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Anti-Duhring
反杜林论
Frederick Engels
弗里德里希·恩格斯
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Part I: Philosophy IX. Morality andБайду номын сангаасLaw
Eternal Truths
(excerpt )
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Para One
If, then , we have not made much progress with truth and error, we can make even less with good and evil. This opposition manifests itself exclusively in the domain of morals, that is , a domain belonging to the history of mankind, and it is precisely in this field that final and ultimate truths are most sparsely sown.(1)
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Which, then, is the true one? Not one of them, in the sense of absolute finality; but certainly that morality contains the maximu elements promising permanence which, in the present, represents the overthrow of the present, represents the future, and that is proletarian morality (5).
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that men, consciously or unconsciously, derive their ethical ideas in the last resort(6) from the pracitical relations on which their class position is based ――From the economic relations in which they carry on production and exchange.
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Alongside theese we find the modernbourgeois morality and beside it also the proletarian morality of the futrue, so that in the most advanced European countries alone the past, present and future provide three great groups of moral theories which are in force(4) simultaneously and alongside each other.
3
The conceptions of good and evil have varied so much from nation to nation and from age to age that they have often been in direct contradicton to each other. ――but all the same(2), someone may object, good is not evil and evil is not good, if good is confused with evil, there is an end to all morality, and everyone can do as he pleases.
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Para Three
But nevertheless there is a great deal which the three moral theories mentioned above have in common ――is this not at least a portion of a morality which is fixed once and
5
What morality is preached to us today? There is first Christian-feudal morality, inherited from earlier religious times; and this is divided, essentially , into a Catholic and a Protestant morality, each of which has no lack of subdivisions, from the Jesuit-Catholic and OrthodoxProtestant to loose “enlightened”moralities.
4
――This is also, stripped of all oracular phrases , Herr Duhring’s opinon. But the matter cannont be so simply disposed of. If it were such an easy business there would certainly be no dispute at all over good and evil; everyone would know what was good and what was bad. But how do things stand today ?{3}
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Para Two But when we see that the three classes of modren society, the feudal aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, each have a morality of their own,we can only draw one conclusion:
