综英Unit-8-Two-Truths-to-Live-By上课讲义

Unit 8Two Truths to Live ByLanguage WorkParagraph 1“when to hold fast and when to let go”Paraphrase: when to grasp something in your hand firmly and when to release it“For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment.”Paraphrase: For life is a paradox: On one side, it encourages us to hold on to all those beautiful things it can offer us, on the other side, it commands us to let all of them go in the end.paradox n. a situation which is strange because it involves two qualities that could not be true at the same timeHere, the author means that you need to hold fast to something that you must let go of eventually.enjoin vt. to strongly advise or order someone to do somethinge.g. The proposed law enjoins employers to give workers time off to care for sickchildren and ageing parents.He enjoined caution about believing what they told us.The rabbis of old: The rabbis in ancient timesParagraph 2“Surely we ought to hold fa st to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of the earth.”Paraphrase:We must value every day we live, for it is surprisingly good, and from every little hole on the earth something beautiful springs up.wondrous adj. extremely and surprisingly goode.g. a wondrous sight/soundOur new improved face cream has wondrous effects on tired-looking skin.pore n. one of the very small holes in your skin that sweat can pass throughe.g. Sweat passes through the pores and cools the body down.Pimples form when pores become blocked with dirt.The border in this region is porous and many refugees have simply walked across.only in our backward glance: only as we examine our lives in retrospectParagraph 3“We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned.”Paraphrase: We’ll always remember a beauty that dimmed or a love that diminished.wane v. if a feeling or power wanes, it becomes weaker or less importante.g. By the late seventies the band’s popularity was beginning t o wane.Public interest in environmental issues tends to wane during a recession.Paragraph 5“The required machines were located in a building at the opposite end of the hospital, so I had to be wheeled across the courtyard on a gurney.”Paraphrase: I was pushed across the courtyard on a gurney to the other side of the hospital where the necessary equipment was, in order to take some tests.wheel v.to move something that has wheels by pushing it; to publicly produce someone or something and sue them to help you achieve something; to turn around suddenlye.g. Doctors put her on a respirator and wheeled her downstairs to the intensive careunit.Every time we have this argument you wheel out the same old statistics, and I’mstill not convinced!She wheeled round and slapped him in the face.Paragraph 6“... the sunlight hit me.”Paraphrase: ... the sunlight suddenly shone upon me with force.Notice the word “hit”. It carries the meaning of affecting someone with considerable force.“That’s all there was to my experience.”Paraphrase: That is the only thing I experienced at that moment — the sunlight.Paragraph 7“Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.”Paraphrase:Then I remembered how often I, too, had ignored the magnificence of each day, since I was too busy with insignificant and even unpleasant things.preoccupy vt. (preoccupation n.) if something preoccupies you, you think about it a lot, or it takes a lot of your timee.g. She’s been very preoccupied recently because her mother has been very ill.My main preoccupation now is trying to keep life normal for the sake of my two boys.petty adj. (pettiness n.) not important and not worth worrying about; unkind and caring too much about small unimportant thingse.g. Don’t be so petty!It was the pettiness of their arguments that irritated her.splendor n. great beauty which attracts admiration and attentione.g. They bought a decaying 16th century manor house and restored it to its originalsplendor.So many writers have described the splendors of Venice.Paragraph 8“The insight gleaned from that experience is really as commonplace as was the experience itsel f: life’s gifts are precious —but we are too heedless of them.”Paraphrase: What we have learned from that experience is, in fact, nothing unusual: Life is full of wonderful experiences, but we seldom give them the attention they deserve.glean vt.to learn small pieces of information by asking questions or watching or listening carefullye.g. They’re leaving on Tuesday — I managed to glean that much from them.Their decisions were based on financial information gleaned from the Internet.commonplace adj. happening frequently or often seen or experienced and so not considered to be speciale.g. Home computers are increasingly commonplace.It is now commonplace for people to use the Internet at home.heedless adj.not giving attention to a risk or possible difficultye.g. Heedless destruction of the rainforests is contributing to global warming.Heedless of the terrible noise all around, the boy carried on with his work.Paragraph 9“Never be too busy for the wonder and the awe of life.”Paraphrase: We should always manage to squeeze some time out of our daily routine to show respect to the marvels and wonders of life.awe n. a feeling of great respect and admiration, often combined with feare.g. I’ve always held musicians in awe.As children we were rather in awe of our grandfather.We stood there in awed silence.Paragraph 10“Hold fast to life ... but not so fast that you cannot let go.”Paraphrase: Cherish every day we live ... but when it is time to give things up, we should be able to do so.let go: to stop holding something or someone; to stop worrying or thinking too much about something; to relax completely and enjoy yourselfe.g. Hold on tight and don’t let go!I know what he said wasn’t strictly accurate but I let it go anyway.It’s a party —let yourself go!Paragraph 11“But then life moves along to confront us with realities, and slowly but surely this second truth dawns upon us.”Paraphrase: But then life goes on and we have to face realities. Little by little, we are sure to become aware of the second truth.dawn v. if something such as a thought or a feeling dawns, you begin to realize, understand, or feel ite.g. It eventually dawned that they would never be coming back.Realization of the danger soon dawned on us.We had trusted him for many years, but gradually the truth about him dawned. Paragraph 12“At every stage of life we sustain losses —and grow in the process.”Paraphrase: At every stage of life we suffer losses — and we mature in the process.sustain vt. to suffer damage, an injury or loss of moneye.g. She sustained multiple injuries in the accident.Most buildings sustained only minimal damage in the earthquake.The company has sustained heavy losses this year“... when we emerge from the womb and lose its protective shelter.” Paraphrase: ... when we are born and lose the protection of our mother’s womb.“enter a progression of schools”Paraphrase: enter schools one after another in a progressive way (from kindergarten to college)childhood homehomes where we spend our childhood“... as the parable of the open and closed hand suggests ...”Paraphrase: Here the author refers to the saying of the rabbis in ancient times mentioned inParagraph 13“But why should we be reconciled to life’s contradictory demands?” Paraphrase:But why should we be prepared to accept life’s paradoxical demands?reconcile vt. (reconciliation n.) to find a way to make ideas, beliefs, needs, etc. that are opposed to each other capable of existing togethere.g. It’s difficult to reconcile suc h different points of view.How can you reconcile your fur coat with your love of animals?It took hours of negotiation to bring about a reconciliation between the two sides.Paragraph 14“In order to resolve this paradox, we must seek a wider perspectiv e, viewing our lives as through windows that open on eternity.”Paraphrase: In order to get to the bottom of this paradox, we must try to see further and wider. Then we’ll be able to realize that human life is something that can last for ever.perspective n. a way of thinking about somethinge.g. Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject.Because of its geographical position, Germany’s perspective on the situation inEastern Europe is rather different from Britain’s.Total investments for this year reached ￡53 million, and, to put this intoperspective, investments this year were double those made last year.Paragraph 15“The institutions we build endure, and we will endure through them.” Paraphrase: The social systems and customs we create will continue to exist, and thus our influence also.“Our flesh may perish, our hands will wither, but that which they create in beauty and goodness and truth lives on for all time to come.”Paraphrase: Our body may die, our hands will become dry and decay, but the beauty, the goodness, and the truth that they have created will continue to exist for eternity.perish v.to die, usually because of an illness or something that happens suddenlye.g. Three hundred people perished in the earthquake.Sunlight has caused the rubber to perish.Me, get married? Perish the thought.wither vi. to become weaker or smaller and then disappeare.g. Grass had withered in the fields.withered leaves/flowersThere was some debate as to whether the benefit scheme should be withdrawnor simply allowed to wither on the vine.Paragraph 16“Pursue not so much the material as the ideal, for ideals alone invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth.”Paraphrase: Do not put too much value on the material, because only ideals can add meaning to life and be of lasting value.pursue vt. to follow a course of activity; to try to achieve somethinge.g. The hunters spent hours pursuing their prey.He’s been pursuing her for months and yet she’s so clearly not interested.The press has pursued this story relentlessly.She is ruthless in pursuing her goals.Paragraph 17“Add justice to the far-flung round of human endeavor and you have civilization”Paraphrase:We will have civilization, if we add justice to our continuous efforts far and wide.“... you have a future lighted with the radiant colors of hope.”Paraphrase: ... you have a bright future full of hope.radiant adj. very bright; someone who is radiant looks extremely happye.g. He gave a radiant smile when he heard her news.He was struck by the radiance of her smile.A single beam of light radiated from the lighthouse.。

two truths to live by课文课件全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Two Truths to Live By1. Truth #1: Treat Others as You Would Like to Be TreatedThe golden rule, “treat others as you would like to be treated,” is a fundamental principle that can help us create harmonious relationships with others. When we treat others with kindness, respect, and empathy, we are more likely to receive the same treatment in return. By showing love and compassion to those around us, we can build a strong support system and create a positive environment for ourselves and others.第二篇示例：在我们的日常生活中，有许多值得我们遵循的真理和道理。

在这篇文章中，我们将探讨两个可以帮助我们更好生活的真理。

这两个真理是：诚实和善良。

这两个真理是我们在日常生活中应该遵循的基本原则，并且可以帮助我们建立更加积极、正面的人生态度。

第一个真理是诚实。

诚实是一个人最基本的品质之一，也是构建良好人际关系的基础。

在我们的日常生活中，经常会遇到需要说谎的情况，但是诚实才是我们应该遵循的原则。

只有诚实才能建立信任，而信任是人与人之间互相依赖的基础。

不管是在工作、家庭还是社交圈中，诚实都是至关重要的。

另一个真理是善良。

善良是一个人品德的象征，也是我们应该保持的态度。

大学英语综合教程2UNIT8environmental cancer run against the grain either________ ________ ________ ________ environment cataract contemporary proposition________ ________ ________ ________ sensitivity plankton worship consumption________ ________ ________ ________ belief reality to the point of come through ________ ________ ________ ________ democracy speculative excess in part________ ________ ________ ________ conflicting consequence organism dependence________ ________ ________ ________ conflict deadly spiritual ridiculous________ ________ ________ ________ proposal melt nothing more than sentimentalism ________ ________ ________ ________ restriction urgent sentimental deny________ ________ ________ ________ regulation universal selective attainable________ ________ ________ ________in the name of unashamedly Bengali attain________ ________ ________ ________ distinguish man-centered jungle disrupt________ ________ ________ ________ regardless call for current breeding ground ________ ________ ________ ________ fundamental on the grounds of debate breed________ ________ ________ ________ environmentalism self-preservation rage reindeer________ ________ ________ ________ combat sentimentalize wildlife Arctic________ ________ ________ ________ ecological creature refuge mate________ ________ ________ ________ atmosphere resistance work one’s way similarly________ ________ ________ ________ ozone voter congress owl________ ________ ________ ________ layer vote exploration aesthetic________ ________ ________ ________ reduction snail darter conserve livelihood________ ________ ________ ________（自然）环境的癌，恶性肿瘤与…格格不入；违反意愿只能两者选择其一的________ ________ ________ ________环境白内障当代的，现代的提议；命题________ ________ ________ ________敏感（性）浮游生物崇拜，崇敬消费（量）________ ________ ________ ________信念；相信现实；真实达到…的程度经历；从…活下来________ ________ ________ ________民主（制度）猜测性的，推测的过渡，无节制在某种程度上；部分地________ ________ ________ ________不一致的，冲突的后果，结果生物体，有机体依靠，依赖________ ________ ________ ________冲突vi. 致命的，毁灭性的精神的；非物质的可笑的，荒谬的________ ________ ________ ________提议，建议融化，溶化无异于；只不过感情用事；多愁善感________ ________ ________ ________限制；限制性规定紧急的；急迫的感情用事的；多愁善感的不给；不准________ ________ ________ ________规章；规定全世界的；普遍的选择的；有选择性的可达到的；可得到的________ ________ ________ ________以…为由坦然地，满不在乎地孟加拉人；孟加拉语达到；取得________ ________ ________ ________区别，辨别以人为中心的杂乱无章的事物；丛林使陷于混乱；干扰________ ________ ________ ________不顾一切地；无论如何要求当前的，现在的动物繁殖的地方________ ________ ________ ________基本的，根本的因为；以…为理由辩论，争论繁殖；产________ ________ ________ ________环境保护论；环境论自我保护激烈的进行驯鹿________ ________ ________ ________斗争，战斗感情用事地对待野生动植物北极（的），北极圈（的）________ ________ ________ ________生态的；生态学的生物庇护所；避难处（使）交配________ ________ ________ ________大气；气氛反对，反抗设法抵达；努力达到目标同样地，相同地________ ________ ________ ________臭氧投票者，选举人国会；立法机关猫头鹰________ ________ ________ ________层投票选举勘查，探测；探索美学的；美感的；美的________ ________ ________ ________减少蜗牛鱼保护，保存生计________ ________ ________ ________logging accommodate lesser moderate________ ________ ________ ________log fate pollutant concern________ ________ ________ ________ distinction bind generatorframe________ ________ ________ ________ charge e.g. fatal frame of mind ________ ________ ________ ________ well-being atmospheric ecosystem humanistic________ ________ ________ ________ accommodate threat________ ________106 words伐木业适应；容纳n. 较小的，更少的，次要的适中的；适度的________ ________ ________ ________砍伐；伐（木）命运；结局污染物有利害关系的事；担忧________ ________ ________ ________区别，差别捆；将…绑在一起发电机状态；框架________ ________ ________ ________被照顾的人例如致命的；毁灭性的心绪；心境________ ________ ________ ________幸福；福祉大气的生态系统人本主义的________ ________ ________ ________适应新的情况；迁就威胁________ ________106 单词。

Two Truths to Live byHold fast, and let go: Understand this paradox, and you stand at the very gate of wisdomAlexander M. SchindlerCommencement speech at the University of South Carolina in 1987The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox: it enjoins us to cling to its many gifts even while it ordains their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way: “A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open.Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God's own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.A recent experience re-taught me this truth. I was hospitalized following a severe heart attack and had been in intensive care for several days. It was not a pleasant place.One morning, I had to have some additional tests. The required machines were located in a building at the opposite end of the hospital, so I had to be wheeled across the courtyard on a gurney.As we emerged from our unit, the sunlight hit me. That's all there was to my experience. Just the light of the sun. And yet how beautiful it was--how warming, how sparkling, how brilliant!I looked to see whether anyone else relished the sun's golden glow, but everyone was hurrying to and fro, most with eyes fixed on the ground. Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.The insight gleaned from that experience is really as commonplace as was the experience itself: life's gifts are precious--but we are too heedless of them.Here then is the first pole of life's paradoxical demands on us: Never too busy for the wonder and the awe of life. Be reverent before each dawning day. Embrace each hour. Seize each golden minute.Hold fast to life...but not so fast that you cannot let go. This is the second side of life's coin, the opposite pole of its paradox: we must accept our losses, and learn how to let go.This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay, will, be ours.But then life moves along to confront us with realities, and slowly but surely this second truth dawns upon us.At every stage of life we sustain losses--and grow in the process .We begin our independent lives only when we emerge from the womb and lose its protective shelter.We enter a progression of schools, then we leave our mothers and fathers and our childhood homes. We get married and have children and then have to let them go. We confront the death of our parents and our spouses. We face the gradual or not sogradual waning of our own strength.And ultimately, as the parable of the open and closed hand suggests, we must confront the inevitability of our own demise, losing ourselves, as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be.But why should we be reconciled to life's contradictory demands Why fashion things of beauty when beauty is evanescent Why give our heart in love when those we love will ultimately be torn from our graspIn order to resolve this paradox, we must seek a wider perspective, viewing our lives as through windows that open on eternity. Once we do that, we realize that though our lives are finite, our deeds on earth weave a timeless pattern.Life is never just being. It is a becoming, a relentless flowing on. Our parents live on through us, and we will live on through our children. The institutions we build endure, and we will endure through them. The beauty we fashion cannot be dimmed by death.Our flesh may perish, our hands will wither, but that which they create in beauty and goodness and truth lives on for all time to come. Don't spend and waste your lives accumulating objects that will only turn to dust and ashes. Pursue not so much the material as the ideal, for ideals alone invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth.Add love to a house and you have a home. Add righteousness to a city and you have a community.Add truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school. Add religion to the humblest of edifices and you have a sanctuary. Add justice to the far-flung round of humanendeavor and you have civilization.Put them all together, exalt them above their present imperfections, add to them the vision of humankind redeemed, forever free of need and strife and you have a future lighted with the radiant colors of hope.人生的两条真理抓紧与放松：理解了这一悖论，你便立于智慧之门亚历山大·辛德勒1987年在南卡罗来那大学毕业典礼上的演讲生活的艺术就是要懂得适时地收与放，因为生活本身即是一种悖论：一方面，它让我们依恋于它所赋予的各种馈赠；另一方面，又注定了我们对这些礼物最终的弃绝。

高级英语课后答案（期末考试总复习）Unit 1 A Class Act2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.1). Johnny is so ingenious (ingenuity) —he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.2). So what is his prescription (prescribe) for success?3). I cannot allow any relaxation (relax) of the rules.4). All pupils are expected to attend the school assembly (assemble).5). She has the most adorable (adore) two-year-old daughter.6). To the mortification (mortify) of the show’s organizers, t he top performers withdrew at the last minute.7). She was wearing a black suit trimmed (trim) with white.8). I didn’t know what to say — I just offered a few words of consolation (console).9). I didn’t want to lose my composure (compose) in front of her.10). She looked a bit dejected (dejection) when she was told that she hadn’t got the job.3. Fill in the blank(s) in each sentence with a phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.drag into | speak up for | rife with | of one’s own accordration out | single out | trudge through | beside oneselfin place | on the warpath | see through | comply with1). The office was rife with rumors.2). Ann rationed out the cake between the children.3). The arrangements are all in place for the concert next Thursday.4). There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.5). The course would take me three years to complete, but I was determined to see it through.6). She has often spoken up for the rights of working mothers.7). If there was one thing she couldn’t face in the morning it was her mother on the warpath.8). He was beside himself with grief when she died.9). Don’t drag me into your a rgument! It has nothing to do with me.10). I spent the whole weekend trudging through this report, and I still haven’t finished reading it.11). She came of her own accord. No one asked her to come.12). It’s not fair the way my sister is always singled o ut for special treatment.IV. Translation1).这家公司是由几名有事业心的年轻人创立的。

教案授课单元Unit 8 Book 2本（章）节授课方式课堂讲授（√）实践课（）教学时数 6授课要点本（章）节教学目标1. master the basic language and skills necessary to ask for and give reasons;2. understand the main ideas of Text A, Text B and Text C, and master theuseful sentence structures and words and expressions found in theexercises relevant to the first two texts3. know how to use the inverted order4. know how to write an email5. understand paragraph development教学重点和难点In the Listening and Speaking section, learn how to ask for and give reasons. In the Reading and Writing section, read three passages about science and technology. Text A was written at the turn of the 21st century and the writer predicted the top five scientific developments of the coming century.Text B concerns issues of safety that must be guaranteed when the frontier of science and technology is being pushed back. Text C deals with the issue of recycling.思考题或作业1. What do you think of the writer’s predictions about the 21st century? Use your imagination to discuss people’s lives in the future when the writer’s predictions may come true.2. Can you add more predictions to those of the writer? Make your own predictions to your classmates and see if any of them coincides with (与…不谋而合) your classmates.教学内容与组织安排1st period Text A (Global Reading)2nd period Text A (Detailed Reading)3rd period Grammar Review4 th period Practical Writing5th period Text B6th period Improve Your Reading SkillsPart 1 Text A StudyBackground knowledge1) James TrefilAs an award-winning author and physicist, James Trefil has written more than 25 books on a range of science topics. He’s a contributor to National Public Radio and Smithsonian Magazine, and a physics professor at Virginia’s Geor ge Mason University, U.S.A.The 20th century produced scientific and technological change at a dizzying pace-greater than in any other century in history. But the 21st century, the dawn of the new millennium, may well see even more dramatic change driven by advances in science and technology.On these pages are my predictions for the top scientific developments we’ll see in the next 100 years, in the order I think they’ll happen.2) Modern Science (20th century)a. GeneticsAt the beginning of the 20th century, the life sciences entered a period of rapid progress. Mendel’s work in genetics was rediscovered in 1900, and by 1910 biologists had become convinced that genes are located in chromosomes, the threadlike structures that contain proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). During the 1940s American biochemists discovered that DNA taken from one kind of bacterium could influence the characteristics of another. From these experiments, it became clear that DNA is the chemical After American biochemist James Watson and British biophysicist Francis Crick established the structure of DNA in 1953, geneticists became able to understand heredity in chemical terms. Since then, progress in this field has been astounding. Scientists have identified the complete genome, or genetic catalog, of the human body (see Human Genome Project). In many cases, scientists now know how individual genes become activated and what effects they have in the human body. Genes can now be transferred from one species to another, side-stepping the normal processes of heredity and creating hybrid organisms that are unknown in the natural world (see Transgenic Organism).b. MedicineAt the turn of the 20th century, Dutch physician Christiaan Eijkman showed that disease can be caused not only by microorganisms but by a dietary deficiency of certain substances now called vitamins. In 1909 German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich introduced the world’s first bactericide, a chemical designed to kill specific kinds of bacteria without killing the patient’s cells as well. Following the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by British bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming, antibiotics joined medicine’s chemical armory, making the fight against bacterial infection almost a routine matter. Antibiotics cannot act against viruses, but vaccines have been used to great effect to prevent some of the deadliest viral diseases. Smallpox, once aworldwide killer, was completely eradicated by the late 1970s, and in the United States the number of polio cases dropped from 38,000 in the 1950s to less than 10 a year by the 21st century.By the middle of the 20th century scientists believed they were well on the way to treating, preventing, or eradicating many of the most deadly infectious diseases that had plagued humankind for centuries. But by the 1980s the medical community’s confidence in its ability to control infectious diseases had been shaken by the emergence of new types of disease-causing microorganisms. New cases of tuberculosis developed, caused by bacteria strains that were resistant to antibiotics. New, deadly infections for which there was no known cure also appeared, including the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.In other fields of medicine, the diagnosis of disease has been revolutionized by the use of new imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. Scientists were also on the verge of success in curing some diseases using gene therapy, in which the insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into a patient’s cells replaces nonfunctional or missing genes.Improved drugs and new tools have made surgical operations that were once considered impossible now routine. For instance, drugs that suppress the immune system enable the transplant of organs or tissues with a reduced risk of rejection (see Medical Transplantation). Endoscopy permits the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a wide variety of ailments using minimally invasive surgery. Advances in high-speed fiber-optic connections permit surgery on a patient using robotic instruments controlled by surgeons at another location. Known as telemedicine, this form of medicine makes it possible for skilled physicians to treat patients in remote locations or places that lack medical help.c. Social SciencesIn the 20th century the social sciences emerged from relative obscurity to become prominent fields of research. Austrian physician Sigmund Freud founded the practice of psychoanalysis, creating a revolution in psychology that led him to be called the “Copernicus of the mind.”In 1948 the American biologist Alfred Kinsey published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which proved to be one of the best-selling scientific works of all time. Although criticized for his methodology and conclusions, Kinsey succeeded in making human sexuality an acceptable subject for scientific research. The 20th century also brought dramatic discoveries in the field of anthropology, with new fossil finds helping to piece together the story of human evolution. A completely new and surprising source of anthropological information became available from studies of the DNA in mitochondria, cell structures that provide energy to fuel the cell’s activities. Mitochondrial DNA has been used to track certain genetic diseases and to trace the ancestry of a variety of organisms, including humans.d. Three Mile IslandThree Mile Island is an island in theSusquehanna River in Dauphin County,Pennsylvania, near Harrisburg, of area 3.29km2 (814 acres). The name is most commonlyassociated with an accident at the Three MileIsland Nuclear Generating Station on March28, 1979, when reactor TMI-2 suffered apartial core meltdown.No identifiable injuries due to radiation occurred (although a government report by L. Battist et. al. stated that “the projected number of excess fatal cancers due to the accident …is approximately one.”) It was, however, a serious economic and public relations disaster. It also furthered a serious decline in the public popularity of nuclear power.e. The Chernobyl AccidentThere have been different reports about the consequences of the accident. Two different versions have been presented below.In 1986, an explosion and fire at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, near Kiev, released large amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Nuclear fallout from the accident caused many health and environmental problems.Soviet officials claimed only 31 people died from the accident and about 200 were seriously injured. But in the early 1990’s, Ukrainian officials estimated that 6,000 to 8,000 people died as a result of the explosion and its aftermath. The disaster has caused high rates of cancer and other illnesses in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.Part 2. Text global reading1) Have you ever thought about how advances in science and technology may change our world in a hundred years? Can you predict what people will be able to do then? Now talk to your classmates, make a list of the possible breakthroughs you can think of and discuss the ways people may make use of them.2. Reading AnalysisPart One Introductory remarks about predictions for the 21st centuryPart Two 5 predictionsPart 3. Detailed learning1. top: most important; best 最重要的；最好的eg. Ours is one of the world’s top engineering companies.2. breakthrough n. important development or discovery, esp. in scientific knowledge（尤指科学知识上的）重大进展(或发现)，突破eg. Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.eg. Breakthroughs in nuclear research have led to the development of nuclear bombs.3. technology n. (the study and knowledge of) the practical, esp. industrial, use of scientific discoveries 技术(学)，工艺(学)；工业技术eg. the Science and technology have caused major changes in the way we live.eg. Modern technology has opened our eyes to many things.4. millennium / /: n. period of 1,000 years 一千年，千年期eg. Ten decades are a century, and ten centuries are a millennium.eg. events which took place at the turn of the last millennium5. prediction: n. a statement about what is going to happen 预言，预测eg. His prediction is no better than a wild guess.eg. Many of his predictions are coming true.6. refine vt. remove impurities from (sth.), purify; improve (sth.) by removing defects and attending to detail 提炼，精炼；提纯；使变得完善eg. Oil must be refined before it can be used.eg. Engineers are working on developing and refining the car engines.eg. This theory still needs a little refining.7. extraordinary a. beyond what is ordinary; very unusual; remarkable 不平常的，不普通的；非常的；特别的；非凡的eg. He’s the most extraordinary man I’ve ever met.eg. The man’s story was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not.8. die of: die because 因…而死；死于eg. She died of cancer two years ago.eg. The animals died of hunger in the snow.9. thanks to: because of, owing to 因为，由eg. Today, thanks to the Internet, you can do your Christmas shopping from home.eg. We had great success — thanks to a lot of hard work.eg. The baby is awake, thanks to your shouting10. damage :1). n. harm or destruction done to sb./sth. 损害；损坏；毁坏；破坏eg. The flood has caused a lot of damage.eg. Watching TV all the time may do damage to your eyes.2) vt. cause damage to 损害；损坏；毁坏eg. Smoking can severely damage your health.eg. The building has been severely damaged by fire.11. push sb. to do sth.: 催促某人做某事eg. My parents keep pushing me to get a good job.eg. They pushed him hard to take up science.12. effect n. result; influence 结果；效果；影响eg. To solve this problem, we must understand the relationship between cause and effect.eg. This drug can have a serious effect on one’s health.13. ecosystem /μEτσIσ7ϑEκ:ι5/: n. ecological unit consisting of a group of plants andliving creatures interacting with each other and with their surroundings 生态系统eg. All animals are important for maintaining a healthy ecosystem.14. complex /κ5Zσκελπμ/: a. difficult to understand or explain because there aremany different parts 复杂的eg. a complex system of highwayseg. This is a very complex issue.eg. We have got a lot of complex problems to solve.15. in operation: (of a machine, etc.) working; (of a plan, activity, organized process)being carried out; active （机器等）工作中；运转着；（计划、活动、有组织的程序）实施中；起作用，生效eg. The nuclear reactor has been in operation since 1985.eg. Over 20 programmers are in operation to educate the young people in this country.eg. Is this rule in operation yet?16. and so on: and more of the same kind 等等eg. If you were brought to a completely new country for a long-term stay,eg. How would you cope with the language, the weather, the people, and so on?eg. There was quite a lot to eat at the dinner party. We had meat, fish, vegetables and so on.17. come full circle: return to the starting point after a series of events, experiences, etc. 兜了个圈子回到原处eg. Sooner or later, fashion comes full circle.eg. The Smiths have come full circle from wealth to poverty to wealth again. Part 4. Grammar learning倒装（Inversion）谓语全部或部分放在主语之前的语法现象称为倒装。

Unit 8 Focus on Global WarmingSection One Pre-reading ActivitiesCultural information1. Global warmingGlobal warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth‘s near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which results from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of subtropical deserts. Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects include changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural yields.Section Two Global ReadingI Text analysis1.From which perspectives does the text address the issue of global warming?The text addresses the issue from three perspectives — the general public concern, its causes and consequences, and practical actions to tackle the problem.2.What’s the author’s purpose of writing?To raise people’s consciousness of the potential dangers of global warming, and to suggest some actions to combat it.II Structural analysis2. Figure out the sub-ideas in the second part.1) the causes of the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Paragraphs 3 and4)2) the effect of such concentration on climate change (Paragraphs 5 and 6)3) the potential threat of global warming to human health and survival (Paragraph 7)Section Three Detailed ReadingText IFocus on Global WarmingJohn Weier1Twenty-five years ago if you made a trip to the local library and perused the periodical section for articles on global warming, you’d probably have come up with only a few abstracts from hardcore science journals or maybe a blurb in some esoteric geopolitical magazine. As an Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in our public consciousness as Madonna2 or microwave cooking.12Perhaps all this attention is deserved. With the possible exception of another world war, giant asteroid, or an incurable plague, global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet.2For decades human factories and cars have spewed billions of tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the climate has begun to show some signs of warming. Many see this as a harbinger of what is to come.3If we don’t curb our greenhouse gas emissions, then low-lying nations could be awash in seawater, rain and drought patterns across the world could change, hurricanes could become more frequent, and El Ninos could become more intense.Our Warming Planet3What has worried many people now is that over the past 250 years humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Our factories, power plants, and cars burn coal and gasoline and spit out a seemingly endless stream of carbon dioxide. We produce millions of pounds of methane by allowing our trash to decompose in landfills and by breeding large herds of methane-belching cattle.Nitrogen-based fertilizers, which we use on nearly all our crops, release unnatural amounts of nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere.4Once these carbon-based greenhouse gases get into the atmosphere, they stay there for decades or longer. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide levels have increased 31 percent and methane levels have increased 151 percent. Paleoclimate readings taken from fossil records show that these gases, two of the most abundant greenhouse gases, are at their highest levels in the past 420,000 years. Many scientists fear that the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have prevented additional thermal radiation from leaving the Earth. In essence, these gases are trapping excess heat in the Earth’s atmosphere in much the same way that a windshield traps solar energy that enters a car.45Much of the available climate data appear to back these fears.5Temperature data gathered from many different sources all across the globe show that the surface temperature of the Earth, which includes the lower atmosphere and the surface of the ocean, has risen dramatically over several decades. Worldwide measurements of sea level show a rise of 0.1 to 0.2 meters over the last century. That’s an increase of roughly 1℃every 4,000 years. Readings gathered from glaciers reveal a steady recession of the world’s continental glaciers. Taken together, all of these data suggest that over the last century the planet has experienced the largest increase in surface temperature in 1,000 years.6Not surprisingly, many scientists speculate that such changes in the climate will probably result in hotter days and fewer cool days.6According to the IPCC, land surface areas will increase in temperature over the summer months much more than the ocean.The mid-latitude to high-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere — areas such as the Continental United States, Canada, and Siberia — will likely warm the most. These regions could exceed mean global warming by as much as 40 percent.7As far as human health is concerned, those hit hardest will probably be residents of poorer countries that do not have the funds to fend against changes in climate.7 A slight increase in heat and rain in equatorial regions would likely spark an increase in vector-borne diseases such as malaria. More intense rains and hurricanes could cause more severe flooding and more deaths in coastal regions and along riverbeds. Even a moderate rise in sea level could threaten the coastlines of low-lying islands such as the Maldives. All across the globe, hotter summers could lead to more cases of heatstroke and deaths among those who are vulnerable, such as older people with heart problems. The warmer temperatures may also lead to higher levels of near-surface ozone from cars and factories, which would likely cause more perilous air quality days and hospital admissions for those with respiratory problems.Taking Actions8Fortunately, we can take actions to slow down global warming.8Global warming results primarily from human activities that release heat-trapping gases and particles into the air. The most important causes include the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, and deforestation. To reduce the emission of heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, we can curb our consumption of fossil fuels, use technologies that reduce the amount of emissions wherever possible, and protect the forests in the world.9We can also do things to mitigate the impacts of global warming and adapt to those most likely to occur,9 e.g., through careful planning and other strategies that reduce our vulnerability to global warming.10But we can’t stop there. We are also advocating policies that will combat global warming over the long term, things like clean cars that run on alternative fuels, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests.11Clearly, global warming is a huge problem. It will take everyone —governments, industry, communities and individuals working together to make a real difference.Fortunately you can be part of them.Paragraphs 1-2Questions1. Why have people shown increasing concern about global warming? (Paragraph 2)The answer lies in the second paragraph: it is a harbinger of what is to come — the threat to low-lying nations, change of rain and drought patterns, frequent hurricanes and intense El Ninos.Words and Expressions1. peruse vt. to read through something, especially in order to find the part you are interested ine.g. He opened a newspaper and began to peruse the personal ads.Derivation:perusal n.e.g. a brief perusalHe sent a copy of the report to the governors for their perusal.2. periodical n. a publication that appears at fixed intervals, esp. one of a serious kinde.g. She has written for several legal periodicals.Derivation:period n.periodic a. occurring or appearing at (esp. regular) intervals 定期的，周期的periodically ad.3. come up with to think of an idea, plan, reply, etc.e.g. No one has come up with a convincing explanation of why dinosaurs died out.The scientists are beating their brains trying to come up with a solution to the problem.4. attest vt. / vi. to demonstrate, to declare to be truee.g. The luxurious furnishings attested to the family’s wealth.The perfection of their design is attested by the fact that they have survived for thousands of years.Collocation:attest (to) sth.Derivation:attestation n.5. consciousness n.1) the condition of being awake and understanding what is happeninge.g. When will the patient regain his consciousness?The blow caused him to lose consciousness.2) all the ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc. of a person or peoplee.g. Love for freedom runs deep in the national consciousness.This experience helped to change her social consciousness.Collocation:consciousness of sth. / that … awareness of sth. / that …e.g. Her consciousness that she’s different makes her feel uneasy.regain / recover consciousness 恢复意识，恢复知觉lose consciousness 失去意识，失去知觉Antonym:unconsciousnessComparison:subconscious a.潜意识的conscience n.良心conscientious a.（指人或行为）认真的，尽责的1. Our ______ mind registers things which our ______ mind is not aware of. (subconscious, conscious)2. My brother is a ______ student. (conscientious)3. My ______ would really trouble me if I wore a fur coat. (conscience)6. deserve vt. to be worthy ofe.g. I’m glad she got the first prize at the English Speech Contest — she thoroughly deserved it.I said some cruel things to him, but he deserved it for the way he treated me.Derivation:deserving a.e.g. The money is only given to the most deserving cases — to the people who need it most.His efforts are certainly deserving of praise.7. threat n. a strong possibility that something very bad will happene.g. With so many new offices being built in the city, a lot of archaeological remains are under threat.Drunken drivers pose a serious threat to other road users.Collocation:be under threat of sth.e.g. She left the country under threat of arrest if she returned.Derivation:threaten v.threatening a.8. with the exception of except, not includinge.g. I think every student, with the exception of Helen, will pass the exam.With the exception of gold, the surfaces of metals are never observed but only their oxides. Collocation:without exceptionhave no exceptionexception to sth.make an exception9. spew vt. to pour out, esp. quickly and violentlye.g. One engine of the plane caught fire and spewed black smoke.He spewed forth what he had recently learned about the true facts.Collocation:spew sth. up: to vomit10. harbinger n. something that indicates or foreshadows what is to comee.g. The crowing of the rooster is a harbinger of dawn.Frost is a harbinger of winter.Collocation:harbinger of sb. / sth.11. curb vt. to stop something that is harmfule.g. This government has made pioneering strides towards curbing air pollution.The only way to curb the spread of the disease is by immunizing the entire population.12. emission n. the act of sending forth; dischargee.g. The Green Party have called for a substantial reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases by the UK.Derivation:emit v.e.g. The alarm emits infra-red rays which are used to detect any intruder.The machine emits a high-pitched sound when you press the button.Activity: DiscussionWhat kind of periodical do you usually peruse? Why do you like that periodical? What thoughts do you come up with after reading that periodical? Share your favorite periodical with your groupSentences1. As Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in our public consciousness as Madonna or microwave cooking. (Paragraph 1)Paraphrase: An Internet search on global warming proves that the subject has got fixed in people’s mind, just like Madonna or microwave cooking.Translation: 而今因特网上搜索的结果足以证明，全球气候变暖这个话题就像麦当娜和微波炉烹饪一样深入人心。

UNIT81. In the last year, MOOCs have gotten a tremendous amount of publicity. Last November, the New York Times decided that 2012 was “the Year of the MOOC,” and columnists like David Brooks and Thomas Friedman have proclaimed ad nausea that the MOOC “revolution” is a “tsunami” that will soon transform higher education. As a Time cover article on MOOCs put it — in a rhetorical flourish that has become a truly dead cliché — “College is Dead. Long Live College!”2. Where is the hype coming from? On the one hand, higher education is ripe for “disruption” — to use Clayton Christensen’s theory of “disruptive innovation” — because there is a real, systemic crisis in higher education, one that offers no apparent or immanent solution. It’s hard to imagine how the status quo can survive if you extend current trends forward into the future: how does higher education as we know it continue if tuition fees and student debt continue to skyrocket while state funding continues to plunge? At what point does the system simply break down? Something has to give.3.At the same time, the speed at which an obscure form of non-credit-based online pedagogy has gone so massively mainstream demonstrates the level of investment that a variety of powerful people and institutions have made in it. The MOOC revolution, if it comes, will not be the result of a groundswell of dissatisfaction felicitously finding a technology that naturally solves problems, nor some version of the market’s invisible hand. It’s a tsunami powered by the interested speculation of interested parties in a particular industry. MOOCs are, and will be, big business, and the way that their makers see profitability at the end of the tunnel is what gives them their particular shape.4. After all, when the term itself was coined in 2008 — MOOC, for Massively Open Online Course — it described a rather different kind of project. Dave Cormier suggested the name for an experiment in open courseware that George Siemens and Stephen Downes were putting together at the University of Manitoba, a class of 25 students that was opened up to over 1,500 online participants. The tsunami that made land in 2012 bears almost no resemblance to that relatively small — and very differently organized — effort at a blended classroom.For Cormier, Siemens, and Downes, the first MOOC was part of a long-running engagement with connectivist principles of education, the idea that we learn best when we learn collaboratively, in networks, because the process of learning is less about acquiring new knowledge “content” than about building the social and neural connections that will 1. 去年，“大规模在线开放课程”得到了广泛的宣传。

Book 4 Unit 8教案Focus on Global Warning1.Teaching ObjectivesTo help the studentsA.To get students know the causes and effects of global warming so as to improve theirawareness of environmental protection for survival.B.To understand the purpose of writing and organization of the text.C.To reinforce some basic linguistic knowledge by doing various types of exercises2. Lead-in Questions2.1. What do you know about global warming? What is the cause of global warming?Global warming is caused by an increased emission of greenhouse gases which results from fuels, industry, and agricultural processes caused by human and nature.2.2 What do you think greenhouse gases do?They trap the heat of the sun and cause the gradual rise in temperature of the earth’s atmosphere, which means greenhouse effect.2.3 What changes could the greenhouse effect create in the Earth’s climate?A slight increase in heat and rain in equatorial regions would likely spark an increase invector-borne diseases such as malaria. Even a moderate rise in sea level could threaten the coastlines of low-lying islands such as Maldives.3. Global Reading3.1 About the textThis text is to curb increasing global warming which is one of the most urgent tasks in environmental protection and is no longer confined to the interest of academic research. The text addresses the issue from three perspectives---the general public concern,its causes and consequences, and practical actions to tackle the problem.3.2 Structure of the textPart I (par. 1-2): The author tells how global warming has become a matter of increasing public concern.Part II (pars. 3-7): It tells us the serious situation of global warming with detailed facts and the horrible results of continuing global warming.Part III (pars. 8-10): The author puts forward some suggestions on what to be done.PartⅣ(par. 11): The author invites the participation of everybody to combat global warming and to “make a real difference”.4. Detailed Analysis4.1 Part 1 (Pars.1-2)Q1. Why have people shown increasing concern about global warming? (Paragraph 1-2) The answer lies in the second paragraph: it is a harbinger of what is to come—the threat to low-lying nations, change of rain and drought patterns, frequent hurricanes and intense EL Nino.peruse v. read through carefullye.g. Please peruse this report at your leisure.Comparison:skip v. to leave out sth. that would normally be the next thing that you would do, read, etc.e.g. You can skip the next chapter if you have covered the topic in class.skip it: used to tell sb. rudely that you do not want to talk about sth. or repeat what you have said.periodical n.a regularly published magazine, esp. one of a serious kind published at regular intervals.e.g. The quarterly magazine is a periodical published every three months.Comparison:magazine n. a type of large thin book with a paper cover that you can buy every week or month, often on a particular topice.g. She sued the magazine for defamation of her charactersection n. sth. or a group of things, that forms part of a larger groupe.g. A section of the city was destroyed during a war.Comparison:part n. some but not all of a thinge.g. We spent part of the time in the museum.the best/better part of sth.: most of sth., especially a period of time; more than half of sth.abstract n. short piece of writing that summarizes the main points of an article, speech, document, etc.e.g. He made an abstract of a long article.hardcore a. (often derogate.贬义) very strongly following a particular belief.e.g. Hardcore gamers constitute one of the most idiosyncratic communities on the Net.journal n. a serious magazine, usu. produced by a specialist society.e.g. He got a job as editor of a trade journal.Comparison:magazine n. a type of large thin book with a paper cover that you can buy every week or month, often on a particular topice.g. I picked up a magazine and flicked through it.the Wall Street Journal: a famous newspaper in USAblurb n. a short description of the contents of a book printed on the cover or in the advertisemente.g. In the blurb I couldn't see anything about thinking at all.esoteric a. known only by a few peoplee.g. Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary.How we regulate insurance is not an esoteric issue.geopolitical a. of or relating to politics, esp. international relations, as influenced by geographical factorse.g.Hungary and Poland have suffered before because of their unfortunate geopoliticalposition on the European map.attest v. demonstratee.g.The perfection of their design is attested by the fact that they have survived for thousands ofyears.consciousness n. the condition of being awake and understanding what is happeninge.g. The wounded soldier opened his eyes once, but lost consciousness again immediately. microwave n. a machine that cooks food very quickly, using electric waves instead of heate.g. Reheat the soup in the microwave.deserve v. be worth ofe.g. He has been so awful that he deserves whatever he gets.The money is only given to the most deserving cases---to people who need it most. Derivation:deserving a. that deserves help, praise, a reward, etcwith the exception of except, not includinge.g. I think every student, with the possible exception of Fauzi, will pass the exam.asteroid n. any one of many small planets between Mars and Jupitere.g. There are many small planets between Mars and Jupiter.threat n. a strong possibility that sth. very bad will happene.g. The concentration of too many jobless illegal immigrants was regarded by the residents of the community as a possible threat to their securityDerivation:threaten v. to say that you will cause trouble, hurt sb., etc. if you do not get what you want threatening a. expressing a threat of harm or violencespew v. flow out or make sth. flow out with a lot of forcee.g. Leaking oil spewed from the tanker.Comparison:spout v. to send out sth., especially a liquid, in a stream with great forcee.g. The wound was still spouting blood.spout (off/on) (about sth.): to speak a lot about sthgreenhouse n. a glass building used for growing plants that need to be protected from the weathere.g. The tomatoes were grown in the greenhouse.harbinger n. a sign that shows that sth. is going to happen soon, often sth. bade.g. The thing is a harbinger of his failure.curb v. stop sth. that is harmfule.g. A man must decide either curb to his appetites or to surrender to them.emission n. the act of sending forth; gas that is sent to aire.g. The government is pledged to clean up industrial emissions.low-lying a. (of land) not much above the level of the seae.g. Sea walls collapsed, and low-lying areas were flooded.Comparison:nether a. lowere.g. He’s between the upper and nether millstone.low-level: close to the groundawash a. (not before noun) covered or flooded with water esp. seawater or raine.g. The ship's deck was awash in the storm.The low-lying areas are awash with water after a hurricanes.Collocation:awash with sth. having sth. In large quantitiese.g. The city is awash with drugs.hurricane n. a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy raine.g. This movement carried all before it like a hurricane.comparison:tornado n. a violent storm with very strong winds which move in a circlee.g. A tornado whirled into the town last week.hurricane lamp: a type of lamp with glass sides to protect the flame inside from the windSentence Paraphrase:1) As an Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in ourpublic consciousness as Madonna or microwave cooking. (Paragraph 1)Paraphrase: An Internet search on global warming proves that the subject has got fixed in people’s mind, just like Madonna or microwave cooking.2) With the possible exception of another world war, a giant asteroid, or an incurable plague,global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet. (Paragraph 2)Paraphrase: Global warming will probably be the most serious threat to our Earth, if we do not take into account some other possible incidents, such as another world war, collision of our Earth with some large orbiting planets, or spread of incurable diseases.Summary of Part 1:These two paragraphs（1-2）make up the first part, which serves as the introduction to the whole passage. In this part the author mentions how global warming, which used to be a topic of academic journals, has become a matter of increasing public concern.4.2 Part 2 (pars. 3-7)Q1. Where do these greenhouse gases come from? (Paragraph3)We can include emission of carbon dioxides from our power plants and cars, production of methane from our trash decomposition and cattle-breeding, and release of nitrogen oxide from our fertilizers.concentration n. the relative amount of a particular substance within a solution or mixture or in a particular volume of spacee.g. The pesticide has reached a dangerous concentration in the lake water.gasoline n. petrol; a liquid used for producing power in car enginese.g.There is still some gasoline left in the tank.spit out make sth. flow out suddenly or violentlye.g. The nurse told the child to spit out the stone.Comparison:disgorge v. to pour sth. out in large quantitiese.g. The pipe disgorges sewage into the sea.pour sth. out: to serve a drink by letting it flow from a container into a cup or glasscarbon dioxide: a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds e.g.Carbon dioxide is the largest contributor to the greenhouse effect.methane n. a colorless, odorless flammable gas which is the main constituent of natural gaspounds such as methane can be cleaved to carbon and hydrogen.trash n. sth. of extremely low quality or valuee.g. Pop music doesn’t have to be trash, it can be art.Comparison:litter n. small pieces of rubbish such as paper that people have left lying in a public placee.g. There will be fines for people who drop litter.litter lout : a person who leaves litter in public placesdecompose v. (cause to) decaye.g. The eggs began to decompose after a day in the sun.Most animals decompose very quickly after death.Collocation:decompose (sth.) (into sth.) : to divide sth. into smaller partsDerivation:decomposition n. the process of decomposinglandfill n. a large deep hole in which large quantities of rubbish are disposed ofe.g.Environmentalists say there is a high risk of pollution from the landfill site.breed v. develop (a variety of animals or plants) for a particular purpose or qualitye.g. Many animals breed only at certain times of the year.belch v. send out gas noisily from the stomach through the mouthe.g. He wiped his hand across his mouth, then belched loudly.Comparison:burp v. to let out air from the stomach through the mouth, making a noisee.g. Charlie burped loudlyfertilizer n. any substance to make the soil more productivee.g.artificial/chemical fertilizersnitrogen n. the chemical element of atomic number 7, a colourless, odourless, unreactive gas that forms about 78 percent of the Earth’s atmospherenitrogen oxide a binary compound of oxygen with nitrogene.g. The discharge amount of nitrogen oxide can reduce 30%.Summary:As the beginning of the second part (3-7), this paragraph introduces a number of causes that lead to the rising concentration of greenhouse gases.IPCC was established in 1988, which is open to all members of the UNEP and WMO. The role ofthe IPCC is to assess the scientific technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change. It does not carry out research, nor does it monitor climate-related data or other relevant parameters. It bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed and published scientific/technical literature.The Industrial Revolution : the change in social and economic organization resulting from the replacement of hand tools by machines and development of large-scale industrial production in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries.Q2: How does the rising concentration of greenhouse gases cause the change in climate?（Paragraph 4）The rising concentration of greenhouse gases, which is primarily caused by high levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere, is trapping excess heat (from the sun) and preventing it from leaving the Earth, hence creating global warming.paleoclimate n. a climate prevalent at a particular time in the geological paste.g. Pollen analysis helped to find out the paleoclimate information.fossil n.1) remains of an animal or plant that lived thousands of years ago, or its shape preserved in rocke.g. At this distance of time it is difficult to date the fossil.2) an old person, especially one who is unable to accept new ideas or adapt to changese.g. The man is a fossil.abundant a. more than enoughe.g. There is abundant evidence of continuing racial prejudice in societyDerivation:abundance n. a large quantity that is more than enoughe.g. The country has an abundance of skilled workers, but not enough jobs.Collocation:in abundance: in large quantitiesthermal a. (only before noun)of or caused by heate.g. They will build another thermal power station.thermals n.[pl.] (especially BrE) warm underwear that prevents heat from escaping from the body radiation n. energy in the form of heat or light sent out as beams that you cannot seee.g. In the accident, the workers received a heavy dose of radiation.Comparison:radiator n. a hollow metal device for heating roomse.g. There is a central heating system with a radiator in each room.radiation therapy: the treatment of cancer and other diseases using radiationin essence: what is the most important feature of sth.e.g.What is she saying, in essence, is that the law does not protect against this type of abuse excess a. more than is usual or allowede.g. Excess food is stored as fat.excess baggage: bags, cases, etc. taken on to a plane that weigh more than the amount each passenger is allowed to carry without paying extrawindshield n. the glass window of a car or other vehicle at the front through which the driverlookse.g. A sheet of frost covers the windshield.roughly ad. almost, approximatelye.g. There are, roughly speaking, three possible solutions to our problem.recession n. (of water, glacier, etc.) the process of moving back from an area that it was coveringe.g.A rise in interest rates plunged Britain deeper into recession.Summary:Paragraph 4 explains how the rising concentration of greenhouse gases results in climate change. To support his explanation, the author cites some records and information from the IPCC and paleoclimatic readings.speculate v. to form an opinion about sth. without knowing all the details or factse.g. On the way home, they’d speculate and wonder about the treasure.Comparison:guess v. to try and give an answer or make a judgment about sth. without being sure of all the facts e.g. I don’t really know. I’m just guessing.keep sb. guessing : to not tell sb. about your plans or what is going to happen nextresult in have as a result, lead to, causee.g.A minimal error or deviation may result in wide divergence.latitude n. the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator, usu. expressed in degreese.g.The latitude of the island is 20 degrees south.hemisphere n.1) a half of the Earth, especially the half above or below the EQUA TORe.g.This animal is to be found only in the Southern Hemisphere.2) either half of the braine.g. the left/right cerebral hemisphereexceed v.1) be greater than, as in quantity or degreee.g. The sales exceeded my expectation.2) to do more than the law or an order, etc. allow you to doe.g. He was taken to the police box for exceeding the speed limit.fund n. amount of money that are available to be spent, esp. that is given to an organization for a particular purpose.e.g. They are raising funds for a new laboratory.Congress has cut back on the funds for the program.They have spent their scarce funds on expensive housingfend v.1) to defend oneself from a blow, attack, or attackere.g. He managed to fend off the attacker with a stick.2) to protect yourself from difficult questions, criticisms, etc., especially by avoiding theme.g. She managed to fend off questions about new tax increases.equatorial a. near or at the equatore.g. Too much rain is the problem of the equatorial lands in the Amazon and Congo basins.This country has an equatorial climate.spark v. stimulate or activatee.g. The proposal would spark a storm of protest around the country.Comparison:flash v. to shine very brightly for a short timee.g. Lightning flashed in the distance.flash sth. around: to show sth. to other people in order to impress them.vector n. an insect that causes disease by carrying a germ of parasite from one person to anothere.g. People should pay attention to the vector which can cause disease.malaria n. a disease common in hot countries that is often spread by mosquitoese.g.Malaria is a kind of serious malady.moderate a. neither very great nor very small in strength or degreee.g. He became the official mouthpiece of the moderate leadership.Comparison:temperate a. behaving in a calm and controlled waye.g. He is temperate in his habits.moderator: a person whose job is to help the two sides in a dispute to reach an agreement coastline n. the edge of the coast; the land along a coast, especially when you are thinking of its shape or appearancee.g. We should protect the coastline from oil spillage.Maldives n. a republic consisting of over a thousand coral islands in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lankae.g.Diving in the Maldives have to issue a PADI diving licenseheatstroke n. a sometimes severe condition of fever and weakness caused by too much heate.g. You should be careful not to heatstroke when traveling in summer.vulnerable a. weak and easily affected by illnesse.g. People with high blood pressure are especially vulnerable to diabetes.ozone n. a poisonous blue gas that is a type of oxygene.g. They will press for international action to safeguard the ozone layer.ozone hole : an area in the ozone layer where the amount of ozone has been very much reduced so that harmful rays from the sun can pass through itozone layer: a layer of ozone high above the earth’s surface that helps to protect the earth from the sun’s harmful raysperilous a. very dangerouse.g. The journey through the jungle was perilous.Comparison:risky a. involving the possibility of sth. bad happeninge.g. Investing in airlines is a very risky business.do sth. at your (own) peril: used to warn sb. that if they do sth. it may be dangerous or cause them problemsadmission n. permission to enter [U] [C] [(+ to/into)]e.g. She has the qualifications for admission to the college.The cinema owners have the right to refuse admission to anyone under seventeen years of age.respiratory a. connected with breathinge.g. The old man suffers from respiratory diseases.Comparison:breathable a. allowing air to pass throughe.g. Breathable, waterproof clothing is essential for most outdoor sportsbreathalyzer: a device used by the police to measure the amount of alcohol in a driver’s breath Sentence Paraphrase:As far as human health is concerned, those hit hardest will probably be residents of poorer countries that do not have the funds to fend against changes in climate. (Paragraph 7) Paraphrase: In terms of human health, it is those who live in the poorer countries that will suffer most, because they do not have money to protect themselves against climate changes.Complete the following table by matching damages or diseases with climate changes: (ParagraphIn Paragraph 6 the author depicts the variation of climate changes in different geographic areas. Then in Paragraph 7 he pinpoints one of the consequences of global warming: the threat to human health. Many health problems would occur according to the degrees of climate change varying from slight increase in heat and rain to intense rain and hurricanes.4.3 Part 3 (pars.8-10)Q3. What are the immediate actions that we should take? (Paragraph 8)We should take such immediate actions as a) cutting our consumption of fossil fuels, b) using technologies to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, and c) protecting our forests.Q4: What does “adapt to those most likely to occur” mean? (Paragraph 9)It means “do things to get ourselves prepared for the situations that are most likely to occur.”Q5: What are the long-term policies that should be worked out? (Paragraph 10) We should encourage people to use environmentally clean fuels and technologies, and stop the clear-cutting of forests.take action: begin to acte.g. We have to take action to stop them.The government was already taking action to stop the strike.The medicine will not take action for two hours.result from: happen as a result ofe.g. Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar sign andsymbol of social intercourse.Nothing will result from their airy plans.These two phrases are kind of opposites; we use result from to express the cause and result in to express the result.result in = lead to result from = because ofFor examples：Tom's lie resulted from his lack of confidence.Tom's lie resulted in his dismissal from his job.Exercise :Hard work result in his success.His success result from hard work.release v. let a substance spread into atmosphere, esp. as part of a chemical reactione.g. Oxygen from the water is released into the atmosphere.Cooing the grain will release the starch from the outside coating.particle n. an extremely small piece or amount of sth.e.g. There is not a particle of truth in what you said.molecule n. the smallest amount of a chemical substance which can exist by itselfe.g. A molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. deforestation n. the progress of removing the trees from an area of lande.g. One percent of Brazil's total forest cover is being lost every year to deforestation consumption n. the action of using up a resourcee.g. Consumption of oil has declined in recent years.The meat was condemned as unfit for human consumptionmitigate v. make an unpleasant situation or its effect less serious and less difficult to beare.g. Do our successes mitigate our failures?Comparison:relieve v. to remove or reduce an unpleasant feeling or paine.g. Being able to tell the truth at last seemed to relieve her.relieve yourself: a polite way of referring to going to the toiletimpact n. a strong influence or effect produced by an idea invention, etc.e.g.The computer had made a great impact on modernlife.adapt to: change in order to deal with a new situation.e.g. We want the imagination necessary to better adapt to changes in circumstance.advocate v. support [+n/v-ing]e.g. Some extremists are now openly advocating violence.n. [C] supporter [(+of)]e.g. They are advocates of free trade.combat v. fight (against)e.g. The president emphasized the importance of combating international terrorism. alternative a. other, different from the usuale.g. Electricity companies were criticized for failing to develop alternative energy sources.4.4 Part 4 (par.11)The last paragraph (11) is the conclusion in which the author invites the participation of everybody to combat global warming and to “make a real difference.”5. Grammar Work1) The present perfect tense vs. the simple past tense2) Connectives (because, as, since, seeing that, for, because of)6. Drills on Language Skills7.1 Drills on vocabulary and grammar7.2 Drills on listening and speaking7.3 Drills on translation and writing7.4 Drills on reading7. Emphasis and difficultiesEmphasisA. Usages of the key words and expressionsB. Usages of The present perfect tense vs. the simple past tense and Connectives (because,as, since, seeing that, for, because of)C. Paragraph development---grouping details;DifficultiesA. Some difficult sentence.B. The use of nonfinite clauses, personal pronouns;8. ReferencesA. Random House.Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dic of English Language. Grameercy,New York.1994B. M.H. Abrams, ed. The Norton Anthology of English literature, Sixth Edition. New York,London: W.W.Norton&Company.1962.。