“文明”的英译

文明英文作文模板高中初中英文：Civilization is a broad and complex concept that encompasses various aspects of human society, such as culture, technology, economy, politics, and morality. In my opinion, civilization is the result of human progress and development, which is characterized by the improvement of living standards, the expansion of knowledge and wisdom,the enhancement of social harmony and justice, and the preservation of nature and environment.Culture is an essential component of civilization,which includes language, art, religion, philosophy, and customs. Culture reflects the values, beliefs, andtraditions of a society, and it shapes the way people think, feel, and behave. For example, the Chinese culture emphasizes the importance of harmony, respect, and filial piety, while the Western culture values individualism, innovation, and democracy.Technology is another key factor in civilization, which refers to the application of scientific knowledge andskills to practical problems. Technology has greatly improved human productivity, efficiency, and convenience, and it has transformed the way people communicate, travel, work, and entertain. For instance, the invention of the Internet has revolutionized the way people access and share information, and the development of renewable energy has promoted sustainable development and environmental protection.Economy and politics are also important aspects of civilization, which involve the distribution of resources, power, and authority in society. A healthy and stable economy can provide people with basic necessities and opportunities, while a fair and democratic political system can ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens. However, if the economy and politics are dominated by greed, corruption, and violence, they can lead to social inequality, injustice, and conflict.Morality is the foundation of civilization, whichrefers to the principles and values that guide human behavior and relationships. Morality includes virtues such as honesty, kindness, courage, and compassion, as well as norms such as fairness, responsibility, and accountability.A civilized society should uphold moral standards and condemn immoral behaviors, such as lying, cheating, stealing, and harming others.In conclusion, civilization is a multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon that reflects the achievements and challenges of human history. A civilized society should strive for progress, diversity, and harmony, and it should respect and appreciate the differences and similarities among cultures and individuals.中文：文明是一个广泛而复杂的概念，包括人类社会的各个方面，如文化、技术、经济、政治和道德。

‎‎‎‎‎文明礼仪‎英文演讲‎稿带有中‎文翻译‎篇一：‎文‎明礼仪英‎语演讲稿‎文明礼‎仪英语演‎讲稿 t‎h ere‎wil‎l be‎a s‎p eec‎h on‎our‎sch‎o ol ‎p lay‎g rou‎n d t‎h is ‎s atu‎r day‎aft‎e rno‎o n, ‎w hos‎e th‎e me ‎i s “‎t o c‎i vil‎i ze ‎s cho‎o lya‎r d i‎s my‎res‎p ons‎i bil‎i ty”‎. al‎l th‎e te‎a che‎r s a‎n d s‎t ude‎n ts ‎a re ‎r equ‎i red‎to ‎a tte‎n d. ‎i n t‎h e a‎c tiv‎i ty,‎the‎fir‎s t t‎w o w‎i nne‎r s i‎n ea‎c h g‎r ade‎wil‎l gi‎v e s‎u ch ‎v alu‎a ble‎adv‎i ce ‎a s f‎o llo‎w s: ‎w e s‎h oul‎d no‎t li‎t ter‎any‎w her‎e in‎ord‎e r t‎o ke‎e p o‎u r c‎a mpu‎s cl‎e an;‎we ‎s hou‎l d l‎o ve ‎f low‎e rs,‎gra‎a nd ‎t ree‎s so‎tha‎t ev‎e ryo‎n e c‎a n e‎n joy‎the‎gre‎e nne‎s s; ‎w e s‎h oul‎d be‎h ave‎wel‎l in‎s tea‎d of‎run‎n ing‎aft‎e r o‎n ea‎n oth‎e r, ‎q uar‎r eli‎n g a‎n d f‎i ght‎i ng ‎n ois‎i ly;‎we ‎s hou‎l d c‎a re ‎f or ‎o the‎r s s‎o th‎a t o‎u r s‎c hoo‎l wi‎l l b‎e fu‎l l o‎f lo‎v e. ‎w e b‎e lie‎v e o‎u r s‎c hoo‎l wi‎l l b‎e e m‎o re ‎a nd ‎m ore‎bea‎u tif‎u l a‎n dp‎e ace‎f ul。

介绍文明的英文作文带翻译英文：Civilization is a term that encompasses a wide range of human activities and achievements, including art, science, technology, government, and social organization. It refers to the complex societies that have developed over time, with their own unique cultures, traditions, and customs.One of the key aspects of civilization is the development of cities and urban centers. These urban areas are where people come together to live and work, and they are often the hubs of cultural and economic activity. For example, the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China all developed complex urban centers that were the focal points of their societies.Another important aspect of civilization is the development of writing and record-keeping. Writing allows for the preservation and transmission of knowledge andinformation across generations, and it is a key tool for the development of science, literature, and philosophy. For example, the invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for the widespread dissemination of knowledge and ideas, leading to the rapid advancement of human civilization during the Renaissance.Civilization also involves the development of complex social and political structures. This includes the establishment of laws, governments, and systems of justice that help to maintain order and stability within a society. For example, the ancient Greeks developed the concept of democracy, which has had a profound impact on the development of political systems around the world.In addition to these achievements, civilization also encompasses the development of art, architecture, and cultural traditions. These expressions of human creativity and ingenuity help to define the unique character of different societies and civilizations. For example, the ancient Mayan civilization in Central America developed a sophisticated system of writing and a rich tradition of artand architecture, including the famous pyramids and temples at Chichen Itza.Overall, civilization is a testament to the ingenuity, creativity, and resilience of the human spirit. It is a reflection of our ability to come together, overcome challenges, and create a better world for future generations.中文：文明是一个涵盖人类各种活动和成就的术语，包括艺术、科学、技术、政府和社会组织。

从翻译目的论三原则看政治类文本的翻译作者：刘坤卓来源：《现代交际》2019年第13期摘要：目的原则、连贯原则和忠诚原则是翻译目的论的三个原则。

在翻译目的论的指导下，通过对2019《政府工作报告》的英译本进行分析，探究目的论三原则如何在政治文本的翻译过程中得以发挥作用，希望对政治类文本的翻译有所启发。

关键词：目的论; 2019《政府工作报告》政治类文本翻译中图分类号：H059; 文献标识码：A; 文章编号：1009-5349（2019）13-0084-022019《政府工作报告》是我国政府对过去一年工作的回顾总结和接下来一年的工作计划，是我国政府的重要政治文件和外宣文件。

通过分析其英译本，探究目的论三原则在其翻译过程中如何得以运用，可以更好地指导政治类文本的翻译。

一、目的论的形成与发展翻译目的论的起源可以追溯至20世纪70年代，其形成与发展大致可以分成四个阶段。

第一阶段中，莱斯提出了功能派理论思想的雏形。

“其首倡的功能主义翻译批评理论认为：理想的翻译应将源文本与目标文本在思想内容、语言形式和交际功能等层面建立起对等关系。

”[1]第二阶段中，汉斯·弗米尔提出了翻译目的论，将翻译研究从原文中心论的束缚中摆脱出来。

目的论认为，翻译是以原文为基础的有目的和有结果的行为，翻译必须遵循一系列法则，其中目的法则居于首位。

随后，曼塔里借鉴交际和行为理论，提出翻译行为理论，进一步发展了目的论，“她用信息传递来指各种各样的跨文化转换，视翻译为一项为实现特定目的的复杂活动。

”[2]在第四阶段，诺德進一步完善了该理论，提出了“忠诚原则”。

总而言之，“莱斯奠定了翻译目的论的基础，弗米尔是该理论的创立者。

曼塔里强调的是翻译过程的行为、参与者的角色和翻译发生的行为，而诺德则完善了该理论并将其运用到其他领域。

”[3]二、目的论的三原则目的论的三原则分别是目的原则、连贯原则和忠诚原则。

目的论认为，所有翻译活动遵循的首要原则是“目的原则”。

汉译英常用分类词汇——中国文化概述general terms集体主义collectivism爱国主义精神patriotism诚实守信honesty公民道德建设实施纲要The Program for Improving Civic Morality弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化highlight the central theme of the times whileencouraging diversity全民健身运动nationwide fitness campaign社会公德，职业道德和家庭美德教育education in social and professional ethics andfamily virtues为人民服务serving the people深入群众，深入生活go deep among the masses and into the thick of life奉献无愧于时代的作品contribute to the people works worthy of the times中华文明博大精深，源远流长。

The Chinese civilization is extensive and profound, and has a long history.重要文化遗产major cultural heritage优秀民间艺术outstanding folk arts自立于世界民族之林stand proudly in the family of nations一、传统节日风俗文化三节(中国的三天传统节日：端午节、中秋节和春节)the three Chinese traditional festivals—Dragon-Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Spring Festival1. 春节Spring Festival/ Chinese New Year大扫除 year-end household cleaning扎花灯焰火make ornamental lanterns and fireworks烧纸钱burn paper coins/ burn paper money烧香burn incenses in a censer除夕New Year’s Eve春联Spring Festival couplets (conveying best wishes for the year)年画New Year picture年夜饭family reunion dinner on Lunar New Year’s Eve压岁钱 New-Year Money/money given to children as a Lunar New Year gift爆竹firecracker鞭炮 a string of small firecrackers辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new ; ring out the old year and ring in the new饺子dumplings (with meat and vegetable stuffing)拜年paying a New Year call贺年片 New Year film恭喜发财 May you be prosperous! / Wish you all the best!2. 元宵节 Lantern Festival元宵sweet rice-flour dumplings (eaten on the Lantern Festival)庙会temple fair观灯viewing the lanterns灯谜lantern riddles龙灯舞 dragon lantern dance狮子舞lion dance秧歌舞yangge dance植树节 Tree-planting Day3. 清明节 Tomb-sweeping Festival/ Tomb-sweeping Day/ Ch’ing Ming Festival 扫墓 paying respect to the dead《清明上河图》 A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival4. 端午节 Dragon Boat Festiva l Duanwu Festival赛龙舟dragon-boat race粽子zongji/ glutinous rice wrapped in a pyramid shape dumpling in reed leaves5. 七夕节Double-seventh Festival6. 中秋节Mid-autumn Festival赏月enjoying the full moon月饼moon cake团圆be united7. 重阳节 Double-ninth Festival登高hill climbing饮酒wine drinking赏菊enjoying chrysanthemum吃糕eating cakes （糕与“高”谐音）国庆节National Day8. 冬至the winter solstice 冬至饭winter solstice dinner9. 立春the Beginning of Spring/ early spring10. 秋老虎autumn tiger11. 芒种节Festival of Grain in Ear12. 春分Rain Begins13. 白露White Dew14. 霜降Frost Falls15. 小雪Slight Snow放风筝图的是这一乐，所以说放晦气。

介绍文明的英文作文英文：Civilization is a term that refers to the complex societies and cultures that have developed over time. It encompasses a wide range of human achievements, including art, literature, science, philosophy, and technology. Civilization is characterized by the development of cities, the growth of agriculture, and the establishment of social hierarchies and political systems.One of the key features of civilization is the abilityto record and transmit knowledge and information. Writing, for example, has played a crucial role in the developmentof civilization. It has allowed people to record their thoughts and ideas, to communicate with others across great distances, and to preserve knowledge for future generations.Another important aspect of civilization is the development of social norms and values. These are theshared beliefs and practices that shape the behavior of individuals within a society. They include things like laws, customs, and traditions, and they help to create a sense of order and stability within a community.Overall, civilization has allowed us to achieve incredible things as a species. It has enabled us to create works of art and literature that inspire and move us, to develop technologies that make our lives easier and more comfortable, and to explore the mysteries of the universe through science and philosophy.中文：文明是一个指代随着时间的推移而发展起来的复杂社会和文化的术语。

对外汉语教学中汉语风俗习惯类词语的英译研2对外汉语教学中汉语风俗习惯类词语的英译研究一、引言风俗习惯指个人或集体的传统风尚、礼节、习性，是特定社会文化区域内历代人们共同遵守的行为模式和规范，主要包括民族风俗、节日风俗、传统礼仪等。

习惯上，人们往往将由自然条件的不同而造成的行为规范差异称之为“风”，而将由社会文化的差异所造成的行为规则的不同，称之为“俗”。

所谓“百里不同俗，千里不同风”正恰当地反映了风俗因地而异的特点。

中国地大物博，历史悠久，汉语中关于风俗习惯类的词语自是多如牛毛，数不胜数。

但由于汉英语民族在风俗习惯和文化观念方面存在巨大差异，外国人在学习汉语风俗习惯类词语时颇感费力，困难重重，尤其是对一些空缺词汇的认知和理解，总是觉得力不从心。

鉴于此，我认为研究对外汉语教学中汉语风俗习惯类词语的英译问题，具有重要的意义，通过对本课题的研究，可以进一步理解汉英语的词汇对应问题，体会汉英语民族的风俗习惯和文化观念特点，使汉英语言对比的知识能应用到对外汉语教学实践中，促进对外汉语教学。

二、造成汉英风俗习惯类用语差异的原因及其表现（一）原因各民族之间风俗习惯类语义的差异纷繁复杂，其原因也是多种多样的。

就英汉两种语言而言，不同的地域环境，历史宗教，民情风俗等都会引起国俗语义的差异。

（二）表现A、生态方面的差异：中国的“三伏”、“三九”在英语中没有对等词。

中国有黄河。

长江，英国有泰晤士河，美国有密西西比河。

中国有“竹”，英国没有有关“竹”的文化，等等。

B、物质文化方面的差异：各民族衣食住行各具特色，各有一些对方没有的东西，如中国的饺子、包子、汤圆，西方的ice-cream、cheese、hot dog、各色的面包等。

再如中国的旗袍、长跑马褂、中山装，英国的燕尾服（swallowtail)，美国人的牛仔衣（cowboy jacket、jeans)等。

C、社会文化方面的差异：中国清代，皇帝后宫有佳丽三千，妻妾等级分明，因而汉语有关宫女名称的词汇就丰富多彩，如“皇后、皇贵妃、妃、嫔、贵人、答应”等。

文明英文作文带翻译Living in a civilized society means respecting others and their beliefs, even if they are different from your own. It's about understanding that diversity is a strength, nota weakness.文明社会意味着尊重他人及其信仰，即使他们与你的不同。

这意味着理解多样性是一种力量，而不是一种弱点。

Being civilized also means being responsible for our actions and their impact on the world around us. It's about considering the consequences of our choices and striving to make positive contributions to our communities.文明也意味着对我们的行为及其对我们周围世界的影响负责。

这意味着考虑我们选择的后果，并努力为我们的社区做出积极贡献。

In a civilized society, communication is key. It's important to listen to others, express ourselves clearly, and work towards finding common ground, even when wedisagree.在文明社会中，沟通是关键。

重要的是要倾听他人，清晰地表达自己，并努力寻找共同点，即使我们有分歧。

Respecting the environment is also a crucial aspect of civilization. We must strive to protect and preserve the natural world for future generations, and make sustainable choices in our daily lives.尊重环境也是文明的重要方面。

中国历史文化常用词汇英译Confucianism 儒教/儒家思想Taoism 道教Buddhism佛教temple寺庙Confucius孔子Mencius孟子Lao Tzu 老子ethics伦理学morality 道德benevolence 仁spiritual 精神的harmony 和谐The Analects of Confucius《论语》The Art of War《孙子兵法》Historical Records《史记》Historical Records《史记》zodiac十二生肖feudal封建的dynasty 朝代emperor； monarch皇帝，君主rein 统治royal 皇家的Tang Princess Wencheng 文成公主Empress Dowager Ci Xi慈禧太后prime minister丞相，宰相ethnic minority少数民族offer sacrifices 祭祀the Western Regions西域cradle of civilization文明的摇篮the Reform Movement of 1898 戌戌变法the Opium War 鸦片战争the War of Resistance Against Japan抗日战争Lunar calendar阴历Fengshui;geomantic omen风水calligraphy书法copybook 字帖Chinese character 汉字pictographic characters象形文字Mandarin （中国）普通话dialect 方言Chinese traditional painting 国画ink—wash painting 水墨画landscape painting 山水画mount裱scroll卷轴figure人物pavilion 阁，亭writing brush 毛笔ink 墨Xuan paper宣纸ink stone 砚台 A Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival清明上河图mural painting 壁画clay figure泥人folk art 民间艺术craftsman 工匠Beijing Opera 京剧facial make—up 脸谱costume 服装acrobatics杂技cross-talk 相声clapper talk快板storytelling评书Xiaopin小品Puppet show木偶剧shadow play 皮影戏zither古筝Tai Chi太极the four great inventions of ancient China 中国古代四大发明the Silk Road丝绸之路compass 指南针papermaking 造纸术gunpowder火药printing 印刷术movable type printing活字印刷fleet 舰队voyage航海traditional Chinese medicine 中药acupuncture 针灸medical massage推拿herbal medicine草药abacus 算盘bronze ware 青铜器porcelain 瓷器seismograph 地动仪Go 围棋martial arts (Wushu)武术fireworks 烟花firecracker鞭炮statutory holiday 法定假日Spring Festival 春节The Spring Festival Gala on CCTV春节联欢晚会gift of money wrapped in red paper 红包New Year gift－money压岁钱family reunion 团圆Lantern Festival元宵节Dragon Boat Festival 端午节sticky rice dumplings粽子Mid—autumn Festival 中秋节moon cake 月饼the Double Seventh Festival 七夕Spring Festival couplets 对联temple fair庙会festival lantern花灯lantern riddle灯谜God of Wealth 财神dumpling 饺子dragon boat race 龙舟赛dragon and lion dance 狮子龙灯舞stilt walking踩高跷dragon boat race赛龙舟kite flying 放风筝Yangge dance 秧歌舞Chinese cuisine中国菜color色aroma香taste , flavor 味chopsticks 筷子Sichuan cuisine川菜soybean milk 豆浆deep－fried dough sticks油条steamed buns 馒头steamed twisted rolls花卷steamed stuffed buns包子Beijing roast duck北京烤鸭hand－stretched noodles拉面hot pot火锅tofu 豆腐instant noodles 方便面wood—cut block print 木刻版画papercutting， paper-cuts 剪纸Chinese Spring Festival Paintings年画cloisonne 景泰蓝embroidery刺绣Suzhou embroidery苏绣batik 蜡染pattern 图案decorate v. 装饰decoration n. 装饰Chinese tunic suit 中山装cheongsam (qipao ）旗袍Tang-style costume 唐装feature 特色unique to China 中国特有的characteristic 特点the Imperial Palace故宫the Forbidden City 紫禁城Beijing quadrangles北京四合院hutong胡同the Temple of Heaven 天坛The Summer Palace 颐和园the Great Wall 长城drum tower鼓楼the Terra—cotta Army of the First Emperor of Qin兵马俑the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi黄帝陵scenery, landscape 风景place of interests名胜tourist attraction/resort 观光胜地sightsee v。

“精神”的英译作者：秋千影来源：《英语世界》2019年第09期恰逢中华人民共和国建国70周年，在不久前参加的一场数字阅读推广活动中，我就《习近平谈治国理政》一书的英文翻译进行了点评，特在此与读者诸君品读中文经典，领悟翻译之美。

众所周知，政治文献中，“精神”一词频繁出现，作为开篇，我们不妨一起考察该词在不同语境中的不同译法，期能激发讨论，启迪思考。

1. 原文：弘扬“上海精神”，促进共同发展译文：Carry Forward the “Shanghai Spirit” and Promote Common Development点评：基本义项，往往中规中矩地传译即可。

《习近平谈治国理政》中类似表述还有：丝路精神，the Silk Road Spirit;创新精神，the spirit of innovation;時代精神，the spirit of the times;民族精神，the national spirit;中国精神，the Chinese spirit。

2. 原文：《习近平谈治国理政》（第一卷、第二卷）是国内外读者学习掌握十九大精神的权威读本。

译文：They will be an authoritative source through which readers can learn about the guiding principles of the 19th CPC National Congress.点评：“精神”在此显然表示“宗旨、要义”等，译作the guiding principles可谓深得原文要旨;而“国内外读者”在译文中略为readers亦属艺高人胆大，诚妙略也。

3. 原文：全党全国就是要通过扎扎实实的努力，锲而不舍把党的十八大精神落到实处。

译文：Now it is time for the whole Party and people of the whole country to make concerted and relentless efforts to implement the decisions of the 18th CPC National Congress.点评：此处“精神”译作decisions，貌似偏离，实质忠实。