采矿工程 毕业外文翻译

练习1矿井系统选择的标准图9.2显示了各种采矿方法的生产分布图。

由于现在在短壁工作面工作的少于12个人，所以采用长臂综采法。

很显然连续采煤法越来越受欢迎不是因为每个单元的生产能力增加，而是因为相同吨位的产出需要的人少。

然而，长臂开采的生产率更高是因为每个采矿单元与生俱来的连续开采潜力使其有更大的生产能力。

虽然如此，讨论选择一个系统比另一个系统好要考虑很多因素，这样会让每种形式的细节分析变得明显。

这个表格列出了很多矿井选择特定系统时考虑的各种因素，提供了像自然条件，开采经验，社会关注点，市场条件等重要因素。

一些选择是相当明显的，然而一些是不明显的。

通常，这些选择更能反映出个人偏见。

例如，当缝隙是坚硬的或包含坚硬的杂质，传统的开采方法（爆破）比通过连续开采剥开煤层更容易。

当眼前的隧道顶部很坏时,长臂开采更容易也能够提供更全面的支撑。

常规开采需求的大量设备可能会导致柔软底部的撕裂，所以常规开采比连续开采需要一个坚固的底部。

由于常规开采在房柱式系统已经比在任何老矿区实行时间都长，由于劳动监察部门最熟悉这种方法和设备，在新矿的开采方法选取中这将是一个重要的考虑因素。

然而，如果对于新的从业人员，选择这种传统方法是不太可能的，因为它需要更多的技巧去协调许多设备以及人力。

但是，对于维护人员就不是这样的。

由于传统设备比连续采矿设备更简单，更可靠，更容易保持状态，一个没有经验的维修组更适合使用常规开采的矿区。

市场对于采矿系统的发展有过很大的影响。

而连续开采通常认为已经开始约在1947年，实际上再更早就有了。

在1920年代早期，McKinley Entry Driver，一个出生很早地使用连续开采方法的矿工，加入的很多条目在Illinois.然而煤炭生产靠它，和几乎如今的所有连续开采矿工，这对于全国上下的取暖需求不是很畅销，所以它产生了低回报。

随着实用市场的到来，所有的煤都是粉碎后使用的，连续采煤机已获得广泛的认可。

原文：DEVELOPING OF TRANS-CENTURY MINING SUBJECTWITH NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW THEORYAbstract：Mining subject needs further development and towards which the development would being the problems concerned over all along and to be succeeded with the public good enough attention to discussions to reach an identify of views admittedly. The emergence in succession of new-and-high techs in the mid-and late twentieth century is perhaps the most fascinating and epoch-marking event that has given to all the subjects certain but different degrees of impacts to become more closely interrelative and interdepartmental each other and feature specifically from that of the past for their entirely new conceptions in the result of formulating many new theories，new technologies and new subjects that mining subject is inevitably and unexceptionally the one inclusive. The acuter gives in this paper his opinion regarding the problem of the development of mining subject proving with many convincible facts and most informative new idea,Key words: mining subject; mineral industry; mineral economics; new-and-high tech.1 The Importance of Mining Industry in the National EconomyToday, it has been paid unprecedented attention to the development of technology worldwide.The advance of space engineering,information engineering，biological engineering and marine engineering，the discovery and the research and development of the new energy and new materials increasingly change every aspect of human life both at present and in the future.The words "Science and Technology being the First Production Force" has fatherly and penetratingly pointed out the important role of new technology in the course of national economy construction.In the competition of several big countries in the world striving for the exploration of outer space，one should not forget the essential fact that there are more than five billion people living on the earth. To assure the survival of mankind on the earth，four essential requirements should be considerably fulfilled，namely，the nutrients，materials，fuels and the environment. The nutrients mainly are air，water，forests，grains and miscellaneous plants，all of which are acquired from the nature. The materials refer to iron，ferrous metals，rare metals，precious metals，chemical raw materials and building materials. The fuels cover coal，petroleum，natural gas ,oil shale，uranium，thorium and other radioactive elements. These also occur in nature. The last one is the ecological environment depending on which mankind lives. In the above three essential substances，the materials and fuels are through mining engineering extract from bining industry is a conventional industry, however，with the advance of the new technologies and the introduction of them into mining industry which will be reduced of itself final1y- a technology-intensive industry. The emergence of highly mechanized and automated mines and robot-operated manless working face marks the renewal and substitution of technologies of mining industry and proves the fact that mining industry.However，is conventional industry, but not sunset industry. As long as mankind live on the earth，mining industry will last forever and never decline and fall，instead，as man's living demands increases，the output of fuels and raw materials will be increased by a big marg and mineral industry will still gain a much greater development.2The Object of Study of the Mining Subject2. 1 The Tasks and the Special Features of 1liining SubjectHistorically and the Special Features of 1liining Subject the development of mining subject has its own course of change and development both at home and abroad. Since mining industry is closely related with geology, metallurgical and energy industry consequently in the subject relationships，they are interrelative and interdepartmental each other. As mining subject branch of science dealing with the extraction and utilization of minerals and the resources from inside the earth，on the sake of the complexity and multiplicity of the rock mass and mineral resources of great nature which makes the basic theories of mining subject being more complicated than that of any other engineering subject. Especially in the following aspects featured: the objects of mining subjects are the ore bodies occurred in nature that they differ each other in structure，quality，and property.3Five Urgent Requirements on the Tendency towards the Trans-century Development of Modern Mining Subjects3. 1 Renewing the Knowledge of Strata 11ZechanicsAbove all rock and or ore properties are the prerequisites of the subjects of the study of mining engineering regardless of whether it is excavation，comminuting or strata ,stability strata mechanics is required to make the study along two aspects:(1)From the micro-study to the macro-study(2) The study of the contradictions between rock-breaking and rock stability in the course of mining and excavating. Therefore it is a very broad field of academic studyComparing with common solid materials，rocks are featured structurally for their non-homo.3.2 AnewKnowledgeofMiningEngineeringSystem-the"hian-Nature-Rfachine" Systern ，System engineering had found in recent years very rapid development，and wide applications m mining engineering. Been modeled after the "man-machine’s Generally, mining systems engineering considerably studies had system model used in aerospace engineering and other departments of en Bering. In recent years，Prof. Fettwice of the Montan University of Austria and the author of this paper both had put forth the opinion that the objects of mining engineerm8 Machine are ore bodies and rock strata, the activities of mining engineering are those played with by the man in getting the knowledge of the environment underground.3.3 Reforming the Conventional Mining Technologies and Industries withModern New technologiesThe major policy of China of reforming the conventional industries with new-and-high techsof great importance and no doubt to its conventional industries.The essential features of new-and-high techs are highly technology-intensive.Just as discussed in the beginning of this paper，speaking with respect to the reforming of mining engineering and coal industry with new-and-high techs，it is essential to introduce merely those ones which enable to make these two industries swiftly commercialized. Since mine is concerned with the natural surroundgas of ground，the newtechs，however，as those used in aerospace engineering in the care for "going up to sky" when used for 0gettingdown intothe earthin mining engineering practices evidently are needed to make completely different modalities. In 1080s，Berlin Poly }ethnic university had applied optic fiber telecommunication technology- in underground mining，giving rise to abundant interference problems of earth magnetism，electricity and light wave, and the insulation of strata to the conduction electronic waves. The BPM man had the problems s finally tailed，however，through a long time of research work. Therefore，to have the minerals industries well prepared technically for the 21st century，to paying great attention the following fields of study are required3.3.4Making the study of market-economy mineral economics theoriesFor a long time that the mineral economics theory in China had been given distinct features of planning economy，while in the theory itself，mineral resources were not recognized ascommodities and had no prices. Consequently，even though the mineral products had pricesbut were distorted ones making all national mining enterprises non-profitable and to exist depending on governmental policy-subsidization. Now the country, however，has changed intosocialist market economy, most mineral enterprises radically cannot accommodate themselvesto this new situation，in particular，from the point of view of "Enriching the peasants" policyto put forward to the exploitation of mineral resources，the near-term policy of the so-called“wherever there’ water，flow it fast"，which had made the mineral industry from the repeated view-point of and the enriching the Pleasants policy, has caused the price deficit due to lowselling-price of minerals into even worse situation of disorder，no-restraint and anarchy ofscrambling for extracting the mineral resources putting the mineral industries in a tight spot unabling to feed themselves. Under this circumstance，the importance of undertaking the softscience research right now becomes more conspicuous to the mineral industries than ever before. One can predict that had the theoretical study of mineral economics theory been made ,portent break troughs，that it would radically change the face of our mineral industries.3.5 Relationship between Mineral Engineering and Natural EcologyMining engineering is the removal of rocks and minerals to the surface throughexcavations from underground deep in the earth or from the ground surface leaving the excavated space so formed. Every turn meters Surface every year subsidence in China. of the commodity flow of mining products reaches billion cubic Obviously it has caused many negative effects，for example:(1)uses of waste rock which results in the damages of farming lands and houses;(2) Large volrefuse and tailings occupy large area of land; and (3) Coal and oil burning products give off waste materials，such as exhaust gas，waste liquids，and solids and pollute the environment. In China，80 percent of 1. 1 billion tons of coalburned as fuel，from which，dust，sulpher and the of NO2and CO2 and the effective less heating effect seriously constitutes a menace to the ecological environment of China and the neighboring countries.4Suggestions opment of to the Science and Technology Circles of the Nation for the Develop-the Mining Subject4.1 An Unguent AppealNo doubt the "flying up into the sky" technology is the one most advanced，however，thegetting down into the earth" technology in mining engineering is no less complex，and even more difficult to pin down. It is no wonder that people consider that mineral engineering beingmuch simpler and pay less attention for lack of the knowledge of the resulting in the low rate ofmineral recovery and low rate of mineral extracting. For this country, but to spend a greatmany of valuable hard currency to import those actually need not to import raw materials andelse，naturally this is not favorable to the development of national economy. Hoping the science and technology circles，in particular their leading departments，renewing their recognitions to this awkward situation，and give necessary support to the urgently-needed topics of research studies of the mineral industries.4.2 National Resource PolicyNational resource policy concerns the future for many generations.Hoping the government population institutions relevant learn Iron the lesson of the past population policy，to take measures as early as possible to have the print up of mineral resources centralized.4.3 Mineral Investment PolicyThe investment policy and the set up of mineral industries should be dire; iron: tm common industries to assure in the long run the first energy supply 1vit} necessary and appropriate support.4.4 Make Ready the SuccessorsTo make ready the successors for the mineral industries and the development of the mining subjects，suggesting to give preferential treatment to the university.Admissionssystem and the recruitment of mineral workersand set mineral science.Foundation as an important subject independent from the foundations of those.Basic science in the natural science foundation.The aim of writing this paper is to hone that in the tonguingA of this centuryminim subject in China will have a new prosperous development with the of new technology to theory under the guidance of the national science policy.译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。

ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。

通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。

除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。

Ore handlingIntroductionOre handling,which may account for30-60%of the total delivered price of raw materials, covers the processes of transportation,storage,feeding,and washing of the ore en route to,or during,its various stages of treatment in the mill.Since the physical state of ores in situ may range from friable,or even sandy material,to monolithic deposits with the hardness of granite,the methods of mining and provisions for the handling of freshly excavated material will vary extremely widely.Ore that has been well broken can be transported by trucks,belts,or even by sluicing,but large lumps of hard ore may need individual blasting.Modem developments in microsecond delay fuses and plastic explosive have resulted in more controllable primary breakage and easier demolition of occasional very large lumps.At the same time,crushers have become larger and lumps up to2 m in size can now be fed into some primary units.Open-pit ore tends to be very heterogeneous,the largest lumps often being over1.5m in diameter.The broken ore from the pit,after blasting,is loaded directly into trucks,holding up to200t of ore in some cases,and is transported directly to the primary crushers.Storage of such ore is not always practicable,due to its"long-ranged"particle size which causes segregation during storage,the fines working their way down through the voids between the larger particles;extremely coarse ore is sometimes difficult to start moving once it has been stopped.Sophisticated storage and feed mechanisms are therefore often dispensed with,the trucks depositing their loads directly into the mouth of the primary crusher.The operating cycle on an underground mine is complex.Drilling and blasting are often performed on one shift,the ore broken in this time being hoisted to the surface during the other two shifts of the working day.The ore is transported through the passes via chutes and tramways and is loaded into skips,holding as much as30t of ore,to be hoisted to the surface. Large rocks are often crushed underground by primary breakers in order to facilitate loading and handling at this stage.The ore,on arrival at the surface,having undergone some initial crushing,is easier to handle than that from an open pit mine and storage and feeding is usually easier,and indeed essential,due to the intermittent arrival of skips at the surface.The removal of harmful materialsOre entering the mill from the mine(run-of-mine ore)normally contains a small proportion of material which is potentially harmful to the mill equipment and processes.For instance,large pieces of iron and steel broken off from mine machinery can jam in the crushers.Wood is a major problem in many mills as this is ground into a fine pulp and causes choking or blocking of screens,etc.It can also choke flotation cell ports,consume flotation reagents by absorption and decompose to give depressants,which render valuable minerals unfloatable.Clays and slimes adhering.to the ore are also harmful as they hinder screening,filtration,and thickening,and again consume valuable flotation reagents.All these must be removed as far as possible at an early stage in treatment.Hand sorting from conveyor belts has declined in importance with the development of mechanised methods of dealing with large tonnages,but it is still used when plentiful cheap labour is available.Crushers can be protected from large pieces of"tramp"iron and steel by electromagnets suspended over conveyor belts(Figure2.1).These powerful electromagnets can pick up large pieces of iron and steel travelling over the belt and,at intervals,can be swung away from the belt and unloaded.Guard magnets,however,cannot be used to remove tramp iron from magnetic ores,such as those containing magnetite,nor will they remove non-ferrous metals or non-magnetic steels from the ore.Metal detectors,which measure the electrical conductivity of the material being conveyed,can be fitted over or around conveyor belts.The electrical conductivity of ores is much lower than that of metals and fluctuations in electrical conductivity in the conveyed material can be detected by measuring the change that tramp metal causes in a given electromagnetic field.When a metal object causes an alarm,the belt automatically stops and the object can be removed.It is advantageous with non-magnetic ores to precede the metal detector with a heavy guard magnet which will remove the ferromagnetic tramp metals and thus minimise belt stoppages.Large pieces of wood which have been"flattened out"by passage through a primary crusher can be removed by passing the ore feed over a vibrating scalping screen.Here the apertures of the screen are slightly larger than the maximum size of particle in the crusher discharge,allowing the ore to fall through the apertures and the flattened wood particles to ride over the screen and be collected separately.Wood can be further removed from the pulp discharge from the grinding mills by passing the pulp through a fine screen.Again,while the ore particles pass through the apertures,the wood collects on top of the screen and can be periodically removed.Washing of run-of-mine ore can be carried out to facilitate sorting by removing obscuring dirt from the surfaces of the ore particles.However,washing to remove very fine material,or slimes,of little or no value,is more important.Washing is normally performed after primary crushing as the ore is then of a suitable size to be passed over washing screens.It should always precede secondary crushing as slimes severely interfere with this stage.The ore is passed through high-pressure jets of water on mechanically vibrated screens. The screen apertures are usually of similar size to the particles in the feed to the grinding mills, the reason for which will become apparent.In the circuit shown in Figure2.2material passing over the screen,i.e.washed ore,is transported to the secondary crushers.Material passing through the screens is classified into coarse and fine fractions by a mechanical classifier or hydrocyclone or both.It may be beneficial to classify initially in a mechanical classifier as this is more able to smooth out fluctuations in flow than is the hydrocyclone and it is better suited to handling coarse material.The coarse product from the classifier,designated"washing plant sands",is either routed direct to the grinding mills or is dewatered over vibrating screens before being sent to mill storage.A considerable load,therefore,is taken off the dry crushing section.The fine product from classification,i.e.the"slimes",may be partially dewatered in shallow large diameter settling tanks known as thickenersand the thickened pulp is either pumped to tailings disposal or,if containing values,pumped direct to the concentration process,thus removing load from the grinding section.In the circuit shown,the thickener overflows are used to feed the high-pressure washing sprays.Water conservation in this manner is practised in most mills.Wood pulp may again be a problem in the above circuit,as it will tend to float in the thickener,and will choke the water spray nozzles unless it is removed by retention on a fine screen.Ore transportationIn a mineral processing plant,operating at the rate of400,000td-1this is equivalent to about28t of solid per minute,requiting up to75m3min-1of water.It is therefore important to operate with the minimum upward or horizontal movement and with the maximum practicable pulp density in all of those stages subsequent to the addition of water to the system. The basic philosophy requires maximum use of gravity and continuous movement over the shortest possible distances between processing units.Dry ore can be moved through chutes,provided they are of sufficient slope to allow easy sliding,and sharp turns are avoided.Clean solids slide easily on a15-25°steel-faced slope, but for most ores,a45-55°working slope is used.The ore may be difficult to control if the slope is too steepThe belt conveyor is the most widely used method of handling loose bulk materials. Belts now in use are with capacities up to20,000th-1and single flight lengths exceeding 15,000m("Bulk Materials Handling",2005),with feasible speeds of up to10m s-1.The standard rubber conveyor belt has a foundation of sufficient strength to withstand the driving tension and loading strains.This foundation,which may be of cotton,nylon,or steel cord,is bound together with a rubber matrix and completel y covered with a layer of vulcanised rubber.The carrying capacity of the belt is increased by passing it over troughing idlers.These are support rollers set normal to the travel of the belt and inclined upward from the centre so as to raise the edges and give it a trough-like profile.There may be three or five in a set and they will be rubbercoated under a loading point,so as to reduce the wear and damage from impact.Spacing along the belt is at the maximum interval which avoids excessive sag.The return belt is supported by horizontal straight idlers which overlap the belt by a few inches at each side.To induce motion without slipping requires good contact between the belt and drive pulley.(Figure2.3).This may not be possible with a single180~turn over a pulley and some form of"snubbed pulley"drive or"tandem"drive arrangement may be more effective.The belt system must incorporate some form of tensioning device to adjust the belt for stretch and shrinkage and thus prevent undue sag between idlers,and slip at the drive pulley. In most mills,gravity-operated arrangements are used which adjust the tension continuously (Figure2.4).Hydraulics have also been used extensively,and when more refined belt-tension control is required,especially in starting and stopping long conveyors,load-cell-controlled electrical tensioning devices are used.The reliability of belt systems has been enhanced by advances in control technology, making possible a high degree of fail-safe automation.A series of belts should incorporate an interlock system such that failure of any particular belt will automatically stop preceding belts. Interlock with devices being fed by the belt is important for the same reasons.It should not be possible to shut down any machine in the system without arresting the feed to the machine atthe same time and,similarly,motor failure should lead to the automatic tripping of all preceding belts and machines.Sophisticated electrical,pneumatic and hydraulic circuits have been widely employed to replace all but a few manual operations.Several methods can be used to minimise loading shock on the belt.A typical arrangement is shown in Figure2.5where the fines are screened on to the belt first and provide a cushion for the larger pieces of rock.Feed chutes must be designed to deliver the bulk of the material to the centre of the belt and at a velocity close to that of the belt.Ideally it should be the same,but in practice this condition is seldom obtained,particularly with wet sand or sticky materials.Where conditions will allow,the angle of the chute should be as great as possible,thereby allowing it to be gradually placed at lesser angles to the belt until the correct speed of flow is obtained.The material,particularly if it is heavy,or lumpy,should never be allowed to strike the belt vertically.Baffles in transfer chutes,to guide material flow,are now often remotely controlled by hydraulic cylinders.The conveyor may discharge at the head pulley,or the load may be removed before the head pulley is reached.The most satisfactory device for achieving this is a tripper.This is an arrangement of pulleys by which the belt is raised and doubled back so as to give it a localised discharge point.It is usually mounted on wheels,running on tracks,so that the load can be delivered at several points,over a long bin or into several bins.The discharge chute on the tripper can deliver to one or both sides of the belt.The tripper may be moved by hand,by head and tail ropes from a reversible hoisting drum,or by a motor.It may be automatic, moving backwards and forwards under power from the belt drive.Shuttle belts are reversible self-contained conveyor units mounted on carriages,whichpermit them to be moved lengthwise to discharge to either side of the feed point.The range of distribution is approximately twice the length of the conveyor.They are often preferred to trippers for permanent storage systems because they require less head room and,being without reverse bends,are much easier on the belt.Where space limitation does not permit the installation of a belt conveyor,gravity bucket elevators can be used(Figure2.1).These provide only low handling rates with both horizontal conveying and elevating of the material.The elevator consists of a continuous line of buckets attached by pins to two endless roller chains running on tracks and driven by sprockets.The buckets are pivoted so that they always remain in an uptight position and are dumped by means of a ramp placed to engage a shoe on the bucket,thus turning it into the dumping position.Sandwich conveyor systems can be used to transport solids at steep inclines from30to 90°.The material being transported is"sandwiched"between two belts which hold the material in position and prevent it from sliding back down the conveyor even after the conveyor has stopped or tripped.As pressure is applied to material to hold it in place,it is important the material has a reasonable internal friction angle.The advantage of sandwich belt conveyors is that they can transport material at steep angles at similar speeds to conventional belt conveyors("Sandwich Conveyors",2005).Screw conveyors are another means of transporting dry or damp particles or solids.The material is pushed along a troughby the rotation of a helix,which is mounted on a central shaft.The action of the screw conveyor allows for virtually any degree of mixing of different materials and allows for the transportation of material on any incline from the horizontal to vertical.The main limitation of screw conveyors is their capacity,which has a maximum rate of about300m3/h(Perry and Green,1997).Hydraulic transport of the ore stream normally takes over from dry transportation at the grinding stage in most modem mills.Pulp may be made to flow through open launders by gravity in some unders are gently sloping troughs of rectangular,triangular or semicircular section,in which the solid is carried in suspension,or by sliding or rolling.The slope must increase with particle size,with the solid content of the suspension,and with specific gravity of the solid.The effect of depth of water is complex;if the particles are carried in suspension,a deep launder is advantageous because the rate of solid transport is increased.If the particles are carried by rolling,a deep flow may be disadvantageous.In plants of any size,the pulp is moved through piping via centrifugal pumps.Pipelines should be as straight as possible to prevent abrasion at bends.The use of oversize pipe is dangerous whenever slow motion might allow the solids to settle and hence choke the pipe. The factors involved in pipeline design and installation are complex and include the solid-liquid ratio,the average pulp density,the density of the solid constituents,the size analysis and particle shape,and the fluid viscosity(Loretto and Laker,1978).Centrifugal pumps are cheap in capital cost and maintenance,and occupy little space (Wilson,1981;Pearse,1985).Single-stage pumps are normally used,lifting up to30m and in extreme cases100m.Their main disadvantage is the high velocity produced within the impeller chamber,which may result in serious wear of the impeller and chamber itself, especially when a coarse sand is being pumped.Ore storageThe necessity for storage arises from the fact that different parts of the operation of mining and milling are performed at different rates,some being intermittent and some continuous,some being subject to frequent interruption for repair,and others being essentially batch processes.Thus,unless reservoirs for material are provided between the different steps,the whole operation is rendered spasmodic and,consequently,uneconomical.The amount of storage necessary depends on the equipment of the plant as a whole,its method of operation,and the frequency and duration of regular and unexpected shutdowns of individual units.For various reasons,at most mines,ore is hoisted for only a part of each day.On the other hand,grinding and concentration circuits are most efficient when running continuously. Mine operations are more subject to unexpected interruption than mill operations,and coarse-crushing machines are more subject to clogging and breakage than fine crushers, grinding mills and concentration equipment.Consequently,both the mine and the coarse ore plant should have a greater hourly capacity than the fine crushing and grinding plants,and storage reservoirs should be provided between them.Ordinary mine shutdowns,expected or unexpected will not generally exceed a24h duration,and ordinary coarse-crushing plant repairs can be made within an equal period if a good supply of spare parts is kept on hand. Therefore,if a24h supply of ore that has passed the coarse-crushing plant is kept in reserve ahead of the mill proper,the mill can be kept running independent of shutdowns of less than a 24h duration in mine and coarse-crushing plant.It is wise to provide for a similar mill shutdown and,in order to do this,the reservoir between coarse crushing plant and mill must contain at all times unfilled space capable of holding a day's tonnage from the mine.This is not economically possible,however,with many of the modem very large mills;there is a trend now to design such mills with smaller storage reservoirs,often supplying less than a two-shift supply of ore,the philosophy being that storage does not do anything to the ore,and can,in some cases,have an adverse effect by allowing the ore to oxidise.Unstable sulphides must be treated with minimum delay,and wet ore cannot be exposed to extreme cold as it will freeze and be difficult to move.矿石处理矿石运搬所花费的费用，大概占所有原材料输送的过程的30%-60%。

2013 届毕业文献翻译题目文献翻译专业班级采矿工程学号 09010901xx学生姓名刘xx指导教师张电吉指导教师职称教授学院名称环境与城市建设学院完成日期： 2013 年 6 月日Room and pillar Mining MethodsBullock(1982a),quoting previous data, showed that room and pillar mining together with stope and pillar mining accounted for most of the underground mining in the United States. He estimated that 60% of noncoal minerals (about 80 million tons or 70 Mt) and 90% of coal ( about 290 million tons or 260 Mt) were obtained by room and pillar methods, and it is unlikely that things are radically different today. The method is cheap, highly productive, easily mechanized, and relatively simple to design.The room and pillar mining method (Fig.5. 2) is a type of open stoping used in near horizontal deposits in reasonably competent rock, where the roof is supported primarily by pillars. Ore is extracted from rectangular shaped rooms or entries in the ore body, leaving parts of the ore between the entries as pillars to support the hanging wall or roof. The pillars are arranged in a regular pattern, or grid, to simplify planning and operation. They can be any shape but are usually square or rectangular. The dimensions of the rooms and pillars depend on many design factors. These include the stability of the hanging wall and the strength of the ore in the pillars, the thickness of the deposit, and the depth of mining. The objective of design is to extract the maximum amount of ore that is compatible with safe working conditions. The ore left in the pillars is usually regarded as irrecoverable or recoverable only with backfill in noncoal mines.applications of pillar mining have been discussed by Hamrin ( 1982) and Hittman( Anon. . 1976) among others. Suitable conditions include ore that are horizontal or have a dip of less than 30°. A major requirement is that the hanging wall is relatively competent over a short period of time, or is capable of support by rock bolts that are used extensively in room and pillar mining. The method：! is particularly suited to bedded deposits of moderate thickness (2 to 6 m) such as coal-the main application一salt, potash, and limestone.Figure.5.2Room and pillar mining method.1, Methods of Room and Pillar MiningRoom and pillar mining takes place in sections or panels, which are usually rectangular and regular in plan. In hard rock mining of horizontal ore bodies, the method is very similar to open stoping. In many cases, ore grade control may be the primary requirement in mine design, and ground control and ventilation secondary considerations. This may lead to an ad hoc room and pillar design with irregular- , nonrecoverable pillars of low-grade ore.Hard-rock room and pillar mining is a effectively method of open stoping (stope and pillar mining) at a low angle to the horizontal, excavating rooms and leaving supporting pillars.Where mineral values vary, the method is similar to the old “gophering" method of mining where random excavations followed highly mineralized zones. Where mineral values are consistent, the mine layout can be regular. The method differs from most hard-rock mining methods in that gravity flow is limited, and ore must be loaded in the excavation where it has been blasted and transported from that point. In large operations this involves trucks and loaders or load — haul — dumps ( LHDs).There are various methods of room and pillar stoping. The most common are full-face slicing breast stoping and multiple slicing or bench and breast stoping. In the former, the rooms are opened to their full vertical height with no mineral or economic value left in the roof or the floor. probably the reasonable safe limit for full-face slicing is 8 to 10 m depending on drilling and support equipment, and beyond this, multiple slicing is used.2. Production CycleFor hard-rock ore bodies ,the basic cycle is similar to hard-rock tunneling four main elements, (1)mark out and drill blast holes , usually in a wedge pattern , (2) ,and ventilate to remove blast fumes ,(3) introduce mucker and muck and load，and ④scale the face and walls and bolt the roof where necessary. There is considerable complexity in the interaction among these elements that make up a basic critical path. In order to estimate the cycle time, it is necessary to determine unit loading and drilling rates and task times for these elements and also to estimate how subsidiary elements and tasks such as haulage and ventilation takeup may impinge upon the critical path in a badly organized mine.3.Panel DevelopmentA panel layout for a typical room and pillar mine in a noncoal mine is illustrated as follows ：The excavation height is about 4.5m,and the normal sloping practice is to drive a single development drift about 10. 5 m wide a distance of about four or five rooms into the ore body. This will serve as the main haulage drift. Pillars are then marked out on the drift walls and rooms driven between them.To drill and blast the initial drive when the only exposed or free face is the drive face, some form of cut pattern is used. This is known as the “ face round or “ swing and in a 4. 5 by 10.5 m face will comprise 60 to 70 holes of about 8 mm to a depth at 3 to 3. 6 m. If more than one face is exposed,a group of holes may be drilled at a low angle to the free face in what is known as a " slab round or slabbing or “slashing”. This requires less explosive and less drilling than a single face. the most common form of face round is a wedge or V, cut although bum cuts can also beDrilling is carried out with jumbo-mounted hydraulic drills ；loading is usually by gathering arm loader, although in modern mines, trackless LHD vehicles are used to the load to a transfer raise where it is reloaded into trucks or conveyors.房柱法Bullock在1982年提出房柱法,它指在矿房与矿柱里回采矿物，在美国大多数地下开采应用柱式开采。

外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。

Underground MiningMost present-day mining in Europe occurs under 2000 to 4000 ft of overburden, as more easily mined coal deposits have been depleted. At this depth most mines are developed as shaft mines. All personnel, material, and coal have to be hoisted trough these shaft. Considering the two factors of hoisting capacity and required length of shaft, a considerable investment is necessary to reach the coal-bearing strata. The requires huge investments. Openings at this depth have to be equipped with costly supports, and periodic reworking and repair is necessary.Mines not only extend horizontally but also vertically through the development of new levels. The life of the mines is thus extend considerably, and surface installations can be amortize over a longer period.The more limited reserves have forced companies into mining less favorable deposits, and European government require that all possible deposits be mined to conserve the nation’s energy resources. These factor and the large percentage of inclined seams and faults make mining very difficult and costly. The population density and the heavy surface buildup cause additional expense in the form of payments for subsidence damage to surface structures. Therefore, backfilling is frequently practiced to reduce subsidence. The close spacing of faults often severely limits the size of a mining section, forcing frequent moves and excessive development work.The thickness of the overburden results in very high ground pressure. This would require extremely large pillars if the room and pillar method was applied. Additionally, support is required for any opening, adding prohibitive costs to a multiple-entry room and pillar operation.As a result, single-entry longwall operations requiring the minimum number of entries and allowing maximum recovery of resources is the mining method almost exclusively practiced.Shaft mines dominate the European coal mining industry. Shafts 20 to 30 ft in diameter, with circular cross section, lined with masonry, concrete, or steel are the dominant meansof gaining access to the coal-bearing strata. They are often extended beyond the last mining level to provide for future expansion. As in the Unite States, shafts are developed by drilling, blasting, and excavating or by large-diameter shaft-boring equipment. Shaft boring is more frequently used, particularly on the smaller and shorter subshaft, which connect the different levels but do not extend to the surface.Haulage in the shaft is usually accomplished by hoisting of the filled mine cars on multistage cages or by skips. Pumping of coal slurry is also done in special cases.The complex system of forces and the resulting rock mechanical problems developed by mining activities at different levels result in significant differences between European and US underground development. The rock mechanical interaction of the extraction operations at the various levels require that all deposits be mined as completely as possible. Pillars left after mining create zones of extreme and often unmanageable ground control problem, as well as a high probability of roof bounce.Since the number of entries is kept to a minimum because of cost, no bleeder systems are provided. If retreat mining is practiced, only two entries are advanced in to a new mining area.Panels are laid out as large as possible. The large-panel layout is used as another means of reducing the number ofentries. Minded–out panels are sealed off to prevent spontaneous combustion through the removal of oxygen.The main levels, with extensive entry systems, are used for coal, supply, and personnel haulage and for ventilation. They are often spaced with little regard to the position of the coal seams, because the deposits are reached selectively through other means. In the past, 165-or330-ft intervals were selected while increasing ground pressures and development and maintenance increase substantially, requiring large volumes of air for cooling. As a result, entry cross sections at these levels have to be increase.Fig.9.1 German multilevel, multiseam shaft-type coal mine.Underground facilities：(1) main shaft with skip hoisting;(2) exhaust ventilation shaft with multistage cage;(3) third-level station;(4) blind shaft with cylindrical storage bin;(5) blind shaft with car-hoisting facilities;(6) main entry;(7) main entry;(8) section or panel entry;(9) road heading machine(10) longwall section with plow;(11) longwall section with shearer;(12) longwall section in a steeply pitching seam mined manually with air picks;(13) longwall section in steeply pitching seam with plow;(14) minded-out gob area;(15) ventilation lock;(16) belt conveyor as main haulage;(17) main car haulage;(18) storage bin and skip-loading facilities;(19) supply haulage with a mono-rail;(20) supply haulage with mine cars;(21) monorail system as personnel carrier;(22) worker-trip cars;(23) pump station. Surface facilities:(a) hoisting tower with overhead hoist;(b) shaft building;(c) head frame;(d) main exhaust fan and diffuser;(e) coal preparation plant with loading facilities;(f) coking coal silo;(g) container vehicle for filling of coke ovens;(h) coke oven battery;(i) coke watering car;(k) coke quenching tower;(l) gas tank;(m) water-treatment plant;(n) refuse pile;(o) power plant;(p) cooling tower;(q) water tower;(r) supply storage area;(s) sawmill;(t) training and teaching center.地下采煤目前，大部分欧洲的煤矿开采都已经达到了2000到4000英尺，主要是因为浅部容易开采的煤层都已经采完。

英文原文：Analytical model and application of stressdistribution on mining coal floorAbstract：Given the analysis of underground pressure，a stress calculation model of cola floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity．The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor：the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth．The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth．The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face．The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests．Which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers．Key words：model；coal floor；stress distribution；analysis1 IntroductionWith the development of coal seam mining，The stress field of rock strata of coal seam floors will change and continue to be redistributed because of the effect of mining．The results will bring on floor deformation，displacement and possible destruction to attain a new balance[1]．A study of the law of stress distribution of floors has important，practical implications in understanding deformation and destructive characteristics and predicting water inrush from floors and for designing suitable locations for tunnels and selecting maintenance methods when depth increased．At present，the study of the law of stress distribution of floors mostly proceeds from a number of calculations based on finite element analyses and similar material tests[2-6]．In this paper，the study of stress distribution of floors in relatively fixed positions is discussed analytically with a theory of elasticity and we present an application combined with actual data of a particular site．2 Fundamental principleThe formulas of stress distribution are derived from the superposition principle，given the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane[7-8]．The vertical distribution load of AB on a semi-infinite plane is assumed to be q(x)，as illustrated in Fig.1.We want to solve the state of stress at a specific point inside a semi-infinite plane，such as point M ．Supposing the coordinate of point is (x，z)，the micro-1ength dζfrom the origin of coordinate is ζon the AB segment，the micro-concentration force d p=q dζis regarded as its force and the state of stress of the micro-concentration force at point is defined as follows．In order to calculate the stress at point M from all distributed loads，the stress which is caused by every micro-concentration force is superposed．We need to integrate Eq.(1) from ζ= -a to ζ= b and Eq.(1) then becomes：3 Stress calculation of coal seam floor3.1Foundation of the mechanical modelBased on the theory of underground pressure，the mechanical model of supporting pressure in front of the working face can be simplified，as shown in Fig.2[9-11]．Where the OA segment is the plastic area，with a length of x0；the AB segment is the elastic area，with a length of L0x0．In order to calculate easily the supporting pressure of both areas p z(1)，p z(2)，without losing its rational，we can assume the following two linear functions：Where is the supporting pressure of the plastic area(kPa)，the supporting pressure of the elastic area(kPa)，the maximum stress concentration coefficient，the width of the plastic area(m)，H the buried depth of the coal floor(m)，the width of the area affected by the supporting pressure(m) and is the average weight of the volume of the over-lying strata (kN/m3) ．3.2Stress calculation processAccording to the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane，we can use Eq.(2) to calculate the vertical stresses σz(1) and σz(2) and the horizontal stresses σx(1)and σx(2)which are affected by the supporting pressures and ．The stress equations at point M(x, z) can then be obtained correspondingly by superposition (this calculation neglects the effect of the transferred load from the goaf and the overlying strata movement as well as the effect of the initial ground stress because it does not produce subsidiary stress at point M；largely we considered the action of the supporting pressure in front of the working face). The calculations are as follows：Therefore，σz = σz(1)+σz(2)(4) and σx = σx(1)+σx(2)(5). By coordinate transformation(x = x(n = 0，1，2，…))，x is regarded as x0 in Eqs.(4) and (5) and the stress values of each section can be calculated，where the variable expresses the relative distance from the pushing position of the working face to the origin of the coordinate system. Given the related parameters of supporting pressures，the stress values，located at the relatively fixed floor section，(x =) at different depths，can be calculated by computer when the working faces advance.When x = x，Eqs.(4) and (5) can be represented as follows：3.3Example analysisGiven the actual geological conditions and mining technology at the 2702 working face of the Yangcun Colliery of the Yanzhou Mining Group Limited Company，the following related parameters are determined：=3，=5 m，=50 m，=25 kN/m3 and H=500 ing Eqs.(6) and (7)，the stress distribution curves are obtained on the relatively fixed floor section x=at different depths with the working face advancing by calculation. The results are shown means of computer in Figs. 3 and 4.Fig. 3 shows that vertical stress maintains its maximum at the interface between the coal seam and floor on the section x=from the original coordinates and then quickly decreases with the increasing depth and slowly decreases at a specific depth. A similar situation is obtained when the working face advances，i.e.，the range of the vertical stress decreases with an increase in depth. From the results it can be seen that the range of depth, given the variation of vertical stress, is relatively large, i.e., within 40 m. The range of the vertical stress is clearly smaller after the working face advances 30 m.According to the relationship of the variation between vertical and horizontal stress, the multiplication of the variation of vertical stress and its corresponding coefficient of horizontal pressure (λ) is equal to the increment of horizontal stress at the point M[1]. Then the increment of horizontal stress and the horizontal stress at the point M continues to be superposed, which is inversed analysis when the working face advances 30 m. The results of the variation in stress show that the vertical stress is larger than the horizontal stress when the working face is at its original position: the maximum principal stress is the vertical stress; the minimum principal stress is horizontal stress. Because the rate of decrease of the vertical stress is faster than the horizontal stress, the horizontal stress is larger than the vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m (for details, see Fig. 4). Considering the effect of the variation in vertical stress, the horizontal stress is much larger than the vertical stress. The maximum principal stress is the horizontal stress and the minimum principal stress is the vertical stress. It agrees with the partial reasons of the mechanical principle of floor heave[12-14].Fig. 3 also shows that the variation is almost steady on the section x=when the working face advances 30 m. Therefore, the relationship of variation in stress with depth is calculated when the working face advances from 0 to 30 m. The details are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Data of rock characteristics and correlative stress of the floor on 2702 working face in Yangcun colliery (MPa)岩层深度(m)ΔλλΔx=0 m x=30 m x=30 m x=30 mλΔ泥岩0 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.500.4316.13 16.13 5 27.25 0.04 2.12 2.08 27.21 11.70 13.78砂岩10 22.53 0.28 3.83 3.55 22.250.327.12 10.67 15 19.95 0.77 4.91 4.14 19.18 6.14 10.28 21 18.17 1.46 5.40 3.94 16.71 5.35 9.29石灰岩25 16.75 2.21 5.46 3.25 14.540.284.07 7.32 28 15.55 2.94 5.24 2.30 12.61 3.53 5.83From the analysis of the related data, the stresses + λΔin Table 1 can be regarded as the stress values，obtained from mechanical rock tests. So the variations of the principal stress from theoretical calculations and the results from the servo-controlled tests can be contrasted. Given these contrasts it is seen that, the largest stress value of mudstone is 16.13 MPa and the largest stress value of sandstone10.67 MPa. When combining Fig. 5 with Table 1 it is seen that, the largest calculated principal stress is less than the peak value of the principal stress in Fig. 5, and the calculated section is at an elastic deformation section of Fig. 5, where permeability is relatively weak. So there is still a certain ability of water resistance. It can be shown that the obvious destruction is not produced in the mudstone and sandstone when the working face advances 30 m. This is essentially consistent with the conclusions of the survey report.4 Conclusions1) Based on the mechanical model of the floor, the analysis of stress distribution is obtained on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face. Owing to heterogeneity and discontinuity of the rock mass of the coal floor, there is a certain divergence between the ideal model and actual conditions. But from analyses and calculations, the basic variation law of stress distribution is discovered on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face when specific parameters are given for the working face.2) The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is faster than that of the horizontal stress up to a certain depth and the direction of the maximum principal stress is changed from vertical at the original position to horizontal with an advancing of the working face. The horizontal stress is larger than vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m.3) The difference between the theoretically calculated principal stress and the results of the servo-controlled penetrability test can be contrasted. Deformation and penetrability can be obtained from the floor rock mass. From an example, it is seen that the mudstone and sandstone of coal floor are at an elastic deformation stage. There is no extreme destruction on the relatively fixed floor section with an advancing of working face and there still is a certain ability of water resistanceAcknowledgementsHere we express our sincere appreciation to director for Zhao Zhenzhong, minister Song Shun of Zhengzhou Coal Industry Group for their help during the course of the sampling. Appreciating Dr. Xi Yantao of China University of Mining and Technology for his help for modification.References：[1] Zhang J C, Zhang Y Z, Liu T Q. Rock Mass Permeability and Coal Mine Water Inrush.Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1997. (In Chinese)[2] Miao X X, Lu A H, Mao X B, et al. Numerical simulation for roadways in swelling rock undercoupling function of water and ground pressure. Journal of China University ofMining and Technology, 2002, 12(2): 120-125.[3] Gong P L, Hu Y Q, Zhao Y S, et al. Three-dimensional simulation study on law of deformationand breakage of coal floor on mining above aquifer. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(23): 4396-4402. (In Chinese)[4] Shi L Q, Han J. Floor Water-Inrush Mechanism and Prediction. Xuzhou: China University ofMining and Technology Press, 2004. (In Chinese)[5] Jing H W, Xu G A, Ma S Z. Numerical analysis on displacement law of discontinuous rockmass in broken rock zone for deep roadway. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2001, 11(2): 132-137.[6] Liu Y D, Zhang D S, Wang Ii S, et al. Simulation analysis of coal mining with top-coal cavingunder hard-and-thick strata. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006, 16(2): 110-114.[7] Dun Z L, Gao J M. Mechanics of Elasticity and Its Application in Geotechnical Engineering.Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 2003. (In Chinese)[8] Xu Z L. A Concise Course in Elasticity. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002. (In Chinese)[9] Liu W Q, Miao X X. Numerical analysis of finite deformation of overbroken rock mass in gobarea based on Euler model of control volume. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2006, 16(3): 245-248.[10] Jiang F X. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004. (In Chinese)[11] Qian M G, Shi P W. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Xuzhou: China University of Miningand Technology Press, 2003. (In Chinese)[12] Xu N Z, Tu M. The mechanism and control of floor heave of road driving along next goaf ofhigh seam. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 24(2): 1-4. (In Chinese)[I3] Wang W J, Hou C J. Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face. Journal of Coal Science and Engineering, 2001, 7(1): 13-17.[14] Zhai X X, Li D Q, Shao Q, et al. Control over surrounding rocks deformation of soft floorand whole-coal gateways with trapezoidal supports. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2005, 15(2): 118-123.中文译文：采场底板岩层应力的分析模型及应用摘要：在分析矿山压力的基础上，运用弹性理论建立了煤层底板应力分析计算模型。

外文文献翻译英文原文High Productivity —A Question of Shearer Loader CuttingSequences1 AbstractRecently, the focus in underground longwall coal mining has been on increasing the installed motor power of shearer loaders and armoured face conveyors (AFC), more sophisticated support control systems and longer face length, in order to reduce costs and achieve higher productivity. These efforts have resulted in higher output and previously unseen face advance rates. The trend towards “bigger and better” equipment and layout schemes, however, is rapidly nearing the limitations of technical and economical feasibility. To realise further productivity increases, organisational changes of longwall mining procedures looks like the only reasonable answer. The benefits of opti-mised shearer loader cutting sequences, leading to better performance, are discussed in this paper.2 IntroductionsTraditionally, in underground longwall mining operations, shearer loaders produce coal using either one of the following cutting sequences: uni-directional or bi-directional cycles. Besides these pre-dominant methods, alternative mining cycles have also been developed and successfully applied in underground hard coal mines all over the world. The half-web cutting cycle as e.g. utilized in RA G Coal International’s Twentymile Mine in Colorado, USA, and the “Opti-Cycle” of Matla’s South African shortwall operation must be mentioned in this context. Other mines have also tested similar but modified cutting cycles resulting in improved output, e.g. improvements in terms of productiv-ity increases of up to 40 % are thought possible。

附录外文翻译APPLICATION OF BLASTING IN DRIVING TUNNEL1 FRAGMENTATIONFragmentation is the breaking of coal, ore,or rock by blasting so that the bulk of the material is small enough to load, handle and transport.Fragmentation would be at its best when the debris is not smaller than necessary for handling and not so large as to require hand breaking or secondary blasting .Energy must be supplied to rock by direct or indirect means to fragment that rock and the type of loading system.Fragmentation energy is consumed by the main mechanisms: (1) creation of new surface area (fracture energy), (2)friction (plasticity) and (3)elastic wave enegy dispersion.The loading method determines the relative proportions and the amount of energy consumed in fragmenting a given rock type. Unonfined tensile failure consumes the least energy with an increasing a,mount of energy required as the rock is more highly confined within a compressive stress field during fragmentation The way energy is applied by tools to cause rock or mineral fragmentation is important in determining fragmentation efficiency. To best design fragmentation tools and optimize fragmentation systems it would be desirable to know how rock properties influence breakage.The strength of rock is influenced by the environmental conditions imposed on the rock.Those of most importance in rock are (1)confining pressure ,(2)pore fluid pressure, (3)temperature and (4)rate of load application .Increase in confining pressure, as with increasing depth beneath th earth's surface or under the action of a fragmentation tool, causes an increase in rock strength .Apparent rock strength decreases as porc fluid pressure increases, since it decreases the effect of confining pressure. Although chemical effects of pore fluids influence rock strength, they generally are small compared to the confining pressure effect, except for a small minority of rock types .Increase in rock temperature causes a decrease in rock strength.This effect is very small because of the small ambient temperature changesfound during mining. An increase in rate of load application causes an apparent increase in rock strength.Rock exhibits directional properties that in fluence the way it breaks. These are embodied in the concept of rock fabric ,which connotes the structure or configuration of the aggregate components as well as the physical or mechanical property manifestations. Rock fabric ont only relates to the preferred orientation of mineral constituents and their planes of weakness, but also to the configuration of discontinuities, microcracks and pores.Joints and bedding planes have great influence on fragmentation at field scale.Physical properties of rock (density,indentation,hardness,abrasivehardness and porosity ,)are frequently used in conjunction with mechanical properties to develop better empirical esti mations of rock fragmentation.2 BLASTHOLE CHARGING METHODSDrill hole charging can be carried out in different ways depending on whether the explosive used is in cartridges or in the form of loose material. The oldest charging method implies the use of a tamping rod and this system is still used to a very great extent .During the last 20years, compressed air chargers have been used and these machines provide both good capacity and also an improved level of charge concentration so that the drill holes are utilized to a higher degree. During the last few years semi-automatic chargers have been taken into use, primarily in underground work. Compressed air chargers for blasting powder in the form of loose material have also come into use on a large scale. As far as slurry blasting is concerned, special pumping methods have been developed through which charging capacity in the case of large diameter drill holes is practically good.A tamping rod must be made of wood or plastic. It must not be too thick in relation to the drill hole diameter since this can crush and damage fuse or electric detonator cables during charging work. If a good degree of packing is to be obtained during charging with a tamping rod then only one cartridge at a time should be charged and tamped. The detonator must be correctly fed into the drill hole during charging work.Compressed air chargers have been in use is Sweden for about 20 years. The first type consisted of aluminum pipes connected together and the cartridges were blown into the hole with an air pressure of 42 pounds per square inch .since that time the charging tube has been replaced by anti-static treated plastic hose of a special design.A charger includes a foot-operated valve, reduction vavle with air hose, breech, connecting tube and charging hose.The semi-automatic charger permits the continuous insertion of explosive cartridge at the same rate as they are charged in the hole by the hose .Instead of a valve being used ,the cartridges pass through an air lock between two flaps. The air pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are beins inserted .The semi-automatic charger permits considerably higher charging capacity than the normal type of charger.Explosives in the form of the form of loose material, usually ammonium nitrate explosives(ANFO), require special chargers. Two types can be differentiated: pressrure vessel machines and ejector units. Pressure vessel machines are particularly suitable for crystalline An explosives with good charging capacity. Ejector units are operate by an ejector sucking up explosive from a container through a charging hose. The explosive is then blown through the charging hose into the drill hole .There are, also combined pressure ejector machines. The charging hose used for ANFO charging operations must conduct electricity and have a resistance of at least 1KΏ/m and max.30KΏ/M.Nitro Nobel has developed a special pumping procedure which consists of a tanker vehicle which is used to pump explosive directly the drill holes. The charging capacity is very high in the case of large diameter drill holes.3 CONTROLLED BLASTING TECHNIQUTESControlled blasting is used to reduce overbreak and minimize fracturing of the rock at the boundary of an excavation. The four basic controlled blasting techniques are: line drilling, presplitting, cushion blasting and smooth blasting.Line drilling, the earliest controlled blasting technique, involves drilling a row of closely spaced holes along the final excavation line, providing a plane of weakness towhich to break. Line drill holes, 2or 4 diameters apart and contain no explosive. The blastholes adjacent to the line drillholes normally are loaded lighter and are on closer spacing than the other blastholes. The maximum depth for line drilling is about 30 ft .Line drilling involves no blasting in the final row of holes, and thus minimizes damage to the final wall.Presplitting, sometimes called preshearing ,involves a single row of boreholes ,usually 2 to 4 in .in diameter ,drilled along the final excavation at a spacing of 6 to 12 borehole diameters .Dynamite cartridges 1to 1.5 in . in size on 1 to 2 ft .centers usually are string-loadde on detonating cord ,although special small-diameter cartridges with special couplers are available for total column loading .In unconsolidated formations ,closer spacings with lighter powder loads are required .The bottom 2 to 3 ft .of borehole usually is loaded somewhat heavier than the remainder .Stemming between and around the individual charges is optional .The top 2 to 3 ft . of borehole is not loaded ,but is stemmed. The depth that can bu presplit is limited by hole alignment ,with 50 ft .being about maximum .The presplit holes are fired before before the adjacent primary holes to provide a fracture plane to which the primary blast can break .In presplitting it is difficult to determine the results until the adjacent primary blast is shot .For this reason ,presplitting too far in advance is not recommended .Presplitting seldom is done underground.Cushion blasting involves drilling a row of 2 – to 6-in .diameter boreholes along the final excavation line ,loading with a light well-distributed charge ,completely stemmed and firing after the main excavation is removed rather than before ,as in presplitting. The burden on the holes is slightly larger than the spacing .Wedges may be used to abut the charges to the excavation side of the borehole and minimize damage to the final wall .Eeplosive loading is similar to that in presplitting .Cushion blasting has been done to depths near 100 ft .in a single lift with the larger-diameter boreholes because alignment is more easily retained .Cushion blasting seldom is done underground.Smooth blasting is the underground counterpart of cushion blasting .At the perimeter of the tunnel or drift ,closely spaced holes with a burden-to-spacing rationear 1.5:1 are loaded with light well-distributed charges .Smooth blasting differs from cushion blasting in that (1) except at the collar ,the charges are not stemmed and (2) the perimeter holes are fired on the last delay in the same round as the primary blast .Total column loading is most common ,although spacers may be used .The holes are stemmed to prevent the charges from being pulled out by the detonation of the previous delayed holes .Smooth blasting reduces overbreak in a drift and also provides a more competent back requiring less support .It involves more perimeter holes than does normal blasting.Combinations of controlled blasting techniques are used .In unconsolidated rock,line drilling sometimes is desirable between presplit or cushion boreholes . Corners sometimes are presplit when cushion blasting is used.4 TUNNEL BLASTINGThe most common methed of driving a mining tunnel is a cyclic operation in three sequences:(1)Drilling shot holes ;charging them with explosives and blasting.(2)Removing the resulting muck pile.(3)Inserting the tunnel linings into the newly excaved area; and advancing the ralls. ventilation arrangements, and power supplies ready for the next cycle of operations.The basic principle of tunnel blasting ,in its simplest term, is to loosen a volume of the virgin rock in such a way that when it is removed the line of the tunnel has advance in the correct direction with as nearly as possible the correct cross-section.The dilling pattern in which the holes to receive the explosives are drilled into the working face is designed so that :the holes are easy to drill; the minimurd total quantity of explosive is required ;and the periphery of the space left after the blast conforms as nearly as possible to the required tunnel section.A blast round consists of cut ,relief, breast and trim holes . The cut portion is the most important . The objective of the cut is to provide a free face to which the remainder of the round may break.The two general types of cuts are the angled cut and the burn .These can be usedin combinations to form various other cuts .Angled cuts are more advantageous than burn in wide headings ,due to the fewer boles and less explosive required per foot .A disadvangtage is the possibility of large pieces of rock being thrown from the “V”.The wedge or V-cut consists of two holes angled to meet or nearly meet at the bottom . The cut can consist of one or several Vs, either verticao or horizontal .For deeper rounds or hard-breaking rock ,double Vs can be used .The smaller is called the baby cut . It is useful in small rge-diameter burn holes provide excellent relief in big headings .Burn cuts permit deeper rounds than angled cuts and , due to the increased advance per round ,may prove more economical .In burn cuts ,the holes must be drilled parallel , with proper spacing ,and 0.5 : 1 ft deeper than the remainder of the round .Usually ,one or more holes (large-diameter) are left unloaded to provide relief for the loaded holes . Various combinations of spacing ,alignment and holes loaded are possible.Innumerable typesofblastingrounds are used in underground headings .Even in the same heading the round may have to be altered as different rock charateristics develop.An important factor in any round is the firing sequence .In general ,the holes are fired so that each hole or series of holes is blasted to the free face provided by the preceding holes .The depth of drift rounds depends on the complete drifting cycle and drift size.A general rule is that a round will not break much deeper than the least cross-sectional dimension of the drift . Rounds can be arranged that provide certain muck-pile shapes and positions for more efficient loading and cycles . In drifts requiring close support , rounds can be arranged to prevent damage.爆破在岩巷掘进中的应用1 破岩理论破岩是用爆破的方式把煤、矿石或岩石破碎，以便于大部分物料的块度小到便于装载、处理和运输。

英译汉Underground Mining Methods地下采矿方法Room and Pillar Mining房柱采矿法Ramps (inclined tunnels) are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. Drifts (horizontal tunnels) are excavated at different elevations to surround the orebody. Next, stopes (tunnels that have direct access to mining the ore) are mined to gain access to the ore. All tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting. Jumbos are in charge of drilling the holes in the rocks and filling them with explosives. The loose rock, also called muck, is transported by either dump trucks back up to the surface for either waste disposal or processing.矿体由隧道（斜井）与地表联通。

阶段运输巷道分布在矿体的不同水平。

接下来，在采场采场开采矿石。

所有巷道通过钻孔和爆破的方式开掘的。

钻车是用来在岩石上钻研和并将钻孔填装炸药。

松动的岩石，也称为废石，由自卸卡车运输至废石场。

As mucking progresses, rooms (tunnels) are cut into the ore body. In order to provide safe roof support for mining, pillars of material around the rooms are left standing to hold up the rock ceiling above. Some parts of the mine roof can be particularly weak and fragile. In addition to pillar support, a jumbo is then brought back in for rock bolting of the roof to ensure safety.随着巷道的掘进，矿体被分割成矿块。

名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology井底车场 shaft bottom石门 cross-cut主石门 main cross-cut采区石门 district cross-cut名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology。

2. Planning and optimization of monitoring systems
Careful planning is the foundation for establishing an efficient monitoring program and has a profound impact on the system's long-term performance. There are three important issues to be resolved at this stage: engineering assessment of monitoring objective and monitoring condition; determination of the monitoring system size (number of channels); and optimization of the sensor array layout. Also, the harsh mining environment requires a rigorous maintenance program because monitoring systems degrade rapidly.
附件 D：原文
姓名：王小丹
学号：20087281
Efficient mine microseismic monitoring
Maochen Ge Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Received 6 May 2004; revised 24 August 2004; accepted 7 March 2005. Available online 12 April 2005.

矿业工程专业词汇英语翻译(A-C) abandoned workings 废巷道abandonment 废弃abelite 阿贝立特炸药abichite 砷铜矿ability 能力ability to flow 怜性ablation 水蚀ablution 洗净abnormality 反常abrasion 磨损abrasion resistance 抗磨蚀能力abrasive 磨料abruption 断层abscissa 横座标absite 钍钛铀矿absolute error 绝对误差absolute humidity 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收器吸收剂;减震器absorbing ability 吸收性absorption 吸收absorption factor 吸收系数absorption meter 液体溶气计absorptivity 吸收性absortion constant 吸收常数abstraction of pillars 回采煤柱abundance 丰富abundant 富有的abutment 拱座abutment area 支承压力带abutment pressure 支承压力accelerated motion 加速运动accelerating agent 速凝剂acceptance test 验收试验acceptor charge 被动装药accessory equipment 补助设备accessory minerals 副矿物accidental explosion 意外爆炸acclivity 上倾accompanying bed 伴生层accoustic signal 音响信号accretion 表土accumulation 蓄积accumulator 蓄电池accumulator capacity 蓄电池容量accumulator lamp 蓄电池灯accumulator locomotive 蓄电池机车accuracy 精度accuracy degree 精确度acetate 醋酸盐acetic acid 醋酸aceton 丙酮acetonitrile 乙腈acetyl 乙酰acetylene 乙炔acetylene lamp 电石灯achromatic 消色差的aciculite 针状矿石acid 酸acid mine water 酸性矿水acid number 酸值acid proof 酎酸的acid resistance 耐酸性acid resistant 耐酸的acid resistant steel 耐酸钢acid resisting steel 耐酸钢acid rock 酸性岩acid treatment of a bore hole 钻孔酸处理acid value 酸值acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidness 酸度acidproof 耐酸的actinium 锕actinolite 阳起石action radius 酌半径activate 活化activated carbon 活性煤activated charcoal 活性煤activating agent 活化剂activation 活性化activation energy 活化能activator 活化剂active 活化的active dust 活性尘末active working face 生产工祖activity 活度actual mining 回采工作actuate 驱动actuating roll 导辊actuator 执行机构acuity 敏锐度acute 尖的acute angle 锐角adamantine 冷铸钢粒adamantine boring 冷铸钢粒钻进adamantine drill 金刚石钻adamellite 石英二长石adamic earth 红粘土adaptability 适合性adaptation 适应adapter 插座adaptibility 适合性addition 加法;加添additional tension 附加应力additive 添加剂adelpholite 铌铁锰矿adhere 粘着adherence 粘着adhesion force 粘附力adhesive 胶粘剂adhesive power 粘附力adhesiveness 胶粘性adhesivity 胶粘性adiabatic 绝热的adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adit 平硐adit collar 平硐口adit cut mining 平硐开采adit entrance 平硐口adit mine 平硐开采矿山adit mouth 平硐口adjoining rock 围岩adjust 蝶adjustable prop 伸缩式支柱adjuster 装配工adjusting device 蝶装置adjusting screw 蝶螺丝adjustment 蝶adjutage 喷射管admissible 容许的admission 进入;容许admitting pipe 进入管admixture 掺和物adobe 风干砖adobe blasting 裸露装药爆破adobe shot 裸露装药爆破adsorb 吸附adsorbate 吸附物adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isotherm 等温吸附式adular 冰长石adularia 冰长石adulterant 掺杂物adustion 可燃性advance 工祖进尺advance bore 超前钻孔advance borehole 超前钻孔advance cut 超前掏槽advance grouting 超前灌浆advance heading 超前平巷advance mining 前进式开采advance of the face 工祖推进advance rate 掘进速度advance workings 超前工祖advanced face 超前工祖advanced gallery 超前平巷advancement 掘进advancing 掘进advancing along the strike 沿走向掘进advancing long wall 前进式长壁开采advancing longwall 前进式长壁开采advancing mining 前进式开采advancing system 前进式开采法advancing to the dip 俯斜掘进advancing to the rise 仰斜掘进advantage 长处adventure 矿山企业adversary grade 逆坡adverse grade 逆坡aegerite 纯钠辉石aegirine 霓石aegirite 霓石aeolation 风蚀aerated concrete 气孔混凝土aerating chamber 空气混合室aeration 通风aerator 充气器aeremia 沉箱病aerial cableway 架空死aerial conveyer 架空运输机aerial dust 浮尘aerial ropeway 架空死aerial tramway 架空死aerocrete 气孔混凝土aeroembolism 沉箱病aerofloat 黑药aerogel 气凝胶aerolite 陨石aerolith 陨石aerometer 气体表aerophore 氧气呼吸器aerosite 深红银矿aerosol 气溶胶aerotriangulation 航空三角测量aeroview 空中俯瞰图aerugo 铜绿aeschynite 易解石afflux 岭after damp 炮烟after gases 炮烟aftercare 土地复田护理aftercooler 后冷却器二次冷却器afterdamp 爆后气体aftereffect 后效afterexpansion 残余膨胀aftergases 爆后气体aftertreatment 后处理agalite 纤滑石agalmatolite 寿山石agate 玛瑙age 期age of mine 矿山寿命ageing 老化agent 剂agglomerant 粘结剂agglomerate 烧结矿agglomeration 聚集agglutinant 烧结剂agglutination 凝集aggregate thickness 总厚度aggregation 聚集aging 老化agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌器agnotozoic era 元古代agricolite 硅铋石aikinite 针硫铋铅矿air adit 通风平硐air blast 空气冲击air blast goaf stowing machine 风力充填机air blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒air blowpipe 炮眼吹洗管air bottle 压气瓶air box 木制风管air brake 空气制动器air brattice 风帘air brick 空心砖air bubble 气泡air bump 空气突出air chamber 空气室air change 换气air channel 空气通路air classifier 空气分级机air cleaner 空气滤净器air cleaning 风力选矿air compartment 通风隔间air composition 空气成分air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空气第air connection 通风联络巷air consumption 空气消耗量air contamination 空气污染air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air crossing 风桥air current 风流air curtain 风帘air cylinder 空气缸air distribution 风量分配air door tender 风门工air drift 通风石巷air drill 风钻air drilling 风动钻眼air driven mine car loader 风动矿车装载机air driven pump 风动泵air driven rockerloader 压气式铲斗后卸装载机air drying 风干air duct 空气通路air ejector 喷气器air escape 空气漏出air feed 气力推进air filter 空气过滤器air float table 气浮式风力摇床air flotation 充气浮选air flow 风流air flow resistance 气凌力air gap 风口air gate 风巷air hammer 气锤air heading 通风平巷air heater 空气加热器air hose 压气软管air humidity 空气湿度air inlet 进气口air intake 进气口air jig 风力跳汰机air leg 风动钻架air level 气泡水准仪air lift 空气提液器air line 空气管air lock 气闸air locomotive 压气机车air measurement 通风测量air moisture 空气湿度air motor 风动发动机air movement 空气怜air network 通风网air opening 风巷air operated machine 风动机air partition 风墙air permeability 透气性air pick 风镐air pocket 气袋air pollution 空气污染air powered locomotive 压气机车air preheater 空气顸热器air pressure 空气压力air proof 不透气的air pulsated jig 气动跳汰机air pump 抽气泵air receiver 蓄气器air resistance 空气阻力air screw fan 轴两扇风机air separation 风选air separator 风力分离器风力分选机air shaft 风井air splitting 风林支air stopping 风墙air strainer 空气滤清器air supply 空气供应air table 风力淘汰盘air tank 空气箱air trammer 风动机车air trunk 通风隔间air tube 风井air valve 气阀air velocity 风临度air vessel 蓄气器airbridge 风桥aircurrent 风流airdox 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox cylinder 压气爆破筒airflow measurement 通风测量airing 通气airleg 气腿airlock 风闸airman 风门工airway 风巷airwinch 风动绞车akerite 光辉正长岩;英辉正长岩akins classifier 螺旋分级机alabandine 硫锰矿alabandite 硫锰矿alabaster 雪花石膏alabastrite 雪花石膏alamosite 铅辉石alarm 警报alarm device 警报装置alarm signal 警报信号alaskaite 白岗岩alaskite 白岗岩alaunstein 茂石albertite 沥清煤albite 钠长石albitite 钠长岩albitophyre 钠长斑岩albronze 铝青铜alcali 碱alcohol 醇alertor 警报信号alidade 指方规aliphatic acid 脂族酸alkali 碱alkalimeter 碱量计alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline 碱的alkaline accumulator 碱性蓄电池alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkalinity 碱度alkyl 烷基all over work 长壁开采all ups 原煤allactite 砷水锰矿allanite 褐帘石allemontite 砷锑矿alligator 自翻式吊桶allomerism 异质同晶allomorphism 同质异晶allophane 水铝英石allophanite 水铝英石allotrope 同素异形体allotropy 同素异形allowable concentration 许容浓度allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许负载allowable stress 容许应力allowance 公差alloy 合金alloy bit 合金钻头alloyed steel 合金钢alluvial 冲积的alluvial deposit 冲积矿床alluvial gold 砂金alluvial mining 砂矿开采alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial tin 砂锡矿alluviation 冲积alluvion 冲积层alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alnico 铝镍钴合金alnoite 黄长煌斑岩aloxite 铝砂alstonite 碳酸钙钡矿altait 碲铅矿alteration 变蚀酌alternate load 交变负载alternate motion 往复运动alternate stress 交变应力alternating 交替的alternating current 交流alternating current generator 交立电机alternating current motor 交羚动机alternating motion 往复运动alternation 交替altimeter 测高计altimetry 高度测量术altitude 高度alum 茂alum earth 矾土alumel 铝镍合金alumina 矾土alumina cement 高铝水泥aluminate 铝酸盐aluminium 铝aluminium bronze 铝青铜aluminum detonator 铝壳雷管alundum 氧化铝alunite 茂石amalgam 汞齐amalgamating barrel 提金桶amalgamation 汞齐化酌amalgamator 提金器汞齐化器amatol 阿马托炸药amazonite 天河石amazonstone 天河石amber 琥珀ambient 周围的ambient temperature 周围温度ambligonite 磷铝石amblygonite 磷铝石ambulance 急救车americium 镅amethyst 紫晶amide 酰安amine 胺amino acid 氨基酸ammon dynamite 硝安炸药ammon explosive 硝铵炸药ammonal 阿梅那尔ammonia 氨ammonia gelatine dynamite 铵胶炸药ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium nitrate 硝安ammonium nitrate dynamite 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate explosives 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate prill 颗粒状硝铵amorphous 无定形的amorphous state 无定形状恙amortization 折旧ampelite 黄铁碳质页岩amphibole 角闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphibolization 闪石化酌amplification 放大amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅ampole 安瓿amygdaloid 杏仁岩amygdaloidal texture 杏仁状结构analcime 方沸石analcite 方沸石analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analogy 类似analyser 分析器analysis 分析analyst 化验员analytic 分析的analytical 分析的analytical chemistry 分析化学analyze 分析analyzer 分析器anatase 锐钛矿anbauhobel 快速刨煤机anchor 锚anchor bolt 锚杆ancillary work 辅助工作ancylite 碳酸锶铈矿andalusite 红柱石anderseam 下部煤层andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andradite 钙铁榴石anemobarometer 风速风压计anemograph 自记风速计anemometer 风速表anemometry 风速测定aneroid barometer 无液气压计anfo explosives 铵油炸药anfo loader 铵油炸药装填器angle 角angle bar 角钢angle face 倾斜工祖angle gauge 角规angle of bedding 层理面倾斜角angle of break 崩落角angle of contact 接触角angle of deflection 偏角angle of dip 倾角angle of draw 落角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 出射角angle of friction 摩擦角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of internal friction 内摩擦角angle of pitch 螺距角angle of repose 休止角angle of rest 休止角angle of rolling friction 滚动摩擦角angle of strike 走向角度angle of subsidence 边界角angle shot mortar test 开槽臼炮试验anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular 角的angular acceleration 角加速度angular hole 斜炮眼angular motion 角动angular velocity 角速度anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anion 阴离子anisotropy 蛤异性ankerite 铁白云石annabergite 镍华annealing 退火annual advance 年掘进annual output 年产量anode 阳极anomaly 异常anorthite 钙长石anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长石antarctic pole 南极antecedent magnetic concentration 储备处理磁选anthracene 葸anthracite 无烟煤anthracite culm 无烟煤粉anthracite mine 无烟煤矿anthracography 煤相学anthracology 煤炭学anthracometer 二氧化碳计anthracosis 煤肺病anthrafine 无烟煤细末anthrakometry 二氧化碳测定法anti acid 耐酸的anticlinal 背斜anticline 背斜anticlinorium 复背斜anticlockwise rotation 反时针旋转antidote 解毒药antifoamer 消泡剂antifoaming agent 消泡剂antifreeze 防冻剂antifreezing agent 防冻剂antimonite 辉锑矿antimony 锑antimony glance 辉锑矿antioxidant 抗氧剂antioxidizer 抗氧剂antiseptic 防腐剂apatite 磷灰石aplite 细晶岩apophyllite 鱼眼石apophyse 岩枝apophysis 岩枝apparatus 频apparent resistance 表观阻力apparent specific gravity 表观此重apparent viscosity 视粘度apple coal 软煤applicable 可以应用的application 应用appreciation 评价approach 接近approved cable 防爆电缆approved lamp 安全灯approved shot firing apparatus 安全放炮器耐爆放炮器approximate 近似的approximate value 近似值approximation 近似法apron conveyor 平板运输机apron coveyor 板式输送机apron feeder 板式给矿机apyrous 耐火的aqua regia 王水aquation 水合酌aqueduct 输水桥aqueous 水的aqueous solution 水溶液aquifer 蓄水层aquiferous 含水的aragonite 霰石arc 弧arch 拱arch lining 拱形支架arch pressure 支承压力arch setting 安设拱形支架arch span 拱跨arch theory 成拱论arch timbering 拱形木支架arch truss 拱式桁架arched support 拱形支架architecture 建筑学archy lining 拱形支架arcose sandstone 长石砂岩arcwall face 弧形工祖area 矿区area blasting 多排列爆破area of explosion 爆炸区arenaceous 砂质的arenarious 砂质的arenology 砂岩学arenous 砂质的areometer 比重计arfvedsonite 钠钙闪石argentite 辉银矿argentum 银argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillaceous sandstone 泥质砂岩argillaceous slate 泥板岩argillite 泥质板岩argon 氩argyrodite 硫银锗矿arkose 长石砂岩arm 杠杆;柄arm mixer 叶片式搅拌机armature 加强armature core 电枢铁心armature winding 电枢绕组armored cable 铠装电缆armored concrete 钢筋混凝土armoure 加强armoured concrete 钢筋混凝土armoured conveyerpanzer conveyer 镫装运输机arrangement 布置arrangements 准备arrester 制动器制止器arrester catch 止动器挡车器arrestor 避雷器arsenic 砷arsenite 砷华arsenolite 砷华arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsensilver blende 淡红银矿articulated roof beam 铰接顶梁articulated yielding arch 铰接可缩性拱形支架articulation 铰链接合artificial caving 人工崩落artificial draught 人工通风artificial petroleum 人造石油artificial respiration 人工呼吸artificial vetilation 人工通风asbestos 石棉asbestos wool 石棉绒asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿asbstos cement 石棉水泥ascending working 漏口ascension 上升ascensional ventilation 上向通风ash 灰ash coal 高灰煤ash composition 灰分组成ash content 灰分askew 斜的asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asphalt 地沥青asphalt base crude oil 沥青基原油asphalt concrete 地沥青混凝土asphaltite 沥青岩asphyxia 窒息asphyxy 窒息aspirail 通风孔aspirating tube 吸气管aspiration 吸气aspirator 抽风机assay 试金assemblage 装配assemble 装配assimilation 同化酌association 缔合assort 分类assortment 分类assurance factor 安全系数astillen 脉壁;隔墙astriction 收缩astringency 收敛性asymmetric 不对称的asymmetrical 不对称的asymmetry 不对称asymptotic 渐近的asynchronous generator 异步发电机asynchronous motor 异步电动机atacamite 氯铜矿atmoizer 喷雾器atmosphere 大气atmospheric 大气的atmospheric conditions 通风条件;大气条件atmospheric corrosion 大气腐蚀atmospheric moisture 空气湿度atmospheric pressure 大气压力atom 原子atomic 原子的atomic number 原子序atomic ore 放射性矿石atomic volume 原子体积atomization 喷雾atomizer 喷雾器attack 循环;开始attal 充填物料attenuation 衰减atteration 冲积土attle 充填料attraction 引力attractive force 引力attrition 磨耗attrition mill 盘磨机attrition test 磨损试验auger drill 螺旋钻augering 螺旋钻法auget 雷管augite 辉石aureole 接触带auric 金的auriferous 含金的aurum 金austenite 奥氏体austenitic steel 奥氏体钢autmatic measuring device 自动计量器auto alarm 自动报警auto ignition 自燃autocollimation 自动视准autoconverter 自动变流autocrane 汽车起重机autodumper 自卸汽车autofeed 自动给料autofeeder 自动给矿机autogenous cutting 气割autogenous welding 气焊autoloader 汽车式装载机automated mine 自动化煤矿automated mining 自动化采掘automatic block 自动闭塞automatic brake 自动制动器automatic checking 自动检验automatic circuit breaker 自动断路器automatic control 自动控制automatic controller 自动第器自动蝶器automatic coupler 自动车钩automatic door 自动风门automatic dumper 自动翻车机automatic equipment 自动设备automatic feed 自动给料automatic feeder 自动给矿机automatic installation 自动设备automatic loading device 自动装载设备automatic lubrication 自动润滑automatic lubricator 自动润滑器automatic oiling 自动润滑automatic pressure controller 自动倒器自动压力控制器automatic regulator 自动第器自动蝶器automatic release 自动释放automatic resetting 自动复位automatic sampler 自动取样器automatic sorting 自动选分automatic warning device 自动告警装置automatic weighing device 自动秤automation 自动化automatization 自动化automobile 汽车autotransformer 单卷变压器autotruck 载重汽车auxiliary 辅助的auxiliary adit 辅助平峒auxiliary equipment 辅助设备auxiliary fan 辅助扇风机auxiliary level 辅助平巷auxiliary shaft 辅助竖井auxiliary support 辅助支架auxiliary tools 辅助仪表auxiliary ventilation 局部通气auxilliary winch 辅助绞车aventurine 砂金石average 平均average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average pressure 平均压力average sample 平均试样average trend 平均走向average value 平均值axe 斧axial 轴性的axial blower 轴寥风机axial compression 轴向压缩axial direction 轴向axial fan 轴两扇凤机axial flow compressor 轴两压缩机axial flow fan 轴寥风机axial piston motor 轴向柱塞马达axial piston pump 轴向活塞泵axial pump 轴两泵axle 车轴axle base 轴距axle bearing 轴承axle box 轴颈箱axle box bearing 轴箱轴承axle journal 轴颈azimuth 方位azimuth angle 方位角azimuth compass 方位测量罗盘azote 氮azurite 蓝铜矿babbit 巴氏合金back bolting 顶板锚杆支护back bone 分水岭back brace 背板back break 超欠挖back brushing 挑顶back coming 后退回采back filler 回填机back filling 充填back filling method 充填法back filling shrinkage 充填物收缩back filling system 分段上向充填开采法back lath 顶板背板back leg bracing 柱腿支撑back lye 井下错车道back pulling 回采煤柱back stope 上向梯段回采工祖back stoping 上向梯段回采back stroke 回程back water 回水back weight 平衡锤backacter 反铲backbye deputy 井下维修工backdigger 反铲backdraught 逆通风backfill 充填backfill material 充填料backfill operations 充填工作backhoe 反铲backlash 轮齿隙backman 辅助工backpressure 顶板压力backstoping 上向梯段回采backwall injection 井壁背后灌浆backweight 平衡锤backwork 辅助工作bacteria leaching 细菌沥滤bactericide 杀菌剂bad top 不稳固顶板baddeleyite 斜锆矿baffle plate 反射板bag filter 袋滤器bag powder 装袋炸药bag type accumulator 皮囊式蓄能器bagger 多斗控掘机bagging 装袋baghouse 囊式集尘窒baikalite 贝钙铁辉石bail 吊桶bailer 铲bailing ring 集水圈bailing tank 戽水斗baking coal 粘结煤bal 矿山balance 平衡balance bob 平衡锤balance bunker 平衡仓balance level 水准仪balance pit 平衡重井筒balance plane 自重滑行坡balance rope 平衡钢丝绳balance rope pulley 平衡绳滑轮balance tail rope 平衡尾绳balance valve 平衡阀balance weight 平衡锤balanced hoist 两容漆升机balanced hoisting 平衡提升balanced load 平衡负载balanced winding 平衡提升balancing 平衡balas 浅红晶石balk 煤层薄ball 球ball and socket joint 球节ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball bushing 球轴套ball cage 球护圈ball charge 磨球装量ball crusher 球磨机ball inclinometer 球式测斜仪ball indentation test 布氏硬度试验ball joint roof bar 球铰顶梁ball mill 球磨机ball retainer 球护圈ball up 钻孔堵塞ball valve 球阀ballas 浅红晶石ballast concrete 石碴混凝土ballast pit 采石场ballast rod 冲唤钻杆balling drum 球磨机滚筒ballistic mortar test 弹道臼炮试验ballistic pendulum test 弹道摆试验ballistite 巴里斯泰特炸药ballstone 球石balsam 香液bamboo tamping rod 竹炮棍band 带band brake 带式制动器带闸band conveyor 带式运输机band iron 带铁band ore 带状矿石banging piece 防险器断绳保险器banging pieces 断绳保险器防坠器banjo 钻车bank 阶段bank coal 原煤bank excavation 阶段采掘bank height 台阶高度bank method of attack 阶段开采法bank shaft mouth 坚井口bank work 阶梯开采bankcoal 原煤banker 掘土工banket 含金砾岩层bankhead 斜井井口出车平台banking 堆积bannock 耐火粘土bar 杆bar cutter 杆式截煤机bar grizzly 棒条筛bar mat reinforcement 网状钢筋bar reinforcement 钢筋bar rigged drifter 架式凿岩机bar screen 棒条筛bare 裸露的bare cable 裸电缆bare log 钻孔柱状图bargh 矿山企业baring 复盖岩层;剥离barings 截煤粉barite 重晶石barium 钡barkevikite 棕闪石barney 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barney car 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barometer 气压表barometric 气压的barometric height 气压高度barrage 堰barrel 桶barren 不含矿物的barren layer 废石层barren rock 废石barricade 隔墙barrier 岩粉棚barrier method 柱式开采法barrier pillar 安全煤柱barrier system 柱式开采法barrierless accumulator 非隔离式蓄能器barring 顶板支护barrow 手推车barrow pit 手车运输的露天矿baryte 重晶石baryum 钡basal cleavage 贮理basal level 基淮面basalt 玄武岩base 基础;碱基base charge 基本装药量;炮眼底部装约base line 基线base plate 底板base road 诛base rock 基岩base unit 基本单位bashing 用废矸石充填采空区basic 基性的basic line 基线basic rock 碱性岩basin 煤田;盆地;贮水池basis 基础bass 炭质页岩basset 露头bast 炭质页岩bastard 夹石bastite 绢石bastnaesite 氟碳铈矿bat 泥质页岩batardeau 隔墙bathoclase 水平节理batholite 基岩batholith 基岩bathometer 深海测深仪bathymeter 深海测深仪bating 井筒延伸;卧底batt 泥质页岩batter 坡度batter level 倾斜仪batter pile 斜桩batter post 斜柱battered prop 斜柱battery 电池组;木隔壁;工专battery capacity 蓄电池容量battery charger 充电机battery lamp 蓄电池灯battery locomotive 蓄电池机车battery powered haulage 蓄电池机车运输battery shuttle car 蓄电池梭车baulk 煤层薄baum jig 空气跳汰机baum jig washer 空气跳汰机baum wash box 空气跳汰机bauxite 铝土矿bawke 吊桶beach combing 海滨开采砂矿beach placer 海滨漂砂矿床beam 梁bearer 矿柱bearing 煤层走向;轴承bearing alloy 轴承合金bearing block 矿枉煤柱bearing bush 轴承瓦bearing bushing 轴承瓦bearing cap 轴承盖bearing capacity 承重能力bearing housing 轴承壳bearing indicator 方位指示器bearing load 轴承负载bearing metal 轴承合金bearing pointer 方位指示器bearing position 支点bearing power 承重能力bearing pressure 承压力bearing ring 之框bearing set 之框bearing test 承载力试验bearing up pulley 紧绳轮beat 打击beater 木捣锤beater pulverizer 锤碎机beckelite 方钙饰镧矿bed 地层bed plane 层理面bed series 层系bed succession 层序bed thinning 煤层变薄bed top 矿层顶板bedded iron ore 层状铁矿bedded rock 层状岩bedded vein 层状矿脉bedding 层理bedding rock 基岩bedding surface 层理面bedrock 基岩beetle 大锤;捣固机belemnite 箭石bell man 信号工bell pit 小探井bell rope 信号铃拉绳belly 煤层变厚belonite 针雏晶belowground 地下的belt 胶带belt bucket elevator 带头式提升机belt cleaner 净带器belt conveyor 带式运输机belt discharging plant 胶带输送机卸料装置belt elevator 带式提升机belt extension 胶带接长belt fastener 带扣belt feeder 带式给矿机belt heading 皮带输送机平巷belt hoister 斜井用胶带输送机belt idler pulley 皮带拉紧滚筒belt incline 胶带输送机斜井belt joint 带接belt lacer 带扣belt lacing 胶带接合belt lacing machine 缝带机belt loader 胶带动载机belt pulley 带式运输机滚筒belt punch 皮带穿孔器belt roller 皮带轮belt screen 带筛belt separator 带式分选机belt slip protection 胶带打滑保护belt stower 抛掷式胶带充填机belt stretcher 紧带器belt tension 皮带张力belt tightener 紧带器belt tightening pulley 皮带拉滚筒belt training idler 胶带导辊belt transport 皮带输送belt type dehydrator 带式干燥机belt type magnetic separator 带式磁选机belting 输送机胶带装置bench 阶段bench cut blasting 阶段爆破bench drilling 阶段钻眼bench face 台阶工祖bench floor 台阶底bench height 台阶高度bench hole 梯段的下向垂直炮眼bench mining 阶梯式开采bench preparation 阶段准备bench stoping 阶梯式开采benched quarry 阶段采石场benching 阶梯式开采benching bank 阶段bend 弯管bender 弯机bending force 弯力bending machine 弯机bending moment 弯曲矩bending resistance 抗弯强度bending rolls 辊子卷板机bending strength 抗弯强度bending stress 弯曲应力bending test 弯曲试验benefication 选矿beneficiating method 选矿法beneficiation 选矿benitoite 蓝锥矿bent 弯曲bent entry 弯曲平巷bent face 弯工祖bent pipe 弯管bentonite 皂土benzene 苯benzine 汽油benzol 苯beresite 黄铁长英岩berm 段台berme 段台berthierite 辉铁锑矿bertrandite 硅铍石beryl 绿柱石beryllium 铍beryllonite 磷钠铍石beton 混凝土bevel 斜面bevel gear 伞齿轮bevel gear drive 伞齿轮传动bevel gearing 伞齿轮咬合;锥齿轮传动装置bevel wheel 伞齿轮bevelling 锨bicable tramway 双线死bickford fuse 比克福特导爆线bicone type rolling cutter bit 双圆锥齿轮钻头big hole 大径钻孔billot 杆bimetal 双金属bimetal thermometer 双金属温度计bimetallic strip relay 双金属片继电器bin 矿仓bin gate 贮仓闸门binder 粘结剂binding agent 粘结剂binding coal 粘结煤binding energy 结合能binding force 结合力bing 堆bing hole 放矿溜口binning 装仓biogeochemistry 生物地球化学biotite 黑云母biquartz 双石英bismuth 铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿bismuthinite 辉铋矿bismuthite 泡铋矿bisulfate 硫酸氢盐bisulfite 亚硫酸氢盐bisulphate 硫酸氢盐bisulphite 亚硫酸氢盐bit 钎头bit dresser 钻头修整机bit dressing 钻头修整bit edge 钻刃bit face 钻头刃面bit grinder 钻头磨锐机bit head 钻头bit life 钎头使用期间bit shank 钎尾bitter earth 氧化镁bitum 沥青bituminous coal 沥青煤bituminous rock 沥青岩bituminous shale 沥青页岩black band 菱铁矿black blasting powder 黑色火药black bog 泥炭沼泽black diamond 黑金刚石black earth 黑土black iron ore 磁铁矿black lead 石黑black lead ore 黑铅矿black manganese 黑锰矿black powder 黑火药black powder train 黑药导火线blackdamp 室息性空气blacksmith 锻工blade 刀片blade grader 推土机blader 推土机blaize 硬砂岩blanch 铅矿石blanket 表层blanket table 平面洗矿台blast 爆炸blast blower 鼓风机blast firing 放炮blast hole 炮眼blast hole drill 凿岩机blast layout 装药布置blast stower 风力充填机blastability 爆炸性blaster 放炮工blaster cap 雷管blasters' permit 爆破技术员blasthole 炮眼blasthole bit 炮眼钻头blasthole collar 炮眼口blasthole method 深孔爆破开采法blasting 爆破blasting accessories 爆破用七blasting agent 炸药blasting cable 放炮电缆blasting cartridge 药包blasting charge 装炸药blasting compound 炸药blasting cone 爆破漏斗blasting device 爆破用具blasting drift 爆破平巷blasting dust 爆破尘末blasting equipment 爆破用具blasting explosive 炸药blasting fume 炮烟blasting fuse 导火线blasting galvanometer 放炮电路试验器blasting gelatine 煤炸药blasting lead 爆破导线blasting machine 电气发爆器blasting material 爆炸物blasting oil 硝化甘油blasting operation 爆破blasting ratio 爆破比blasting supplies 起爆颇blasting switch 爆破开关blasting technician 放炮工blasting tools 爆破工具bleed of gas 瓦斯喷出bleeder entry 通风平巷bleeder hole 放泄孔bleeder off hole 排放钻孔bleeder pipe 排出管blende 闪锌矿blender 掺合器混合器blending 掺合blending bunker 配合仓blending conveyor 掺合输送机blind 暗的blind coal 无焰炭blind drift 独头巷道blind galley 独头巷道blind lead 无露头矿脉blind outcrop 盲露头blind pit 暗井blind shaft 暗井blister 气泡block 采区;块;滑车组block brake 闸块式制动器block caving method 分段崩落采矿法block line 钻井钢丝绳block mining 分块开采blockage 闭塞blockhole 炮眼blockhole blasting 爆破地面大块岩石blockholing 爆破地面大块岩石blocking 闭塞blondin 采掘场架空死blow 放炮blow of gas 瓦斯喷出blow up 爆炸blowcharging 风力装药blowed fill 风力充填blower 吹风机blower fan 吹风机blowing out 吹洗炮眼blowing over 工祖通风blowing ventilation 吹入通风blowlamp 焊灯blowout 突出blowout preventer 防喷器blowpipe 喷焊器喷割器blowtorch 焊灯blue cap 蓝色焰晕blue printing machine 蓝图机blue spar 天蓝石blue vitriol 胆矾blueprint 蓝图blueprint paper 蓝图纸bluestone 胆矾blunt 钝的blunt drill 钝钻board 板board and pillar 房柱式开法board and pillar method 房柱式开采法board and pillar work 房柱式开法board and wall method 房柱式开采法boarding 安装木板boart 工业用圆粒金刚石bob 铅锥bobbin 绕线管bog land 沼地bogie 小车;转向架boiled oil 熟炼油boiler 锅炉boiling 沸腾boiling process 沸腾法boke 小细脉bolt 螺栓bolt connection 螺栓连接bolt joint 螺栓接合bolting 锚杆支护bolting cost 锚杆支架费bonanza 富矿脉bond 结合bond energy 结合能bonding agent 结合剂bonding energy 结合能bonding strength 结合强度bone 可燃性页岩bone char 骨煤bone coal 骨煤bone picker 拣矸工bonnet 盖bonny 矿襄bonstay 暗井bont 提升装置bonze 末精选的铅矿石boom 悬臂boom crane 伸臂起重机boom hoist 悬臂绞车boom ripper 悬臂挑预机boose 矿石内的脉石booster 传爆药booster fan 辅助扇风机booster primer 传爆药booster pump 增压泵boosting 局部通风bootleg 拒爆炮眼booze 铅矿bop 防喷器boracite 方硼石borax 硼砂bord 巷道bord and pillar method 房柱式开采法bord and pillar work 房柱式开法bord and wall method 房柱式开采法border 边缘border pile 边桩bordering 炮泥borderline 界线bore 孔bore bit 钻头bore borings 钻粉bore hole 炮眼bore meal 钻粉bore mining 溶液采矿bore mud 钻泥bore plug 钻孔岩样borehole 钻孔borehole charge 钻孔装药borehole clinometer 钻孔测斜仪borehole diameter 钻孔直径borehole profile 钻孔断面图borehole pump 深井泵borehole seal 镗孔密封垫borehole shooting 钻井爆破borehole survey 钻孔测量borer 钻工boride 硼化物boring 钻进boring bar 钻杆boring bit 钎头boring for oil 石油钻深boring frame 钻塔boring head 钻头boring machine 钻机boring mud 钻泥boring pump 钻眼用泵boring rig 钻塔boring rod 钻杆boring rope 钻机用的钢丝绳boring tool 钻具boring tower 钻塔boring tube 钻管bornite 斑铜矿boron 硼bort bit 金刚石钻头bortz 工业用圆粒金刚石bortz powder 金刚石粉borway bit 齿状钻头boss hammer 大锤bossing 厚层切底bottle coal 瓦斯煤bottom 底板bottom banksman 井底把钩工bottom belt 底部皮带bottom canch 卧底bottom captain 井下组长bottom cutting 底部截槽bottom discharge bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom discharge skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dump bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom dump skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dumping car 底卸式车bottom gangway 底导坑bottom gate 底导坑bottom heading 底导坑bottom hole 底部炮眼bottom installation 井底车场设备bottom kerf 底槽bottom layer 底层bottom layout 井底车场布置bottom level 井底车场标高bottom loading belt 底带装载式胶带输送机。

地质英语论文Title:Orthomagmatic ore depositsOne.Orthomagmatic ore depositsThe magma contains a certain number of metal and volatile components of the silicate melt. All kinds of magma after crystallization and differentiation, make the forming materials dispersed in the magma gathered and formed deposits.And this deposits is called magmatic deposits.Magmatic deposits formed in the magmatic stage, the source of the material of the deposit is the main ore-bearing magma.Magmatic deposits is the product of the magma by crystallization and differentiation, and generally have the following properties:1、Deposits have the mainly relationship with the mafic and ultramafic rocks.And a small number of magmatic deposits with alkaline rocks or magmatic carbonatite-related. Mineralization and diagenesis often begin at the same time.And this is typical of syngenetic ore deposits. Few mineralization of the magmatic deposits may be continued to a later time, but generally does not exceed a total period of magmatic activity.2、The magmatic deposits ore body majority presentstratiform,stratiform, lenticular and podiform and so on.And they produced in the magma body,and the wall rock of containing ore is the mother rock.Few cases,orebody presenting vein and stockwork enter the wall rock which outside of the mother rock.Between the ore body and the wall rock generally is gradual change or rapid gradual change relationship,.Only penetration magmatic deposits have the clear boundaries with the wall rock.3、Except the rare and rare earth elements deposits of the magmatic carbonatite due to special causes have some alteration about the wall rock,the vast majority of magmatic deposits surrounding rock does not have a significant alteration phenomenon.4、The ore and the wall rock basically have the same mineral composition, when the useful minerals of the rock body aggregate and reach a certain size,they become the orebody.5、The ore of magmatic deposits often have,disseminated,thebanded,eye porphyritic,dense massive,brecciated and so on,ore structure.The ores structure can be broadly divided into the following categories: I.Structure sub-the different magmatic condensate crystalline or stacking interactions; II.Reflect the structure of the immiscible fluid crystallization process III.Reflect the changes in the structure of the physical and chemical conditions.IV.Epigenetic structure.6、The magmatic deposits forming temperature is high, generally between 1200 to 700 ° C. The mineralization depth changes,generally formed in the ground a few kilometers to tens of kilometers.Tow.The formation conditions of magmatic depositsMagma deposits are mainly derived from the magma, it is the combined effects of the product by a variety of geological factors, which playing a leading role is the geochemistry of ore-forming elements traits, the magmatic rock conditions, tectonic conditions and physical and chemical conditions and so on.1、Control the conditions of magmatic rocks formed by magmatic depositsMagma is the main provider of the metallogenic material of the magmatic deposits and the medium of containing mineralmedium.Therefore,how much of the content of useful components of magma is the possibility of the formation of magmatic deposits.I.Magmatic rocks metallogenic specializationMetallogenic specialization of magmatic rocks in the genesis of magmatic rocks with endogenous deposits showed regular contact, and specific types of magmatic rocks are often produced specific types of deposits.a)With mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks related depositsMafic and ultramafic rock is the complex igneous complex formed by the combination of a variety of rock types, rock types from a single rock composed of rock mass is relatively rare.The size of the rock mass ranging mostly small,and rock strains, rock cover, rock, bedrock is the most common form of the rock mass. With facies and the different combinations,the mafic and ultramafic rocks can be divided into three types.b)Mineral deposits associated with syenite, nepheline syenite and carbonate igneous complexRelating to magmatic deposits of these rocks are mostly produced with the form of rock strain,the different components of rock mass facies zone often has ring distribution.II.The role of the volatile components in the magmaThe magma volatile components have the low melting point,highly volatile and they can delay the condensation rate of the magma, make the magma have more fully differentiation.III.Magmatic assimilation have an influence on the mineralization of the magma DepositsIV.Beyond one period of magma intrusion on control of the mineralization2、Tectonic conditions that control the formation of magmatic depositsTectonics have a major impact on the type of magmatic deposits, distribution, the most magmatic deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks on the Causes and space. Mafic and ultramafic magma formed by partial melting of mantle material,so the deep fault cuts through the crust to reach the upper mantle have a strict control effect on the mafic, ultramafic rocks and magmatic deposits which have some relationship with them.Three.Magmatic deposits formation and its characteristics1、The process of the magma’s useful components analysis, aggregation and positioning is called magmatic mineralization. Because the magmatic deposits mafic - ultramafic petrogenesis process is very complex, the mineralization also is varied.According to the way and feature of the mineralization,magmatic mineralization can be divided into four categories,the crystallization differentiation mineralization, melting away from the mineralization the magma eruption mineralization and magma eruption mineralization.When magma is condensed, with the temperature gradually decreased, the various mineral sequentially from which crystallized out, result in magma changing,and the magma changes in the composition promote the crystallization of certain components, liking magma composition changed with the crystallization process is called crystallization differentiation.2、Magmatic liquation mineralization and liquation deposit Magmatic liquation, also known as liquid separation action or immiscibility, refers to the the uniform composition magma melt with decreasing temperature and pressure separated into two components of different melt role.3、Magmatic eruptions and effusive the Mineralization its deposit Magma outbreak mineralization kimberlite magma, together with early crystallized olivine, pyrope, diamond crystals and xenoliths along deep faults,and rise rapidly emplaced at the surface produce 2 to 3 kilometers outbreak and the role of the deposit is formed.The magmatic eruption mineralization is the ore-bearing lava spray overflow to the surface or penetration into the crater near volcanic series along certain channels, the the condensate accumulation of deposit formation. Formed deposits called magma eruption deposits.Four.Implications for researchMagmatic deposits having very important industrial significance,most of chromium, nickel, platinum group elements as well as a substantial portion of iron, copper, titanium, cobalt, phosphorus, niobium, tantalum and rare earth elements and other deposits are all from magmatic deposits in the world. Mineralization conditions, the genesis of magmatic deposits and distribution law is of great significance.题目：岩浆矿床一、岩浆矿床岩浆是含有一定数量金属及挥发性组分的硅酸盐熔融体。

中英文资料外文翻译Optimization of soft rock engineering with particular reference to coalminingAbstractSoft rock engineering is a difficult topic which has received much attention in the field of rock mechanics and engineering. Research and practical work have been carried out, but much of the work has been limited to solving problems from the surface. For overcoming the difficulties of large deformations, long durationtime-dependent effects, and difficulties in stabilizing the soft rock, the problem should be tackled more radically, leading to a more effective method of achieving optimization of the engineering system in soft rock. A summary of the optimization procedure is made based on engineering practice.1. IntroductionThere are many soft rock engineering problems around the world, involving engineering for mines, highways, railways, bridges, tunnels, civil subways, buildings, etc. Engineering losses have occurred because of volumetric expansion, loss of stability of the soft rock, etc. This has been an important question to which much attention has been paid in engineering circles, and in the field of academic rock mechanics. Since the 1970s, considerable research and practical efforts have been made in the field of soft rock engineering in various countries, but the major efforts were concentrated on such aspects as the method of construction, the design and reinforcing of the supporting structures, measurement and analysis of the rock’s physical and mechanical properties, its constitutive relations and engineering measurement.It has been found that the soft rock engineering problem involves complex systematic engineering including such subsystems as classification of soft rocks, judgement concerning the properties of soft rock, project design and construction. Only by considering the integral optimization of the system can we obtain animproved solution to the problem. Hopefully, a radical approach can lead to engineering feasibility, lower costs and engineering stability in order to achieve the engineering objectives.1.1. Mechanical properties of soft rock and associated engineeringSoft rock is an uneven and discontinuous medium. Its strength is low, with a uniaxial compressive strength usually lower than 30 MPa. Some soft rocks expand when they are wet. Cracks in some soft rocks will propagate easily — which makes them exhibit volumetric expansion. Large deformation and creep can occur in soft rocks. Many soft rocks are compound ones which have composite properties formed from two or more sets of constituent properties. Soft rock can be graded into divisions according to its properties. After engineering has occurred, soft rock can deform rapidly and by time-dependent deformation, owing to its low strength and sensitivity to the stress field. With the effect of water, the expansive minerals in soft rocks volumetrically expand, which causes large convergent deformations, which leads to damage of the surrounding rock.The mechanical properties of soft rocks appear so various and different that it is difficult to express them with mathematical formula, which is the technological challenge for soft rock engineering.1.2. Engineering in soft rock and its optimizationBecause soft rock engineering can induce large deformations, the maintenance of the engineering can be difficult. Moreover, volumetric expansion and loss of stabilization of the surrounding rock often causes damage to supporting structures. If we use strong supports to control the deformation of the surrounding rock, the engineering cost will be high, and the construction time will be increased by repeated installation of support, sometimes the support itself has to be repaired. In order to obtain the benefits of easier construction and lower cost, the integral optimization of the system must be carried out and managed in a systematic and comprehensive way.Design and construction are the two important steps in soft rock engineering. These must begin by understanding the physical and mechanical properties of soft rock, in the context of the stress field, hydrogeology and engineering geology. The engineering design plan is conceived as a whole according to the theory of rock mechanics and combining practical data from adjacent or similar projects, including integrating the many factors. The establishment of the correct soft rock engineeringsystem should come from practice, basing on a full mastery of the factors. The scheme is shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Engineering system for soft rock.Optimization of soft rock engineering is achieved by making the surrounding rock interface with the supporting structure such that the engineering will be stable. The key technological strategy is to avoid a high stress field and enhance the supporting ability of the surrounding rock. Feasible measures are as follows: reducing the external load; optimizing the engineering structure’s size and shape, improving planar and cubic layouts of engineering; choosing better strata, and structure orientation, etc., as shown in Fig. 2.Fig. 2. The principle of the optimization process.According to these ideas, take the development of a coal mine in soft rock as an example. Integrated optimization of the development system of the mine should take the relevant factors into account: existing information; an overall arrangement foroptimal development and production; eliminate adverse factors; and deal with the problems of soft rock by a simple construction method. The content of the first part of the optimization includes: choosing the mine development method; deciding on the mining level; and determining layers in which the main roadways are to be located. Also important is arranging a reasonable layout of the pit bottom and chamber groups and seeking to reduce the deviator stress caused by mutual interference of the openings. Openings perpendicular to the direction of horizontal principal stress should be avoided when choosing the driving direction of roadways. Optimizing the layout of the mining roadways reduces the damage to support caused by moving loads introduced by mining. Further optimization is related to the geometry and size of the roadway sections, the supporting structure, and the method and technology of construction. Finally, by measuring and monitoring during construction, feedback information can be obtained to ensure that the engineering is running on the expected track and, if there is any deviation, corrective action can be implemented. The system is shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 3. Systematic optimization of coal mining in soft rock.2. Engineering examples2.1. Mine No. 5 in Youjiang coal mine, ChinaThe mine is situated to the east of Baise Coalfield, in the West of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It belongs to the new third Period. The mine area is located at the edge of the south synclinal basin. There are three coal layers; the average thickness of each seam is 1–2 m; above and below the coal layers are mudstone, whose colours are grey, greyish white, and green. There are minerals of mixed illite and montmorillonite in the rock, montmorillonite 5–8%, and illite 7–20%. The rock’suniaxial compressive strength is 4–5 MPa, the average being 4.8 MPa. There are irregular joints in the rock, but distributed irregularly, and the rock’s integral coefficient index is 0.55. Most of the cracks are discontinuous, without filling matter in them. The surrounding rock is a soft rock subject to swelling, with low strength, and is quite broken. The strike of the coalfield is NEE, the dip angle of the coal layers is 10–15°. The mine area is 6 km long along the strike, and 1 km long along its inclination, its area is 6 km2, the recoverable reserves are 4,430,000 tons. In the adjacent mine No. 4, the maximum principal stress is NNE–SSW, approximately along the seams’ inclined direction. A roadway perpendicular to this direction has convergence values of 70–100 mm, the damage of roadway supports is 51%. A roadway parallel to the direction of maximum principal stress has convergence values of 20–40 mm, the damage rate of supports is 12%, and the average damage rate of the mine is 40%.In the design of the mine, a pair of inclined shafts were included. The level of the shaft-top is +110 m, the elevation of the main mining level is located at −120 m. Strike longwall mining is planned, arranging with uphill and downhill stope areas, as shown in Fig. 4.Fig. 4. Development plans for Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The first optimization measure is to weaken the strain effect of the surrounding rock in the mine roadway caused by the stress field. Roadways are arranged as far as possible to be parallel with the maximum principal stress (that is, approximately along the inclined direction) so as to reduce the angle between them. The strike longwall mining is changed into inclined longwall mining, the mine is mined upward by using the downhill stope area, the main mining level is elevated by 20 m, 1131 mof roadways are saved and the cost of the roadway construction and facilities is saved ¥2,760,000 ($336,600). The new system is shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5. Development system plans after optimization for Mine No.5 in Youjiang.The second optimization measure is to change the layout of the pit bottom and openings to be parallel with the maximum principal stress as far as possible. The total length of roadways initially designed was 1481 m, and 30.11% of them were arranged to be perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. After amendment, the total length of roadways is 1191 m, which is a decrease of 290 m, and with only 24.69% of roadways that are perpendicular to the principal horizontal stress, roadways are easier to maintain. As shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.Fig. 6. Layout of the pit bottom and chamber initially designed forMine No. 5 in Youjiang.Fig. 7. Layout of the pit bottom and chamber after the optimizationfor Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The third optimization measure is to excavate the section of the roadway in a circular arch shape to reduce the stress concentrations. In order to increase the supporting ability of the surrounding rock itself, after the roadway has been excavated, rockbolts are installed as the first support. Considering the expansivity of the surrounding rock, guniting is not suitable. The secondary support is the use of precast concrete blocks. Between the support and the surrounding rock, the gaps should be filled with a pliable layer of mixed lime-powder with sand. This produces the effect of distributing the stress and has a cushioning effect when the soft rock is deforming; also, it inhibits the soft rock from absorbing water and expanding. This scheme is shown in Fig. 8Fig. 8. Optimization design for the supporting structure of the mainroadway for Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The fourth optimization measure is to simplify the chamber layout so as to reduce the number of roadways. For example, in order to decrease the stress concentrations by the roadway, the number of passageways in the pumproom and the sub-station can be reduced from three to one, and the roadway intersections connecting atright-angles can be reduced from 14 to nine.The fifth optimization measure is in accordance with the different stratigraphical lithologies which the roadways pass through, and for harder rock regions to change the roadway section into a structure with straight-sided semicircular top arch and arc bottom arch, and another structure with a straight-sided horse-shoe arch, so that the investment of supporting structure can be saved when there are better rock masses with comparatively few fractures.In construction, waterproofing and draining off the water should be implemented, and the catchment in the roadway bottom should be strictly prevented because it may cause the bottom rock to expand. When the opening groups are excavated, the construction sequence must be considered, enough rock pillar must be reserved, and the construction method of ‘short-digging and short-building’ must not be used, so that the interactions can be avoided.By the optimization described above, after the roadways have been constructed, the serviceable roadway is 95.5% of the total, 55.5% more than that of the adjacent mine No. 4. The length of the roadway was reduced, and ¥3,700,000 ($450,000) saved. In addition, ¥3,000,000 ($360,000) was saved in the maintenance costs of the roadways before the mine was put into production, so, the cost saving totals¥6,700,000 ($810,000) in all. After the mine has been turned over to production, the main designed capacity was reached in that year, and added to the saved money for the maintenance cost of roadways in production, there was ¥8,700,000 ($1,050,000) saved.2.2. The coal mine at Renziping, ChinaThe mine lies to the south of Qinzhou coalfield in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It belongs to the new third Period and synclinal coal basin tectonics. There are two coal layers in it, the main seam thickness is 12–15 m. The roof and floor of the coal layers are arenaceous–argillaceous rocks, whose colour is greyish white, and whose essential minerals are quartz and kaolinite. The uniaxial compressive strength of the rock is from 10 to 15 MPa. Rock masses are quite integral with fractures only in it occasionally. It belongs to the class of soft rock that has weak expansion, lower strength, and is quite broken. There are faults around the coalfield basin which are8 km long and 1.5 km or so wide. Slopes are inconsistent, the edge angles are 25–40°, and the bottom of the coalfield is gentle. Affected by tectonic stress in the NW–SE direction, there is an inverse fault in the south. After the mine had been developed and put into production, a main roadway at the 250 m level was excavated along the strike, and the mine was mined by the ‘uphill and downhill stope area’. Affected by the rock stress, many parts of the main roadway have ruptured, parts have been pressed out, and supports have been broken; the serviceable rate of roadway supports was less than 40%, which seriously affected the haulage and ventilation of the mine road. In the following 10 years of production, the rated production output was not achieved and losses occurred leading to economic disbenefit.Through on-the-spot observations, it is apparent that the coalfield is affected by the tectonic stress field, that the deformation in the soft rock is serious, and is larger than that caused only by the vertical stress component. The technological reformation measures for the mine are proposed as follows.The first measure is to extend the depth of the shaft and abandon the main roadway excavated along the strike, and transform it into a bottom panel stonedoor along the synclinal basin minor axis to make it parallel with the main principal horizontal stress. The mining face can be laid on top of it. The force endured by the stonedoor is quite small, and the stonedoor is easy to maintain, as shown in Fig. 9.Fig. 9. Contrasting layouts before and after optimization at the coalmine in Renziping.The second measure is to select an improved stratum to lay out the stonedoor. If it is placed in the grey arenaceous–argillaceous rock, its uniaxial compressive strength is 15 MPa and is easy to maintain, constructing in the normal excavation manner, and supported with a granite block building body.After the mine was constructed, the maintenance of the stonedoor was in a better state, the serviceability rate of the roadway was raised to 85%, which is 45% more than that before the optimization. The haulage and ventilation of the mine were also improved, to enhance the normal production. The coal production of the mine has surpassed the designed capacity, the loss has been reversed and the mine has been transformed to a profitable enterprise.3. ConclusionsSoft rock engineering for coal mining involves many complex factors. Unable to solve the problems completely by quantitative means, much of the engineering relies on feedback after observation on the spot. The technique described in the paper — of systematic decomposition of the system into the component elements, individual optimization and then synthesis into overall optimization — has achieved good results in practice, as illustrated by the three coal mine examples.In fact, the basis of the technique is the process of applying basic rock mechanics principles, such as orienting roadway tunnels to be parallel to the maximum horizontal principal stress and avoiding complex excavation shapes. This involves major changes to coal mine layouts and thus represents a strategy of taking radical measures to solve soft rock engineering problems. If such radical measures are taken together with holding stopgap measures, the soft rock engineering can be optimized.煤矿开采中的软岩优化工程摘要软岩工程是一个已引起广泛关注的岩石力学与工程领域中的困难课题。

附录The South African mining industry:An overview c（Part）By J.J.Geldenhuys*Premier of the North-West Province,Mr Molefe,foreign dignitaries and guests,ladies and gentlemen.It is a pleasure and also a special honour for me to have been invited here this morning to make this address.The XV Congress of the Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions is,by its very nature,an extremely important event for the international minerals industry. But I believe that this specific Congress assumes an even greater significance because of the profound and far-reaching changes that have taken place in South Africa this year. These are exhilarating times ,a period when so much in out country hasaltered and when so much has to be done so quickly to build positively on our bold political decisions .Your Congress is taking place at the start of this critical building phase for South Africa,a phase which the mining industry is determined to contribute to in no small measure. And so ti is a special honour for me to make this address at such a vital time for the country and its mining interests.For more than a century now the mining industry has been the foundation of the South African economy .Today ,the industry remains robust ,energetic ,more innovative than ever,and still possessed of the capacity to be a reliable economic generator for this country and the region as a whole.Mining in this country is already ensconced in some of the challenges of our new era. South Africa’s mining houses,which for so long have been at the forefront of progress in mineral extraction,are researching new methods of enhancing production. They have already achieved technical breakthroughs to improve the safety of workersand ,on a broader front ,they are working on strategies to compete aggressively with growing international competition.I am pleased to report to you this mornig,that ,after a long drought our gold mining sector is buoyant and showing improving health.On an annualised basis ,working profit per kilogram of gold improved by 52.5 per cent last year. And,for the first six months of this year,working profits per kilgram rose another 16.2 per cent on the same period last year. This improvement has enabled the industry to re-evaluate its levels of capital expenditure and its strategies for new mining ventures.But, before I deal in more detail with the general state of the industry ,and in particular the outlook and the challenges for the nation’s gold mining operations ,mention must be made of the all-important relationship between our new Government and the miming industry.We are unequivocal in our belief that the mining industry can –and must –enter a cooperative replationship with Government .We believe such a relationship would not only be to the mutual benefit of both parties, but , would also help in the creation of an enticing and positive climate for investment in South Africa. In fact ,in recent days ,and specifically during a visit to Cape Town for the purpose ,the mining industry has indicated strongly to our elected leaders that it stands ready to use its diverse expertise to help the Government of National Unity to achieve its aims for a better life for all in partnership later.In an examination of the mining industry’s broad contribution—financial and otherwise—to the greater good of this country ,and its own economic state ,it remains clear that what was true a century ago remains true today:The mining industry is a mainstay of our economy both sa a foreign exchange earner and a direct and indirect contributor to the Gross Domestic Puoduct. It also remains a leading employer,in fact the second biggest behind the agricultural sector . In shot ,the industry has maintained,and in many ways reinforced , its capacity ot create wealth andemployment.Last year the industry generated,through the exports of primary and beneficiated mineral products ,more than 60 per cent fo South Africa’s foreign exchange earnings , It was also directly resposible for 8.7 pen cent of GDP or, more spectacularly ,18 pen cent of GDP if the so –called indirect backward and forward linkages were included.(Those linkages are the flow-on effects from mining into sectors such as manufac-turing,community services and electricity , and the effects of domestic industries making use of mining outputs such as coal .)Despite the protracted world recession and the generally depressed mineral markets ,the value of our mineral sales incpeased by 10.9 per cent to R46.7 billion last year .Our total export sales rose by 14.8 per cent ,and this was mainly the result of bigger exports of gold,platinum group metals ,iron ore and miscellaneous minerals ,among them diamonds .On a provincial basis ,latest statistics show that the impact of mining on economic growth in many of the provinces was significantly greater than the industry’s contribution to the national or overall economy . In the Free State ,imning is responsible for about 20 pen cent of the Gross Geographic Product; in North-West Province ,our hosts , about 43 per cent ; in North Cape Province almost 27 per cent and in Eastern Transaal Province mining is responsible for more than 20 pen cent of GGP .For the record , the PWV , which has by far the smallest surface area in the country , produces some 23 pen cent , or R9.7 billon worth , of the nation’s minerals . Its mining and quarrying activities contribute a little over five per cent to its Gross Geographic Product.………………………In conclusion ,the mining industry is determined to continue playing itseconomic anchor role in South Africa. We will create jobs and wealth ,both nationally and regionally ,wo will continue earing foreign exchange ,and we will build and sustain communities ,This determination is born of a faith in the political future of this country and its people .Political events in this country in the 90s, culminating in the breathtaking success of April’s transfer of power –a process of unimaginable political proportions a mere five or six years age –stand as monuments to the qualities of all South African people .Their capacity for forgiveness ,their tolerance ,their pragmatism and their determination form sturdy foundations for bright ,new South Africa.This country has now achieved a stable political dispensation , in which, almost all of the inhibiting tensions of the bygone era unambiguous signs that the right climate is being created for sound and prosperous investmet in South Africa .We hope that our faith in this country’s future and out commitment to aiding its continued well-being will act as an incentive to potential investors the world over.Ladies and Gentlemen,this has always been a country of ingenuity ,a nation which puts great store in innovation.Now that the shackles have been broken to enable all its resources to be tapped,the sky is South Africa’s limit.Thank you .The South African mining industry:An overview c:The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1994.SA ISSN 0038-223X/3.00+0.00. Address delivered at the opening plenary session of the XV CMMI Congress held at Sun City,South Africa on Monday, 5 September 1994.By J.J.Geldenhuys*：President,Chamber of Mines of South Africa南非采矿业：概览c（部分）By J.J.Geldenhuys*西北省议员， Molefe先生，外国政要和嘉宾，各位朋友。