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商法导论1.Distinguish between private and public law.2.Distinguish between civil law and criminal law.(1).Definition of criminal law: Criminal law is concernedwith forbidding crimes which are certain forms of wrongful conducts and punishing those who engage in the prohibited acts.(2).Definition of civil law: Civil law deals with the privaterights and obligations which arise between individuals. (3).Differences between criminal law and civil law.We can distinguish them on 7 aspects—concerns/purposes/partiesinvolved/courts/burden of proof/decision by court/sanctions.Firstly, criminal law is concerned with offenses against state, civil law is concerned with disputes between individuals. Secondly, criminal law’s purpose is to preserve the social order by punishing the criminals, civil law’s purpose is to remedy the suffered party caused by civil wrong. Thirdly, prosecutor（检察官）and defendant are involved in criminal law, plaintiff（原告）and defendant are involved in civil law.Fourthly, criminal courts deal with the criminal lawincidents, civil courts deal with the civil law incidents. Fifthly, the prosecutor have to provide the proofs which beyond reasonable doubt, the claim have to keep the balance of probability.Sixthly, in the criminal law, a court decides the defendant is guilty or innocent. In the civil law, a court decides the defendant is liable or not liable for the loss.Seventhly, criminal law’s sanctions include imprisonment and fine, civil law’s sanctions include damages, rescission, injunction, specific implement.3.Give examples of civil laws and civil disputes.(1)Civil laws: contract law/tort law/property law are thecivil laws.(2)Civil disputes: Contract disagreements/sexualharassment/labor disputes/partnership concerns/business agreements/corporate litigation/bankruptcy and insolvency/unpaid debts/wills disputes/property disputes.4.Define a crime and give examples of criminal cases.(1) Definition of crime:An action or an instance of negligence that is deemedinjurious to the public welfare or morals or to theinterests of the state and that is legally prohibited.(2) Examples: Arson/bribery/burglary/child abuse/childpornography/computer crime/credit or debit card fraud/disturbing the peace/domestic violence/drug cultivation and manufacturing5. Distinguish between statute law and common law. Common law refers to the substantive law and procedural rules that have been created by the judges, through their decisions in the cases they have heard.Statute law refers to law that has been created by parliament in the form of legislation.Common law must comply with statute law.6.Define common law and statute law(legislation, acts ofparliament).7. Describe the main sources of Scottish law8. Identify the statutory sources of Scottish law.They are Acts of Parliament/Delegated Legislation/European Union Law.9. Define acts of parliament or legislation and provide someexamples of acts.10.Explain the relationship between the westminsterparliament and the Scottish parliament.11.Explain the relationship between Scottish law and EUlaw.12.Identify the main institutions of EU.(1).The European Council(Council of Ministers)欧洲理事会(2).The European Parliament欧洲议会(3).The European Commission欧洲委员会(4).The European Court of Justice欧洲法院13.Explain the main roles of each EU institutionEuropean Council and European Parliament must decide the legislative together.The European Commission must be responsible for supervision.The European Court of Justice must be responsible for the implementation of laws.14.Describe the EU legal system.European Union Legislation consists of primary legislation and secondary legislation, secondary legislation includes regulations(规则), directives(指引), decision(决议), recommendations(建议), opinions(意见)。
第一章商法导论第一节商法概述胡佳116020193一、商的概念（一）商事又称为“商”。
（二）一般常识的“商”：它依不同社会条件和历史条件而有不同的内容。
（三）经济学上的“商”：它是指以营利为目的，直接媒介财货交易之行为。
（四）商法上的“商”：它是指一切营利性营业活动和事业的总称。
Pay attention:现代商法中的商事的范围“第一种商”（“固有商”）：直接媒介财货交易。
如买卖商交易。
“第二种商”（“辅助商”）：间接以媒介货物交易为目的的营业活动。
如货物运输。
“第三种商”：“行为性质”与前两者有密切联系或者为其提供商业条件的营业活动。
如银行。
“第四种商”：仅与“辅助商”或第三种商有牵连关系的营业活动。
如广告宣传。
二、商法的概念（一）英美法系的商法概念—Commercial Law，Business Law，Mercantile Law和Law Merchant（二）大陆法系的商法概念法国：规范商行为的法律。
德国：适用于商人的特别私法。
台湾：调整商事活动的法律规范的总称。
（三）我国的商法概念1.商法是调整商事关系的法律。
2.商法是调整商人以及商事活动的法律。
3.商法是市场交易行为的基本准则。
4.本书作者：商法应当是规范市场主体和市场行为的法律规范的总称。
三、商法的分类古代商法时代特征中世纪商法近代商法和现代商法英美法系商法法系大陆法系商法形式商法：以“商法”为名称指制定的法典。
表现形式实质商法：一切调整商事关系的法律规范的总称。
广义商法国际商法范围国内商法商公法商私法狭义商法：调整国内商事关系的商事私法，即国内商法中的商事私法四、商法的调整对象—商事关系（一）概念：商法调整对象是指由商法规范（实质意义上的商法）所调整的特定范围—商法关系，即因从事营业行为所引起的社会经济关系以及与此相联系的社会关系的总和。
（二）特点：1.商事关系是发生在平等商事主体之间的社会经济关系；2.商事关系是商事主体基于营利目的而建立的。
1 List the main sources of modern Scot law
列出现在苏格兰人的主要来源的法律
1.statutory sources of law 法定的法律渊源
a.acts of parliament 国会法案，议会法案
b.delegated legislation 授权立法
c.european union law 欧盟法
mon law sources 普通法来源
a.judical precedent 司法判例
b.Custom 风俗习惯
c.Equity 公平公正
d.institutional writings 制度著作
2 A what's meant by the Doctrine of judicial Precedent ?司法判例的定义
The judgement made by a superior court is the foundation of inferior court to judge a similar case.If a new statute comes out,the court should take the new statute as foundation.With the improvement of legislation,statue would become more and more,but juridical precedents will be decrease.
B Give an example of a judicial precedent 举一个判例的例子
3 A which's the superior legislation body?这是一个卓越的立法机构The westminster parliament or the scottish parliament?
威斯敏斯特议会和苏格兰议会？
The westminster parliament is the superior legislation body.
他威斯敏斯特议会是立法机构的上级
B explain your choice of answer in part A 解释你的一个例子
The UK Parliament is the superior legislative body. The Scottish Parliament is not a completely independent legislative body and its power to make laws come from the UK parliament. The Scottish parliament is a inferior body, and any legislative
efficacy is a secondary legislation. The UK parliament can disband the Scottish Parliament or overrule the acts of Scottish Parliament by only one act.
4 what's a statute? 什么是法律
Statute is consist of acts of parliament,法律由议会法令delegated legislation and European Union law.授权立法与欧洲联盟法律。
5 name 5 Act of parliament 5名国会法案
The licensing(Scotland) Act 1975,The divorce(Scotland) Act 1976,the trading company act of 1834,the partnership act 1890,the company act 1980.
6 what're the main difference between civil and criminal LAW IN scot
民法和刑法之间主要区别是什么在苏格兰
Criminal law 刑法 civil law民法The target that offense,crime non-criminal dispues deal with
Flexibility in civil law is more flexible
Dealing with matter
The result punishment compensation obligation Court criminal court civil court Burden of proof society individual
The position of unequal footing equal footing demandant and
defendant
7 what's a crime? 4 examples of criminal behaviour什么是犯罪，说出四种犯罪的罪行
Murder谋杀 ,fire-raising 放火，robbery抢劫,rape强奸
8 Provide 3 examples of a civil disputes 说出三个民事纠纷的例子Divorce case离婚官司,land dispute土地纠纷,debt recovery actions债务纠纷
9 A In a conflict between scottish & EU law.which on the 2 systems are the Scottish Courts bound to follow?
The Scottish courts bound to follow EU law.苏格兰法院一定会遵循欧盟法律
B explain
As a member of EU,UK has the right to enjoy the services of the organization,but he also has the obligation to take EU law as principle.欧盟的一员,英国有权享受服务的组织,而他也有责任采取欧盟法为主。
10 What're the 4 most important instituations of the EU? 什么是4个最重要的instituations的欧盟
Commission European,the Council of minister,European parliament, European court of justice欧洲委员会,部长理事会、欧洲议会、欧洲法院的公正性
B Which of the Eu institutions has law-making power?欧盟机构的立法权力
The council of Ministers makes a law.部长理事会进行了法律。
European Commission proposes law-making欧洲委员会提出了立法
, The Council of Minister makes law 部长理事会使法律
, European Parliament gives advice on law-making 在欧洲议会立法提出建议
, The European Court of justice enforces the EU law欧洲司法法院强制执行欧盟法
.。
