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中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见，举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。
关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。
“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。
在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。
想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。
营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。
原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。
燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。
这些也在自然界中发生。
最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。
在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。
生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。
然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。
如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。
练习1矿井系统选择的标准图9.2显示了各种采矿方法的生产分布图。
由于现在在短壁工作面工作的少于12个人，所以采用长臂综采法。
很显然连续采煤法越来越受欢迎不是因为每个单元的生产能力增加，而是因为相同吨位的产出需要的人少。
然而，长臂开采的生产率更高是因为每个采矿单元与生俱来的连续开采潜力使其有更大的生产能力。
虽然如此，讨论选择一个系统比另一个系统好要考虑很多因素，这样会让每种形式的细节分析变得明显。
这个表格列出了很多矿井选择特定系统时考虑的各种因素，提供了像自然条件，开采经验，社会关注点，市场条件等重要因素。
一些选择是相当明显的，然而一些是不明显的。
通常，这些选择更能反映出个人偏见。
例如，当缝隙是坚硬的或包含坚硬的杂质，传统的开采方法（爆破）比通过连续开采剥开煤层更容易。
当眼前的隧道顶部很坏时,长臂开采更容易也能够提供更全面的支撑。
常规开采需求的大量设备可能会导致柔软底部的撕裂，所以常规开采比连续开采需要一个坚固的底部。
由于常规开采在房柱式系统已经比在任何老矿区实行时间都长，由于劳动监察部门最熟悉这种方法和设备，在新矿的开采方法选取中这将是一个重要的考虑因素。
然而，如果对于新的从业人员，选择这种传统方法是不太可能的，因为它需要更多的技巧去协调许多设备以及人力。
但是，对于维护人员就不是这样的。
由于传统设备比连续采矿设备更简单，更可靠，更容易保持状态，一个没有经验的维修组更适合使用常规开采的矿区。
市场对于采矿系统的发展有过很大的影响。
而连续开采通常认为已经开始约在1947年，实际上再更早就有了。
在1920年代早期，McKinley Entry Driver，一个出生很早地使用连续开采方法的矿工，加入的很多条目在Illinois.然而煤炭生产靠它，和几乎如今的所有连续开采矿工，这对于全国上下的取暖需求不是很畅销，所以它产生了低回报。
随着实用市场的到来，所有的煤都是粉碎后使用的，连续采煤机已获得广泛的认可。
采矿工程毕业设计(论文)引言采矿工程是矿山开采和矿石处理的一门学科。
毕业设计是矿山工程专业学生完成学业的重要环节，通过毕业设计可以让学生将在课堂上学到的理论知识应用到实际工程项目中，培养学生的工程实践能力。
本文将介绍采矿工程毕业设计的主要内容和步骤。
选题与背景选题是采矿工程毕业设计的第一步，合理选题对于毕业设计的顺利进行至关重要。
学生可以根据自身的兴趣和专业知识，在导师指导下选择一个具有一定实际意义和研究价值的矿山工程问题进行研究。
选题的背景部分应介绍当前该领域的研究现状和问题，说明为什么进行此项研究。
研究目标与意义研究目标是指采矿工程毕业设计所要达到的预期结果，研究意义是指该研究对于学术界和工程实践的贡献。
例如，研究目标可以是优化某一种采矿方法的参数，研究意义可以是提高矿山的生产效率和资源利用率。
研究方法与步骤研究方法是指用于实现研究目标的具体方法和步骤。
在采矿工程毕业设计中，研究方法通常包括数据采集、实验设计、模拟计算、数据分析等。
学生需要根据自己选题的特点和研究目标选择合适的研究方法，并逐步实施。
本部分应详细描述每个步骤的具体内容和技术路线。
实验设计与数据分析如果毕业设计的选题需要进行实验研究，那么实验设计和数据分析是非常重要的部分。
学生要设计合理的实验方案，选择适当的实验设备和方法，并进行数据采集和处理。
数据分析部分应根据研究方法的选择，采用合适的统计方法对数据进行分析和解释。
实验设计和数据分析的结果应支持毕业设计的研究目标和结论。
结果与讨论结果与讨论是采矿工程毕业设计的核心部分。
学生需要根据实验结果和数据分析的结果，得出结论并进行讨论。
对于毕业设计中出现的问题和不足之处，学生还应提出改进的建议。
结果与讨论的内容应详尽、准确，结论言之有据。
结论结论是对整个毕业设计工作的总结，应概括地回答研究目标是否实现，并对研究结果的重要性、意义进行阐述。
结论还可以包括对进一步研究工作的展望。
毕业设计的结论应简洁明了，突出论文的创新点和学术价值。
ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。
通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。
除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。
2013 届毕业文献翻译题目文献翻译专业班级采矿工程学号 09010901xx学生姓名刘xx指导教师张电吉指导教师职称教授学院名称环境与城市建设学院完成日期： 2013 年 6 月日Room and pillar Mining MethodsBullock(1982a),quoting previous data, showed that room and pillar mining together with stope and pillar mining accounted for most of the underground mining in the United States. He estimated that 60% of noncoal minerals (about 80 million tons or 70 Mt) and 90% of coal ( about 290 million tons or 260 Mt) were obtained by room and pillar methods, and it is unlikely that things are radically different today. The method is cheap, highly productive, easily mechanized, and relatively simple to design.The room and pillar mining method (Fig.5. 2) is a type of open stoping used in near horizontal deposits in reasonably competent rock, where the roof is supported primarily by pillars. Ore is extracted from rectangular shaped rooms or entries in the ore body, leaving parts of the ore between the entries as pillars to support the hanging wall or roof. The pillars are arranged in a regular pattern, or grid, to simplify planning and operation. They can be any shape but are usually square or rectangular. The dimensions of the rooms and pillars depend on many design factors. These include the stability of the hanging wall and the strength of the ore in the pillars, the thickness of the deposit, and the depth of mining. The objective of design is to extract the maximum amount of ore that is compatible with safe working conditions. The ore left in the pillars is usually regarded as irrecoverable or recoverable only with backfill in noncoal mines.applications of pillar mining have been discussed by Hamrin ( 1982) and Hittman( Anon. . 1976) among others. Suitable conditions include ore that are horizontal or have a dip of less than 30°. A major requirement is that the hanging wall is relatively competent over a short period of time, or is capable of support by rock bolts that are used extensively in room and pillar mining. The method：! is particularly suited to bedded deposits of moderate thickness (2 to 6 m) such as coal-the main application一salt, potash, and limestone.Figure.5.2Room and pillar mining method.1, Methods of Room and Pillar MiningRoom and pillar mining takes place in sections or panels, which are usually rectangular and regular in plan. In hard rock mining of horizontal ore bodies, the method is very similar to open stoping. In many cases, ore grade control may be the primary requirement in mine design, and ground control and ventilation secondary considerations. This may lead to an ad hoc room and pillar design with irregular- , nonrecoverable pillars of low-grade ore.Hard-rock room and pillar mining is a effectively method of open stoping (stope and pillar mining) at a low angle to the horizontal, excavating rooms and leaving supporting pillars.Where mineral values vary, the method is similar to the old “gophering" method of mining where random excavations followed highly mineralized zones. Where mineral values are consistent, the mine layout can be regular. The method differs from most hard-rock mining methods in that gravity flow is limited, and ore must be loaded in the excavation where it has been blasted and transported from that point. In large operations this involves trucks and loaders or load — haul — dumps ( LHDs).There are various methods of room and pillar stoping. The most common are full-face slicing breast stoping and multiple slicing or bench and breast stoping. In the former, the rooms are opened to their full vertical height with no mineral or economic value left in the roof or the floor. probably the reasonable safe limit for full-face slicing is 8 to 10 m depending on drilling and support equipment, and beyond this, multiple slicing is used.2. Production CycleFor hard-rock ore bodies ,the basic cycle is similar to hard-rock tunneling four main elements, (1)mark out and drill blast holes , usually in a wedge pattern , (2) ,and ventilate to remove blast fumes ,(3) introduce mucker and muck and load，and ④scale the face and walls and bolt the roof where necessary. There is considerable complexity in the interaction among these elements that make up a basic critical path. In order to estimate the cycle time, it is necessary to determine unit loading and drilling rates and task times for these elements and also to estimate how subsidiary elements and tasks such as haulage and ventilation takeup may impinge upon the critical path in a badly organized mine.3.Panel DevelopmentA panel layout for a typical room and pillar mine in a noncoal mine is illustrated as follows ：The excavation height is about 4.5m,and the normal sloping practice is to drive a single development drift about 10. 5 m wide a distance of about four or five rooms into the ore body. This will serve as the main haulage drift. Pillars are then marked out on the drift walls and rooms driven between them.To drill and blast the initial drive when the only exposed or free face is the drive face, some form of cut pattern is used. This is known as the “ face round or “ swing and in a 4. 5 by 10.5 m face will comprise 60 to 70 holes of about 8 mm to a depth at 3 to 3. 6 m. If more than one face is exposed,a group of holes may be drilled at a low angle to the free face in what is known as a " slab round or slabbing or “slashing”. This requires less explosive and less drilling than a single face. the most common form of face round is a wedge or V, cut although bum cuts can also beDrilling is carried out with jumbo-mounted hydraulic drills ；loading is usually by gathering arm loader, although in modern mines, trackless LHD vehicles are used to the load to a transfer raise where it is reloaded into trucks or conveyors.房柱法Bullock在1982年提出房柱法,它指在矿房与矿柱里回采矿物，在美国大多数地下开采应用柱式开采。
采矿工程专业毕业设计论文：采矿工程专业矿区生态恢复与保护Title: Mine Site Ecological Restoration and Protection in Mining EngineeringAbstract:With the development of mining engineering, the ecological environment in mining areas has suffered severe degradation. In order to promote sustainable development and protect the ecosystem, it is necessary to explore effective methods for ecological restoration and protection in mining engineering. This research paper aims to analyze the current status of mine site ecological restoration and propose practical measures for the sustainable development of mining areas.1. Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Research Objective2. Current Status of Mine Site Ecological Restoration2.1 Ecological Degradation in Mining Areas2.2 Challenges in Ecological Restoration2.3 Case Studies of Successful Ecological Restoration Projects3. Principles and Methods of Ecological Restoration3.1 Ecological Restoration Principles3.2 Ecological Restoration Techniques3.2.1 Soil Quality Improvement3.2.2 Reforestation and Habitat Rehabilitation3.2.3 Water Resource Management3.2.4 Sustainable Land Use Planning4. Ecological Protection Measures in Mining Engineering4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment4.2 Mine Water Treatment and Recycling4.3 Dust and Noise Control4.4 Biodiversity Conservation5. Case Study: Ecological Restoration and Protection in a Mining Area5.1 Project Background and Objectives5.2 Implementation of Ecological Restoration Measures5.3 Monitoring and Evaluation of Ecological Restoration Results5.4 Lessons Learned and Recommendations6. Conclusion6.1 Summary of Key Findings6.2 Significance and Implications6.3 Future Research DirectionKeywords: mining engineering, ecological restoration, ecological protection, sustainable development, biodiversity conservation, environmental impact assessmentIntroduction:1.1 Background:Mining activities have a significant impact on the environment, resulting in soil erosion, water pollution, habitat destruction, andreduced biodiversity. The restoration and protection of mine sites are essential to mitigate these adverse effects and ensure sustainable development in mining areas.1.2 Research Objective:This study aims to investigate the current status of mine site ecological restoration and propose practical measures for the sustainable development of mining areas. Through case studies and analysis, it intends to provide guidance for future mine site restoration projects.Current Status of Mine Site Ecological Restoration:2.1 Ecological Degradation in Mining Areas:Mining operations contribute to ecological degradation through land disturbance, deforestation, erosion, and water contamination. These activities often result in the loss of habitat for wildlife and the disruption of natural ecosystems.2.2 Challenges in Ecological Restoration:The restoration of mine sites faces challenges such as contaminated soil and water, lack of suitable seed sources for reforestation, and difficulty in establishing self-sustaining ecosystems. Additionally, financial constraints and limited technical expertise pose obstacles to effective restoration measures.2.3 Case Studies of Successful Ecological Restoration Projects: Several successful ecological restoration projects have been conducted in mining areas worldwide. These projects emphasize soil remediation, reforestation, and the establishment of wetlandsto promote biodiversity and ecosystem recovery.Principles and Methods of Ecological Restoration:3.1 Ecological Restoration Principles:Principles such as comprehensive planning, stakeholder engagement, adaptive management, and native species utilization form the basis of successful ecological restoration. These principles ensure the restoration goals are ecologically sound, socially acceptable, and economically feasible.3.2 Ecological Restoration Techniques:Various techniques are employed in mine site restoration, including soil quality improvement, reforestation, habitat rehabilitation, water resource management, and sustainable land use planning. These techniques aim to restore the ecological functions and services of the mining area.Ecological Protection Measures in Mining Engineering:4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment:A thorough environmental impact assessment is crucial in identifying potential impacts of mining activities and proposing mitigation measures to minimize adverse effects. This assessment enables effective decision-making and ensures compliance with environmental regulations.4.2 Mine Water Treatment and Recycling:Mining often leads to the generation of large volumes of wastewater contaminated with heavy metals and chemicals. Propertreatment and recycling of mine water can reduce water pollution and minimize the demand for freshwater resources.4.3 Dust and Noise Control:Mining operations generate significant amounts of dust and noise, which can have detrimental effects on human health and nearby ecosystems. Effective measures such as dust suppression systems and noise barriers should be implemented to minimize these impacts.4.4 Biodiversity Conservation:Protecting and enhancing biodiversity within mining areas is vital for ecosystem stability and resilience. Preserving habitats, promoting reforestation, and implementing wildlife conservation measures are essential in maintaining a balanced and diverse ecosystem.Case Study: Ecological Restoration and Protection in a Mining Area:5.1 Project Background and Objectives:This case study focuses on a specific mining area, highlighting the issues faced and the objectives set for ecological restoration and protection.5.2 Implementation of Ecological Restoration Measures:The case study outlines the restoration techniques utilized, including soil remediation, reforestation, wetland establishment, and wildlife habitat rehabilitation.5.3 Monitoring and Evaluation of Ecological Restoration Results: Monitoring protocols are crucial in assessing the effectiveness of restoration measures over time. This section discusses the monitoring and evaluation methods used to determine the success of the ecological restoration project.5.4 Lessons Learned and Recommendations:Insights gained from the case study provide valuable lessons and recommendations for future mine site restoration projects. These could include improving stakeholder engagement, utilizing adaptive management strategies, and investing in long-term monitoring and maintenance.Conclusion:6.1 Summary of Key Findings:This study highlights the importance of mine site ecological restoration and the challenges associated with it. Successful restoration projects rely on the principles of comprehensive planning, stakeholder engagement, adaptive management, and native species utilization.6.2 Significance and Implications:Ecological restoration and protection in mining engineering are critical for mitigating the adverse environmental impacts of mining activities and promoting sustainable development in mining areas. The findings and recommendations of this study contribute to the development of effective restoration strategies and initiatives.6.3 Future Research Direction:Further research should focus on the development of innovative and sustainable techniques for mine site restoration, as well as the integration of restoration practices into the lifecycle of mining projects. Additionally, interdisciplinary approaches involving mining engineering, ecology, and environmental science should be emphasized for holistic restoration efforts.Keywords: mining engineering, ecological restoration, ecological protection, sustainable development, biodiversity conservation, environmental impact assessment继续写相关内容2000字：在采矿工程的发展过程中，矿区的生态环境遭受了严重破坏。
外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。
成人高等教育毕业设计（论文）题目____________ _____________________ _______ 学生姓名专业学历层次学号指导教师(职称)完成时间年月日3号黑体，论文题目不得超过25个汉字所填内容为黑体3号固定内容为宋体3号摘要随着社会不断的发展和进步，我们人类跨入21世纪之后，信息技术已经被应用到了多个领域之中，以高科技为科学发展观已经成为了社会发展的重要方向，以此同时，资源和环境问题已经成为了世界性所有面临和解决的问题，煤矿开采行业，是非常传统的重工业，为了能够适应社会发展，实现新世纪的发展目标和要求，这些就成为了我们煤矿工作者需要关注和重视的问题了，在煤矿开采中，其最重要的核心技术就是煤矿开采技术，为此，为了能够提高其开采的效率和开采过程中的安全性，我们必须对其煤矿开采技术进行不断的完善和创新，本文就通过从煤矿开采技术的发展以及在煤矿开采过程中存在的问题，进行了简单的阐述和分析，希望能够在论述过程中，对煤矿开采技术的发展以及解决存在的问题提供可行性思路。
分析了当前煤矿开采中开采技术的重要性，探讨矿井开采的关键技术问题以及对矿井开采技术的发展方向进行了展望。
关键词:煤矿开采技术；发展方向；存在问题；分析应用ABSTRACTWith the continuous development and progress of society , then we humans enter the 21st century, information technology has been applied to many areas being in the high-tech scientific concept of development has become an important direction of social development , thus the same time, resources and has become a worldwide environmental problem facing all the problems and solutions , the coal mining industry is very traditional heavy industry , in order to be able to adapt to social development , to achieve a new century of development objectives and requirements , which became mine workers we need to focus on and the importance of the problem, in the coal mining , its most important core technology is coal mining technology , therefore , in order to improve the efficiency of its mining and extraction processes of security, we must keep to its coal mining technology improvement and innovation , this article through from coal mining technology and development issues in the coal mining process exists for a simple exposition and analysis, hopes to discuss the process of the development of coal mining technology and problem-solving existing offer the feasibility of the idea . Analyzes the importance of coal mining in the current mining technology to explore underground mining of key technical issues and the direction of development of underground mining techniques were discussed.Keywords:Coal mining technology；Development direction；Problems；Analysis目录1.前言 (1)2.我国煤矿开采技术发展现状 (1)2.1 煤炭工业呈现多层次的生产技术结构 (1)2.2 煤矿开采技术取得重大进展 (2)2.2.1综采放顶煤技术 (2)2.2.2引进大功率综采设备日产万吨以上 (3)2.2.3大采高综采技术 (3)2.3 煤矿井工开采技术面临的主要问题 (4)2.3.1深井开采技术 (4)2.3.2“三下”采煤 (4)2.3.3困难条件下综采放顶煤技术 (5)2.3.4缓倾斜薄煤层单一长壁综采技术 (5)2.3.5乡镇煤矿开采技术水平低 (5)3.开采技术发展的方向 (5)3.1 采煤方法和工艺 (5)3.2深矿井开采技术 (6)3.3优化巷道布里，减少矸石排放的开采技术 (6)3.4三下采煤技术 (6)3.5 矿山压力控制 (6)3.6煤炭地下气化技术 (7)3.7小煤矿技术改造和机械化开采技术 (7)4.结论 (8)致谢 (9)参考文献 (10)1.前言煤矿开采方法及技术对煤矿的安全生产、采煤设备能力的发挥、生产成本、经济效益具有十分重要的作用。
Underground MiningMost present-day mining in Europe occurs under 2000 to 4000 ft of overburden, as more easily mined coal deposits have been depleted. At this depth most mines are developed as shaft mines. All personnel, material, and coal have to be hoisted trough these shaft. Considering the two factors of hoisting capacity and required length of shaft, a considerable investment is necessary to reach the coal-bearing strata. The requires huge investments. Openings at this depth have to be equipped with costly supports, and periodic reworking and repair is necessary.Mines not only extend horizontally but also vertically through the development of new levels. The life of the mines is thus extend considerably, and surface installations can be amortize over a longer period.The more limited reserves have forced companies into mining less favorable deposits, and European government require that all possible deposits be mined to conserve the nation’s energy resources. These factor and the large percentage of inclined seams and faults make mining very difficult and costly. The population density and the heavy surface buildup cause additional expense in the form of payments for subsidence damage to surface structures. Therefore, backfilling is frequently practiced to reduce subsidence. The close spacing of faults often severely limits the size of a mining section, forcing frequent moves and excessive development work.The thickness of the overburden results in very high ground pressure. This would require extremely large pillars if the room and pillar method was applied. Additionally, support is required for any opening, adding prohibitive costs to a multiple-entry room and pillar operation.As a result, single-entry longwall operations requiring the minimum number of entries and allowing maximum recovery of resources is the mining method almost exclusively practiced.Shaft mines dominate the European coal mining industry. Shafts 20 to 30 ft in diameter, with circular cross section, lined with masonry, concrete, or steel are the dominant meansof gaining access to the coal-bearing strata. They are often extended beyond the last mining level to provide for future expansion. As in the Unite States, shafts are developed by drilling, blasting, and excavating or by large-diameter shaft-boring equipment. Shaft boring is more frequently used, particularly on the smaller and shorter subshaft, which connect the different levels but do not extend to the surface.Haulage in the shaft is usually accomplished by hoisting of the filled mine cars on multistage cages or by skips. Pumping of coal slurry is also done in special cases.The complex system of forces and the resulting rock mechanical problems developed by mining activities at different levels result in significant differences between European and US underground development. The rock mechanical interaction of the extraction operations at the various levels require that all deposits be mined as completely as possible. Pillars left after mining create zones of extreme and often unmanageable ground control problem, as well as a high probability of roof bounce.Since the number of entries is kept to a minimum because of cost, no bleeder systems are provided. If retreat mining is practiced, only two entries are advanced in to a new mining area.Panels are laid out as large as possible. The large-panel layout is used as another means of reducing the number ofentries. Minded–out panels are sealed off to prevent spontaneous combustion through the removal of oxygen.The main levels, with extensive entry systems, are used for coal, supply, and personnel haulage and for ventilation. They are often spaced with little regard to the position of the coal seams, because the deposits are reached selectively through other means. In the past, 165-or330-ft intervals were selected while increasing ground pressures and development and maintenance increase substantially, requiring large volumes of air for cooling. As a result, entry cross sections at these levels have to be increase.Fig.9.1 German multilevel, multiseam shaft-type coal mine.Underground facilities：(1) main shaft with skip hoisting;(2) exhaust ventilation shaft with multistage cage;(3) third-level station;(4) blind shaft with cylindrical storage bin;(5) blind shaft with car-hoisting facilities;(6) main entry;(7) main entry;(8) section or panel entry;(9) road heading machine(10) longwall section with plow;(11) longwall section with shearer;(12) longwall section in a steeply pitching seam mined manually with air picks;(13) longwall section in steeply pitching seam with plow;(14) minded-out gob area;(15) ventilation lock;(16) belt conveyor as main haulage;(17) main car haulage;(18) storage bin and skip-loading facilities;(19) supply haulage with a mono-rail;(20) supply haulage with mine cars;(21) monorail system as personnel carrier;(22) worker-trip cars;(23) pump station. Surface facilities:(a) hoisting tower with overhead hoist;(b) shaft building;(c) head frame;(d) main exhaust fan and diffuser;(e) coal preparation plant with loading facilities;(f) coking coal silo;(g) container vehicle for filling of coke ovens;(h) coke oven battery;(i) coke watering car;(k) coke quenching tower;(l) gas tank;(m) water-treatment plant;(n) refuse pile;(o) power plant;(p) cooling tower;(q) water tower;(r) supply storage area;(s) sawmill;(t) training and teaching center.地下采煤目前，大部分欧洲的煤矿开采都已经达到了2000到4000英尺，主要是因为浅部容易开采的煤层都已经采完。
英文原文：Analytical model and application of stressdistribution on mining coal floorAbstract：Given the analysis of underground pressure，a stress calculation model of cola floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity．The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor：the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth．The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth．The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face．The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests．Which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers．Key words：model；coal floor；stress distribution；analysis1 IntroductionWith the development of coal seam mining，The stress field of rock strata of coal seam floors will change and continue to be redistributed because of the effect of mining．The results will bring on floor deformation，displacement and possible destruction to attain a new balance[1]．A study of the law of stress distribution of floors has important，practical implications in understanding deformation and destructive characteristics and predicting water inrush from floors and for designing suitable locations for tunnels and selecting maintenance methods when depth increased．At present，the study of the law of stress distribution of floors mostly proceeds from a number of calculations based on finite element analyses and similar material tests[2-6]．In this paper，the study of stress distribution of floors in relatively fixed positions is discussed analytically with a theory of elasticity and we present an application combined with actual data of a particular site．2 Fundamental principleThe formulas of stress distribution are derived from the superposition principle，given the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane[7-8]．The vertical distribution load of AB on a semi-infinite plane is assumed to be q(x)，as illustrated in Fig.1.We want to solve the state of stress at a specific point inside a semi-infinite plane，such as point M ．Supposing the coordinate of point is (x，z)，the micro-1ength dζfrom the origin of coordinate is ζon the AB segment，the micro-concentration force d p=q dζis regarded as its force and the state of stress of the micro-concentration force at point is defined as follows．In order to calculate the stress at point M from all distributed loads，the stress which is caused by every micro-concentration force is superposed．We need to integrate Eq.(1) from ζ= -a to ζ= b and Eq.(1) then becomes：3 Stress calculation of coal seam floor3.1Foundation of the mechanical modelBased on the theory of underground pressure，the mechanical model of supporting pressure in front of the working face can be simplified，as shown in Fig.2[9-11]．Where the OA segment is the plastic area，with a length of x0；the AB segment is the elastic area，with a length of L0x0．In order to calculate easily the supporting pressure of both areas p z(1)，p z(2)，without losing its rational，we can assume the following two linear functions：Where is the supporting pressure of the plastic area(kPa)，the supporting pressure of the elastic area(kPa)，the maximum stress concentration coefficient，the width of the plastic area(m)，H the buried depth of the coal floor(m)，the width of the area affected by the supporting pressure(m) and is the average weight of the volume of the over-lying strata (kN/m3) ．3.2Stress calculation processAccording to the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane，we can use Eq.(2) to calculate the vertical stresses σz(1) and σz(2) and the horizontal stresses σx(1)and σx(2)which are affected by the supporting pressures and ．The stress equations at point M(x, z) can then be obtained correspondingly by superposition (this calculation neglects the effect of the transferred load from the goaf and the overlying strata movement as well as the effect of the initial ground stress because it does not produce subsidiary stress at point M；largely we considered the action of the supporting pressure in front of the working face). The calculations are as follows：Therefore，σz = σz(1)+σz(2)(4) and σx = σx(1)+σx(2)(5). By coordinate transformation(x = x(n = 0，1，2，…))，x is regarded as x0 in Eqs.(4) and (5) and the stress values of each section can be calculated，where the variable expresses the relative distance from the pushing position of the working face to the origin of the coordinate system. Given the related parameters of supporting pressures，the stress values，located at the relatively fixed floor section，(x =) at different depths，can be calculated by computer when the working faces advance.When x = x，Eqs.(4) and (5) can be represented as follows：3.3Example analysisGiven the actual geological conditions and mining technology at the 2702 working face of the Yangcun Colliery of the Yanzhou Mining Group Limited Company，the following related parameters are determined：=3，=5 m，=50 m，=25 kN/m3 and H=500 ing Eqs.(6) and (7)，the stress distribution curves are obtained on the relatively fixed floor section x=at different depths with the working face advancing by calculation. The results are shown means of computer in Figs. 3 and 4.Fig. 3 shows that vertical stress maintains its maximum at the interface between the coal seam and floor on the section x=from the original coordinates and then quickly decreases with the increasing depth and slowly decreases at a specific depth. A similar situation is obtained when the working face advances，i.e.，the range of the vertical stress decreases with an increase in depth. From the results it can be seen that the range of depth, given the variation of vertical stress, is relatively large, i.e., within 40 m. The range of the vertical stress is clearly smaller after the working face advances 30 m.According to the relationship of the variation between vertical and horizontal stress, the multiplication of the variation of vertical stress and its corresponding coefficient of horizontal pressure (λ) is equal to the increment of horizontal stress at the point M[1]. Then the increment of horizontal stress and the horizontal stress at the point M continues to be superposed, which is inversed analysis when the working face advances 30 m. The results of the variation in stress show that the vertical stress is larger than the horizontal stress when the working face is at its original position: the maximum principal stress is the vertical stress; the minimum principal stress is horizontal stress. Because the rate of decrease of the vertical stress is faster than the horizontal stress, the horizontal stress is larger than the vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m (for details, see Fig. 4). Considering the effect of the variation in vertical stress, the horizontal stress is much larger than the vertical stress. The maximum principal stress is the horizontal stress and the minimum principal stress is the vertical stress. It agrees with the partial reasons of the mechanical principle of floor heave[12-14].Fig. 3 also shows that the variation is almost steady on the section x=when the working face advances 30 m. Therefore, the relationship of variation in stress with depth is calculated when the working face advances from 0 to 30 m. The details are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Data of rock characteristics and correlative stress of the floor on 2702 working face in Yangcun colliery (MPa)岩层深度(m)ΔλλΔx=0 m x=30 m x=30 m x=30 mλΔ泥岩0 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.500.4316.13 16.13 5 27.25 0.04 2.12 2.08 27.21 11.70 13.78砂岩10 22.53 0.28 3.83 3.55 22.250.327.12 10.67 15 19.95 0.77 4.91 4.14 19.18 6.14 10.28 21 18.17 1.46 5.40 3.94 16.71 5.35 9.29石灰岩25 16.75 2.21 5.46 3.25 14.540.284.07 7.32 28 15.55 2.94 5.24 2.30 12.61 3.53 5.83From the analysis of the related data, the stresses + λΔin Table 1 can be regarded as the stress values，obtained from mechanical rock tests. So the variations of the principal stress from theoretical calculations and the results from the servo-controlled tests can be contrasted. Given these contrasts it is seen that, the largest stress value of mudstone is 16.13 MPa and the largest stress value of sandstone10.67 MPa. When combining Fig. 5 with Table 1 it is seen that, the largest calculated principal stress is less than the peak value of the principal stress in Fig. 5, and the calculated section is at an elastic deformation section of Fig. 5, where permeability is relatively weak. So there is still a certain ability of water resistance. It can be shown that the obvious destruction is not produced in the mudstone and sandstone when the working face advances 30 m. This is essentially consistent with the conclusions of the survey report.4 Conclusions1) Based on the mechanical model of the floor, the analysis of stress distribution is obtained on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face. Owing to heterogeneity and discontinuity of the rock mass of the coal floor, there is a certain divergence between the ideal model and actual conditions. But from analyses and calculations, the basic variation law of stress distribution is discovered on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face when specific parameters are given for the working face.2) The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is faster than that of the horizontal stress up to a certain depth and the direction of the maximum principal stress is changed from vertical at the original position to horizontal with an advancing of the working face. The horizontal stress is larger than vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m.3) The difference between the theoretically calculated principal stress and the results of the servo-controlled penetrability test can be contrasted. Deformation and penetrability can be obtained from the floor rock mass. From an example, it is seen that the mudstone and sandstone of coal floor are at an elastic deformation stage. There is no extreme destruction on the relatively fixed floor section with an advancing of working face and there still is a certain ability of water resistanceAcknowledgementsHere we express our sincere appreciation to director for Zhao Zhenzhong, minister Song Shun of Zhengzhou Coal Industry Group for their help during the course of the sampling. Appreciating Dr. Xi Yantao of China University of Mining and Technology for his help for modification.References：[1] Zhang J C, Zhang Y Z, Liu T Q. Rock Mass Permeability and Coal Mine Water Inrush.Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1997. (In Chinese)[2] Miao X X, Lu A H, Mao X B, et al. Numerical simulation for roadways in swelling rock undercoupling function of water and ground pressure. Journal of China University ofMining and Technology, 2002, 12(2): 120-125.[3] Gong P L, Hu Y Q, Zhao Y S, et al. Three-dimensional simulation study on law of deformationand breakage of coal floor on mining above aquifer. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(23): 4396-4402. (In Chinese)[4] Shi L Q, Han J. Floor Water-Inrush Mechanism and Prediction. Xuzhou: China University ofMining and Technology Press, 2004. (In Chinese)[5] Jing H W, Xu G A, Ma S Z. Numerical analysis on displacement law of discontinuous rockmass in broken rock zone for deep roadway. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2001, 11(2): 132-137.[6] Liu Y D, Zhang D S, Wang Ii S, et al. Simulation analysis of coal mining with top-coal cavingunder hard-and-thick strata. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006, 16(2): 110-114.[7] Dun Z L, Gao J M. Mechanics of Elasticity and Its Application in Geotechnical Engineering.Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 2003. (In Chinese)[8] Xu Z L. A Concise Course in Elasticity. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002. (In Chinese)[9] Liu W Q, Miao X X. Numerical analysis of finite deformation of overbroken rock mass in gobarea based on Euler model of control volume. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2006, 16(3): 245-248.[10] Jiang F X. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004. (In Chinese)[11] Qian M G, Shi P W. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Xuzhou: China University of Miningand Technology Press, 2003. (In Chinese)[12] Xu N Z, Tu M. The mechanism and control of floor heave of road driving along next goaf ofhigh seam. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 24(2): 1-4. (In Chinese)[I3] Wang W J, Hou C J. Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face. Journal of Coal Science and Engineering, 2001, 7(1): 13-17.[14] Zhai X X, Li D Q, Shao Q, et al. Control over surrounding rocks deformation of soft floorand whole-coal gateways with trapezoidal supports. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2005, 15(2): 118-123.中文译文：采场底板岩层应力的分析模型及应用摘要：在分析矿山压力的基础上，运用弹性理论建立了煤层底板应力分析计算模型。
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见，举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。
关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。
“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。
在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。
想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。
营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。
原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。
燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。
这些也在自然界中发生。
最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。
在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。
生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。
然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。
如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。
附录外文翻译APPLICATION OF BLASTING IN DRIVING TUNNEL1 FRAGMENTATIONFragmentation is the breaking of coal, ore,or rock by blasting so that the bulk of the material is small enough to load, handle and transport.Fragmentation would be at its best when the debris is not smaller than necessary for handling and not so large as to require hand breaking or secondary blasting .Energy must be supplied to rock by direct or indirect means to fragment that rock and the type of loading system.Fragmentation energy is consumed by the main mechanisms: (1) creation of new surface area (fracture energy), (2)friction (plasticity) and (3)elastic wave enegy dispersion.The loading method determines the relative proportions and the amount of energy consumed in fragmenting a given rock type. Unonfined tensile failure consumes the least energy with an increasing a,mount of energy required as the rock is more highly confined within a compressive stress field during fragmentation The way energy is applied by tools to cause rock or mineral fragmentation is important in determining fragmentation efficiency. To best design fragmentation tools and optimize fragmentation systems it would be desirable to know how rock properties influence breakage.The strength of rock is influenced by the environmental conditions imposed on the rock.Those of most importance in rock are (1)confining pressure ,(2)pore fluid pressure, (3)temperature and (4)rate of load application .Increase in confining pressure, as with increasing depth beneath th earth's surface or under the action of a fragmentation tool, causes an increase in rock strength .Apparent rock strength decreases as porc fluid pressure increases, since it decreases the effect of confining pressure. Although chemical effects of pore fluids influence rock strength, they generally are small compared to the confining pressure effect, except for a small minority of rock types .Increase in rock temperature causes a decrease in rock strength.This effect is very small because of the small ambient temperature changesfound during mining. An increase in rate of load application causes an apparent increase in rock strength.Rock exhibits directional properties that in fluence the way it breaks. These are embodied in the concept of rock fabric ,which connotes the structure or configuration of the aggregate components as well as the physical or mechanical property manifestations. Rock fabric ont only relates to the preferred orientation of mineral constituents and their planes of weakness, but also to the configuration of discontinuities, microcracks and pores.Joints and bedding planes have great influence on fragmentation at field scale.Physical properties of rock (density,indentation,hardness,abrasivehardness and porosity ,)are frequently used in conjunction with mechanical properties to develop better empirical esti mations of rock fragmentation.2 BLASTHOLE CHARGING METHODSDrill hole charging can be carried out in different ways depending on whether the explosive used is in cartridges or in the form of loose material. The oldest charging method implies the use of a tamping rod and this system is still used to a very great extent .During the last 20years, compressed air chargers have been used and these machines provide both good capacity and also an improved level of charge concentration so that the drill holes are utilized to a higher degree. During the last few years semi-automatic chargers have been taken into use, primarily in underground work. Compressed air chargers for blasting powder in the form of loose material have also come into use on a large scale. As far as slurry blasting is concerned, special pumping methods have been developed through which charging capacity in the case of large diameter drill holes is practically good.A tamping rod must be made of wood or plastic. It must not be too thick in relation to the drill hole diameter since this can crush and damage fuse or electric detonator cables during charging work. If a good degree of packing is to be obtained during charging with a tamping rod then only one cartridge at a time should be charged and tamped. The detonator must be correctly fed into the drill hole during charging work.Compressed air chargers have been in use is Sweden for about 20 years. The first type consisted of aluminum pipes connected together and the cartridges were blown into the hole with an air pressure of 42 pounds per square inch .since that time the charging tube has been replaced by anti-static treated plastic hose of a special design.A charger includes a foot-operated valve, reduction vavle with air hose, breech, connecting tube and charging hose.The semi-automatic charger permits the continuous insertion of explosive cartridge at the same rate as they are charged in the hole by the hose .Instead of a valve being used ,the cartridges pass through an air lock between two flaps. The air pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are beins inserted .The semi-automatic charger permits considerably higher charging capacity than the normal type of charger.Explosives in the form of the form of loose material, usually ammonium nitrate explosives(ANFO), require special chargers. Two types can be differentiated: pressrure vessel machines and ejector units. Pressure vessel machines are particularly suitable for crystalline An explosives with good charging capacity. Ejector units are operate by an ejector sucking up explosive from a container through a charging hose. The explosive is then blown through the charging hose into the drill hole .There are, also combined pressure ejector machines. The charging hose used for ANFO charging operations must conduct electricity and have a resistance of at least 1KΏ/m and max.30KΏ/M.Nitro Nobel has developed a special pumping procedure which consists of a tanker vehicle which is used to pump explosive directly the drill holes. The charging capacity is very high in the case of large diameter drill holes.3 CONTROLLED BLASTING TECHNIQUTESControlled blasting is used to reduce overbreak and minimize fracturing of the rock at the boundary of an excavation. The four basic controlled blasting techniques are: line drilling, presplitting, cushion blasting and smooth blasting.Line drilling, the earliest controlled blasting technique, involves drilling a row of closely spaced holes along the final excavation line, providing a plane of weakness towhich to break. Line drill holes, 2or 4 diameters apart and contain no explosive. The blastholes adjacent to the line drillholes normally are loaded lighter and are on closer spacing than the other blastholes. The maximum depth for line drilling is about 30 ft .Line drilling involves no blasting in the final row of holes, and thus minimizes damage to the final wall.Presplitting, sometimes called preshearing ,involves a single row of boreholes ,usually 2 to 4 in .in diameter ,drilled along the final excavation at a spacing of 6 to 12 borehole diameters .Dynamite cartridges 1to 1.5 in . in size on 1 to 2 ft .centers usually are string-loadde on detonating cord ,although special small-diameter cartridges with special couplers are available for total column loading .In unconsolidated formations ,closer spacings with lighter powder loads are required .The bottom 2 to 3 ft .of borehole usually is loaded somewhat heavier than the remainder .Stemming between and around the individual charges is optional .The top 2 to 3 ft . of borehole is not loaded ,but is stemmed. The depth that can bu presplit is limited by hole alignment ,with 50 ft .being about maximum .The presplit holes are fired before before the adjacent primary holes to provide a fracture plane to which the primary blast can break .In presplitting it is difficult to determine the results until the adjacent primary blast is shot .For this reason ,presplitting too far in advance is not recommended .Presplitting seldom is done underground.Cushion blasting involves drilling a row of 2 – to 6-in .diameter boreholes along the final excavation line ,loading with a light well-distributed charge ,completely stemmed and firing after the main excavation is removed rather than before ,as in presplitting. The burden on the holes is slightly larger than the spacing .Wedges may be used to abut the charges to the excavation side of the borehole and minimize damage to the final wall .Eeplosive loading is similar to that in presplitting .Cushion blasting has been done to depths near 100 ft .in a single lift with the larger-diameter boreholes because alignment is more easily retained .Cushion blasting seldom is done underground.Smooth blasting is the underground counterpart of cushion blasting .At the perimeter of the tunnel or drift ,closely spaced holes with a burden-to-spacing rationear 1.5:1 are loaded with light well-distributed charges .Smooth blasting differs from cushion blasting in that (1) except at the collar ,the charges are not stemmed and (2) the perimeter holes are fired on the last delay in the same round as the primary blast .Total column loading is most common ,although spacers may be used .The holes are stemmed to prevent the charges from being pulled out by the detonation of the previous delayed holes .Smooth blasting reduces overbreak in a drift and also provides a more competent back requiring less support .It involves more perimeter holes than does normal blasting.Combinations of controlled blasting techniques are used .In unconsolidated rock,line drilling sometimes is desirable between presplit or cushion boreholes . Corners sometimes are presplit when cushion blasting is used.4 TUNNEL BLASTINGThe most common methed of driving a mining tunnel is a cyclic operation in three sequences:(1)Drilling shot holes ;charging them with explosives and blasting.(2)Removing the resulting muck pile.(3)Inserting the tunnel linings into the newly excaved area; and advancing the ralls. ventilation arrangements, and power supplies ready for the next cycle of operations.The basic principle of tunnel blasting ,in its simplest term, is to loosen a volume of the virgin rock in such a way that when it is removed the line of the tunnel has advance in the correct direction with as nearly as possible the correct cross-section.The dilling pattern in which the holes to receive the explosives are drilled into the working face is designed so that :the holes are easy to drill; the minimurd total quantity of explosive is required ;and the periphery of the space left after the blast conforms as nearly as possible to the required tunnel section.A blast round consists of cut ,relief, breast and trim holes . The cut portion is the most important . The objective of the cut is to provide a free face to which the remainder of the round may break.The two general types of cuts are the angled cut and the burn .These can be usedin combinations to form various other cuts .Angled cuts are more advantageous than burn in wide headings ,due to the fewer boles and less explosive required per foot .A disadvangtage is the possibility of large pieces of rock being thrown from the “V”.The wedge or V-cut consists of two holes angled to meet or nearly meet at the bottom . The cut can consist of one or several Vs, either verticao or horizontal .For deeper rounds or hard-breaking rock ,double Vs can be used .The smaller is called the baby cut . It is useful in small rge-diameter burn holes provide excellent relief in big headings .Burn cuts permit deeper rounds than angled cuts and , due to the increased advance per round ,may prove more economical .In burn cuts ,the holes must be drilled parallel , with proper spacing ,and 0.5 : 1 ft deeper than the remainder of the round .Usually ,one or more holes (large-diameter) are left unloaded to provide relief for the loaded holes . Various combinations of spacing ,alignment and holes loaded are possible.Innumerable typesofblastingrounds are used in underground headings .Even in the same heading the round may have to be altered as different rock charateristics develop.An important factor in any round is the firing sequence .In general ,the holes are fired so that each hole or series of holes is blasted to the free face provided by the preceding holes .The depth of drift rounds depends on the complete drifting cycle and drift size.A general rule is that a round will not break much deeper than the least cross-sectional dimension of the drift . Rounds can be arranged that provide certain muck-pile shapes and positions for more efficient loading and cycles . In drifts requiring close support , rounds can be arranged to prevent damage.爆破在岩巷掘进中的应用1 破岩理论破岩是用爆破的方式把煤、矿石或岩石破碎，以便于大部分物料的块度小到便于装载、处理和运输。
【关键字】工程中国矿大采矿工程毕业设计篇一：中国矿大(标准版本)采矿工程毕业设计中国矿业大学本科生毕业设计姓名：专业：题目：兴隆煤矿设计说明书目录1 矿区概括及井田地质特征............................ 5 1.1 矿区概括..................................... 5 1.2 井田地质特征................................. 6 1.3 煤层特征..................................... 9 2 井田境界及储量................................... 11 2.1 井田境界.................................... 11 2.2 矿井工业储量................................ 11 3 矿井工作制度、设计生产能力及服务年限.............. 14 4 井田开拓......................................... 16 5 准备方式——带区巷道布置......................... 30 6 采煤方法......................................... 36 7. 井下运输........................................ 52 8 矿井提升......................................... 57 9 矿井通风......................................... 60 10 设计矿井基本技术经济指标......................... 87 参考文献............................................ 89 致谢. (91)摘要本文根据对南屯煤矿资料的学习和研究，遵照《煤矿安全规程》和《煤炭工业设计规范》的要求，充分运用所学的知识，以兴隆庄煤矿开采的实际情况为依据，对兴隆庄煤矿下组煤的开拓延伸进行设计。
委培采矿工程专业毕业设计 (论文指导书内蒙古工业大学矿业学院委培采矿毕业设计任务书一、毕业设计的性质、目的和任务(一指导思想毕业设计是采矿工程专业全部教学活动中最后一个实践性、综合性的教学环节。
是在学完全部课程和实习的基础上,通过矿井设计等形式把所学的知识融会贯通地运用于实践的、创造性的学习过程。
以毕业设计为采矿工程专业主要的结业方式,能得到采煤工程师较为全面地基本训练,对提高学生质量有重要的意义。
根据以往教学经验,采矿工程专业毕业设计应据学生情况以搞矿井设计或矿井设计与专题相结合为宜,并不断扩大后者比例。
专题部分主要是对煤矿生产过程中常见的理论上和实践上的问题,进行较为深入的探索, 这样做, 既能使学生得到全面训练, 有利于提高学生进行科研和解决实际问题的独立工作能力。
专题部分应提前发给学生专题目录(或学生自行选择题目并征得指导教师的同意 ,以调动学生课内外学习的积极性,做好必要的准备。
(二目的通过毕业设计要达到下列目的:1.系统地综合运用和巩固所学的知识,解决具体工程技术问题的初步能力;2.对矿井设计和生产的各个阶段、环节有比较全面的了解,并初步掌握矿井设计和采区设计的方法、技能;3.熟悉和掌握现行的煤炭工业建设方针、技术政策、安全规程和技术规范;4.培养学生理论联系实际,实事求是的工作作风和严谨的科学态度;5.结合矿井生产实际、培养学生初步科学研究的能力;(三任务按期完成一个新矿井(自选题毕业设计,即该矿井设计说明书 1本。
1.矿井设计说明书(包括专题部分 1.5万字左右。
2.从矿上拷贝图纸作为学习参考,包括:矿井开拓系统平面图和剖面图(或切面图,采区巷道布置平面图和剖面图,回采工作面布置图,井底车场平面线路布置图,井田地质地形图形。
二、毕业设计的基本要求1.设计说明书是用文字和图表,把设计各章节的依据、计算、分析、比较和做出技术决定的内容, 扼要地加以说明的技术文件,它的优劣,直接影响设计质量,编写说明书必须作到文、图、表并茂。
关于科学和技术在矿业领域在西方世界在新世纪的开始摘要：在欧洲的采矿科学的发展进行了简要的讨论。
有人认为，在西方主要工业化国家的投资中挖掘研究和教育的重要性，采矿的下降已急剧下降。
尽管不断增加的需求的矿物质和西方国家的经济严重依赖矿物，矿产开采技术的产生和发展的责任交给主要发展中国家。
然而，这些不具有的背景和必要的基础设施，以接替技术发展的责任。
这方面的发展产生突出的危险。
关键词：采矿科学的历史，采矿活动的衰落;挖掘的研究和教育在西方国家，矿产需求的主要领域未来的研究1。
介绍文明发展的矿产生产的重要性已经在早期阶段，导致一个科学的方法来采矿，冶金等领域的问题的解决方案。
萨克森州的科学家Georgius阿格里科拉在1556年出版的“德重METALLICA利布里XII” ，鹿特丹的伊拉斯谟的朋友，可以看作是开始发展采矿和冶金科学。
以下这一领域的科学进步导致建立至少10个采矿院校或类似的学术机构，在欧洲和美洲在18世纪的第二个一半。
在这些弗莱堡的Saxonia依然存在的矿业学校，成立于1765年，成立于1773年，圣彼得堡，巴黎，建于1783年，墨西哥，成立于1793年。
因此，被认为是采矿和冶金科学的第一个民用技术科学，其中一个显着的方式塑造我们的世界，它是建立在一个广泛的学术水平在1786年，“ Societät德Bergbaukunde的社会”的挖掘，包括采矿地质和冶金成立。
这个社会可以被认为是在世界上的第一个国际组织的科学学会。
之际，这是一个新的合并处理的过程，在Skleno举行的一次科学会议，矿业学院附近的Schemnitz / Selmec板鸭/班斯卡- 什佳夫尼察在Slovacia ，它始建于1763年至1770年由Emperess玛丽亚·特蕾西娅，奥地利和匈牙利的主权。
社会由156名来自21个国家，根据目前的政治体制，从俄罗斯一直延伸到南美。
当中的成员都是从科学和工业界，例如博尔顿，德地氏，角螺，Ischierdo ，克拉普罗特，拉瓦锡和瓦特的众多杰出人物。
毕业设计英语资料翻译2013年3月4日～6月28日地下金属矿采矿科学技术的发展趋势古德生(中南大学)摘要:21世纪,世界将进入全球化的知识经济时代。
知识经济将对矿业科技的发展发挥重要作用。
文中详细论述了地下金属矿采矿科学技术的发展趋势,即高效率采矿,无废害采矿,连续采矿,深部采矿,无人采矿。
关键词:知识经济；地下金属矿山；采矿科学技术；发展趋势1 引言世界进入工业经济时代已有200多年的历史。
21世纪,世界将进入全球化的知识经济时代。
何谓知识经济?20世纪80年代以来，许多学者对信息技术革命所产生的巨大影响,进行了大量研究和预测,他们从不同的角度去思考和概括，先后提出了“后工业经济”、“高技术经济”、“信息经济”、“数字经济”、“网络经济”等新概念,直到1996年“经济与发展组织”将这种新型经济称之为“以知识为基础的经济”,从此,知识经济的概念被越来越多的人所接受。
所谓知识经济是建立在知识和信息的生产、传播与应用基础上的经济。
它的基本内涵是:以智力资源为依托、以高技术产业为支柱、以知识创新为动力、以创造教育为本源的一种新的经济形态。
21世纪，我们的矿业将处于什么地位呢?人类不可能脱离物质需要而生存，即使在知识经济时代,矿业仍然是人类不可缺少的物质来源。
根据有关资料,1997年，采矿工业为全世界提供了210亿t原材料,总产值高达2万亿美元,占全世界总产值28.2万亿美元的7.1%。
因此，采矿工业过去是、现在是、将来仍然是全球经济持续发展的基础。
近十多年来，现代高新技术的发展，给世界矿业带来了机遇,如矿山设备大型化、智能化,以及计算机技术和信息技术，全球卫星定位系统，生物溶浸技术等等在矿业领域的应用,已成为矿业科技发展的源泉和动力。
21世纪的矿业目标———广泛吸收各学科的高新技术,开拓先进的、非传统的采矿技术，创造更高效率、更低成本、最少环境污染和较好安全条件的采矿模式,为人类提供巨大的物质财富，以满足不断增长的世界人口对生活质量的需求,促进社会经济的持续发展。
原文：DEVELOPING OF TRANS-CENTURY MINING SUBJECTWITH NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW THEORYAbstract：Mining subject needs further development and towards which the development would being the problems concerned over all along and to be succeeded with the public good enough attention to discussions to reach an identify of views admittedly. The emergence in succession of new-and-high techs in the mid-and late twentieth century is perhaps the most fascinating and epoch-marking event that has given to all the subjects certain but different degrees of impacts to become more closely interrelative and interdepartmental each other and feature specifically from that of the past for their entirely new conceptions in the result of formulating many new theories，new technologies and new subjects that mining subject is inevitably and unexceptionally the one inclusive. The acuter gives in this paper his opinion regarding the problem of the development of mining subject proving with many convincible facts and most informative new idea,Key words: mining subject; mineral industry; mineral economics; new-and-high tech.1 The Importance of Mining Industry in the National EconomyToday, it has been paid unprecedented attention to the development of technology worldwide.The advance of space engineering,information engineering，biological engineering and marine engineering，the discovery and the research and development of the new energy and new materials increasingly change every aspect of human life both at present and in the future.The words "Science and Technology being the First Production Force" has fatherly and penetratingly pointed out the important role of new technology in the course of national economy construction.In the competition of several big countries in the world striving for the exploration of outer space，one should not forget the essential fact that there are more than five billion people living on the earth. To assure the survival of mankind on the earth，four essential requirements should be considerably fulfilled，namely，the nutrients，materials，fuels and the environment. The nutrients mainly are air，water，forests，grains and miscellaneous plants，all of which are acquired from the nature. The materials refer to iron，ferrous metals，rare metals，precious metals，chemical raw materials and building materials. The fuels cover coal，petroleum，natural gas ,oil shale，uranium，thorium and other radioactive elements. These also occur in nature. The last one is the ecological environment depending on which mankind lives. In the above three essential substances，the materials and fuels are through mining engineering extract from bining industry is a conventional industry, however，with the advance of the new technologies and the introduction of them into mining industry which will be reduced of itself final1y- a technology-intensive industry. The emergence of highly mechanized and automated mines and robot-operated manless working face marks the renewal and substitution of technologies of mining industry and proves the fact that mining industry.However，is conventional industry, but not sunset industry. As long as mankind live on the earth，mining industry will last forever and never decline and fall，instead，as man's living demands increases，the output of fuels and raw materials will be increased by a big marg and mineral industry will still gain a much greater development.2The Object of Study of the Mining Subject2. 1 The Tasks and the Special Features of 1liining SubjectHistorically and the Special Features of 1liining Subject the development of mining subject has its own course of change and development both at home and abroad. Since mining industry is closely related with geology, metallurgical and energy industry consequently in the subject relationships，they are interrelative and interdepartmental each other. As mining subject branch of science dealing with the extraction and utilization of minerals and the resources from inside the earth，on the sake of the complexity and multiplicity of the rock mass and mineral resources of great nature which makes the basic theories of mining subject being more complicated than that of any other engineering subject. Especially in the following aspects featured: the objects of mining subjects are the ore bodies occurred in nature that they differ each other in structure，quality，and property.3Five Urgent Requirements on the Tendency towards the Trans-century Development of Modern Mining Subjects3. 1 Renewing the Knowledge of Strata 11ZechanicsAbove all rock and or ore properties are the prerequisites of the subjects of the study of mining engineering regardless of whether it is excavation，comminuting or strata ,stability strata mechanics is required to make the study along two aspects:(1)From the micro-study to the macro-study(2) The study of the contradictions between rock-breaking and rock stability in the course of mining and excavating. Therefore it is a very broad field of academic studyComparing with common solid materials，rocks are featured structurally for their non-homo.3.2 AnewKnowledgeofMiningEngineeringSystem-the"hian-Nature-Rfachine" Systern ，System engineering had found in recent years very rapid development，and wide applications m mining engineering. Been modeled after the "man-machine’s Generally, mining systems engineering considerably studies had system model used in aerospace engineering and other departments of en Bering. In recent years，Prof. Fettwice of the Montan University of Austria and the author of this paper both had put forth the opinion that the objects of mining engineerm8 Machine are ore bodies and rock strata, the activities of mining engineering are those played with by the man in getting the knowledge of the environment underground.3.3 Reforming the Conventional Mining Technologies and Industries withModern New technologiesThe major policy of China of reforming the conventional industries with new-and-high techsof great importance and no doubt to its conventional industries.The essential features of new-and-high techs are highly technology-intensive.Just as discussed in the beginning of this paper，speaking with respect to the reforming of mining engineering and coal industry with new-and-high techs，it is essential to introduce merely those ones which enable to make these two industries swiftly commercialized. Since mine is concerned with the natural surroundgas of ground，the newtechs，however，as those used in aerospace engineering in the care for "going up to sky" when used for 0gettingdown intothe earthin mining engineering practices evidently are needed to make completely different modalities. In 1080s，Berlin Poly }ethnic university had applied optic fiber telecommunication technology- in underground mining，giving rise to abundant interference problems of earth magnetism，electricity and light wave, and the insulation of strata to the conduction electronic waves. The BPM man had the problems s finally tailed，however，through a long time of research work. Therefore，to have the minerals industries well prepared technically for the 21st century，to paying great attention the following fields of study are required3.3.4Making the study of market-economy mineral economics theoriesFor a long time that the mineral economics theory in China had been given distinct features of planning economy，while in the theory itself，mineral resources were not recognized ascommodities and had no prices. Consequently，even though the mineral products had pricesbut were distorted ones making all national mining enterprises non-profitable and to exist depending on governmental policy-subsidization. Now the country, however，has changed intosocialist market economy, most mineral enterprises radically cannot accommodate themselvesto this new situation，in particular，from the point of view of "Enriching the peasants" policyto put forward to the exploitation of mineral resources，the near-term policy of the so-called“wherever there’ water，flow it fast"，which had made the mineral industry from the repeated view-point of and the enriching the Pleasants policy, has caused the price deficit due to lowselling-price of minerals into even worse situation of disorder，no-restraint and anarchy ofscrambling for extracting the mineral resources putting the mineral industries in a tight spot unabling to feed themselves. Under this circumstance，the importance of undertaking the softscience research right now becomes more conspicuous to the mineral industries than ever before. One can predict that had the theoretical study of mineral economics theory been made ,portent break troughs，that it would radically change the face of our mineral industries.3.5 Relationship between Mineral Engineering and Natural EcologyMining engineering is the removal of rocks and minerals to the surface throughexcavations from underground deep in the earth or from the ground surface leaving the excavated space so formed. Every turn meters Surface every year subsidence in China. of the commodity flow of mining products reaches billion cubic Obviously it has caused many negative effects，for example:(1)uses of waste rock which results in the damages of farming lands and houses;(2) Large volrefuse and tailings occupy large area of land; and (3) Coal and oil burning products give off waste materials，such as exhaust gas，waste liquids，and solids and pollute the environment. In China，80 percent of 1. 1 billion tons of coalburned as fuel，from which，dust，sulpher and the of NO2and CO2 and the effective less heating effect seriously constitutes a menace to the ecological environment of China and the neighboring countries.4Suggestions opment of to the Science and Technology Circles of the Nation for the Develop-the Mining Subject4.1 An Unguent AppealNo doubt the "flying up into the sky" technology is the one most advanced，however，thegetting down into the earth" technology in mining engineering is no less complex，and even more difficult to pin down. It is no wonder that people consider that mineral engineering beingmuch simpler and pay less attention for lack of the knowledge of the resulting in the low rate ofmineral recovery and low rate of mineral extracting. For this country, but to spend a greatmany of valuable hard currency to import those actually need not to import raw materials andelse，naturally this is not favorable to the development of national economy. Hoping the science and technology circles，in particular their leading departments，renewing their recognitions to this awkward situation，and give necessary support to the urgently-needed topics of research studies of the mineral industries.4.2 National Resource PolicyNational resource policy concerns the future for many generations.Hoping the government population institutions relevant learn Iron the lesson of the past population policy，to take measures as early as possible to have the print up of mineral resources centralized.4.3 Mineral Investment PolicyThe investment policy and the set up of mineral industries should be dire; iron: tm common industries to assure in the long run the first energy supply 1vit} necessary and appropriate support.4.4 Make Ready the SuccessorsTo make ready the successors for the mineral industries and the development of the mining subjects，suggesting to give preferential treatment to the university.Admissionssystem and the recruitment of mineral workersand set mineral science.Foundation as an important subject independent from the foundations of those.Basic science in the natural science foundation.The aim of writing this paper is to hone that in the tonguingA of this centuryminim subject in China will have a new prosperous development with the of new technology to theory under the guidance of the national science policy.译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
