商法导论

商法导论1.Distinguish between private and public law.2.Distinguish between civil law and criminal law.(1).Definition of criminal law: Criminal law is concernedwith forbidding crimes which are certain forms of wrongful conducts and punishing those who engage in the prohibited acts.(2).Definition of civil law: Civil law deals with the privaterights and obligations which arise between individuals. (3).Differences between criminal law and civil law.We can distinguish them on 7 aspects—concerns/purposes/partiesinvolved/courts/burden of proof/decision by court/sanctions.Firstly, criminal law is concerned with offenses against state, civil law is concerned with disputes between individuals. Secondly, criminal law’s purpose is to preserve the social order by punishing the criminals, civil law’s purpose is to remedy the suffered party caused by civil wrong. Thirdly, prosecutor（检察官）and defendant are involved in criminal law, plaintiff（原告）and defendant are involved in civil law.Fourthly, criminal courts deal with the criminal lawincidents, civil courts deal with the civil law incidents. Fifthly, the prosecutor have to provide the proofs which beyond reasonable doubt, the claim have to keep the balance of probability.Sixthly, in the criminal law, a court decides the defendant is guilty or innocent. In the civil law, a court decides the defendant is liable or not liable for the loss.Seventhly, criminal law’s sanctions include imprisonment and fine, civil law’s sanctions include damages, rescission, injunction, specific implement.3.Give examples of civil laws and civil disputes.(1)Civil laws: contract law/tort law/property law are thecivil laws.(2)Civil disputes: Contract disagreements/sexualharassment/labor disputes/partnership concerns/business agreements/corporate litigation/bankruptcy and insolvency/unpaid debts/wills disputes/property disputes.4.Define a crime and give examples of criminal cases.(1) Definition of crime:An action or an instance of negligence that is deemedinjurious to the public welfare or morals or to theinterests of the state and that is legally prohibited.(2) Examples: Arson/bribery/burglary/child abuse/childpornography/computer crime/credit or debit card fraud/disturbing the peace/domestic violence/drug cultivation and manufacturing5. Distinguish between statute law and common law. Common law refers to the substantive law and procedural rules that have been created by the judges, through their decisions in the cases they have heard.Statute law refers to law that has been created by parliament in the form of legislation.Common law must comply with statute law.6.Define common law and statute law(legislation, acts ofparliament).7. Describe the main sources of Scottish law8. Identify the statutory sources of Scottish law.They are Acts of Parliament/Delegated Legislation/European Union Law.9. Define acts of parliament or legislation and provide someexamples of acts.10.Explain the relationship between the westminsterparliament and the Scottish parliament.11.Explain the relationship between Scottish law and EUlaw.12.Identify the main institutions of EU.(1).The European Council(Council of Ministers)欧洲理事会(2).The European Parliament欧洲议会(3).The European Commission欧洲委员会(4).The European Court of Justice欧洲法院13.Explain the main roles of each EU institutionEuropean Council and European Parliament must decide the legislative together.The European Commission must be responsible for supervision.The European Court of Justice must be responsible for the implementation of laws.14.Describe the EU legal system.European Union Legislation consists of primary legislation and secondary legislation, secondary legislation includes regulations(规则), directives(指引), decision(决议), recommendations(建议), opinions(意见)。

第一章国际商法导论第一节国际商法概述一、国际商法的概念和调整范围（一）国际商法的概念国际商法，即国际商事法，它是指调整国际商事交易和商事组织关系的各种法律规范的总称。

要正确理解国际商法的概念，就要掌握以下三个因素：1.“国际”属性“国际”一词并不是指“国家与国家之间”的意思，而是为“跨越国界”的意思，国家和国家之间的商事关系，应由国际公法调整。

或者为主体具有国际性，即当事人营业地位于不同的国家或地区，即可认为主体具有国际因素；或者为行为具有国际性，即商事关系所指向的标的位于另一国家或地区，或者商事关系的产生、变更和消灭发生在另一国家或地区，即可认为行为具有国际因素。

2.“商”属性国际商法的调整对象是商事关系，包括商事组织关系和商事交易关系。

传统商法仅调整有形商品的交易，现代商法除调整有形商品的交易外，还调整无形商品的交易，如国际技术转让、国际投资、国际融资等。

§小思考1-2：一个住所在法国的法国籍男子在19岁时与一个住所在英国年龄已有25岁的英国籍女子结了婚，双方父母对其婚姻的有效性产生争议。

一家英国的企业与中国的加工厂签订了供货协议，但履行过程中双方发生争议。

问：这两个合同哪个属于国际商法的调整范围？考核知识点：国际商法的“商”属性。

3.“法”属性国际商法并不是一部单独的法律规范或法典，而是相关的各类法律规范的总和。

其中既有实体法的内容，也包含部分程序法的内容。

§知识小贴士§——实体法与程序法的区别根据法律规定内容的不同来进行划分，可以分为实体法和程序法。

实体法是规定和确认权利和义务以及职权和责任为主要内容的法律，如宪法、行政法、民法、商法、刑法等等；程序法是规定以保证权利和职权得以实现或行使，义务和责任得以履行的有关程序为主要内容的法律，如行政诉讼法、行政程序法、民事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法等等。

（二）国际商法的主体国际商法的主体既包括参加商事活动的国家和国际组织，也包括不同国家的法人、非法人组织和自然人。

第一章商法导论第一节商法概述胡佳116020193一、商的概念（一）商事又称为“商”。

（二）一般常识的“商”：它依不同社会条件和历史条件而有不同的内容。

（三）经济学上的“商”：它是指以营利为目的，直接媒介财货交易之行为。

（四）商法上的“商”：它是指一切营利性营业活动和事业的总称。

Pay attention:现代商法中的商事的范围“第一种商”（“固有商”）：直接媒介财货交易。

如买卖商交易。

“第二种商”（“辅助商”）：间接以媒介货物交易为目的的营业活动。

如货物运输。

“第三种商”：“行为性质”与前两者有密切联系或者为其提供商业条件的营业活动。

如银行。

“第四种商”：仅与“辅助商”或第三种商有牵连关系的营业活动。

如广告宣传。

二、商法的概念（一）英美法系的商法概念—Commercial Law，Business Law，Mercantile Law和Law Merchant（二）大陆法系的商法概念法国：规范商行为的法律。

德国：适用于商人的特别私法。

台湾：调整商事活动的法律规范的总称。

（三）我国的商法概念1.商法是调整商事关系的法律。

2.商法是调整商人以及商事活动的法律。

3.商法是市场交易行为的基本准则。

4.本书作者：商法应当是规范市场主体和市场行为的法律规范的总称。

三、商法的分类古代商法时代特征中世纪商法近代商法和现代商法英美法系商法法系大陆法系商法形式商法：以“商法”为名称指制定的法典。

表现形式实质商法：一切调整商事关系的法律规范的总称。

广义商法国际商法范围国内商法商公法商私法狭义商法：调整国内商事关系的商事私法，即国内商法中的商事私法四、商法的调整对象—商事关系（一）概念：商法调整对象是指由商法规范（实质意义上的商法）所调整的特定范围—商法关系，即因从事营业行为所引起的社会经济关系以及与此相联系的社会关系的总和。

（二）特点：1.商事关系是发生在平等商事主体之间的社会经济关系；2.商事关系是商事主体基于营利目的而建立的。