英语资料复习

英语复习资料1.Adrian was in charge of the allocation of available funds.阿德里安是在现有资金的分配费用。

2.After twenty yearsˊ hardships and sufferings , he bagan to write his autobiography经过二十年的艰辛和苦难，他开始写他的自传3.The job of newscasters involves a lot tension and practice.新闻播音员的工作涉及到很多紧张和实践。

4.Many start-up enterprises became bankrupt because of the scarcity of funds.许多创业企业破产因为资金短缺。

5.In order to be famous , he strove to improve his performance.为了出名，他努力改善自己的性能。

6.Our firm is oriented towards the export side of the business.我们公司是面向企业的出口侧。

7.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract.8.University students must show essays to their supervisors at the end of this term.9.The country was in a turmoil during the strike.10.The graphic displays will be helpful to illustrate the increase of the output./doc/d618490844.html,panies cannot survive fierce competitions without innovative personnels.12.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.13.There were many people travelling about the country in pursuit of work.14.At least give him credit for trying even though he did not succeed.短语翻译1.社团、社会community2.首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)3.任务小组Task force 3.政府机构部、处agency4.常务董事managing director5.流行价格prevailing price6.监督员supervisor7.市场份额market share8.计算机程序员computer programmer9.管理能力managerial competency 10.保险业务员insurance agent11.资源配置allocation of resources 12.新闻广播员newscaster13.任务小组Task force 14.销售合作人Sales associate 15.收入，税收revenue 第二单元1.He carried out a number of frauds on trusting people who lent him money.2.He was adept at playing the piano.3.He would not have succeeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.4.Our journey home was pretty traumatic .5.They could not tell the commanding officer from his subordinates .6.What criteria do you use when judging the quality of a student`s work.7.Although our men had lost the battle , their morale was high.8.They employed a firm of landscape gardeners to lay out the grounds of the mansion.9.His first performance was a debacle, the audience booed him off the stage.10.There is a hierarchy in the classification of all living creatures.11.The two old rivals vie for the first place.二、短翻译1.管理人员management2.工作框架work setting3．电话营销中心telemarketing center 4.顾客投诉customer complaint5.业绩评价标准evaluation criteria for performance6.具体运作计划specific operational plans7.分派权利与任务delegate authority and responsibility8.协调进度与资源coordinate schedules and resources9.商务合作人business associate 10.财务崩溃financial debacle11.刺激业务增长spur the growth of the business 12.监督现场工作supervise on-site work第三单元1.There are plans to change the makeup of the committee.2.Dickens` father was immortalized for ever as Mr.Micawber in diandian.3.The school of adult education was an autonomous extension of the university.4.She was this year`s winner of the coveted Nobel Prize.5.Since Germany was divided it is no longer one political entity.6.The factory has laid off workers because of the drop in sales.7.The school is run not on democratic lines but on authoritarian ones.8.They were blamed for their failure to hold down expenditure.9.I hope you will reap a reward for your work.短语翻译1.Mergers and acquisitions 兼并与收购2.Corporate restructuring 公司重组3.Downsizing 公司缩编4.Outsourcing decision 外包决策5.Modular corporation组件公司6.Unit cost of production 单位生产成本7.Strategic alliance 战略联盟8.Overhead管理费用/doc/d618490844.html,petitive advantage 竞争优势/doc/d618490844.html,work form of organization 网络型组织结构第四单元1.The company is prepared to trade off its up-market image against a stronger appeal to teenage buyers.2.Psychologists are aware that both language and learning are in a sense social phenomena.3.An important point in the theory of economics(for government, firms or households) is how to allocate the valuable resources.4.Despite the threat of war, people went about their work as usual.5.That socialist is studying the complex way in which people interact with each other at parties.6.The role of incentives in making individual decision is important for those trading with others.7. A dog responds to kind treatment by loving its master.8.The patients be isolated from the rest.9.She specialized first in painting birds and later in writing about them.10.These circumstances have enabled us to compete with allother countries in the open market of the word.短语翻译1.个人决策individual decisionmaking2.换取关系tradeoff3.效率与公平efficiency and equity4.稀缺资源scarce resources5.成本与效益costs and benefits6.增量调整incremental adjustment7.边际成本marginal costs 8.边际效益marginal benefits9.机会成本opportunity cost 10.竞争对手与贸易伙伴competitors and partners第五单元1.Without rules people would live in a state of chaos混乱。

中考英语复习资料中考英语复习资料11.动词的八种时态的构成及用法;2.动词被动语态的构成及用法;3.非谓语动词的构成及用法;4.近义动词的用法区别。

【名师点睛】1.动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态，其中常用的有8种，它们是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。

(1)一般现在时的基本用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语：every…, sometimes,at…, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I dont want so much.5) 某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。

The train comes at 3 oclock.6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。

Ill help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.(2)一般过去时的用法：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。

英语复习资料（全）英语期末考试复习文档一、作文（无）二、听力（三选一）三、阅读1、选词填空（15选10）（四选一）2、长篇阅读（四选一）3、仔细阅读（无）四、翻译（15选5）二、听力部分New 1-3Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item. 0’401. A）Islamist militants are still in control of the town. [iz'lɑ:mist] 伊斯兰教主义者；回教教徒；武装分子B）French forces have entered the town.C）Islamist militants are attacking the airport.D）French forces are going to land at the airport.2. A）To control Kidal airport. (基达尔, 奇达镇)B）To protect the capital Bamako. ['b?m?k?u]巴马科C）T o protect the town.D）To fight against Islamist militants.Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item. 2’353. A) It didn't do enough to celebrate the 100th anniversary of WWI.B) It showed little respect to other European countries.C) It tended to focus on the crimes of WWI.D) It tried to deny the crimes committed by the Nazis.4. A) Indifferent.B) Opposed.C) Neutral.D) Numb.Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item. 4’405. A）The income gap is widening in developed countries.B）Cancer cases are increasing dramatically.C）Unhealthy foods can increase the risk of cancer.D）Burden of cancer is shifting to poor countries.6. A）Most cancer patients were from poor regions.B）Cancer had a significant impact around the world.C）All sorts of cancers could be prevented.D）Rich people were more likely to have cancer.7. A）Drink more water.B）Be on a diet.C）Quit smoking.D）Do exercises.答案Section A (7分)1. B2. C3. A4. B5. D6. D7. CSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item.French forces say they have entered Kidalin the north of Mali 马里（西非国家）, the last major town they have yet to secure in their drive against Islamistmilitants. French forces now control Kidal airport after a number of aircraft, including helicopters, landed there last night. Islamist militants were reported to have already left the town and it was unclear who was in charge. France—the former colonial power in Mali—launched a military operation this month after Islamist militants appeared to be threatening the south. French army spokesman confirms that "French troops were deployed部署overnight in Kidal". One regional security source told the Press that French aircraft had landed at Kidal and that protection helicopters are in the sky. Kidal, 930 miles north-eastof the capital Bamako ['b?m?k?u]巴马科, was until recently under the control of the Islamist militants.1. What is the situation now in Kidal according to the news?2. Why did the French launch the military operation?Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item.These days, German government has been criticized for not doing enough to commemorate the 100th anniversary of World War I. Germany has spent less on events than some other European countries. And the events which have taken place have been seen as half-hearted by critics.Traditionally in Germany the First World War is overshadowed by the Second World War. History teaching in German schools tends to focus on the crimes of the Nazis rather than what happened a generation earlier. And since 1945 there's been a strong aversion in Germany to anything that might be seen as glorifying militarism. So many people here are uncomfortable with any anniversary of a war or a battle.There's still some disagreement among historians about who was responsible for World War I. But having spent the last 70 years making up for Nazi guilt, many Germans have little appetite to now take on the blame for the First World War, too.3. What makes the German government be criticized recently?4. What's the attitude of German people towards militarism?Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item.A recent research showed that the global burden of cancer is shifting dramatically. (6) Once considered a disease of the wealthy, it now has a significant impact in every region, and the greatest proportional increases in cases in the coming years are predicted to be in the poorest corners of the world (5). Worldwide, an estimated 14.1 million new cancer cases were diagnosed in 2012 and 8.2 million cancer deaths.In an analysis that maps the world's hot spots for cancer, epidemiologist Lindsey Torre found cancer rates declining inhigh-income countries but rising in lower-income countries.(7) Better screening, early detection and access to treatment plus a decrease in risk factors like smoking probably explain part of the positive trend among the high-income countries.5. What is the main idea of the news?6. What did people think about cancer before this research?7. According to the news, what can possibly help reduce the risk of cancer?New 4-6Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. Afteryou hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item. 0’401. A ) Parks.B) Restaurants.C) Offices.D) Bars.2. A) Television producers.B) Hotel owners.C) Medical workers.D) Hospital management.Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item. 2’403. A) A Russian cargo ship in danger.B) Icebergs in the Russian sea.C) A vessel's collision with a cargo ship.D) Severe weather of Russia's eastern coast.4. A) While it was fishing in a fishing area.B) Just before it left the port.C) When it was on the route to a fishing area.D) When it sailed back from a fishing area.Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item. 4’205. A) It does not have to borrow money any more.B) It does not pay off the money.C) Its economy is becoming worse.D) Its unemployment is at its highest point.6. A) It is still 42% smaller.B) It is still 20% smaller.C) It is still 6% smaller.D) It is still 9% smaller.7. A) Euro's economy has an invulnerable growth.B) Foreign investment boosts its economy.C) The recession in the Euro zone has ended.D) The global economy is becoming better.答案Section A (7分)1. C2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. CSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre. Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item.A tough anti-smoking law has taken effect in Spain. The ban, one of the strictest in Europe, outlaws smoking in all bars and restaurants. Smokers will also be prohibited on television broadcast, near hospitals, or in school playgrounds. The law tightens anti-smoking restrictions introduced in 2006. The anti-smoking rules introduced in 2006 outlawed smoking only in the workplace. It let bar andrestaurant owners choose whether or not to allow it. Most chose not to impose any ban. Only large restaurants and bars were obliged to provide a smoke-free area. Now hotel, restaurant, and bar owners have said they could face a ten percent drop in trade with the new rules. The industry has already seen a sharp fall in sales due to Spain's economic problems, but doctors argue the new legislation will help smokers give up.1. Where was smoking not allowed, according to the 2006 anti-smoking rules?2. According to the news, who are more likely to react negatively to the new law?Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item.A Russian cargo ship with about 30 crew members aboard was in danger of sinking off Russia's eastern coast while stormyweather interfered with rescue efforts, state-run Itar-Tass news agency said Friday. Ice had formed on the outside of the ship, and the crew was chipping it off. The crew sent out a distress signal, but there was no explanation of the problem. Because of the severe weather, aircraft can't be used to rescue the crew.According to Itar-T ass, the vessel is about 90 miles from an oil rig 钻油平台where rescue vessels are based, while a tugboat 拖船dispatched 派遣from land was still about four times farther away. The cargo ship had been on route to a fishing area when it experienced problems, the news agency reported. The ship hauls fish from boats to ports.3. What is news report mainly about?4. When did the cargo ship get into trouble?Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item.It is being called Ireland's exit from the emergency assistance. If all goes to plan, Ireland will receive no more financial assistance. It does not mean that the money has been paid off—that will take until 2042.Ireland will still need to borrow—and all the signs are that it will be able to do so in the financial markets at an affordable cost. The country's economy has shown signs of stabilization. It has grown, though unusually, and unemployment is down from its highs. But living standards have been hit—the economy is still 9% smaller than it was six years ago.This is an important stage in the Euro zone's financial repair effort. It certainly helps that the recession in the Euro zone has ended—that the economy of the region as a whole has started to grow again. But it is still vulnerable growth. Europe needs stronger performance to generate the tax revenue that could really help struggling governments get control of their borrowingneeds.5. What do we learn about Ireland from the news report?6. What's said about Ireland's economy compared with that of 6 years ago?7. What contributes to the Euro zone's financial repair according to the news?New 7-9Questions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item.1A.She is 17-year-old.B.She works in a hotel.C.Her legs got severely injured.D.Her job is a restaurant employee.2A.In early August.B.In late August.C.In early October.D.In late October.Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item. 1’503A.Terrorist attacks.B.Political protests.C.Extreme weather.D.Heavy traffic jams.4A.Where matches take place.B.Where protests may take place.C.In downtown Vancouver.D.Around the athletes' village.Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item. 3’555A.Electricity shortage.B.Food shortage.C.The heavy burden of studies.D.Overtime exposure to sunlight.6A.1 hour.B.2 hours.C.3 hours.D.2.5 hours.7A.Students in South East-Asia have great pressure in study.B.Genetic factors in visual impairment and blindness.C.Students in South East-Asia should spend more time outdoors.D.The reason why students in South East-Asia have pressure.答案1.D2.D3.B4.D5. C6.C7. CQuestions 1 and 2 will be based on the following news item.Four American teenagers, all children of U.S. military personnel, have been arrested on charges of attempted murder after a woman was knocked off her motorbike with rope strungacross two poles, Japanese police said. The four suspects—two 15-year-old boys, a 17-year-old girl and an 18-year old man—were taken into custody on Saturday, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department said. They are accused of causing a severe head injury to a 23-year-old girl who works at a restaurant by stringing a rope between poles across a road.U.S. forces in Japan was informed of the August incident in late October, a public information officer said. There was no clear explanation for the delay in the handover of the suspects to police, otherthan it involved rules between Washington and T okyo covering U.S. forces and their dependents in Japan. The U.S. military presence and its impact on Japanese residents have beena thorny issue over the years.1.What do we know about the victim?2.When did the U.S. forces in Japan know about the incident?Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item.An Olympics security plan five years in the making is taking shape in Vancouver this week. The Canadian Police is heading up the $900 million security operation, the largest in Canada's history. It will involve 15,000 police, private security and military personnel. The Winter Olympics will take place February 12th to 28th in 2010 in Vancouver. (3) Political protests may pose the biggest threat to the games. The threat of terrorist attack is rated as low. But the memory of the 1972 Munich Olympics has not gone away. That year, a terrorist group attacked the athletes' village, eventually killing 11 Israeli athletes and coaches. (4) It is no coincidence that in Vancouver security patrols are particularly evident around the low-rise apartment buildings, where the athletes will be housed. In downtown Vancouver some roads arealready closed, and rings of security fencing surround some key venues. What's more, 900 surveillance cameras will be put on top of fencing to detect dangers.3.What may be the biggest threat to the 2010 Winter Olympic Games?4.Where is the presence of security patrols most evident?Questions 5 to 7 will be based on the following news item.The strong emphasis on educational achievement in South East-Asia may be coming at a heavy price.(5) Researchers say that hard work at school plus the lack of exposure to outdoor light is damaging the eyes of almost nine out of ten students—with one in five at serious risk of visual impairment and blindness. (6)The scientists say that young people need up to three hours a day of outdoor light, but many infants are also missing out as they nap during lunch time.The scientists say that genetic factors, long thought to play a big role in shortsightedness, are not as important as the environment. They point to Singapore as a place with several distinct ethnic groups, all of whom are now suffering high levels of shortsightedness.(7)The authors suggest that essential time outdoors should be considered by educational authorities across South-East Asia as a way of dealing with the problem.5.What accounts for the poor eyesight for many South East-Asian students?6.How long do the young people need to be exposed to outdoor light each day?7.What is the main idea of the news?短文1-2Passage OneQuestions 16-18 are based on the passage you have justheard.16. A) When someone has helped him.B) When someone has done harm to him.C) When someone in a shop has served him.D) When someone has given him a gift.17. A) He feels interested.B) He feels annoyed.C) He feels himself thanked.D) He feels comfortable.18. A) Empty thanks make Americans comfortable.B) Empty thanks make Americans less anxious to help you.C) It’s not necessary to tell an American that your English is not good enough.D) No one should apologize to an American for not being able to speak very good English. Passage Two 3’25Questions 19-21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) In the countryside.B) In America.C) In Western countries.D) In China.20. A) Because the dog can help him to fight other animals.B) Because the dog can frighten thieves.C) Because the dog can help him do things.D) Because the dog can play with him when he is alone.21. A) The dog would not eat if his master did not allow him to eat.B) Dogs are used for driving sheep.C) One of the reasons that people in towns still keep dogs is that dogs can be used to look after their children.D) A dog can be everybody’s friend.Section C (20分)16. B 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D21. C 22. A 23. A 24. D 25. CPassage One“Thank you”means that you appreciate what someone has done for you, very often, very small and most ordinary things. So we in the West thank people all day long. For instance, you will thank the saleswoman after she has attended to you. You will say “Thank you”to the waitress when she brings you a cup of coffee. And a teacher will say “Thank you”to a student who has just answered the question. At home, the husband will thank the wife when she brings him a glass of water.However, too many expressions of gratitude give Westerners the sense of empty thanks, and make them uncomfortable. For example, if an American has spent half an hour helping you write some letters, you will, of course, want to say, “Thank you, I really appreciate your time.”That’s enough. If you go on and on with statements of thanks, and even add “I’m sorry to have wasted so much of your time”, he will feel himself not thanked but annoyed and will not be anxious to help you again. And if he gets really annoyed, he might say, “Well, if you really think that you are wasting my time, you had better stay out of my way.”There is also no need for you to apologize for your not being able to speak good English wherever you go and whomever you meet.The following questions are based on the passage you have just heard.16. When doesn’t an American say “Thank you”?17. How does an American feel when he is thanked again and again?18. Which of the following is NOT true?Passage TwoIf you are in a Western country, you’ll often see people walking with their dogs. A dog is themost useful animal in the world, but the reason why one keeps a dog has changed.Once upon a time, a man met a dog and wanted it to help him in the fight against other animals, and he found that the dog listened to him and did what he told him to. Later people used dogs for the hunting of other animals, and the dogs did not eat what they got until their master agreed. So dogs were used for driving sheep and guarding chickens.Now the people in the town and cities do not need dogs to fight other animals. They keep them to frighten thieves. But the most important reason is that people feel lonely in the city. For a child, a dog is his best friend when he has no friends to play with. For a young wife, a dog is her child when she doesn’t have her own. For old people a dog is also a child when their real children have grown up and left. Now people do not have to use a dog, but they keep it as a friend, just like a member of the family.The following questions are based on the passage you have just heard.19. Where can we see people walking with their dogs according to the article?20. Why does a child want to keep a dog?21. Which of the following is wrong?短文3-4Passage OneQuestions 16-18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A) On the radio.B) From the manager.C) At the supermarket.D) From newspaper advertisement.17. A) To get a free basket of goods.B) To meet the manager.C) To get a free basket.D) To fill all her cupboards.18. A) The one who will be lucky.B) The one who has a cupboard full of useful things.C) The one who hopes to get free goods every day.D) The one who dreams to become a manager.Passage TwoQuestions 19-21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A) British people.B) Greeks and Persians.C) Egyptians.D) Persians.20. A) They believed that the cat was a god.B) They showed their sadness for a long time.C) They shot arrows.D) They shaved their eyebrows off.21. A) They become even stronger.B) They look like pets.C) They are smaller with smaller brains.D) They weigh 9,000 kilograms.答案16. C 17. A 18. A 19. B 20. D21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. BPassage OneAll the housewives who went to the supermarket had one great ambition: to be the lucky customer who did not have to pay for the shopping. For this was what the notice just inside the entrance promised. It said: Remember, once a week, one of our customers gets free goods. This may be Your Lucky Day!For several weeks Mrs. Edwards hoped, like many of her friends, to be the lucky customer. Unlike her friends, she never gave up hope. The cupboards in her kitchen were full of things which she did not need. Her husband tried to advise her against buying things but failed. She dreamed of the day when the manager of the supermarket would approach her and say: “Madam, this is Your Lucky Day. Everything in your basket is free.”The following questions are based on the passage you have just heard.16. Where did the housewives learn about the offer of free goods?17. What did Mrs. Edwards want very much to do?18. What kind of customer did Mrs. Edwards want to become?Passage TwoIt’s true that the British are a nation of animal lovers, but they are not the first people to be interested in cats, dogs and other creatures. Sometimes men can often be cruel, but sometimes men treat animals better than they treat other people.In ancient Egypt, people believed that the cat was a god. When a cat died, its owners showed their sadness by the strange habit of shaving their eyebrows off! But even 9,000 years ago, the Greeks and Persians had dogs as pets. However, when animals become pets, the result, after a number of generations, is a smaller animal with a smaller brain.The following questions are based on the passage you have just heard.19. Who have the longest history of raising animals as their pets?20. What did ancient Egyptians do after their cats died?21. What will happen after animals have become pets for generations?短文5-6Passage FiveQuestions 16-18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16A.Four to six hours.B.Six to nine hours.C.Around eight hours.D.More than eight hours.17A.They may not be able to focus well.B.They may get the feeling of being drunk.C.They may lose much weight in a short period.D.They may suffer from high blood pressure.18A.Training can make people sleep less temporarily./doc/269469642.html,itary people are used to being deprived of sleep.C.People can bank sleep by sleeping more beforehand.D.Sleeping earlier than usual makes people sleep less.Passage SixQuestions 19-21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19A.Exposing skin to sunlight will certainly lead to skincancer.B.UV rays can help lower people's blood pressure.C.Heart attacks and stoke are linked to low blood pressure.D.Bathing in the sun helps build people's mental health.20A.Vitamin DB.UV rays.C.Body temperature.D.Blood pressure.21A.Heart rate.B.Vitamin D levels.C.Body temperature.D.Blood pressure.答案Section C (20分)16. B 17. D 18. C 19. B 20. A 21. BPassage OneWe waste a third of our lives sleeping. When there doesn't seem to be enough hours in the day, you yearn to be like the former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who was said to get by on just four hours' sleep a night. There is a quite a range in the number of hours we like to sleep. 80% of us manage between six and nine hours a night; the other 20% sleep more or less than this.There is plenty of evidence that a lack of sleep has an adverse effect. We do not simply adjust to it—in the short-term it reduces our concentration, and if it's extreme it makes us confused and distressed, and turns us into such poor drivers of being drunk.The long-term effects are even more worrying. Repeatedly getting less sleep than you need over the course of decades is associated with an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart diseases.But while it might not be possible to train yourself to sleep less, researchers working with the military have found that you can bank sleep beforehand if you plan well in advance. At the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research they had people go to bed a couple of hours earlier than usual every night for a week. When they were subsequently deprived of sleep they didn't suffer as much as the people who hadn't had the chance to bank sleep in advance.16. How much time do most people usually sleep every night?17. What could happen if people didn't get enough sleep fora long time?18. What do the researchers find about the military?Passage TwoThe health benefits of exposing skin to sunlight may far outweigh the risk of developing skin cancer, according to scientists. Edinburgh University research suggests sunlight helps reduce blood pressure, cutting heart attack and stroke risks and even prolonging life. UV rays were found to release a compound which lowers blood pressure. Researchers said more studies would be carried out to determine if it is time to reconsider advice on skin exposure. Heart disease and stroke linked to high blood pressure are estimated to lead to about 80-times more deaths than those from skin cancer in the UK. Production of the pressure reducing compound is separate from the body's manufacture of vitamin D, which rises after exposure to sunshine. Researchers said that until now vitamin D had been thought tosolely explain the sun's benefit to human health.During the research, researchers studied the blood pressure of 24 volunteers under UV and heat lamps. In one session, the volunteers were exposed to both the UV rays and the heat of the lamps. In the other, the UV rays were blocked so that only the heat of the lamps affected the skin. The results showed that blood pressure dropped significantly for one hour following exposure to UV rays, but not after the heat-only sessions. Scientists said that this suggested it was the sun's UV rays that lead to health benefits. The volunteers' vitamin D levels remained unaffected in both sessions. The study will be presented in Edinburgh at the world's largest gathering of skin experts.23. What can be learned from Edinburgh University's research?24. What was thought to be the only element to explain sun9s benefit to human health?25. Which element is said to be unaffected in the research?三、阅读部分1、选词填空（15选10）（四选一）1、第三册第1单元12-13段I suspect not everybody who loves the country would be happy living the way we do. It takes a couple of special qualities. One is a tolerance for solitude. Because we are so busy and on such a tight budget, we don?t entertain much. During the growing season there is no time for socializing anyway. Jim and Emily are involved in school activities, but they too spend most of their time at home.The other requirement is energy-a lot of it. The way to make self-sufficiency work on a small scale is to resist the temptation to buy a tractor and other expensive laborsaving devices. Instead。

英语复习资料翻译部分：1.One of the cultural differences that tends to annoy Americans has to do with understanding ofpunctuality.翻译：其中的文化差异，会激怒美国人要了解守时2.Getting ahead at work starts with getting to work on time.翻译：在工作上取得成功首先要按时上班3.This is true in personal and community life as well as U.S.business culture.翻译：这是真正的个人和社会生活以及美国文化4.Being afraid that I had missed the appointment,I hurried in.翻译：我怕我错过了约会，我急匆匆的进去了5.They are sure to help you get ahead with your American colleagues.翻译：他们肯定会帮助你在美国的同事6.Don`t just show up and expect people to make time talk with you.翻译：不要突然出现还指望别人与你交流7.Climat change may be a big problem,but there are many little things we can do to make a difference.翻译：气候变化可能是一个大问题，但是有许多小事情我们可以做的8.Driving a car or using electricity is not wrong.We just huve to be smart about it.翻译：驾驶汽车或使用电是没有错的。

我们只是有要聪明点9.Whenever we use electricity,we put greenhouse gases into the air.翻译：每当我们用电时，都会把温室气体排放到大气中10.If you`re leaving your computer for a while,put it on stand-by.翻译：如果你离开电脑一会，请将它处于待机状态11.You can help a lot by turning off lights and the computer when you are through with them.翻译：你可以通过关掉灯和电脑帮助很多人12.Planting trees is fun and a great way to reduce greenhouse gases.翻译:种树是一种非常有乐趣的减少温室气体排放伟大方式13.Every emblem tells a beautiful story.翻译：每一个会徽的讲述了一个美丽的故事14.When the emblem was first presented to the IOC,the officials all gave it high praise,saying it was the bestemblem ever designed.翻译：当徽章是第一次出现在国际奥委会的时候，官员们都给了它很高的评价，说它是最好的标志设计15.“Dancing Beijing”is a symbol of trust,standing for the promise that Beijing has made to the world.翻译：“舞动的北京”是一种信任的象征，代表着北京给世界的承诺16.Olynpic Games function as the stage where heroes are made known，records broken and medals earned. 翻译：奥林匹克运动会是作为成就英雄，破纪录和赢得的奖牌的舞台17.Is it not a joy to have friends come from afar ？翻译：是不是有朋友自远方来的喜悦?18.It would be wrong to assume that Christmas is only celebrated among the Christians翻译：圣诞节是庆祝基督徒的假设是错误19.With the world becoming a global village，Christmas is celebrated with high spirits in various parts of theworld翻译：随着世界变成一个大的地球村，世界各地都在热热闹闹的过圣诞20.Though the way of celebration，the dates and traditions vary，the spirit remains the same everywhere. 翻译：虽然庆祝的方式，日期和传统不同，精神仍是一样21.Families decorate their houses by setting up stars and candles in there windows翻译：各家各户装饰自己的房子:在窗子上挂星星和蜡烛22.Christmas is celebrated in England with people giving presents to family members and friends翻译：在英国,人们通常向家人和朋友赠送礼物23.They may also organize parties,where beer ,wine and sometimes champagne is served.翻译：他们还可能举办晚会,晚会上提供啤酒、葡萄酒,有时还有香槟24.The day after Christmas ,which is called Boxing Day,is mostly a time for people to rest.翻译：圣诞节的第二天叫做节礼日,大多是人们的休息日25.Nobody ever gets to see him in their homes ,though, because he only comes when everybody is sound asleep. 翻译：没人能看到他在自己的家园，话虽这样说，因为他只有当每个人都睡着了才回来填空Key:1)different,difference 2)moving,movable 3)feel,feelingKey:9)inform,information 10)Generally,general 11)frequent,frequentlyKey:17)concerned,concerned 18)entertainment,entertain 19)proper,properlyKey:25)realized,realistic 26)magician,magic 27)discovered,discoveries28)mystery,mysterious 29)attractions,attract 30)skilled/skillful,skillfully31)uneasy,ease 32)just,justified。

英语复习资料【1~8单元】一．重要单词与短语1.process 过程2.associate 把…与…联系在一起3.analogy 类比，类推4.substitute 用某物、某人代替另一物、另一人5.convert （使）转变，（使）转化6.previous 以前的，在先的7.bundle 捆，把，扎，束8.all over again 重新9.get away from 摆脱，离开10.in terms of 就…来说，从…角度11.build up 发展，加强，扩大12.get into 投入，从事，对…感兴趣13. a good deal（程度、数量等）相当大地14.conscious 有意识的15.alternative 可供选择（或代替）的事物（方式等）plicated 复杂的17.convince 使确信，使信服18.fall back on （转而）依靠19.sth holds no terror 什么事一点都不可能20.further to 关于…之事21.bring up 养大，养育22.takesb from…to…把某人从…带到…23.lead sb to do sth 引导某人做…24.terminal （火车、轮船、汽车）终点站，计算机终端25.distinction 区别，差别26.stretch 伸展，拉长27.shuttle（火车、公汽等）短距离的区间车28.destination 目的地29.back and forth 来来往往地；来回地30.be supposed to 被期望或要求；应该31.head for 朝某方向前进32.attitude 态度33.have it in for 总是跟…过不去34.fuss 为…而忙乱35.figure 轮廓，人影，体形，数字36.parental 父母亲的37.elementary 小学的；属于小学的；小学教育的38.determined 坚决的39.mechanic 技工；机修工；机械师40.dime 一角硬币41.license 许可证；执照42.official 官方的；正式的43.qualify 使具有资格；证明合格44.scarce 罕见的；稀少的45.concrete 明确的，确定的，具体的，实体的46.contract 合同，契约47.confused 弄糊涂的，杂乱无章的48.get by 勉强度日49.out of the question不可能的50.out of question 没问题51.get in the way 阻碍，妨碍52.get through 完成，达到53.carry sth in one's heart 把…记在心上54.talk sth over with sb 和…商量…55.thought of 想起…56.fix sb with a severe look 用严厉的表情注视着某人57.audience 观众58.row 行；列；排59.slump 倒下；弯垂60.require 要求61.clumsy 手脚不灵活的；笨拙的；不得体的62.take pains 费尽苦心；尽力63.bracelet 手镯；手链；臂镯64.perfume 香水；香料；芳香65.exclaim 大声说出；惊叫；呼喊66.spray 喷，向…喷射67.tick to 坚持68.settle down 定居，安定下来69.mop up 打扫70.fairy 仙女；精灵71.appropriate 合适的，适当的72.tremendous 巨大的73.figure out 得出结论74.no matter what 无论什么75.bring out 使显出，使突出76.light up 容光焕发，突然显出欢欣的神色77. a touch of 少许的，微量的78.pull…through (使)度过难关79.add up to 总计，总数80.make an apology for 道歉81.keep sb close 与某人保持亲近82.be in a good(bad) mood 好（坏）心情83.sparkle 用眼神表示（喜悦等）84.familiar 熟悉的；常见的85.temptation 诱惑，诱惑物86.rob (sb) of (sth) 抢劫（某人某物）87.survey 民意调查，调查民意88.invention 发明物，发明，创造89.essential 必要的，不可或缺的，最重要的90.theater 剧院，剧场91.wireless 无线的92.detect 觉察，查明，查出93.regular 有规律的，经常性的，定期的94.steady（动作、速度、方向等）有规律的，稳定的95.intelligent 有智力的，有智能的，聪明的96.edge out 胜过，超过97.be on the lookout for 注意，守望，密切关注98.second only to 仅次于99.second to none 最好的100.cite an example 举一个例子101.developing software 开发软件102.be a great benefit to 大有益处103.give a hint about sth 就某事做出暗示104.shocking news 惊人的消息105.etiquette 礼节，礼仪，成规106.courtesy 礼貌，谦卑的态度107.get along 过活，生活108.portable 便于携带的，手提式的，能移动的plain 抱怨，诉苦，发牢骚110.evolve 发展，演变111.vibrate 震动；颤动；摇动112.distract 转移…的注意力；使…分神113.seminar 研习班，研讨会114.expect 期望，期待115.talking on a cell phone 打电话116.to rules for sth 为什么制定规则117.a good time to do sth 最好做…passion 怜悯，同情119.vendor 摊贩，小贩yer 层121.filthy 污秽的，肮脏的122.drop 落下123.stuff 东西，财物等，原料，材料124.race 速度竞赛125.gather 收集126.belongings 动产(除土地、建筑物等之外的)127.grin 露齿而笑128.paid off 回报129.financial 财政的130.it came to sb 突然被某人想起131.make it a practice to do sth 立下规矩做某事132.do sth in exchange for sth 做…交换…133.give sth away 免费送134.give-away 捐赠物135.break sth in half 分开136.pay off 取得好结果，盈利137.pack up 将（东西）装箱打包离开某地138.bitter 寒冷的，痛苦的，苦啤酒139.numb 麻木的，失去知觉的140.stiff 僵直的，难以活动的141.frigid 寒冷的，凛冽的142.faint 隐约的，微弱的143.rhythm 律动，节律144.bend （河流等的）弯曲处145.gallop （马等）飞跑，疾驰146.appear 似乎，显得，好像147.hop aboard 上马148.dismount 下马149.curious 好奇的，有兴趣的150.reckon 认为151.respond to (对…)做出反映，回应，响应152.welcome the opportunity to do sth 欣然接受做某事的机会153.touch sb deeply 深深打动某人154.make the effort to do sth 努力做某事155.dip 向下移动156.cupboard 橱柜，衣柜，食品橱157.thump 重击声158.solid 实心的，固体的e upon (偶然)发现，遇见160.follow the usual path of logic 符合常规161.feel very sleepy 昏昏欲睡162.swallow 吞下，咽下163.creature 生物，动物164.spare 不伤害，赦免165.disturb 打扰，妨碍166.capture 捕获（人或动物）167.gnaw 啃，咬168.spare one's life 赦免某人169.get out of trap 摆脱困境170.extraordinary 非常奇怪的，不平常的171.brighten 高兴，明亮172.slippery 滑的，顺滑的173.croquet 门球游戏174.currant 无核小葡萄干175.long to (do sth)渴望，极想做176.shut up 把(某人)关起来。

}小学英语复习资料一、可数名词与不可数名词：不可数名词（本身不能表示复数，常为物质名词或抽象名词），如：milk 、meat 、 coffee 、rice 、cheese 、soup 、bread 、hair 、fruit 、time 、Chinese 、English 、Japanese单数（如：book 、box 、boy ）单数可数名词可以在它前面用a/an.如：可数名词 a book 一本书 an eraser 一个铅笔檫 an English book 一本英语书 an American boy一个美国男孩 an apple/orange 一颗苹果/桔子 an eye/ear 一只眼睛/耳朵 an old doctoran uncle an E-mail （a 用在辅音之前，an 用在元音之前）复数（特殊的：man- men woman -women policeman- policemen child -children foot- feet this-these that- those ）1、人称代词的数与格：2、物主代词：表示所有关系，分名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。

四、表示时间、地点、方位介词的用法：1、介词at的用法：,A:用在几点钟之前。

eg:Mr Liu gets up at six o’clock.B:在“night”前用at。

eg:The monkeys are tired at night.C:表示空间，在…. eg:Let’s meet at the bus stop at five o’clock.D:表示地点：at home at school at the bus stop.2、介词in的用法：A:in the moming/afternoon/evening.B: “in”在…里面。

in the garden in the box.C: “in”是用的意思，eg:in English… in Chinese`3、介词on的用法A:在时期几前，在星期几的上午、下午、晚上前用on。

英语考试复习资料大全
一、词汇复资料
- 《英语词汇手册》：该手册包含了常见的英语单词和短语，适合用于词汇的积累和复。

- 《英语高频词汇精选》：这本书提供了经过精心筛选的高频词汇，可以帮助你快速提升词汇量。

二、语法复资料
- 《英语语法详解》：这本书详细介绍了英语的各种语法规则和用法，对于语法的掌握和复非常有用。

- 《英语语法练》：这本练册包含了大量的语法练题，可以帮助你加深理解和掌握各种语法知识。

三、阅读理解复资料
- 《英语长篇阅读理解》：这本书包含了一些经典的英语长篇阅读材料，并提供了相关的练题，可以帮助你提高阅读理解能力。

- 《英语阅读理解技巧》：这本书介绍了一些提高阅读理解能力的技巧和策略，非常适合考试前的复。

四、听力复资料
- 《英语听力训练》：这本书提供了一些英语听力练材料和相关的听写题目，对于提高听力技能非常有帮助。

- 《英语听力技巧与策略》：这本书介绍了一些提高听力技巧的方法和策略，可以帮助你更好地应对考试中的听力部分。

五、写作复资料
- 《英语写作指导》：这本书提供了一些英语写作的指导和范文，可以帮助你提升写作能力。

- 《英语作文练》：这本书包含了大量的英语作文练题目，可以帮助你进行写作的练和复。

以上是一些英语考试复习资料的推荐，希望对你的备考有所帮助！。

U1 4.诸如背弃朋友这类事并不受法律制约，所以才有了我们称作的道德法庭Laws do not regulate such things as betrayal to friends, that is why there is what we call the court of morality 5.有人把今天的文化描述为快餐文化。

无论做什么事，人们只是追求用最短时间达到最大的满足Today’s culture is described as fast-food culture, whatever they may be; people just pursue the greatest satisfaction within the shortest time.6.常言说，天下没有免费的午餐。

如果你想要什么，就得去挣As the saying goes, there is no such thing as a free lunch. If you want something, go and earn it.U2 1.无论是友情还是爱情，你都不可能期待自己付出最少而得到最多。

In either friendship or love, you should never expect to receive the maximum while you give the minimum.2.我把全部希望寄托在他的承诺上，结果却发现他根本不是个真诚的人。

I built all my hopes on his promises, only to find that he was not a man of sincerity at all.3.我们带母亲去了所有我们能找到的最好的医院，但一切努力都是徒劳的，母亲还是没能熬过那次疾病。

We took mother to all the best hospitals we could find, but all our efforts were in vain; she failed to survive the disease.U3 1.千百年来哲学家们费尽心机从各自的角度阐释何为幸福.For thousands of years philosophers have taken pains to explain the meaning of happiness from their own points of view.2.刚上大学的时候，突然发现自己得处理所有日常事物，知道那是自己才觉得在父母身边生活真是幸福。

英语复习资料完整版导言：英语是一门国际通用语言，具备良好的英语能力对于学习、工作和生活是非常重要的。

无论是参加英语考试还是日常交流，都需要具备扎实的英语基础和充足的复习资料。

本文将提供一份完整版的英语复习资料，以帮助读者进行全面的英语复习。

一、基础知识复习1. 词汇复习：重点复习常用单词和短语，包括动词、名词、形容词、副词等，并掌握它们的用法和搭配。

建议使用词汇书籍或手机应用程序进行词汇记忆。

2. 语法复习：回顾英语的基础语法知识，包括时态、语态、句型转换等。

重点复习一般现在时、一般过去时和一般将来时等常用时态的用法。

3. 句子结构复习：了解英语句子的基本结构和语序规则，掌握主谓宾从等句子结构的用法。

二、听力技巧提升1. 听力材料选择：选择适合自己听力水平的听力材料进行练习。

可以选择录音课程、听力短文、英语新闻等。

通过多次听取和理解，提高自己的听力能力。

2. 笔记记述：在听力练习过程中，可以尝试边听边记笔记。

记录关键词、重点内容和自己的理解，有助于加深记忆和提高理解能力。

3. 对话练习：和他人进行英语对话练习，增强自己的听力和口语能力。

可以选择参加英语角、在线英语聊天室或找外教进行对话练习。

三、口语能力提升1. 模仿发音：通过模仿英语母语者的发音，训练自己的口语能力。

可以选择听力材料进行模仿，也可以参考口语教材中的例句进行跟读。

2. 口语练习：多参与口语练习，提高口语表达能力。

可以找语伴或参加英语角，进行对话练习。

同时，可以尝试进行口头演讲或自由辩论等口语训练。

3. 背诵口语素材：背诵一些常用的口语表达和例句，帮助提高口语流利度和表达能力。

四、阅读理解能力提升1. 阅读材料选择：选择适合自己英语水平和兴趣的阅读材料进行阅读理解练习。

可以选择英语小说、英语杂志、英文报纸等。

2. 阅读技巧：掌握好的阅读技巧，包括快速阅读、精读和扫读等。

通过多次练习，提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。

3. 生词积累：阅读过程中，遇到不认识的单词和短语，可以进行积累和记忆。