外文资料翻译
STC89C52 processi ng chip
Prime features:
With MCS - 51 SCM product compatibility, 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash memory, 1000 times CaXie cycle, the static operation: 0Hz ~ 33Hz, triple encryption program memory, 32 programmed I/O port, three 16 timer/counter, the eight uninterrupted dual-career UART serial passage, low power consumption, leisure and fall after fall electric power mode can be awakened and continuous watchdog timer and double-number poin ter, power ide ntifier. Efficacy: characteristics
STC89C52 is one kind of low power consumption, high CMOS8 bit micro-co ntroller, 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-de nsity nonv olatile storage tech no logy, and in dustrial 80C51 product in structi on and pin fully compatible. The Flash memory chips allows programs in the system, also suitable for programmable conventional programming. In a single chip, have clever 8 bits CPU and on li ne system programmable Flash, in crease STC89C52 for many embedded control system to provide high vigorous application and useful solutions. STC89C52 has following standard efficacy: 8k byte Flash RAM, 256 bytes, 32 I/O port, the watchdog timer, two, three pointer numerical 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 continuous structure, the serial port, working within crystals and horological circuit. In addition, 0Hz AT89S52 can drop to the static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, and allows the RAM, timer/c oun ters, serial, continu ous to work. Protectio n asa na patter n, RAM content is survival, vibrators frozen, SCM, until all the work under a continuous or hardware reset. 8-bit microcontrollers 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash AT89S52 devices.
Mouth: P0 P0 mouth is a two-way ope n drain I/O. As export, each can drive eight TTL logic level. For P0 port to write "1", foot as the high impeda nee in
put.
When access to exter nal programs and nu merical memory, also known as
low P0 mouth eight address/nu merical reuse. In this mode, with the in tern al P0 resistor.
In the flash when programming, also used for P0 mouth; absorb in struct ion bytes In the process, the output comma nd byte calibrati on. When the program requires external, calibration on pull-up resistors.
Mouth: P1 mouth P1 is an internal resistance of the eight two-way I/O buffers can drive, P1 output four TTL logic level. To write "1" P1 port, the internal resista nce to port, can push as in put mouth. Whe n used as in put, exter nal and in ternal foot because of low resista nce, will output curre nt (IIL).
In addition, P1.0 and P1.2 respectively timer/counter 2 external counting in put (P1.0 / T2) and whe n the trigger editor/co un ter P1.1 in put (2), specific
T2EX/are shown below. In programming and calibration, flash P1 mouth absorb eight address low byte.
Efficacy: the foot.
P1.0 T2 (timer/co un ter T2 external coun ti ng in put), clock output
P1.1 T2EX (timer/co un ter T2 capture/overloaded triggered sig nals and directi on con trol),
P1.5 MOSI (with) on li ne system program ming,
P1.6 MISO (with) on li ne system program ming,
P1.7 SCK (with) on li ne system program ming,
Mouth: P2 P2 mouth is an internal resista nce of the eight two-way I/O buffers and P2 output can drive four TTL logic level. To write "1" P2 port, the internal resista nce to port, can push as in put mouth. When used as in put, exter nal and in ternal foot because of low resista nce, will output curre nt (IIL).
In the exter nal program memory access or use 16bit exter nal nu merical memory address read (for example MOVX execution DPTR @), P2 mouth send out high 8 address. In this application, P2 mouth on the internal use strong pull send 1. In using 8-bit address (such as MOVX @ Rl) access to external numerical memory, P2 mouth output P2 latches content. In programming and calibration, flash P2 mouth also absorb high eight address byte and some con trol sig nal.
P3: a P3 mouth on the in side of the eight two-way pull-up resistors I/O buffers can drive, p2 output four TTL logic level. For P3 port to write "1", the internal resista nee to port, can push as in put mouth. Whe n used as in put, exter nal and in ternal foot because of low resista nee, will output curre nt (IIL).
P3 mouth AT89S52 special fun cti ons (also as the sec ond efficacy), are show n below. In programming and calibration, flash also absorb some P3 mouth con trol sig nals.
Port pin sec ond efficacy:
P3.0 RXD (serial in put)
P3.1 TXD (serial export),
P3.2 INTO the disco ntin uous (0)
P3.3 INT1 (1) the disco ntin uous
P3.4 (time/ccounter TO 0)
P3.5 T1 (1) time/cou nter,
P3.6 WR (exter nal nu merical memory write for)
P3.7 RD (exter nal nu merical memory read for)
In addition, also absorb some used in mp3 mouth FLASH memory program ming and calibrati on of program con trol sig nals.
RST, reset in put: whe n the vibrator, RST pin appeared two machi ne cycle above high level will be reset the chip.
ALE/PROG - when access to external program memory or numerical memory, ALE (address latch allow) output pulses are used to latch address of low eight bytes. Normally, ALE with clock frequencies are 1/6 output pulse signal with fixed, so it can be used for the purpose or output clocks. Timing Those who want an attention is: whenever access to external numerical memory will skip a ALE pulse.
For FLASH memory program ming, this pin is used for in put program ming pulse (.) PROG
If n ecessary, but through special effect to the zone registers (SFR) 8EH DO position, the unit can be banned ALE operations. This position is a bit, MOVX and MOVC instructions will be activated. ALE -- In addition, the foot will be weak,
execute exter nal program MCU hig n should be bann ed, a void. Set ALE PSEN - program storage PSEN allowed (output is outside of the program memory read, choose com muni catio n by exter nal program memory whe n tak ing AT89C52 in structi ons (or), each mach ine cycle PSEN twice, two pulse output is useful, during this period, when access to external numerical memory, will skip PSEN twice.
EA/VPP - exter nal access permissi on, to make the CPU on ly access to exter nal program memory (address for 0000H - FFFFH), EA end must rema in low level (ground). Should notice is: if a LB1 is encrypted, reset when program ming will latch EA end.
As for the high level of the EA (VCCS), the CPU is the impleme ntati on of the program memory internal in structi ons.
FLASH memory when programming, this pin plus + 12 v programming allow power Vpp, of course, that is the part is used to Vpp voltage 12V program ming.
中文翻译
STC89C52处理芯片
首要性能：
与MCS-51单片机产物兼容、8K字节在系统可编程Flash存储器、1000次擦写周期、全静态操作：0Hz?33Hz、三级加密程序存储器、32个可编程I/O 口线、三个16位定时器/计数器八个间断源、全双职工UART 串行通道、低功耗空闲和掉电模式、掉电后间断可唤醒、看门狗定时器、双数值指针、掉电标识符。
功效特性描述：
STC89C52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K在
系统可编程Flash存储器。使用高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，与工业80C51产物指令和引脚完全兼容。片上Flash允许程序存储器在系统可编
程，亦适于常规编程器。在单芯片上，拥有灵巧的8位CPU和在线系统
可编程Flash，使患上STC89C52为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提供高矫捷、超有用的解决方案。STC89C52具有以下标准功效：8k字节Flash，256字节RAM，32位I/O 口线，看门狗定时器，2个数值指针，三个16位
定时器/计数器，一个6向量2级间断结构，全双职工串行口，片内晶振及钟表电路。另外，AT89S52可降至0Hz静态逻辑操作，支持2种软件可选择节电模式。空闲模式下，CPU停止工作，允许RAM、定时器/计数器、
串口、间断继续工作。掉电保护体式格局下，RAM内容被生存，振动器被
冻结，单片机一切工作停止，直到下一个间断或者硬件复位为止。8位微控制器8K字节在系统可编程Flash AT89S52
P0 口：P0 口是一个8位漏极开路的双向I/O 口。作为输出口，每位能驱动8个TTL逻辑电平。对于P0端口写“ 1时，引脚用作高阻抗输入。
当访问外部程序和数值存储器时，P0 口也被作为低8位地址/数值复
用。在这种模式下, P0具有内部上拉电阻
在flash编程时，P0 口也用来吸收指令字节；在程序校验时，输出指令字节。程序校验时，需要外部上拉电阻。
P1 口：P1 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O 口，pl输出
缓冲器能驱动四个TTL逻辑电平。对于P1端口写“ 1时，内部上拉电阻
把端口拉高，此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时，被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因，将输出电流（IIL ）。
此外，P1.0和P1.2分别作定时器/计数器2的外部计数输入（P1.0/T2）和时器/计数器2的触发输入（P1.1/T2EX），具体如下表所示。在flash 编程和校验时，P1 口吸收低8位地址字节。
引脚号第二功效：
P1.0 T2 （定时器/计数器T2的外部计数输入），钟表输出
P1.1 T2EX （定时器/计数器T2的捕捉/重载触发信号和方向控制）
P1.5 MOSI （在线系统编程用）
P1.6 MISO （在线系统编程用）
P1.7 SCK （在线系统编程用）
P2 口：P2 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O 口，P2输出
缓冲器能驱动四个TTL逻辑电平。对于P2端口写“ 1时，内部上拉电阻
把端口拉高，此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时，被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因，将输出电流（IIL ）。
在访问外部程序存储器或者用16位地址读取外部数值存储器（例如执
行MOVX @DPTR）时，P2 口送出高八位地址。在这种应用中，P2 口使用很强的内部上拉发送1。在使用8位地址（如MOVX @RI）访问外部
数值存储器时，P2 口输出P2锁存器的内容。在flash编程和校验时，P2 口也吸收高8位地址字节和一些控制信号。
P3 口：P3 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O 口，p2输出
缓冲器能驱动四个TTL逻辑电平。对于P3端口写“ 1时，内部上拉电阻
把端口拉高，此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时，被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因，将输出电流（IIL ）。P3 口亦作为AT89S52特
殊功效（第二功效）使用，如下表所示。在flash编程和校验时，P3 口也
吸收一些控制信号。
端口引脚第二功效：
P3.0 RXD（串行输入口）
P3.1 TXD（串行输出口）
P3.2 INTO（外间断0）
P3.3 INT1（外间断1）
P3.4 TO（定时/计数器0）
P3.5 T1（定时/计数器1）
P3.6 WR（外部数值存储器写选通）
P3.7 RD（外部数值存储器读选通）
此外，P3 口还吸收一些用于FLASH闪存编程和程序校验的控制信号。
RST――复位输入：当振动器工作时，RST引脚出现两个机器周期以
上高电平将是单片机复位。
ALE/PROG ――当访问外部程序存储器或者数值存储器时，ALE （地址锁存允许）输出脉冲用于锁存地址的低8位字节。一般情况下，ALE仍以钟表振动频率的1/6输出固定的脉冲信号，因此它可对于外输出钟表或
者用于定时目的。要注重的是：每当访问外部数值存储器时将跳过一个
ALE脉冲。
对于FLASH存储器编程期间，该引脚还用于输入编程脉冲（
PROG）。
如有必要，可通过对于特殊功效寄存器（SFR）区中的8EH单位的
D0位置位，可禁止ALE操作。该位置位后，只有一条MOVX和MOVC
指令才气将ALE激活。此外，该引脚会被微弱拉高，单片机执行外部程序时，应设置ALE禁止位无效。
PSEN――程序储存允许（PSEN）输出是外部程序存储器的读选通信号，当AT89C52由外部程序存储器取指令（或者数值）时，每一个机器周期两次PSEN
AT89C51外文翻译 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51? instruction-set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features ? Compatible with MCS-51? Products ? 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ? Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ? Three-Level Program Memory Lock ? 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ? 32 Programmable I/O Lines ? Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ? Six Interrupt Sources ? Programmable Serial Channel ? Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目用单片机实现的数字时钟电路设计文献综述题目单片机控制系统系电子工程 专业电子信息科学与技术 姓名郭筱楠 班级08091911 学号08919115 指导教师王维平
单片机控制系统 广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子计数器还是机械计数器，都要存储当前的数值，并且按要求将该数值增加1。一个系统例如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。 现如今，以微处理器为基础的系统从常规的处理方法中分离了出来，它将信息的处理，信息的存储和信息的传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。这种主要将系统分成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。从此以后基本上所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管他们包含着宽广的物理形式与物理结构，但从根本上来说他们均是具有相同基本设计的计算机。 在以微处理器为基础的系统中，处理是由以微处理器为基础的系统自身完成的。存储是利用存储器电路，而从系统中输入和输出的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。要在一个以微处理器为基础的时钟中找出执行具有计数功能的一个特殊的硬件组成部分是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。但是，规定系统运转过程的软件却规定了包含实现计数器计数功能的单元部分。由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。 图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分 图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元在一个微处理器控制系统中是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。该系统由微处理器控制，微处理器能够对其自身的存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输进行管理。外部的连接部分与
The Introduction of AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Function characteristic The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, one 5 vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, one-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description VCC：Supply voltage. GND：Ground.
外文文献一单片机简介 单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 二、单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有： 1.低功耗CMOS MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 2.微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样 单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有． 自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。 3.主流与多品种共存 现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾
外文资料翻译 STC89C52 processi ng chip Prime features: With MCS - 51 SCM product compatibility, 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash memory, 1000 times CaXie cycle, the static operation: 0Hz ~ 33Hz, triple encryption program memory, 32 programmed I/O port, three 16 timer/counter, the eight uninterrupted dual-career UART serial passage, low power consumption, leisure and fall after fall electric power mode can be awakened and continuous watchdog timer and double-number poin ter, power ide ntifier. Efficacy: characteristics STC89C52 is one kind of low power consumption, high CMOS8 bit micro-co ntroller, 8K in system programmable Flash memory. Use high-de nsity nonv olatile storage tech no logy, and in dustrial 80C51 product in structi on and pin fully compatible. The Flash memory chips allows programs in the system, also suitable for programmable conventional programming. In a single chip, have clever 8 bits CPU and on li ne system programmable Flash, in crease STC89C52 for many embedded control system to provide high vigorous application and useful solutions. STC89C52 has following standard efficacy: 8k byte Flash RAM, 256 bytes, 32 I/O port, the watchdog timer, two, three pointer numerical 16 timer/counter, a 6 vector level 2 continuous structure, the serial port, working within crystals and horological circuit. In addition, 0Hz AT89S52 can drop to the static logic operation, support two software can choose power saving mode. Idle mode, the CPU to stop working, and allows the RAM, timer/c oun ters, serial, continu ous to work. Protectio n asa na patter n, RAM content is survival, vibrators frozen, SCM, until all the work under a continuous or hardware reset. 8-bit microcontrollers 8K bytes in the system programmable Flash AT89S52 devices. Mouth: P0 P0 mouth is a two-way ope n drain I/O. As export, each can drive eight TTL logic level. For P0 port to write "1", foot as the high impeda nee in put. When access to exter nal programs and nu merical memory, also known as
SCM is an integrated circuit chip, is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems. SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller), because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways. Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems. SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a complex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings. Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a
外文翻译---51系列单片机的结构和功能
外文资料翻译 英文原文： Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). (2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. (4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction, may use as exporting too. (5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. (6) Five cut off cutting off the control (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. (8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertz now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command center, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing devices temporarily of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loop back ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside. The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with a expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter, the order is deposited, the
沈阳工程学院毕业设计（论文） 外文文献 一单片机简介 单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。 单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 二、单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有： 1.低功耗CMOS MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 2.微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series The MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . 51系列单片机是由英特尔公司生产的的单片机产品。该家公司在1976年发行了8位MCS-48系列。然后又在在1980年推出了高8位的MCS-51系列单片机。它属于这一类型很多行一个芯片的电脑芯片都如8051、8031、8751、 80c51bh,80c31bh等,其基本组成、性能和基本教学制度,都是一样的. 8051通常是51系列的代表。 An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous
51单片机简介 描述 AT89C51是一个低电压，高性能CMOS8位单片机带有4K字节的可反复擦写的程序存储器（PENROM）。和128字节的存取数据存储器（RAM），这种器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、不容易丢失存储技术生产，并且能够与MCS-51系列的单片机兼容。片内含有8位中央处理器和闪烁存储单元，有较强的功能的AT89C51单片机能够被应用到控制领域中。 功能特性 AT89C51提供以下的功能标准：4K字节闪烁存储器，128字节随机存取数据存储器，32个I/O口，2个16位定时/计数器，1个5向量两级中断结构，1个串行通信口，片内震荡器和时钟电路。另外，AT89C51还可以进行0HZ的静态逻辑操作，并支持两种软件的节电模式。闲散方式停止中央处理器的工作，能够允许随机存取数据存储器、定时/计数器、串行通信口及中断系统继续工作。掉电方式保存随机存取数据存储器中的内容，但震荡器停止工作并禁止其它所有部件的工作直到下一个复位。 引脚描述 VCC：电源电压 GND：地 P0口： P0口是一组8位漏极开路双向I/O口，即地址/数据总线复用口。作为输出口时，每一个管脚都能够驱动8个TTL电路。当“1”被写入P0口时，每个管脚都能够作为高阻抗输入端。P0口还能够在访问外部数据存储器或程序存储器时，转换地址和数据总线复用，并在这时激活内部的上拉电阻。P0口在闪烁编程时，P0口接收指令，在程序校验时，输出指令，需要接电阻。 P1口：
P1口一个带内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P1的输出缓冲级可驱动4个TTL 电路。对端口写“1”，通过内部的电阻把端口拉到高电平，此时可作为输入口。因为内部有电阻，某个引脚被外部信号拉低时输出一个电流。闪烁编程时和程序校验时，P1口接收低8位地址。 P2口： P2口是一个内部带有上拉电阻的8位双向I/O口，P2的输出缓冲级可驱动4个TTL电路。对端口写“1”，通过内部的电阻把端口拉到高电平，此时，可作为输入口。因为内部有电阻，某个引脚被外部信号拉低时会输出一个电流。在访问外部程序存储器或16位地址的外部数据存储器时，P2口送出高8位地址数据。在访问8位地址的外部数据存储器时，P2口线上的内容在整个运行期间不变。闪烁编程或校验时，P2口接收高位地址和其它控制信号。 P3口： P3口是一组带有内部电阻的8位双向I/O口，P3口输出缓冲故可驱动4个TTL 电路。对P3口写如“1”时，它们被内部电阻拉到高电平并可作为输入端时，被外部拉低的P3口将用电阻输出电流。 P3口除了作为一般的I/O口外，更重要的用途是它的第二功能，如下表所示： 端口引脚第二功能 P3.0 RXD P3.1 TXD P3.2 INT0 P3.3 INT1 P3.4 T0 P3.5 T1 P3.6 WR P3.7 RD P3口还接收一些用于闪烁存储器编程和程序校验的控制信号。 RST： - 2 -