二．创建工程依次点击“File->New Project->命名保存->在“Select model”中选择需要创建的类型（如图-1）->单击“OK”确认，得到界面如图-2所示图-1：创建工程Business Process业务流程Requirements需求分析Use Case用例Domain Model领域模型Class类设计Database数据库设计Component组件Deployment部署Testing测试Maintenance维护Project Management项目管理User Interface用户接口表-1：创建项目的常见类型图-2：创建项目后界面截图三．一些基本的通用设置3.1 设置默认代码环境依次点击：“Tool->Options-Source Code Engineering->Default Language For Code Ge neration->C#”如图3所示，完成：单击“Close”确认退出。
图-3：设置默认代码环境3.2 设置默认数据库依次点击：“Tool->Options- Code Editors->Default Database->SQL Server 2005”如图4所示：图-4:设置默认数据库四．Class模型4.1.创建“Class”模型依次点击“File->New Project->命名保存->在“Select model”中勾选“Class”,最后单击“确定”进入设计界面。
在设计界面的左边是工具箱（如图5）图-5:类模型工具栏Class Elements Common Package包Note注释Class类Constraint约束条件Interface接口Document文档：附加文档附件Enumeration枚举Artifact人工：表示任意的系统任意的Table表Requirement需求描述Signal对象通信信号的描述Issue问题描述Association关联Change变化描述Class Relationships Boundary分界线Associate关联Dependency依赖关系Generalize泛化Realize实现Compose组成Trace追踪Associate Class关联类Information Flow数据流Assembly程序集Note Link注释链接Realize实现Nesting嵌套Package Merge包的合并Package Import包的导入4.2.为模型中创建的“Class”对象使用别名首先在工具箱中点选，然后在合适的位置左键单击确定，之后弹出属性窗口（如图7所示）图-7：新建类截图在“Name”栏中输入Class 的名称“Test”，然后在“Alias”中输入一个别名“测试”。
CONSTRUCTABILITY PROGRAMTABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 SCOPE 32.0 PURPOSE 33.0 DEFINITIONS 34.0 RESPONSIBILITIES 45.0 INSTRUCTIONS 56.0 REFERENCES 67.0 ATTACHMENTS 61. SCOPEThis project specification defines the requirements for Constructability for all process units, offsites and utilities on the CNOOC and Shell Petrochemicals Complex (CSPC) Project. The specification is applicable to the Implementation phase.2. PURPOSEThe purpose of this specification is to describe the extent of Constructability reviews that will be undertaken for the Implementation phase of this project. The specification also advises the involved parties and their responsibility.3. DEFINITIONS3.1 Constructability, as defined by the USA Construction Industry Institut e (Cll), is “the optimum use of construction knowledge and experience in planning, design, procurement and field operations to achieve overall project objectives”.Constructability is the ongoing process of integrating construction knowledge and experience into conceptual design, procurement, detailed engineering and field construction operations which provides the opportunity to reduce costs and improve project schedules.The ability to influence project costs and to incorporate construction experience and methods into a project plan and design is greatest during the early stages of the project. Therefore, the greatest benefit of the Constructability process will be derived with the earliest establishment and implementation of a Constructability plan on a project.3.2 Constructability review refers to the process whereby experts from every discipline gather together to consider and question a design in order to explore the possibility that design improvements may allow reduced construction costs or improve convenience for the end user. The Constructability review will be attended by experienced construction and operations personnel, some experienced personnel who were not involved in the original design, together with the design team.The Constructability design review process generally leads to suggestionsfor design improvements which:-will ensure build-abilitywill allow easier and hence lower cost constructionwill improve safety during construction by reducing riskwill improve accessibility during both the construction and operating phase• • • •4. RESPONSIBILITIES4.1 EP or EPC CONTRACTOR shall submit his Constructability Program for PMC approval. This shall address as a minimum all areas identified in this specification.4.2 PMC will nominate a Construction Coordinator who will monitor compliance by the CONTRACTOR to his Constructability Program.4.3 CONTRACTOR shall appoint a Constructability Engineer to lead and co-ordinate all his constructability activities throughout the engineering/procurement phase of the project.4.4 EP or EPC Project Manager4.4.1 Shall ensure a schedule of Constructability reviews is prepared to suit the schedule of design document production.4.4.2 Shall chair the formal Constructability reviews and ensure that, thecorrect expertise participates, and that the findings of the team are properly documented and allocated to actionees and that completion is followed up.4.4.3 Shall review relevant previous experience (e.g. operation alerts) prior to Constructability meetings.4.4.4 Shall prepare an agenda for the Constructability review.4.5 EP or EPC Constructability EngineerThe EP or EPC Constructability Engineer shall provide construction knowledge, experience and engineering input into the project throughout all phases of the project.The Constructability Engineer shall arrange for other construction specialists, as required by the project. His responsibilities include:• Arrange for the production of the Contractor project site HSE plans • Arrange for Hazards to Construction risk assessments/HEMP compliance• Develop the construction execution plan (as applicable).• Arrange for constructability and design reviews.• Input to the construction schedule/construction area breakdown/detailed work breakdown structure (WBS) and construction sequencing.• Arrange transportation and lifting studies (for major equipment).• Arrange and coordinate all specialist construction personnel• Coordinate with material control and shipping.• Ensure site surveys ar e conducted• Provide construction input into pre-qualification of sub contractors. • Develop the temporary facilities (as applicable).• Ensure the appropriate lessons learnt from previous projects are taken into consideration.• Develop and arrange f or the timely production of all construction deliverables.• Carry forward constructability issues identified in Definition Phase (PMC will provide).• Prepare and implement Constructability Awareness Workshops.5 INSTRUCTIONS5.1 ProgrammeCONTRACTOR shall develop a programme of project specific construction deliverables and formal reviews, which will define responsibilities and due dates compatible with the project schedule.5.2 ConstructabilityThe Constructability Engineer will arrange for the Constructability review team, which will be drawn from key members of the project team and other required specialists. These key personnel will conduct formal reviews as determined by the schedule and project requirements. The keypersonnel will normally be drawn from the following:PMC Construction Co-ordinatorCompany RepresentativeFrom ContractorProject ManagerEngineering ManagerChief EngineersConstruction ManagerPlanning EngineerHSE ManagerQuality Assurance ManagerProject Commissioning EngineerMaterials ManagerOther specialists may be required to participate in the constructability reviews depending on the subject being reviewed. It is anticipated that most constructability activities will involve only a small number of the above at any one time.The agenda for each Constructability review will define which personnel are required to attend.5.3 Constructability Awareness WorkshopsContractor shall submit his proposals for PMC approval for Constructability Awareness at all levels in his organisation.5.4 Constructability Ideas LogContractor shall include his proposals for operating a Constructability Ideas Log to raise and close out good practices and innovative ideas. • • • • • • • • • • • •5.5 Lessons LearnedPrevious experiences on similar projects and locations including from PMC shall be considered together with applicable items from the “lessons learned” database and corporate alerts.Prior to above referenced Constructability reviews, attendees shall provide references to previous experience/lessons learned to the Constructability Engineer to collate.5.6 Basis of ReviewsThe reviews shall use the checklists provided in section 7 attachments. 5.7 Documentation for ReviewsThe Contractor Engineering Manager shall ensure documents required under section 7 attachment lists are available at the Constructability review.5.8 Maintenance of Constructability RecordsThe Contractor Constructability Engineer shall maintain records of constructability activities/outcomes.5.9 PMC Constructability ForumsPMC will lead a maximum of three one day Constructability Forums to be attended by Contractor Constructability Engineers. Additional attendees will be drawn from Constructability review attendees listed in 5.2. The first will take place within six months of contract award.The purpose of these forums will be to share progress and lessons learnt and agree action plans where appropriate.6 REFERENCES6.1 HSE Plan: Management Systems Overview SP-8560-0000-00036.2 HSE Plan: Site Management SP-8560-0000-00066.3 Construction Environmental Control Plan PR8560-000-15037. ATTACHMENTS7.1 Check List for Constructability reviews.7.2 Engineering documents to be reviewed.ATTACHMENT 7.1CONSTRUCTABILITY CHECK LISTCONTRACTOR shall note that in the Definition Phase Plot Plan and Constructability reviews were carried out. PMC will provide copies of theminutes to CONTRACTOR for Definition Phase status on following items:1. Are there any existing buildings/structures on the site where the new plant is due to be built?2. Is there any contaminated land on the new site? If so have the problems associated with this been quantified?3. Are there any existing overhead or underground services?4. Will construction involve workers coming into contact with lead, asbestos, PCBs or radioactive substances?5. Is the proposed construction site adjacent to any other industrial, commercial, domestic activity or existing operating plant? How will construction be managed to ensure that there will be no adverse interactions or can these be engineered out?6. Are there any very large, heavy, special or complex items of equipment requiring special attention?7. Are items in (6) being designed for transport and lift?8. How will such items get to the site?9. What is the strategy for dressing of vessels and modularisation?10. Are there any special requirements for on-site construction?11. How are the lines to be tested?12. To what extent is chemical cleaning required?13. Are there any special safety requirements?14. What is the design strategy to minimise the level of risk during construction and commissioning?15. Where are the laydown areas and construction offices?16. Are there adequate areas for lifting operations?17. Which are the routes for the movement of large loads on plot?18. Are roads wide enough for cranes to get in and out again?19. Will fired heaters arrive on site in one piece? Will they need to be erected on site?20. Are any vessels or tanks being erected from pieces on site? Is space available?21. Are compressors being erected on site? Is space available?22. Is there a strategy for unit(s) becoming operational whilst other units are being constructed?23. Review drawings for Temporary Facilities, laydown areas and fabrication24. What actions should be taken in response to the Soils Report?25 How will temporary electrical supplies be provided?26 At what depth is the water table?27 What existing underground services are there?28 When will permits be required for excavation?29 Will piling operations impact on adjacent plant and buildings?30 Are there any overhead power cables or pipe racks?31 Where will cranes be located?32 What laydown areas are required?33 Will the installation of some equipment need to be delayed until after major lifting operations are complete?34 Is there any need to lift over live plant?35 Is there risk from transport near live plant.36 What first aid arrangements will be available on the site?37 Is there an emergency plan for evacuation of the site?38 Are there climatic problems due to heat, cold, wind, snow or darkness?39 How will liquid and solid waste be disposed of during the construction phase?40 Is there a problem with either noise or vibration during construction phase?41 How will Control of Substances Hazardous to Health <COSHH> be handled during construction? Is there a list of substances for which COSHH Assessments are required?42 How will access to the site be controlled43 Are there any innovative design opportunities to aid Construction?44 Has any disinvestment been adequately designed and planned?45 Are dimensional survey provisions sufficient to provide adequate dimensional information for design and for accuracy of construction?46 Is there a need to develop special Method Statements for any activities in the Definition Phase or to highlight as required to be developed in the Implementation Phase.ATTACHMENT 7.2REVIEW OF ENGINEERING DOCUMENTSThe following is a typical list of checks to be reviewed against engineering documents.DOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS1. Plot Plan 1.1 Plant Layout1.2 Access for construction activities1.3 Alternative recommendations1.4 Access for sequential construction1.5 Area for temporary facilities, warehouse etc.1.6 Future maintenance1.7 Heavy lift involvement/available space1.8 Cranage Access1.9 Laydown areas and on plot2. Disinvestment 2.1 Access2.2 Size and weights2.3 Safe sequence, procedures2.4 Any safety hazards, COSHH, etc.2.5 Disposal laydown areas2.6 Soil, personnel and equipment decontamination arrangements3. Underground 3.1 Sufficient depth cable ducts atdrawings road crossings3.2 Firemain details are clear3.3 U/G piping to be checked for access, installation, method and testing sequence.3.4 Earthing review for access, installation method and testing sequence.3.5 Cable trench routing3.6 Ensure u/g piping connection to piping layout is constructible, consider flanges rather than difficult field welds3.7 Consider use of blockwork and proprietarypre cast items3.8 Review schedule for design of U/Gfacilities and structures to ensure it is early enough to allow installation prior to adjacent foundations3.9 Ensure final grades are establishedprior to installing U/G utilities.4. Groundworks 4.1 Excavation levels4.2 Muck out routes4.3 Backfill access4.4 Ground bearing pressuresDOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS5. Piling drawings 5.1 Access5.2 Underground obstructions5.3 Working sequence6. Civil/Structural/ 6.1 Interface with other disciplines to avoidBuilding/Building clashes Services 6.2 Constructability of reinforcing in major concrete structures6.3 Cost saving by considering use of proprietary pre-cast units6.4 Interface platform drawings for inst/elect supports6.5 Removable structures for major lift access6.6 Ensure foundation bolts are in correctly (template from vessel fabricators – design check for rigidity)6.7 Mass concrete rather than many small plinths6.8 Buildings; ensure cable entries and other penetrations do not foul building steelwork6.9 Use blockwork where possible in trenches6.10 Consider pre-fireproofing structures6.11 Ensure ducts banks are not too deep6.12 Ensure building internal finish is to specifications6.13 Ensure HV AC is thoroughly clash detected6.14 Check interfaces of Services electrical and instrument equipment and cable entries penetrations6.15 Service ducts in buildings adequate for installation.6.16 Pouring concrete in extreme climates6.17 Large concrete pours in preference to multiple small pours6.18 Permanent access to reducescaffolding.6.19 Provision, location and capacity of permanent lifting beams6.20 HV AC specification for materials and testing.6.21 HV AC Plant room layout6.22 Ensure structure erection contracts contain provisions to reduce requirements for fall protection, ie flooring, handrail and stairways proceed at the same rate as structure erection.6.23 Minimize structural steel field welded connections.DOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS7. Vessels, PAU's 7.1 Lifting arrangements, frames, spreaders andvessel/stack lifting lugsand VPU’s 7.2 Maintenance access7.3 Calculated weights and centres of gravity7.4 Setting out, placing and tolerances7.5 Dressed - check erection access7.6 Trial fit of platforms etc, if vessel is erected before dressing.7.7 Physical weight checks, dimensional checks7.8 Insulation, fireproofing - piping clashes7.9 Provide at least two anchor bolts slightly higher than the remainder to act as guides during setting of the vessels (slight tapering of the tops to aid location.)7.10 Check that supports furnished by “others does not interfere with maintenance, nameplates, connections, etc.8. Piping 8.1 Pipe supports - detail and location availability8.2 Allowance for insulation and fireproofing - clashes8.3 Shop/Field fabrication split8.4 Sequence detailing consistent with construction programme8.5 Module hook up, optimum fit, hook up butt locations8.6 Field fit welds - optimum positions8.7 Clashes; - check8.8 Vessel branch connections - same specification, tolerance and orientation8.9 Line lists include pressure test data8.10 Isos show orientation of vents and drains8.11 Expansion loop locations - possible better use of bellows8.12 Ensure basket strainers are supplied to pipe fabricator for trial fitting 8.13 Consider clamp supports adjacent to pumps for 4" lines and below - to assist in pump alignment8.14 Location of spading points8.15 Chemically cleaned lines. Possible offsite cleaning and protection 8.16 Ensure pre-commissioning sequences are established early to allow proper scheduling of piping erection.8.17 Ensure that Lists agrees with th e P&ID’s.8.18 Ensure vents and drains are engineered for hydrotesting, flushing and start up requirements.9. Electrical 9.1 Switchboards - access and maintenance9.2 Earthing - sufficiently detailed philosophy9.3 Use of standard core multi cables (PMC will establish standards)9.4 Definition of trench cross sections9.5 Lighting standards attachment brackets suit handrailing9.6 Lighting standards Re: capable of being installed without having touse major cranage9.7 Cable runs are not underestimated9.8 Early cable pulling of underground cables. Allowance for spare cables 9.9 Cable tray interfacesDOCUMENTS TOBE REVIEWED PROPOSED CHECKS9.10 Cable entry into buildings is detailed in conjunction with civil drawings9.11 Supplier package drawings checked and motors tagged correctly9.12 Lighting and small power for installationaccess and method.9.13 Check that schedule for lighting design is early enough to allow use during construction andfor the dressing out of vessels on the ground9.14 Size cable trays for additions due to design development during construction10. Instruments 10.1 Cables - check not too many in confined entry space 10.2 Consider stainless steel piping from inst. air manifolds to instruments - possible cost saving10.3 Interface CCMS panels10.4 Full information on loop drawings10.5 Above ground cable runs not underestimated10.6 Early cable pulling of underground cables. Allowance for spare cores or cables10.7 Location of instrument stands and support steel10.8 Check vendor skid drawings for all aspects of instrumentation. Ensure instruments on skids are in overall instrument list for inspection, precalibration etc.10.9 Panels - access for maintenances and operation10.10 Traywork into equipment rooms10.11 Inter discipline clashes10.12 Environmental storage conditions to be advised to site10.13 Cable tray interfaces10.14 Cable entry into buildings is detailed in conjunction with civil drawings10.15 Check for correct dimensions of control valves10.16 Check that drawings show instrument locations and orientations (This should be reviewed by Operations)10.17 Establish standardized stand details for mass production10.18 Check routing of “no low point lines”; such as analyser samples, for interferences11. Suppliers Quality 11.1 Sufficient 'Hold' points to ensure noPlans clashes that would affect hook up11.2 Ensure erection documentation is issued to site prior to receipt of the vendor package11.3 Ensure all Q.C. documentation sent to site on completion of the package12. Suppliers 12.1 Lifting/handling attachments for Purchase Orders packages are suitable12.2 Delivery methods compatible with site facilities for receiving12.3 Weight and dimensional control in place12.4 Works testing/commissioning optimised12.5 Delivery dates to match construction schedule.12.6 Ensure that orders require that anchorage details,template, etc are scheduled to support foundationplacement .12.7 Maximize use of driiled in anchors.。
ccs中使用constructor -回复C++中的Constructor是一种特殊的成员函数，用于初始化一个类的对象。
在这篇文章中，我将详细介绍在C++中使用Constructor的方法和技巧。
一、Constructor的基本概念Constructor是一种在创建对象时自动调用的特殊成员函数。
它的作用是将对象初始化为有效的、可用的状态。
在C++中，每个类都可以有一个或多个Constructor，用于初始化不同的对象。
Constructor的名称与类名相同，没有返回类型，并且不能被直接调用，只能在创建对象时自动调用。
Constructor可以用来完成以下任务：1.初始化一个或多个成员变量的值；2.分配并初始化类的成员数据；3.执行必要的动作，如打开一个文件、建立一个数据库连接等。
二、Constructor的种类在C++中，Constructor分为两种类型：Default Constructor和Parameterized Constructor。
1.Default ConstructorDefault Constructor是没有任何参数的Constructor。
如果一个类没有定义任何Constructor，编译器会自动生成一个无参数的DefaultConstructor。
当我们创建一个对象时，如果没有给出任何构造参数，编译器就会调用这个Default Constructor来初始化对象的成员变量。
例如，我们有一个名为Person的类：class Person {public:std::string name;int age;};int main() {Person p; = "Alice";p.age = 25;return 0;}在这个例子中，我们创建了一个Person对象p，并初始化了它的成员变量name和age。
由于Person类没有定义任何Constructor，编译器会为它生成一个默认的无参数Constructor，并用来初始化对象p的成员变量。
vue工程基础知识单选题100道及答案1. Vue 是一种（）框架。
A. 后端B. 前端C. 数据库D. 服务器答案：B2. Vue 的核心库主要关注（）层。
A. 视图B. 模型C. 控制器D. 数据存储答案：A3. 在Vue 中，用于定义组件的选项是（）。
A. dataB. methodsC. componentsD. created答案：C4. Vue 实例的生命周期钩子函数中，在实例创建完成后立即调用的是（）。
A. createdB. mountedC. updatedD. beforeDestroy答案：A5. 在Vue 中，双向数据绑定使用的指令是（）。
A. v-modelB. v-bindC. v-onD. v-if答案：A6. Vue 组件中的data 选项必须是一个（）。
A. 函数B. 对象C. 数组D. 字符串答案：A7. 在Vue 中，用于绑定HTML 元素属性的指令是（）。
A. v-modelB. v-bindC. v-onD. v-if答案：B8. Vue 实例中，用于定义方法的选项是（）。
A. dataB. methodsC. componentsD. created答案：B9. 以下哪个不是Vue 的指令？（）A. v-forB. v-showC. v-hideD. v-print答案：D10. Vue 中的计算属性是在（）选项中定义的。
A. computedB. watchC. methodsD. data答案：A11. 在Vue 中，用于监听数据变化的选项是（）。
A. computedB. watchC. methodsD. data答案：B12. Vue 组件的模板可以写在（）中。
A. HTML 文件B. JavaScript 文件C. 单独的.vue 文件D. CSS 文件答案：C13. 以下哪个不是Vue 的路由模式？（）A. hashB. historyC. memoryD. static答案：D14. 在Vue 中，使用路由导航到不同页面使用的是（）方法。
