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解析汉英翻译——谈法律文献汉译英的理解与表达问题

解析汉英翻译——谈法律文献汉译英的理解与表达问题
解析汉英翻译——谈法律文献汉译英的理解与表达问题

汉英翻译——谈法律文献的汉英翻译

汉英翻译——谈法律文献汉译英的理解与表达问题

作者

王春晖

一、法律词语的理解

法律文书中的词语是构成法律文书最基本的单位。对法律文书中一些专业词语的正确理解,是翻译法律文书的前提和基础。在翻译构成中,不能正确理解原文词义是无法进行翻译的。关于词语的理解应注意下面几个问题:1、注意词义在上下文中的一致性

一个法律词在不同的场合,译成英文有不同的含义,要正确理解法律原文的词义,必须注意词义在上下文中的一致,切不能拘泥于字面上的一致,如果保持字面上的一致,译文往往不能准确达意。请看下面句子,“如在解释上遇有分歧,应以英文本为准”。“解释”,在汉英词典上可译成:“construe”、“explanation”、“exposition”、“interpretation”,但这个句子的“解释”是指对法律条文的正式解释,选择“interpretation”,较为恰当故译成“In case of any divergence of interpretations. The English text shall prevail”。再看下面一例,“发生于缔约国一方而支付给缔约国另一方居民的特许权使用费,可以在该缔约国另一方征税”。原文中的“特许权使用费”要译的准确是不大容易的,如果译成“fee of special permitted right”不能体现出原文的含义。根据规范文件的正式解释及其在句中的作用,本句中的“特许权使用费”是指使用或有权使用专利、商标以及文学、艺术、科学著作等所支付的作为报酬的各种款项,所以把“特许权使用费”译成“royalty”才能体现出与原文的一致性。故译成英文为:“Royalties arising in a Contraction State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that Contracting State”.

2、注意同义词在译文中的不同含义

在进行法律文书汉译英翻译过程中,有时会碰到不少汉语意义相同的词,但这些词在不同的搭配中和特定的上下文中,是有明显区别的,译者一定要注意语言的逻辑性,勤查专业工具书。例如:“草签文本”和“草签合同”,这两个术语中的“草签”的含义是不同的,前者是指“缩写签字,草签时,当事人只签其姓名的第一个字母(如:John Smith草签为“J.S”),所以“草签文本”这条术语应译成:“initialed text”而后者的“草签”是指构成对合同条款的认证,但尚不具有法律效力,因此“草签合同”应译成:“referendum contract”。再如:“正式协议”和“正式声明”这两条术语中的“正式”就不能盲目地套用,必须弄清它们之间的不同含义。第一个“正式”是指“符合规定的”;第二个“正式”是表示“官方权威性的”,因此,“正式协议”应译作:“formal agreement”而“正式声明”则译成:“official statement”。我们再看下列一组单词:observe, obey, abide by, comply with,这几个词在词典上都有“遵守”的含义,但在法律文书的翻译中并不都是同义词,在不同的条文中就有不同的处理方法。如:“合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定”,这一条文中的主语是“活动”,汉译英时谓语动词应选择“comply with”,表示“to act in accordance with a provision, rule, demand”。故译成:“All t he activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People’s Republic of China”.

3、从法律概念上理解词义

概念是思维的基本形式,它反映着事物最本质的特征。从事法律文书汉英翻译,除了需要熟悉法律专业术语外,还要对法律词语的内容和结构进行分析,找出它们的共同点和不同点,再把经过分析而得出的深层含义从汉语转译成英语。例如:“国际公约”就不能译成“public international treaty”,因为这里的“国际公约”是指许多国家为解决某一重大问题而举行国际会议最后缔约的多边条约,所以应译成:“general multilateral convention”; 互不侵犯条约应译成:“treaty of mutual non-aggressions”,而不译成:“pact of mutual non-aggression”,因为 pact常被认为比 treaty较不重要或约束力较弱的协定。“诉讼参加人”就不应译成“litigant”,而应译成‘litigant participant”,因为它是指参与诉讼或顶的人,包括“当事人、第三人、共同诉讼人”等;而“litigant” 主要指“诉讼当事人”,即“原告和被告”。“法人权限”不译成“authority of legal body”, 应译为“corporate power”,这里power”是指“权利范围”。

4、正确选择结构词

翻译法律文书,除了对专门词语进行仔细斟酌,还要特别注意正确地选择结构词,例如:(1)“合营个方”应译成“parties to the venture”, 这里的介词“to”不能用“of”代替,因为“to”是指“作为一方参加某个机构”。(2)“下列代表同意下列规定应作为协定的组成部分”,英译为:“The undersigned have agreed upon the following provisions which shall form an integral part of the Agreement”,此句中“同意”后的介词应用 upon 或on,不用 to, 因为“agree upon”是指“对下列规则作为协定的组成部分的意见一致”。(3)“由中国仲裁机构仲裁,也可由双方协议在其它仲裁机构仲裁”,此句中的“由…..,也可由….. ”选择“or”就可以了,不能用 and,因为这里是一种选择关系,英译为:“through mediation or arbitration by a Chinese arbitration agency or through arbitration by another arbitration agency agreed upon by the both parties”,(4)“外国企业的所的税以人民币为计算单位”,此句中的“以…..”就不能简单的套用“by means of ” 或“according to”,这里的“以…. ”是指“以….换算”;应选择“in terms of”表示“以…..换算”,所以选择其他结构词是不能准确达意的。(5)“如不可抗力的事件影响了合同执行时间达180天以上,双方应重新讨论并对以后合同的执行达成协议”。此句中的“如果不可抗力的事件影响….”是指“如果由于不可抗力事件的缘故影响….”所以应选用“in case the consequences of” 较好一些,译成:“In case the consequences of a force majeure event affect the contract execution for more than 180 days, the parties shall convene and reach an agreement upon the further execution of the contract”,

英文中的结构词属于“小”词,但不要因为它们“小”而不加以注意,其实这些词比实义词更难掌握,在汉英翻译中,决不能与汉语句子等同套用,要紧紧抓住结构词在上下文以及特定的语言环境中的逻辑关系,从比较中分辨出其词义及翻译方法,比如,汉语中的动词词组,英译时就常处理成介词短语,如“违法”就可译成“against the law”, “欠债”译成“in debt”,“在审讯中”译成“at bar”等。

二、译文的表达

句子理解之后,紧接着就是表达问题。汉英翻译不同于英汉翻译的是理解汉语,表达英语,这难免要受汉语习惯的影响,在选词、造句中总会有点“汉式英文”的味道。这仿佛是汉译英过程中的通病,但我们在汉英翻译中应

尽量避免受汉语思维习惯的影响,要多注意两种语言的差异,使译文准确、流畅。但是翻译法律文书应该以“严谨”为宗旨,如果流畅和准确发生矛盾时,应选择后者。现举几个不当例子分析如下:

例一:兹证明张三(男,1960年10月3日出生)现在未婚。

英译:This is to certify that Zhang San (male, born on October, 3, 1960) is now unmarried.

分析:在这份公证书中,所证明的事项是张目前的婚姻状况,所以译成:“Zha ng San (male, born on October, 3, 1960): present marital status is unmarried.

例二:签订经济合同的通常做法是由有关当事人中的一方提出签订合同的建议,并在合同中明确规定主要条款的具体内容。

英译:The usual way of signing an economic contract is that one of interested parties puts forward his suggestion that a contract be signed and clearly sets forth the specific contents of major provisions in the contract.

分析:此句的主要内容是“签订合同时,通常的做法是提出签订合同的建议,规定合同的内容,因此,先将“签订经济合同”译成状语“in the course of signing an economic contract”,再译“通常的做法是”为“the usual practice is”,这里的“做法”是指习惯、惯例,因此“way”应改为“practice”。中间的”由当事人中的一方提出签订合同的建议”应改译成带逻辑主语的不定式结构“for one of the interested parties to….”,体现出原文的由合同当事人提出“建议”;另外这里的“建议”应改用 propose加名词从句,比 put forward a suggestion显得更严谨些。

例三:李明在中国居住期间没有受过刑事制裁。

英译:Li Ming has not been punished according to the criminal law during his living in China.

分析:此句中的“not to be punished” 与表示一段时间的during 短语连用不恰当,况且,此句证明的是“没有受过刑罚的记载”,而“触犯刑律”也应译成:“commit an offence against the criminal law”, 所以改译成:“Li Ming has no record of committing offences against the criminal law” 意义更具体明确;另外,“在中国居住期间”应译为“during his residence in China”,“居住”这个词选用“residence”而不

用“living”,更强调一个住所的永久性和合法性。

例四:本保证书自即日起生效。有效期将于贵恭喜收到全部已经买方承兑和我行背书保证的远期汇票之日终止。英译:This letter of Guarantee will come into force from this day and will lose its effect when your company has received all the usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsed by our Bank.

分析:法律文书中表示义务或规定时,第三人称后面要用“shall”不用“will”. “from this day”不确切,宜改为“on its issuing draft”。“will lose its effect”也用得欠妥,“effect”在这里的含义是“效应、结果”;况且此句的关键内容是指“有效期到何时终止”,故应选择“remain valid until…” 结构;另外“your company” 宜改为“you”。故后面的这一句应译成:“…shall remain valid until you have received all the usance drafts accepted by the Buyer and endorsed by our Bank”.

例五:本细则的解释权,属于中华人民共和国财政部。

英译:The right of interpretation for the Detailed Rules and Regulations belongs to the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China.

分析:“the right of interpretation for the Detailed Rules and Regulations”不能准确地表达出“解释细则的权利”,应改为“the right of interpreting the Detailed Rules and Regulations”。句中谓语动词“belong to” 也用得欠妥:“belong to” 的含义是“属于…的财产”,这里的“属于”是指“权利、权力等为….所有”,故应选用“reside in ”,如:“决定权属于上级机构”,译为:“The power of decision resides in the higher authorities”.

结束语

法律文书汉英翻译涉及的问题很多,但最重要的问题乃是理解和表达。在英译法律文书的过程中,译者必须深入理解原文中的每个词语在具体上下文中的含义,着重领会法律文件语言的确切性;在表达时,要对每个经过挑选的英文词、句进行仔细推敲,选择出最确切的表达方式。当然,表达也应该有一个逐步完善的过程,切不可一拿到文件就动笔翻译,这样很难保证译文的质量。译者在翻译时,一定要不厌其烦地勤查专业工具书,对译文一改再改,使其达到严谨、准确、规范。

翻译 中英对译 英文散文赏析

原文 巷 柯灵译者-张培基 巷,是城市建筑艺术中一篇飘逸恬静的散文,一幅古雅冲淡的图画①。这种巷,常在江南的小城市中,有如古代的少女,躲在僻静的深闺,轻易不肯抛头露面②。你要在这种城市里住久了,和它真正成了莫逆,你才有机会看见她③,接触到她优娴贞静的风度。 人耐心静静走去,要老半天才走完。它又这么曲折, 什么时候,你向巷中踅去,都如宁静的黄昏,可以清晰地听到自己的 斑斑驳驳的苔痕,墙上挂着一串串苍翠欲滴 的藤萝,简直像古朴的屏风。春来 小巷的动人处就是它无比的悠闲。无论是谁, 你的心情就会如巷尾不波的古井,那是一种和平的静穆,而不是阴森和肃杀⑩。它闹中取静,别有天地,仍是人间。它可能是一条现代的乌衣巷(11),家家有自 己的一本哀乐帐, 使人忘忧。 译文 The Lane Ke Ling The lane, in terms of the art of urban architecture, is like a piece of prose of gentle gracefulness or a painting of classic elegance and simplicity①.

a small the lane, a maiden of ancient times hidden away in a secluded boudoir, is reluctant to make its appearance long time.③ The does not taste of the countryside at all. It is long and deep, so it will take you a long while to walk patiently and quietly through it from end to end. It is also so winding that it seems ⑤when you look far ahead, but if you keep walking until you take a turning, you’ll find it again lying endless and still more quiet. There is nothing but stillness there⑥. At any hour of day, you can even distinctly hear in the , which, moss-covered and hung with clusters of fresh green wisteria, look almost like screens of primitive simplicity. Inside the walls are residents’ gardens with In spring, beautiful peach and apricot blossoms atop the walls, ⑧waving their red sleeves, will sway hospitably to beckon the pedestrians. The charm of the lane lies in its absolute serenity. No matter who you are, if you in the lane for a while⑨, your mind will become as unruffled as the ancient well at the end of the lane. There you will a kind of peaceful calmness rather than gloomy sternness⑩. There reigns peace and quiet in the midst of noisy bustle. It is a world of its own on earth. It may be a modern (11)where each family, secluded behind closed doors, has its own covered-up story of (12)The all-pervading and all-purifying atmosphere of water-like placidness makes one forget all cares and worries.

汉译英在线翻译句子

[标签:标题] 篇一:2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来,雨里去,成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜,千峰凝翠,洞壑幽深,风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气,虽然几经努力,却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道:“一百年还记得呢!比不得你,拿着我的话当耳边风,夜里说了,早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机,就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢? Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累,在我长时间无间断地工作,在我感到内心空虚,需要补充精神营养 的时候,我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹,在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧,你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明,中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省,足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,说:“这毛虫”! Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!”

英语翻译答案

汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈,通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识,社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰,因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫,又称紫禁城,是明、清两代的皇宫,二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富,而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来,故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次,随着旅游业的繁荣,游客人数有增无减,可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台(CCTV)每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播,这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来,它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目,《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its

英汉翻译评析(附参考译文)

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汉英翻译篇章练习

汉英翻译篇章练习 Practice 1 近读报纸,对国内名片和请柬的议论颇多,于是想起客居巴黎时经常见到的法国人手中的名片和请柬,随笔记下来,似乎不无借鉴之处。 在巴黎,名目繁多的酒会、冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识,如果是亚洲人,他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方,这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而,法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片,双方见面寒喧几句甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开。只有当双方谈话投机,希望继续交往时,才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。 法国人的名片讲究朴素大方,印制精美,但很少有镶金边儿的,闪光多色的或带香味儿的,名片上的字体纤细秀丽,本人的名字也不过分突出,整张纸片上空白很大,毫无拥挤不堪的感觉。 Practice 2 我想,教师要给学生的,是一把开启知识宝库的钥匙,而不是把 学生的脑子变成一个容器。教师的工作是启发学生,通过自己的思考、实践、试验去求得知识,鼓励他们大胆提出问题和不同意见。经过研讨,得出自己的结论,而不是由教师包办代替。 我喜欢那些爱提“怪”问题的学生。提不出问题的,不能算是好学生。

其实,学习就是一个不断出错误和改正错误的过程。年轻人要学,我们自己也要学。一句话,教育是要使人从无知变成有知,从愚 昧变成聪明,从野蛮变成文明,而不是相反。 就说这流行音乐吧,我就不如年轻人懂得多。我有个习惯,自己不懂得东西,绝不轻易反对,而是努力去学懂它。 你看吧,大街上姑娘们大声谈笑,我行我素;小伙子也穿红戴绿。中国人胆子大起来了,不那么缩头缩脑了。你还能拿年轻人头发长短、裤脚大小来衡量谁是好学生谁是坏学生吗? Practice 3 我所追求的幸福 在西方流传着一句据说是来自古老中国的谚语,只是我在中国从未听说 过:“如果你想要几小时的幸福,就去喝醉酒;如果你想要三年的幸福,就 去结婚;如果你想要一辈子的幸福,就去做个园丁。”他们对园丁能一辈子 幸福的解释是:“做有用的事,与自然融合,对身体的锻炼和每天都会有新 的喜悦。” 我看到过一份美国某大学对“幸福”的研究课题报告,对幸福下的定义 是:“主观地感到适意的程度”,具体地说是“对自己的生活感到有意义, 满意和舒适的一种积极的状态”。这种感觉应当是有持续性的。 许多人以为休闲是很大的幸福,但调查显示:大部分感到幸福的人是在 工作中,是那些因工作而特别忙碌的人而不是有太多休闲时间的人。幸福不 意味着“得到我想要的东西”,而是“想要我们得到的东西”。人有时不 珍惜自己已经有的却总去想那些得不到的东西。就像有些男人宁愿想象出五 十个梦中情人而不和他身边那一个女人实实在在地生活。 幸福是一种使两者平衡的游戏:我们已有的和我们想要的,即愿意和可 能性之间的。最后他们得出的结论:“幸福的人是一个有远大目标同时不忘 记自己是生活在现在的人;一个选择对自己的才能和可能性有挑战的人;一

英汉翻译经典例子及答案

1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls (环礁). 在那里,由于地心引力的剧烈干扰,一道道山脉,一座座火山升出水面。千百年来,微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡,形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多,那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人,于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方,河水漫出河床,宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系,迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起,困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪,在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上,撒在田野里,撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.

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