) The confocal laser scanning microscope im-age of cocrystal. (c) The absorption spectra, (d) electron spin resonance spectrum, (e) photoluminescence (PL) spectra, and (f) PL lifetime measurement of cocrystals. The pictures are reprinted with permission from Ref. [38]. Copyright 2015, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.3400345035003550I n t e n s i t y (a .u .)H (G)3003504004505005506000.00.20.40.60.81.0N o r m a l i z e d i n t e n s i t y Wavelength (nm)I n t e n s i t y (a .u .)Decay time (ns)cd2503003504004500.00.20.40.60.81.0N o r m a l i z e d i n t e n s i t yWavelength (nm)Bpe crystal TCNB crystal Co-crystale fTCNB crystalBpe crystal Co-crystalCT transitionFWHM: 65 nmΦf = 19.0%H center = 3473g = 2.0022a2 μm45°[001]b(001)(100)triggered or suppressed by crystal engineering [39], thus resulting in distinct optoelectronic properties. And we pro-posed that the π-electron-rich circumstances in molecular columns of donor are helpful to promote the CT process from donor to acceptor.In order to gain a deeper understanding of fantastic op-toelectronics, the dynamics of excitons in cocrystals should be concerned, especially in those with a neutral ground but a CT excited state [24]. In these cocrystals, the generated singlet excitons are changed ultrafast into CT excitons, which is common but largely puzzled in organic photo-voltaics [40]. Due to the limited studies on these, further investigations may be devoted to revealing the exciton dynamics and related molecular dynamics by applying ad-vanced time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, as well as theoretical calculations. Moreover, both of the CT degree in the ground state and its influences on physicochemical properties are not yet well understood.The third challenge is to explore new physicochemical properties and potential applications for organic cocrys-tals. Since the discovery of high conductivity in 1973 [1,2], the research on this area has gained enormous attention, but now the question is what kind of new properties which have not been revealed in today’s molecular materials that co-crystallization will bring to us, and what kind of novel application could be expected. Like organic-inorganic per-ovskites [41,42], organic cocrystals are expected possessing not only ideal field-effect properties, but also photovoltaic, light-emitting and even magnetic properties. In our opin-ion, further research interests should mainly focus on fer-roelectrics, nonlinear optics (such as two-photon absorp-tion and fluorescence) and magnetic properties, as well as multifunctional and smart cocrystal materials. We believe that organic cocrystal is at the fundamental heart of mo-lecular science and is now gaining a lot of attention. And we believe, in the near future, more and more research on this area will take us to a beautiful and fantastic “cocrystal world”.Received 13 September 2015; accepted 13 November 2015; published online 18 November 20151 Coleman LB, Cohen MJ, Sandman DJ, et al. Superconducting fluc-tuations and the peierls instability in an organic solid. Solid State Commun, 1973, 12: 1125−11322 Ferraris J, Cowan DO, Walatka V, et al. Electron transfer in a newhighly conducting donor-acceptor complex. J Am Chem Soc, 1973, 95: 948−9493 Zhang J, Geng H, Virk TS, et al. Sulfur-bridged annulene-TCNQco-crystal: a self-assembled ‘‘molecular level heterojunction’’ with air stable ambipolar charge transport behavior. Adv Mater, 2012, 24: 2603−26074 Kang SJ, Kim JB, Chiu CY, et al. A supramolecular complex insmall-molecule solar cells based on contorted aromatic molecules.Angew Chem Int Ed, 2012, 51: 8594−85975 Kang SJ, Ahn S, Kim JB, et al. Using self-organization to controlmorphology in molecular photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc, 2013, 135: 2207−22126 Tremblay NJ, Gorodetsky AA, Cox MP, et al. Photovoltaic universaljoints: ball-and-socket interfaces in molecular photovoltaic cells.Chemphyschem, 2010, 11: 799−8037 Lei YL, Jin Y, Zhou DY, et al. White-light emitting microtubes ofmixed organic charge-transfer complexes. Adv Mater, 2012, 24: 5345−53518 Bolton O, Lee K, Kim HJ, et al. Activating efficient phosphorescencefrom purely organic materials by crystal design. Nat Chem, 2011, 3: 205−2109 Mazumdar S, Guo F, Meissner K, et al. A new class of collective exci-tations: exciton strings. J Chem Phys, 1996, 104: 9283−929110 Rao SM, Batra AK, Lal RB, et al. Mixed methyl-(2,4-dinitro-phenyl)-aminopropanoate: 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline crystal−a new nonlinear optical material. J Appl Phys, 1991, 70: 6674−667811 Zyss J, Ledoux-Rak I, Weiss HC, et al. Coupling octupoles in crys-tals: the case of the 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene−triphenylene 1:1 molecu-lar co-crystal. Chem Mater, 2003, 15: 3063−307312 Bosshard C, Wong MS, Pan F, et al. Self-assembly of an acentricco-crystal of a highly hyperpolarizable merocyanine dye with opti-mized alignment for nonlinear optics. Adv Mater, 1997, 9: 554−557 13 Horiuchi S, Ishii F, Kumai R, et al. Ferroelectricity near room tem-perature in co-crystals of nonpolar organic molecules. Nat Mater, 2005, 4: 163−16614 Nguyen HL, Horton PN, Hursthouse MB, et al. Halogen bonding: anew interaction for liquid crystal formation. J Am Chem Soc, 2003, 126: 16−1715 Reczek JJ, Villazor KR, Lynch V, et al. Tunable columnar meso-phases utilizing C2 symmetric aromatic donor−acceptor complexes.J Am Chem Soc, 2006, 128: 7995−800216 Braga D, Maini L, Grepioni F. Mechanochemical preparation ofco-crystals. Chem Soc Rev, 2013, 42: 7638−764817 Wöhler F. Untersuchungen über das Chinon. Annalen, 1844, 51:15318 Davey R, Garside J. From Molecules to Crystallizers. An Introduc-tion to Crystallization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 200019 Patrick CR, Prosser GS. A molecular complex of benzene and hexa-fluorobenzene. Nature, 1960, 187: 1021−102120 D esiraju GR. Crystal and co-crystal. CrystEngComm, 2003, 5:466−46721 D unitz JD. Crystal and co-crystal: a second opinion. CrystEng-Comm, 2003, 5: 50622 Lucassen ACB, Karton A, Leitus G, et al. Co-crystallization ofsym-triiodo-trifluorobenzene with bipyridyl donors: consistent formation of two instead of anticipated three N···I halogen bonds.Cryst Growth Des, 2007, 7: 386−39223 Harris KDM, Stainton NM, Callan AM, et al. Crystal engineeringof hydrogen-bonded co-crystals between cyanuric acid and ‘di-amide’ molecules. Investigations on the formation and structure of co-crystals containing cyanuric acid and oxalyl dihydrazide. J Ma-ter Chem, 1993, 3: 947−95224 Zhang J, Tan JH, Ma ZY, et al. Fullerene/sulfur-bridged annulenecocrystals: two-dimensional segregated heterojunctions with ambi-polar transport properties and photoresponsivity. J Am Chem Soc, 2012, 135: 558−56125 Boyd PDW, Reed CA. Fullerene−porphyrin constructs. Acc ChemRes, 2004, 38: 235−24226 Kobayashi H, Nakayama J. The crystal structure of the charge-trans-fer complex of dibenzotetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimeth-ane, DBTTF-TCNQ. B Chem Soc Jpn, 1981, 54: 2408−241127 Mahns B, Kataeva O, Islamov D, et al. Crystal growth, structure, andtransport properties of the charge-transfer salt picene/2,3,5,6-tetra-fluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane. Cryst Growth D es, 2014, 14: 1338−134628 Black HT, Perepichka DF. Crystal engineering of dual channel p/norganic semiconductors by complementary hydrogen bonding.Angew Chem Int Ed, 2014, 53: 2138−214229 Li J, Takaishi S, Fujinuma N, et al. Enhancement of luminescenceintensity in TMPY/perylene co-single crystals. J Mater Chem, 2011, 21: 17662−1766630 Friščić T, Jones W. Recent advances in understanding the mecha-nism of cocrystal formation via grinding. Cryst Growth Des, 2009, 9: 1621−163731 Zhu W, Yi Y, Zhen Y, et al. Precisely tailoring the stoichiometricstacking of perylene-TCNQ co-crystals towards different nano and microstructures with varied optoelectronic performances. Small, 2015, 11: 2150−215632 Huang X, Zhang H. Molecular crystals on two-dimensional van derWaals substrates. Sci China Mater, 2015, 58, 5−833 D’A vino G, Verstraete MJ. Are hydrogen-bonded charge transfercrystals room temperature ferroelectrics? Phys Rev Lett, 2014, 113: 23760234 Dillon RJ, Bardeen CJ. The effects of photochemical and mechani-cal damage on the excited state dynamics of charge-transfer molec-ular crystals composed of tetracyanobenzene and aromatic donor molecules. J Phys Chem A, 2011, 115: 1627−163335 Torrance JB. The difference between metallic and insulating saltsof tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ): how to design an organic metal. Acc Chem Res, 1979, 12: 79−8636 Bandrauk AD, Truong KD, Carlone C. Optical and Raman spec-tra of single crystals of perylene-TCNQ charge transfer complexes.Can J Chem, 1982, 60: 588−59537 Bandrauk AD, Truong KD, Salares VR, et al. Raman spectra of solidperylene–TCNQ complexes. J Raman Spectrosc, 1979, 8: 5−1038 Zhu W, Zheng R, Fu X, et al. Revealing the charge-transfer inter-actions in self-assembled organic cocrystals: two-dimensional pho-tonic applications. Angew Chem Int Ed, 2015, 54: 6785−678939 Zhu W, Zheng R, Zhen Y, et al. Rational design of charge-transferinteractions in halogen-bonded co-crystals toward versatile sol-id-state optoelectronics. J Am Chem Soc, 2015, 137: 11038−11046 40 Hains AW, Liang ZQ, Woodhouse MA, et al. Molecular semi-conductors in organic photovoltaic cells. Chem Rev, 2010, 110: 6689−673541 Qin X, Dong HL, Hu WP. Green light-emitting diode from brominebased organic-inorganic halide perovskite. Sci China Mater, 2015,58: 186−19142 Gao Y, Wang JJ, Wu L, et al. Tunable magnetic and electrical be-haviors in perovskite oxides by oxygen octahedral tilting. Sci ChinaMater, 2015, 58: 302−312Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91222203, 91233205, 51222306, 61201105, 91027043, 91433115, 51303185, 21473222, and TRR61), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011CB808400, 2011CB932300, 2013CB933403, 2013CB933500, and 2014CB643600), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Author contributions Zhu W, Dong H, Zhen Y and Hu W wrote the paper and contributed to the general discussion.Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.中文摘要 本文简明扼要地介绍了“有机共晶”这个重要研究领域的兴起和发展过程, 在有争议的方面, 如共晶定义和如何判定分子排布等, 给出了作者独到的见解. 特别重要的是, 通过阐述该领域当前存在的问题和挑战, 结合分析最新的研究进展和结果, 使得人们对共晶的认识更为系统和深入. 基于此, 作者同时分析和指出了未来可能重点发展的研究方向.Weigang Zhu was born in 1988. He is now a PhD candidate in the Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS). His research interest is design, synthesis and applications of organic cocrystals, including: (1) basic nucleation and growth mechanism of cocrystals and related controlled self-assembling; (2) advanced physicochemical properties of cocrystals, such as ambipolar charge transport, white-light emitting, lasering, non-linear optics, ferroelectrics and spintronics; (3) ultrafast exciton and molecular dynamics in cocrystals.Huanli Dong is an associate professor of the ICCAS. She grew up in Shandong province, China. She received her PhD degree from the ICCAS in 2009 after she got her MSc degree in Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Material, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2006. She is presently focusing on the self-assembling of molecular materials and the application of molecular materials in optoelectronic devices, and she has more than 90 refereed publications with citation over 2500 times (H index=22).Wenping Hu is a professor of the ICCAS. He received his PhD from the ICCAS in 1999. He then joined Osaka University as a research fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences and Stuttgart University as an Alexander von Humboldt. In 2003 he worked for Nippon Telephone and Telegraph, and then returned to ICCAS and was promoted as full professor. His research focuses on molecular electronics and he has more than 350 refereed publications with ci-tation over 10000 times (H index=53).。
Team to WorkTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueTeamFood that comes fromlettersMeat Rearrangeanimals.wild Tame RearrangeNotlettersTake Chg 1 To get possession ofsomething. To grab.Tale Chg 1 A story.Tall Chg 1 Not short.Toll Chg 1 A fee paid for a service orprivilege. We had to pay aone dollar toll to cross thebridge.Ton -2, + 1 A weight, 2,000 pounds.Torn + 1 To have divided orseparated something bypulling.Worn Chg 1 To have caused somethingto deteriorate or go bad byusing it or wearing it out.Work Chg 1 What teams must dotogether.Spring to SummerTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueSpringString Chg 1 A thread.Sting - 1 What a bee does when it isangry.Sing - 1 To make music with one’svoice.Sling + 1 A hanging bandagesuspended from the neck tosupport an injured arm. Slim - 2, + 1 Thin, not fat or thick. Slime + 1 A thick and slick liquidproduced by animals. Alsocalled mucous.Slimmer + 2 More slim. Mary wasslimmer than Margaret. Simmer - 1 To heat something justbelow the boiling point. Summer Chg 1 Another season.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueArtCart + 1 A vehicle for transportingthings.Car - 1 Another name for anautomobile.Cat Chg 1 A pet that is related to lionsand tigers.Scat + 1 To make something goawaySat - 1 To have been seated.Saw Chg 1 An instrument for cuttingwood.Raw Chg 1 Food that has not beencooked.Straw + 2 A kind of plant that animalslay on.Draw -2, + 1 To make pictures withpencils and pens. A form ofart.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueWetWe - 1 All of us.Well + 2 In a state of good health. Bell Chg 1 An object that makes aringing noise when struck. Belt Chg 1 A long piece of materialthat is worn around thewaist and used to hold upone’s pants.Bet - 1 A wager or guess thatsomething will happen. “Ibet that it won’t rain thisafternoon.”Bat Chg 1 A long wooden club usedfor hitting things.Brat + 1 A spoiled child or person. Bran Ch 1 The edible coating of agrain of wheat that is oftenseparated from the grainwhen making white flour. Ran - 1 To walk in a very fastmanner.Rain + 1 What usually causes aperson to get wet whenoutdoors?Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueSleepSeep - 1 To allow a liquid to flow orpass through a barrierslowly.Sheep + 1 An animal from which woolcomes.Peep - 2, + 1 A small sound made by ayoung bird. Or a brief look. Peel Chg 1 To pull off the outer layer,usually from fruit.Pail Chg 2 Another name for a bucket. Pal - 1 A friend.Lap Chg 1 Where young children oftenon their parents.Clap + 1 How applause is made. Slap Chg 1 To hit with an open hand. Sap - 1 A liquid that comes fromtrees.Nap Chg 1 To sleep for a short time.Most to LeastTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueMostMast Chg 1 The upright pole on asailboat.Mask Chg 1 A covering for the face;used as a disguise.Cask Chg 1 A barrel-shaped vessel usedfor holding liquids.Cast Chg 1 What a doctor puts on afractured arm or leg. Coast + 1 The land near the shore; ornear where the oceantouches the land.Cost - 1 The price of something. Lost Chg 1 Something that cannot befound.Last Chg 1 Opposite of first.Least + 1 Opposite of most.Hair to CutTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueHairChair + 1 A piece of furniture onwhich a person sits.Char - 1 Scorch; to burn somethingslightly.Chart + 1 A map; or a figure thatdisplays information as atable or graph.Charm Chg 1 A small ornament worn ona bracelet or chain.Harm - 1 To injure or cause a hurt.Arm - 1 A body appendage that isattached to the shoulder.sheep.maleARam RearrangelettersRum Chg 1 An alcoholic beveragemade in the Caribbean area.Rut Chg 1 A depression in the groundcaused by the continuouspassage of a wheel. To dothe same thing over andover again.Cut Chg 1 What is done to a person’shair when it gets too long.Door to WindowTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueDoorFloor - 1, + 2 The lower inside surface ofa room.Flop - 2, + 1 To throw oneself in aclumsy manner. Or, to failcompletely.Lop - 1 To cut off.Lip Chg 1 The rim or edge ofsomething. What surroundsthe mouth.Lit Chg 1 To have set something onfire.Wit Chg 1 Another word forintelligence or humor.Win Chg 1 To be victorious.Wind + 1 To rotate or revolvesomething. “The toy carwill not move unless youwind it up.”Window + 2 Besides a door anotheropening on a house orbuilding.Pint to QuartTarget Word Letter Changes Required CluePintPaint + 1 A liquid containing colorused for coloring walls andother things.Pant - 1 To breathe heavily.Chant - 1, + 2 To recite in a monotonousand repetitive tone.Chart Chg 1 A map or a visual display ofinformation in the form of atable or graph.Cart - 1 A wheeled vehicle fortransporting things.Tart Chg 1 A small pie containing jelly,custard, or fruit. Or a sharptaste.Part Chg 1 To leave another person’scompany. “I hate to partfrom my friends.” Or, aportion of something.Art - 1 An occupation requiringknowledge or skill.“Cooking is an art.”Quart + 2 A measure of volume. Twopints; 32 ounces.Hotel to SleepTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueHotelHot - 1 Very warmHat Chg 1 Covering for the head. Hate + 1 Opposite of love.Haste + 1 A hurry.Host Chg 1, -1 A person who entertainsguests; one who throws aparty.particular kind of object,A Shot Rearrangelettersnot a bullet, that one shootsthrough a gun...Shoot + 1 What is done with a gun. Sheet Chg 2 Covering for a bed. A longflat piece of something. Sleep Chg 1 What is done at a hotel atnight.Flower to PotTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueFlowerFlow - 2 Another word for themovement of rivers.Slow Chg 1 Not fast.Show Chg 1 To display something forothers to see.Shower + 2 A light but steady rain. Shopper - 1, + 2 One who buys things. Shop - 3 A store or place of work. Stop Chg 1 To come to a halt.Top - 1 The uppermost part ofsomething.What flowers are often keptletters.Pot Rearrangein.Bird to ChirpTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueBirdBid - 1 To make an offer forsomething.Bed Chg 1 A piece of furniture forsleeping.Shed - 1, + 2 A small building used tostore things.Sled Chg 1 A vehicle with runners thatmoves on snow and ice. Slid Chg 1 To have moved throughsliding. To slip.Ship Chg 1 A large boat.Hip - 1 A part of the body to whichlegs are attached.Chip + 1 A small piece of wood. Chirp + 1 A sound made by birds.Shade to TreeTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueShadeShape Chg 1 The form of an object. Shame Chg 1 A painful feeling caused byhaving done somethingwrong or poorly.Same - 1 To be alike something elsein all ways.Sam - 1 Nickname for Samuel. Sap Chg 1 A liquid that comes fromtrees.Sip Chg 1 To drink in small amounts. Seep - 1, + 2 To pass slowly throughsmall openings insomething. “The floodwater seeped into our houseovernight.”See - 1 To view.Tee Chg 1 A small peg on which a ballis placed.Tree + 1 What often provides shadeoutdoors.School to StudentTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueSchoolCool - 2 Slightly warmer than cold. Coal Chg 1 A black rock that can beburned to make heat. Coat Chg 1 An outer covering ofclothes.Cat - 1 A feline pet.Cant + 1 A contraction for cannot. Cent Chg 1 A penny.Gent Chg 1 Short for gentleman. Dent Chg 1 An indentation ordepression put intosomething.Student + 3 The name of the personwho goes to schoolBoat to PlaneTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueBoatFloat - 1, + 2 To be suspended on water. Moat - 2, + 1 A deep wide trench filledwith water and surroundinga castle.Mat - 1 A piece of material placedat a door and used forwiping feet.Pat Chg 1 To tap or strike softly. Pan Chg 1 A kitchen utensil used forcooking.Plan + 1 A proposed way of doingsomething. “I have a planfor what we should dotoday.”Plank + 1 A heavy and thick woodenboard.Plant Chg 1 A living thing that is not ananimal, such as a tree orbush.Plane Chg 1 A boat moves throughwater. This moves throughthe air.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueFried A way to heat food.Freed Chg 1 What was done to the slavesafter the Civil War.Feed - 1 Food for an animal.Fed - 1 To have been given food toeat.Bed Chg 1 A piece of furniture onwhich one sleeps.Bad Chg 1 Opposite of good.Bar Chg 1 To keep others frompassing. “The guard tried tobar us from entering thebuilding.”Bark + 1 Sound made by a dog. Bard Chg 1 A poet.Bare Chg 1 Without covering. Naked. Baked - 1, + 2 Another way to heat food.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueBase The foundation ofsomething.Bass Chg 1 A kind of fish. Or thelowest or deepest voice. Mass Chg 1 A large group of something. Miss Chg 1 To fail to hit. Or a youngunmarried woman.Mist Chg 1 A light rain.Mast Chg 1 A long upright pole in themiddle of a sailboat.Malt Chg 1 Grain that is softened byplacing in water. Used inmany beverages includingmalted milk.Mall Chg 1 An enclosed shoppingcenter.Small + 1 Opposite of large.Ball - 2, + 1 With the first word, it is thename of America’s pastimeor game.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueCandyCan - 2 A container for holdingfood and other substances.Cat Chg 1 A pet feline, related to lionsand tigers.Sat Chg 1 To have been seated in achair.Sam Chg 1 Nickname for Samuel.Seem - 1, + 2 To appear to be. “I seem tobe feeling a bit sick today.”Seam Chg 1 The place where two piecesof cloth are joined.Seat Chg 1 A chair.1 Perspiration. Sweat +Sweet Chg 1 The flavor of candy.Start to FinishTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueStartTart - 1 A pastry with jelly or fruitin the middle.Cart Chg 1 A vehicle for transportingobjects.Cast Chg 1 What a doctor puts on afractured bone in the arm orleg.Cash Chg 1 Money in the form of billsand coins.Wash Chg 1 To clean with water.Wish Chg 1 A desire or want.Dish Chg 1 A plate used for eating. Fish Chg 1 A creature that lives inwater.Finish + 2 Opposite of startFire to CandleTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueFireTire Chg 1 A rubber and roundinstrument used on a car. Tile Chg 1 A thin flat slab of bakedclay.Pile Chg 1 A heap or small hill ofitems.Pill Chg 1 A tablet used to containmedicine.Hill Chg 1 An elevation of the land. Asmall mountain.Hall Chg 1 A corridor in a house. Hand Chg 2 A body part attached to thearm.Handle + 2 Something made to begripped by the hand. Candle Chg 1 A wax object meant to givelight by being set on fire.Black to WhiteTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueBlackBlock Chg 1 A solid mass of stone. Clock Chg 1 An instrument used fortelling time.Lock - 1 A device used to fastensomething and preventothers from opening it. Look Chg 1 To see or view.Loot Chg 1 To steal something; to robor pillage.Lot - 1 Plenty of something.Hot Chg 1 Very warm.Hit Chg 1 To strikeWhite + 2, one at beginning andOpposite of black.one at end of previousword.Salt to PepperTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueSaltSat - 1 To have been seated.Hat Chg 1 A covering for the head. Hot Chg 1 Opposite of cold.Shot + 1 A discharge from a gun. Shop Chg 1 A place to buy things. Theact of buying things.Hop - 1 To move by short jumps. Pop Chg 1 Another name for soda. Popper + 3 A utensil for popping corn. Pepper Chg 1 A black spice or seasoningused with salt on food.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueHugHog Chg 1 A kind of swine or pig. Hoe Chg 1 A rake-like instrument usedfor tilling soil and choppingweeds.Shoe + 1 Something worn on the footand used for walking. Show Chg 1 To present something to beseen by others.Slow Chg 1 Opposite of fast.Low - 1 Not high.Lot Chg 1 Plenty of something.Lit Chg 1 To have lighted something. Kit Chg 1 A collection of tools,supplies or other objects fora purpose.Kite + 1 A contraption that flies inthe wind. It is often madeup of wood, paper, string,and a cloth tail.Kiss Chg 2 Something that is oftengiven with a kiss.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueHorseHoe - 2 A rake-like instrument usedfor tilling the soil orchopping weeds.Hop Chg 1 To move by jumping Hope + 1 To expect or believe thatsomething will happen. Cope Chg 1 To be able to deal withdifficulties successfully. Cone Chg 1 What ice cream is oftenserved in.Bone Chg 1 Our skeleton is made ofmany of these.Bond Chg 1 To make something sticktogether.Pond Chg 1 A small lake or other bodyof water.Pony Chg 1 A small horse.Present to GiftTarget Word Letter Changes Required CluePresentSent - 3 To have ordered someone togo.Lent Chg 1 A period of six weeksbefore Easter.Bent Chg 1 Twisted or dented.Beat Chg 1 To defeat another; to win. Bet - 1 A wager or guess that onething will happen.Bit Chg 1 To have gripped with yourteeth.Lit Chg 1 To have caught on fire.“The scoutmaster just lit thecampfire.”Lift + 1 To raise up.Gift Chg 1 Another name for a present.Walk to RunTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueWalkTalk Chg 1 To speakStalk + 1 To follow in a stealthy orconcealed way.Stall Chg 1 To put off. Or the placewhere horses live in a barn. Tall - 1 Opposite of short.Tell Chg 1 To say.Ten - 2, + 1 The number after nine. Tent + 1 A kind of shelter made fromcanvas cloth or nylon. Rent Chg 1 Payment for use of someoneelse’s property.Runt Chg 1 An undersized animal.Run - 1 To walk in a fast way.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueSwimSwam Chg 1 To have moved oneselfthrough water.Swan Chg 1 A large white bird with agraceful and curving neck. Wand - 1, + 1 A stick used by magicians. Wind Chg 1 The blowing air.Win - 1 To succeed or defeat one’sopponents in a game.Will - 1, + 2 The desire to accomplishsomething. “I have the willto get an ‘A’ in math.” Wild Chg 1 Opposite of tame. Living ina natural state.Wood - 2, + 2 A substance that comesfrom trees.Wool Chg 1 A fabric or yarn that ismade from the fleece orcoats of sheep.Pool Chg 1 A place to swim. A body ofwater or other liquid.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueShoeShop Chg 1 To buy things.Shot Chg 1 To have discharged a gun. Shock - 1, + 2 To be horrified or surprised. Sock - 1 A soft garment for the foot.Or to hit.Dock Chg 1 A wooden ramp next towhich boats are parked. Dot - 2, + 1 A small round spot.Hot Chg 1 Very warm.Hoot + 1 Sound made by an owl.Or, a good time. “The partyI went to last night was ahoot.”Boot Chg 1 A large and heavy shoe,usually for work.Target Word Letter Changes Required ClueShopStop Chg 1 Opposite of go.Top - 1 Opposite of bottom.Tip Chg 1 The pointed end ofsomething.Sip Chg 1 To drink in small amounts. Slip + 1 To lose hold or slide onsomething, such as ice. Sly - 2, + 1 Shrewd or cunning.Shy Chg 1 No outgoing.Uncomfortable aroundothers with whom a personis not familiar.She Chg 1 Refers to a female.Shell + 2 The hard outer casing orcovering of something. Smell Chg 1 An odor. Or, to inhale ordetect an odor.Small Chg 1 Little; not big.Mall - 1 A place to shop.Candy to SweetTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueCandySandy Chg 1 A place full of sand.Sand - 1 A grainy material found onthe beach.Hand Chg 1 A body appendage attachedto the arm.Hang Chg 1 To suspend or be supportedfrom above, not below.Sang Chg 1 To have sung.Sag - 1 To droop or hang unevenly.Sat Chg 1 To have been seat.Swat + 1 To hit or strike.1 Perspiration. Sweat +Sweet Chg 1 The taste of candy.Chop to WoodTarget Word Letter Changes Required ClueChopShop Chg 1 A place for working orpurchasing things.Slop Chg 1 A watery mess; wasteliquid.Sloop + 1 A sailboat with one mast. Loop - 1 A rope or ribbon made intoa circular form.Coop Chg 1 A small pen for chickensand roosters.Hoop Chg 1 A circular band or ring, likeone that surround a barrel. Hood Chg 1 A covering for the head thatis often attached to the coat. Food Chg 1 Substance that is eaten. Wood Chg 1 A substance from trees thatis chopped.For more on Word Ladders see – Scholastic, (Tel: 800-242-7737, choose option #3) Daily Word Ladders for Teaching phonics and vocabulary, Gr 2-3Daily Word Ladders for Teaching phonics and vocabulary, Gr 4+More Making and Writing Words -- Teacher Created Materials (search for “Rasinski”)Tel: 800-858-7339Texts for Fluency Practice: Grade 1Texts for Fluency Practice: Grades 2 and 3Texts for Fluency Practice: Grades 4 and UpMaking and Writing Words, Gr 1Making and Writing Words, Grs. 2-3。
Cask for storing and transporting highly radioactive material and method of making sameAbstractA cask for storing and transporting highly radioactive materials includes an inner shell and a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from the material stored within the inner shell.References Cited [Referenced By]U.S. Patent DocumentsPrimary Examiner: Hannaher; ConstantineAssistant Examiner: Nguyen; Kiet T.Attorney, Agent or Firm: Iandiorio; Joseph S.Claims( 10 of 11 )United States Patent5,276,335Shinopulos , et al. January 4, 1994 Inventors: Shinopulos; George (Burlington, MA), Roberts; Peter R. (Groton, MA) Assignee:Nuclear Metals, Inc. (Waltham, MA)Appl. No.: 07/818,050Filed: January 8, 1992Current U.S. Class:250/506.1 ; 250/515.1Current International Class:G21F 5/00 (20060101)Field of Search: 250/506.1,502.1,515.1,517.1,518.1,519.1 376/272 4147938April 1979Heckman et al.4272683June 1981Baatz et al.4868400September 1989Barnhart et al.4914306April 1990Dufrane et al.What is claimed is:1. A cask body for storing and transporting highly radioactive materials includes:an inner shell; anda number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from the material stored within the inner shell, said wire wound layers are alternately and continuously wound from left to right and right to left on adjacent layers so that the wire joints are angled to each other to additionally inhibit joint alignment.2. The cask body of claim 1 in which said layers are circumferentially disposed on said inner shell.3. The cask body of claim 1 in which said inner shell is cylindrical.4. The cask body of claim 1 in which said inner shell is polygonal.5. The cask body of claim 1 in which said wire is round.6. The cask body of claim 1 in which said wire is rectangular.7. The cask body of claim 1 in which said wire is polygonal.8. The cask body of claim 1 in which said wire layers are staggered to minimize overlap of joints from layer to layer.9. A cask body for storing and transporting highly radioactive materials comprising:an inner shell; anda number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from the material stored within the inner shell, said wire wound layers are alternately and continuously wound from left to right and right to left on adjacent layers so that the wire joints are angled to each other to additionally inhibit joint alignment; andan outer shell spaced from said inner shell covering and protecting said depleted uranium wire.10. The cask body of claim 10 in which said layers are circumferentially disposed on said inner shell.11. The cask body of claim 10 in which said inner shell is cylindrical.12. The cask body of claim 10 in which said inner shell is polygonal.13. The cask body of claim 10 in which said wire is round14. The cask body of claim 10 in which said wire is rectangular.15. The cask body of claim 10 in which said wire is polygonal.16. The cask body of claim 10 in which said outer shell is cylindrical.17. The cask body of claim 10 in which said wire layers are staggered to minimize overlap of joints from layer to layer.18. The cask body of claim 10 in which said outer shell is fixed to said inner shell to form a single unitary structure.19. The cask body of claim 10 in which said outer shell has the same shape as said inner shell.20. A cask body for storage of highly radioactive materials comprising:said cask body including an inner shell;a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from the material stored within the inner shell; anda base member and a cover member for capping each end of said body, said each member including an inner plate and a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on said inner plate to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from the materials stored within the cask.21. The cask of claim 20 in which said wire is disposed circumferentially on said inner shell.22. The cask of claim 20 in which said inner plate includes a depleted uranium plug and said depleted uranium wire is disposed spirally about said plug.23. The cask of claim 20 in which said inner plate includes a depleted uranium plug and said depleted uranium wire is disposed circumferentially about said plug.24. The cask of claim 23 in which said plug is tapered to automatically induce a staggering of the joints between the wire from layer to layer.25. The cask of claim 20 in which said each member includes an outer plate spaced from said inner plate covering and protecting said depleted uranium wire.26. The cask body of claim 20 in which said wire wound layers are alternately and continuously wound from left to right and right to left on adjacent layers sothat the wire joints are angled to each other to additionally inhibit joint alignment.27. A method of making a cask body for storing highly radioactive materials, comprising:providing an inner shell having the shape of the storage cavity for the radioactive material to be stored;providing an inner shell having the shape of the storage cavity for the radioactive material to be stored;winding a plurality of layers of depleted uranium wire on said inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from materials stored within the inner shell; andconstructing a base member and a cover member for capping each end of said body by winding, for each member including an inner plate and an outer plate, a number of layers of depleted uranium wire on the inner plate to create a radioactive shell against emanation of radioactivity from materials stored within the cask.28. The method of claim 27 in which said wire is wound circumferentially on said inner shell.29. The method of claim 27 in which said inner shell is cylindrical.30. The method of claim 27 in which said inner shell is polygonal.31. The method of claim 27 in which said wire is round.32. The method of claim 27 in which said wire is polygonal.33. The method of claim 27 in which said inner shell is cylindrical.34. The method of claim 27 in which said wire layers are staggered to minimize overlap of joints from layer to layer.35. The method of claim 27 including adding an outer shell spaced from said inner shell for covering and protecting said depleted uranium wire.36. The method of claim 35 in which said outer shell is fixed to said inner shell to form a single unitary structure.37. The method of claim 35 in which said outer shell has the same shape as said inner shell.38. The method of claim 27 in which the inner plate is provided with a depleted uranium plug and said depleted uranium wire is spirally wound about said plug.39. The method of claim 38 in which said plug is tapered to automatically inducea staggering of the joints between the wires from layer to layer.40. The method of claim 27 in which the inner plate is provided with a depleted uranium plug and said depleted uranium wire is circumferentially wound about said plug.41. The method of claim 27 in which each said member outer plate is spaced from said inner plate covering and protecting said depleted uranium wire.DescriptionFIELD OF INVENTIONThis invention relates to an improved container and a method of making such a container for storing and transporting highly radioactive material. BACKGROUND OF INVENTIONNuclear reactors generate substantial amounts of radioactive waste material in the form of spent fuel rods which are still highly radioactive. Special containers or casks are needed to transport them to preprocessing plants or for storing them. These casks must act as shields against radioactivity and must be structurally strong and sound as well as inexpensive as possible. Lead is well known to be a good shield against radioactivity but lead is too soft for secure fabrication and fastening. Depleted uranium is better and the shielding material of choice. It is cast into the desired shape and then sandwiched between steel or other structural members to provide the necessary strength and rigidity for the cask. However, castings suffer from voids due to cracks, gas holes, shrink holes and the like, which results in less than the specified thickness of depleted uranium for shielding. In addition, the large castings required are in the range of fifty to sixty thousand pounds while the largest uranium furnaces in current operation have typically no more than a five to six thousand pound capacity. As a result, the casks must be cast in pieces and then securely fastened together in such a way as to not only provide a rigid, unitary container but also so as to provide no clear, unshielded line of sight path through the cask along which radiation could escape.SUMMARY OF INVENTIONIt is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved container or cask and a method of making such a cask for storing and transporting highly radioactive material.It is a further object of this invention to provide such an improved cask and method which eliminates voids, cracks, gas holes, shrink holes and the like normally occurring in cast forms.It is a further object of this invention to provide such an improved cask and method which eliminates the need for casting the depleted uranium shield portions.It is a further object of this invention to provide such a cask and method which assures ample uniform thickness of the depleted uranium shield.It is a further object of this invention to provide such a cask and method which enables a single continuous construction for the depleted uranium shield portions.It is a further object of this invention to provide such a cask and method in which the depleted uranium shield can be easily shaped to any desired form.It is a further object of this invention to provide such a cask and method which requires no large capital investment in melting furnaces or casting dies.It is a further object of this invention to provide such a cask and method which permits testing of shielding before final fabrication.It is a further object of this invention to provide such a cask and method which enables effective X-ray or ultrasonic examination of the shielding.It is a further object of this invention to provide such a cask and method which enables dynamic, high-speed X-ray or ultrasonic examination of the shielding.The invention results from the realization that a truly effective cask forstoring and transporting highly radioactive materials can be constructed by using depleted uranium in the form of wire, of various cross-sectional shapes, wound to form a continuous shield for the body of the cask and also for the end caps.This invention features a cask body for storing and transporting highly radioactive materials. There is an inner shell and a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from material stored within the inner shell.In a preferred embodiment the inner shell may be cylindrical or polygonal, the wire may be round, rectangular or polygonal, and the the wire may be wound tensilely stressed onto the inner shell for applying a compressive stress on the inner shell. The wire layers may be staggered to minimize overlap of joints from layer to layer and they may be wound circumferentially on the inner shell.The invention also features a cask body for storing and transporting highly radioactive materials, including an inner shell, a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from materials stored within the inner shell, and an outer shell spaced from the inner shell, and covering and protecting the depleted uranium wire. The outer and inner shells may be fixed together to form a single unitary structure, and the outer shell may have the same shape as the inner shell.The invention also features a cask for storage and transport of highlyradioactive materials including a cask body having an inner shell and a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from material stored within the inner shell. There are also a base member for capping each end of the body. Each of the base and cover members includes an inner plate and a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner plate to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from materials stored within the cask. The inner plate may include a depleted uranium plug, and the depleted uranium wire may be wound spirally or circumferentially about the plug. The plug may be tapered to automatically induce a staggering in the joints between the wire from layer to layer. The cover and base members may include outer plates spaced from their inner plates and covering and protecting the depleted uranium wire wound on the inner plates.The invention also features a method of making a cask body for storing highly radioactive materials, including the steps of providing an inner shell having the shape of the storage cavity for the radioactive material to be stored, and winding a plurality of layers of depleted uranium wire on the inner shell to create a radiation shield against emanation of radioactivity from materials stored within the inner shell.In a preferred embodiment, the shell may be cylindrical, polygonal or any other shape, and the wire may be round, rectangular, polygonal or any other shape. The wire may be wound tensilely stressed onto the shell for applying compressive stress on the inner shell, the wire layers may be staggered to minimize overlap of joints from layer to layer, and the wire may be circumferentially wound on the inner shell. The method may include adding an outer shell spaced from the inner for covering and protecting the depleted uranium wire. The outer shell may be joined to the inner shell to form a single unitary structure. The outer shell may have the same shape as the inner shell.The method may also include in a preferred embodiment constructing a base member and a cover member for capping each end of the body by winding for each member a number of layers of depleted uranium wire on an inner plate to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from materials storedwithin the cask. The inner plate may be provided with a depleted uranium plug, and the depleted uranium wire may be spirally or circumferentially wound about the plug. An outer plate may be added to each member spaced from the inner plate for covering and protecting the depleted uranium wire. The plug may be tapered to automatically induce staggering of the joints between the wires from layer to layer.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSOther objects, features and advantages will occur to those skilled in the art from the following description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in which:FIG. 1 is a schematic diagrammatic view with parts in three dimension of a cask body having wound on it layers of depleted uranium wire;FIG. 2 is a top view of two layers of wire wound in the same direction on a cask body such as shown in FIG. 1;FIG. 3 is an end view of the wires in FIG. 2 showing the voids created between the circular wires;FIG. 4 is a top schematic view similar to FIG. 2 showing the propensity for increased voids when the layers are wound in alternate left-hand and right-hand fashion;FIG. 5 is a schematic diagrammatic end view of rectangular or flat wire wound to stagger the joints between the wire from layer to layer;FIG. 6A is a schematic diagrammatic end view of a plurality of layers of flat wire showing the proportion of offset required to produce staggering that avoids line of sight paths through the wire layers;FIG. 6B is a schematic diagrammatic top view showing that adjacent layers of flat wire wound in opposite directions additionally have their joints angled to each other, thereby further inhibiting alignment of joints;FIG. 7 is an end view of a portion of two layers of hexagonal wire;FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of a cylindrical cask body with a depleted uranium shield made from rectangular or flat wire;FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating a method of making and winding the wire according to this invention;FIG. 10 is a schematic diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a cover or base according to this invention with a depleted uranium wire wound about a central depleted uranium plug;FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C are cross-sectional views of alternative forms of the depleted uranium plug as shown in FIG. 10, with the sides tapered to automatically induce staggering of the joints between the wire from layer to layer;FIG. 12 is a top view of a partially completed layer of spirally or lay-up wound depleted uranium wire about a central uranium plug;FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a device for providing the spiral winding shown in FIG. 12; andFIG. 14 is a schematic diagrammatic side elevational sectional view of a cask according to this invention with an alternative form of cover and base member. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTSA cask body for storing and transporting highly radioactive materials according to this invention may be accomplished using an inner shell which can be made of steel or similar structurally strong material, with a number of layers of depleted uranium wire circumferentially wound on the inner shell to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from materials storedwithin the inner shell. The wire can be wound tightly, tensilely stressed onto the inner shell to apply a compressive stress on the inner shell, thereby increasing its strength and durability. The shield itself may be a few inches thick and the cask may be six or more feet in diameter and six or more feet high for typical applications.A casting of depleted uranium in a copper jacket (to prevent rapid oxidation) is hot worked such as in a looping mill, into an intermediate diameter, for example from 3/8 to 5/16 inch. It is then cold drawn to a final size and shape, for example a round cross section with a diameter of 1/8 to 1/16 inch, or a rectangular cross section of 1/10 to 1/4 inch. This wire may then be used to create the wire wound depleted uranium shield. If there is a large transition from the hot working size to the cold drawn size, further heat treating may be used to soften the metal and then final shaping through cold drawing may be effected. After this, the depleted uranium wire can be used to wind cylindricalor spiral shields for the cask body cover and base members according to this invention to form a completed cask.The hot working eliminates and heals voids, cracks and holes that might normally occur in cast material. It also recrystallizes the structure from cast dendrites to regular crystalline wrought material which is more ductile and tougher. By using wire to form the shield instead of castings, any desired shape can be fabricated without the requirement for new casting molds. In this way large capital investment for melting and casting dies and furnaces is eliminated. In addition, the wire wound shield creates a single continuous structure (without the added cost and complexity of designing joints for castings) which will not only be structurally sound but will avoid leakage of radioactive radiation. The final wire form can be round, square, flat, hexagonal, or any polygonal shape. Even round wire with its inherent voids can be used by simply adding additional layers to compensate for the total void, so that the total length of the path through the shielding material is sufficient to attenuate the radiation. The voids may be minimized by running the wire in the same direction from layer to layer: that is, in a left-hand helix or a right-hand helix continuously. Afurther advantage of using wire is that the quality of the shielding can be tested before the cask is complete. Delaying inspection until after the completion of the cask introduces two problems. The expense of fabricating the device has already been endured before it is known whether the quality is acceptable. In addition, once the shielded cask is completed it is difficult to inspect in the typical manner using X-rays since it is an effective shielding device. By using a wire-wound shield, there is provided the opportunity to inspect the wire before it is wound into a shield. This can be done very quickly "on the fly" as the wire goes past an inspection station, and since the wire is quite thin, X-rays or ultrasonics can be effectively used to determine its uniformity and structure. Although the wire has been disclosed to herein as being drawn to size, it may as well be done by other techniques, such as by rolling for example. When the wire is wound into the shield, the layers are staggered so that the joints between the wire do not overlap and create an escape path for the radiation.The cask body can contain an outer shell spaced from the inner shell to cover and protect the depleted uranium. The outer shell may be the same shape as the inner shell, and it may be fixed to the inner shell to form a single unitary body with superior strength and rigidity containing the depleted uranium wire-wound shield between the two shells. The cask may be completed by a base member and a cover member which caps each end of the body. Each of the members can include an inner plate and a number of layers of depleted uranium wire wound on the inner plate to create a radioactive shield against emanation of radioactivity from the material stored within the cask. A depleted uranium plug may be used on each inner plate as the central point on which the depleted uranium wire is wound, either spirally or circumferentially about the plug. The base and cover members may include outer plates spaced from the inner plates and covering and protecting the depleted uranium wire. The depleted uranium plug can be tapered so that it automatically induces a staggering of the joints between the wire from layer to layer to avoid escape paths through which the radiation can escape.There is shown in FIG. 1 the inner shell 10 of a cask body according to this invention on which is wound circumferentially a shield 12 of depleted uranium wire. As shell 10 is rotated about its central axis 14, the depleted uranium wire16 is wound on it by a wire-winding machine 18 of conventional design in the same manner as wire would be wound on a conventional wire or cable bobbin or reel. As wire 16 is cast back and forth across shell 10 rotated by drive 9, the wire is wound circumferentially, first in a left-hand helix, then in a right-hand helix. However, alternatively, wire winder 18, a wire winding traversing mechanism, is operated to stop and rewind only in the same direction: that is, always in aleft-hand spiral or always in a right-hand spiral. When this is accomplished, the strands of round wire will lie within the joints between the wires of subordinate layers so as to minimize the voids between them.Thus in FIG. 2, where the wire has been laid in a left-hand helix, wire strands 20, 22 and 24 of the lower layer, shown in full lines, create gaps at joints 26 and 28. When the next layer is applied, strands 30 and 32, shown in phantom, will lie over joints 26 and 28, minimizing the voids 34, 36, 38 shown in FIG. 3. If the layers were applied in a more conventional manner, first in a left-hand helix then in a right-hand helix, the strands would crisscross as shown in FIG. 4, where the strands of the lower layer 40 slant to the left and the strands of the the upper layer 42 slant to the right.The voids can be eliminated in a number of ways. For example, the wire can be made square, rectangular, or flat as indicated in FIG. 5, where the strands 44 and 46 in the upper layer are staggered so that they cover the joints 48 and 50 created between strands 52, 54 and 56. While in FIG. 5 the overlap of the two layers is shown to be 50%, the actual amount of overlap is adjusted for the number of layers and the diameter of the wire. For example, in FIG. 6, a number of layers 60 far in excess of two can be applied to build the shield since the overlap is in the range of only 1 or 2%. By winding alternately and continuously from left to right and right to left, in FIG. 6B, adjacent layers of wire have their joints angled to each other, thereby additionally inhibiting joint alignment. Other shapes of wire also eliminate voids. For example the hexagonal wires 70 in the upper layer 72, FIG. 7, nest without voids in the junctions formed by hexagonal strands 74 in the lower layer 76. The completed cask body 11, FIG. 8, is shown having a cylindrical outer shell 82 matching in shapecylindrical inner shell 10 and welded to it at junctions 84 and 86 to form a single unitary structure with four-layer wire-wound depleted uranium shield 12 between them.The method of fabricating cask body 11 includes casting an ingot 100, FIG. 9, of depleted uranium. Then in step 102, hot working the depleted uranium into a rod or wire of material of a diameter from 3/8 to 5/16 inch, for example, in an extrusion press such as a 1400 ton Loewy hydropress or a grooved roll rod rolling mill. Following this in step 104, the wire or rod is cold drawn to a final size and shape such as a round wire with a diameter of 1/8 to 1/16 inch or a rectangular wire 1/10 by 1/4 inch. Since the drop in size between the hot working and the cold drawing is substantial, a further heat treatment may be provided in step 106 to soften the depleted uranium wire, after which a final shaping by cold drawing can be accomplished in step 108. Following this, in step 110, the wire may be wound circumferentially about inner shell 10 and then circumferentially or spirally wound in step 112 on a plate to form the cover and base members.End caps, which may take the form of identically fabricated base member 120 and cover member 122, may be used to close the ends of cask body 11, FIG. 8. Each such member, as shown in FIG. 10, includes an inner plate 124 on which is woundspirally, circumferentially or both, a number of layers of depleted uranium wire. An outer plate 128 may be fixed to inner plate 124 to form a protective covering over the depleted uranium wire 126 which constitutes radioactivity shield 130. An annular wall is provided by inner plate 124 and outer plate 128 complete with shielding 130 in order to complete the closure of cask body 11 and eliminating any possible line of sight escape paths for radiation. A depleted uranium plug 140 may be used at the center of members 120, 122 to form a center point about which the wire may be wound. Plug 140 may be formed with tapered wall 142 as shown in FIG. 11 with respect to plug 140a. The taper is set so that each successive layer of wire windings 144 is offset with respect to the others so that no direct line of sight through junctions is permitted. In order to remove potential line of sight leakage along tapered wall 142, that wall can be formed with a helical, curved groove 142a, FIG. 11B, for circular wire, or a stepped surface 142b, FIG. 11C, for wire with a rectilinear cross-section. The spiral winding of depleted uranium wire 126a about plug 140 on inner plate 124a as shown in FIG. 12 can be accomplished by a spiral winding device which includes a drive table 150, FIG. 13, driven by drive system 152 to rotate inner plate 124a while wire 126a is fed through a radially traversing feeder arm 154 in a conventional way.Completed cask 180, FIG. 14, is shown including cask body 11 with cover member 120b and base member 122b installed on it. In this embodiment, cover member 120b and base member 122b each include an annular recess 182, 184 which overlaps and engages the ends of cask body 11.Although specific features of the invention are shown in some drawings and not others, this is for convenience only as each feature may be combined with any or all of the other features in accordance with the invention.Other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and are within the following claims:* * * * *页码，11/11United States Patent: 52763352006-9-6/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=...。
