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《语言学教程》第 5 章 语义学

《语言学教程》第 5 章 语义学



⑩There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, ⑩一般来说，公认的涵义关系有三种

sameness relation 相同关系 oppositeness relation 对立关系 inclusiveness relation. 内包关系
基本概念


What is Semantics?
①The branch of linguistics concerning the study of meaning is called Semantics. ②More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.

⑥而且，用词的所指事物来解释词很不方便。⑦ 因为词所指的对象并不总在说话人的身边。⑧就 算是在身边，也需要听者花时间来辨认其主要特 征。⑨例如，一个人第一次见到电脑时，可能会 误认为显示器是其主要部件，认为电脑就像电视 机一样。⑩因此，有人提出应该根据涵义而非指 称来研究意义。

注：⑩ 句是 5.2 的最终结论：要将对意
第 5层 切分
↑ Word
语言中的层次（Stratification）
第1层切分 Text 语篇
第2层切分
第3层切分 第4层切分 第5层切分 第6层切分 第7层切分 第8层切分
Sentence / Clause complex 句子 / 小句复合体
Clause Word group / phrase Word Morpheme Syllable Segmental phoneme 小句/分句/子句 词组 / 短语 词 语素 音节 单个音段音位

语言学第五章PPT课件

语言学第五章PPT课件
Kinds of meaning Major sense relations
Sentence meaning Semantic analysis
Componential analysis Predication analysis
.
What is semantics?
英文semantics来自希腊语semantikos，意 思是siginificant(有意义)。是研究语言意义 的科学。
词的意义和句子意义. 20世纪60年代以前， 语言学家只注重研究词的意义，忽略了句子 意义。
研究语言单位的意义，尤其是词语和句子的 意义 。
.
Semantics--the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word is so strong that it forms part of our response to another
Within the domain of linguistics, semantics is mainly concerned with the analysis of meaning of words, phrases, or sentences and sometimes with the meaning of utterances in discourse or the meaning of a whole text.
sense.
Example: words having a taboo meaning, such as ‘gay’,

语言学概论ppt课件完整版

语言学概论ppt课件完整版
研究词的内部结构和构词规则的学科，包括词缀、 词根、词干等概念。
句法学
研究句子结构的学科，包括短语结构、句子成分、句 子类型等。
语义学
研究语言意义的学科，包括词义、句义和篇章意义 等。
语用学
研究语言使用的学科，包括言语行为理论、会话含义理论 和礼貌原则等。
语言学研究方法论
描写方法
通过对语言现象的详细描写，揭示语言的内在规 律和结构特点。
04
句子结构与句法理论
句子成分与功能分析
主语和谓语
句子的核心成分，表达基本的陈述关系。
宾语和补语
句子的补充成分，完善句子的语义内容。
定语和状语
句子的修饰成分，描述或限制句子中的其他成 分。
短语类型和层次关系
名词短语
以名词为中心词的短语，包括定 中短语、联合短语等。
动词短语
以动词为中心词的短语，包括状 中短语、动宾短语等。
介词短语
由介词及其宾语构成的短语，表 示时间、地点、方式等关系。
层次关系
短语内部各成分之间的结构关系， 如并列关系、偏正关系等。
句法变换与生成语法简介
句法变换
通过改变句子成分的位置或添加某些成分来改变句子的结构，但不改变句子的基本意思。常见的句法变换 有主动句变被动句、肯定句变否定句等。
生成语法简介
语言接触和融合现象举例
1 2
语言的借用 不同语言在接触过程中，常常会发生词汇的借用 现象，如英语中的“tea”借自汉语。
语言的混合 在语言接触中，有时会产生语言的混合现象，形 成新的语言或方言，如克里奥尔语。
3
语言的融合
当两种语言长期密切接触时，可能会发生语言的 融合现象，产生一种新的语言，如罗曼语族中的 法语、意大利语等。

Lecture5(1) Phrase Hierarchy 当代语言学导论课件

Lecture5(1) Phrase Hierarchy 当代语言学导论课件

“[a]clause is only as big as it needs to be. It is an IP unless it has to be a CP.”
Grimshaw (1993)
What is the need?
Not all your books cater for everyone’s taste. For example, this book john likes…
Topicalization
This booki he ‘pres’ like t i
Wh-movement
Whati do you
like t i ?
Negative topicalization
Not a soul i did I
see t i
Adjunct CP
John,
I
like him
IP
NP
VP
John [IP John
V
hates [VP hates
NP
Bill Bill ]
-bar
IP
SPEC
I’
ī
I
VP
SPEC V’
V NP
John like this book ‘pres’ John like this book
What is a cp?
that he ‘pres’ like the book
Early child L1 clauses have no functional architecture, and thus lack IP and CP projections. e.g.
want book
Gradually, L1-English children acquire the functional architecture, and step into the IP-stage. e.g.

《语言学概论》精品PPT课件全集

《语言学概论》精品PPT课件全集

3，音位、音位变体及其相互关系
音位变体：处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成为同一个音位
在不同位置上的代表是同一个音位的不同的变异形式。
自由变体：可以在同一语音环境里自由替换而不起区别词的
语音形式作用的几个音素。如西南官话n和l。
条件变体：一个音位因受语音环境的制约而表现为若干个不
同的音素。如普通话的/a/音位。
例如，“张大嫂买了一盆花”这句话，我们可以把“张大嫂” 换成“李大嫂”“张大妈”“王大爷”等等，生成无限的新 句子。也可以在张大嫂前面加上定语“漂亮的”，“隔壁 的”，“李四家的”等等，只要人的记忆力允许，可以加上 无数个定语，从而生成无限长的句子。语法的这种性质又叫 做生成性，也有人解释为“有限规则的无限应用”。
元音和辅音的区别
元音
辅音
气流在口腔不受阻
气流在口腔受阻
各发音器官均衡紧张 部分发音器官紧张
气流弱
气流强
元音
元音的不同由共鸣腔的 形状造成。
1，舌位的高低 2，舌位的前后 3，唇形的圆展
舌尖元音：
不圆唇： 、 ； 圆唇： 、 。
辅音
成阻、持阻、除阻 清、浊 不送气、送气
三、音位
1，什么是音位 音位是具体的语言或方言中具有区别
5，音质音位与非音质音位 。
音质音位：从音质角度分析得到的区别词的语音形式的音位。
非音质音位： 从音高、音重、音长角度分析得到的区别词的语音形式的音位。
音高——调位：如汉语声调。妈、麻、马、骂。 音重——重位或势位：如英语重音。con’tent形容词 “满足”，’content名词“内容”。 音长——时位：如英语元音长短。beat打、bit少许。
语言和言语的关系。区分语言和言语的意义。 第二节 重要概念：符号、语言符号、组合关系、聚合关系 重点掌握：语言是一种特殊的社会现象。语言是一套

胡壮麟语言学课件Chapter 5_semantics

胡壮麟语言学课件Chapter 5_semantics

3. The meaning of meaning
C. K. Ogden & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning.John means to write.A green light means to go.Health means everything.His look was full of meaning.What is the meaning of life?What does ‘capitalist’ mean to you?What does ‘cornea’ mean?
domicile: very formal, officialresidence: formalabode: poetichome: generalsteed: poetichorse: generalnag: slanggee-gee: baby language
Hale Waihona Puke 3.4 Affective meaning
3.2 Connotative meaning
The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.A multitude of additional, non-criterial properties, including not only physical characteristics but also psychological and social properties, as well as typical features.

Lecture5(2) Phrase Hierarchy 当代语言学导论课件


28
Complement vs. adjunct
(12) a. ___ his(1s2t)uad.y hoifsssytnutdayx of syntax b. ___ his stubd.yhinistshteudSytaitnesthe States c. ___ his stucd.yhoisf ssytundtayxoinf styhnetSaxtaitnesthe States d. ___ his studd.y*hinisthsteuSdtyaitnesthoef Ssytantteasxof syntax
15
NP
NP Spec N’
Spec N’
AP
N’
AP N’
AP N’
N
N
a young man
a brave young man
✓ What about (6’e) ‘a famous brave young man’?
16
Why can’t ‘young’ be the complement of ‘man’?
17
NP
Spec N’ AP N’
N
N
a Chi. Eng. teacher an Eng. Chi. teacher
18
More examples
(9) a. a solution b. the BMW Case c. of the BMW Case d. the solution of the BMW Case
Spec ?
A
?
AN
A
N
a young man
a brave young man
10
(6’) c. [a [young man]] d. [a [brave [young man]]]

语言学概论(完整版)ppt课件

根据语言的形态、句法 、语义等特征，将语言 分为不同的类型，如孤 立语、粘着语、屈折语 等。
跨语言比较
通过对不同类型语言之 间的比较，揭示语言之 间的共性和差异，以及 语言类型与文化、社会 等因素的关系。
类型学视角
从类型学的角度出发， 分析语言的结构和功能 ，探讨语言的本质和演 变规律。
语言起源和演变过程探讨
语音、词汇、语法三要素
01
02
03
语音
语音是语言的声音形式， 包括音素、音节、声调等 要素，具有区别意义的作 用。
词汇
词汇是语言的建筑材料， 包括词和固定短语，体现 语言的文化特色和时代特 征。
语法
语法是语言的组织规则， 包括词法、句法等，使语 言具有生成和理解的能力 。
语言与社会文化关系
语言与社会
语音实验方法
通过仪器分析和实验验证，探究语 音的生理、物理和心理特性。
发音器官与发音过程分析
发音器官
01
包括呼吸器官、喉头、声带、口腔、鼻腔等，以及它们的结构
和功能。
发音过程
02
分析发音时气流的通道、声带的振动、口腔和鼻腔的共鸣等作
用，揭示语音产生的机制。
发音差异与语音变化
03
探讨不同发音器官和发音过程对语音的影响，以及语音在历史
语音学定义
研究人类语言声音的科学，包括语音 的产生、传播、感知和变化等方面。
语音四要素
音质、音高、音强和音长，它们在语 音中的表现和作用。
语音单位
音素、音节、音步等，以及它们之间 的关系和组合规律。
音系学理论与方法
音系学定义
研究语言声音系统的科学，探讨 语音单位的分类、组合和变化规
则。
音位理论

戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第5章课件 _Syntax


4.2 Categories范畴
4.2.1 Word-level categories Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language e.g. a sentence a noun phrase a verb
4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structure短语范畴及结构

Definition: Phrases refer to the syntactic units which are built around a certain word category. 围绕某一词范畴构成的句法单位
The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally, called parts of speech) .
Here, word-level categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
Noam Chomsky [ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski] (1928--)
---- He is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician,political commentator and activist, the most influential linguist of the 20th century,and was voted the "world's top public intellectual"(世界顶级公共知识分子) in a 2005 poll. Chomsky has spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus.

语言学课件5


(2) Connotative meaning
The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (sense or concept of a word)
– handsome: boy, man, car, vessel, overcoat, airliner, typewriter, etc.
(7) Thematic meaning
What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis.
Difference between sense and reference
Sense VS Reference
Abstract properties The concrete entities
of an entity;
having these properties;
Every word has a sense, such as some conceptual content for us to use or understand.
study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
Semantics vs. pragmatics
Semantics studies the relatively stable meaning of language.
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• The grammar of the Old English reflects its Germanic heritage.
• Middle English (1066-1500)
• Ruling class spoke French (Norman French Invasion ). • All the others spoke English. • A lot of words are borrowed from French.
• All the Germanic groups spoke Germanic dialects, which was called Anglo-Saxon.
• The next Four centuries saw another important influence on the English language: Scandinavian settlement and absorption into the Anglo-Saxon peoples.
The Establishment of Anglo-Saxon 3
• So they called on a Germanic tribe to help drive off the enemy. Te tribe was identified as the Saxons.
• The Saxons found the British countryside so beautiful that they did not want to leave.
• The Scandinavian dialects were similar to AngloSaxon. So it had great influence on English.
The Establishment of Anglo-Saxon 5
One contribution easy to identify is modern English words with sk- (sky, skin, skill).
• Over the next century, some other Germanic tribes such as Angles also invaded Britain.
Germanic Migrations in Europe
The Establishment of Anglo-Saxon 4
The Establishment of Anglo-Saxon 1
• Before the First Roman invasion in 55 B.C., the language of Britain was Celtic, an IndoEuropean language.
• In A.D. 44, Roman legions returned to begin an occupation lasting almost four hundred years.
• In A.D. 410, Roman troops withdrew from England completely .
• Without the support of Rome, the British Celts were no match for the fierce tribes such as Scots, who frequently raided from the northern borders.
HISTORY OF ENGLISH
• The Establishment of Anglo-Saxon
Celtic ( Celts’ language ) Latin ( Roman occupation) Germanic dialects ( Germanic invasion)
• Old English
• Many words associated with life in the west are Spanish in origin.
• The Dutch influence on American vocabulary was considerable.
• Other immigrant groups have contributed to American English as well, although within a limited area.
• American English (1620-
• The Indians’ influence on American language was not extensive.
• But many place names, trees, plants, and animals indigenous to America retain their Indian names.
• The Second Roman invasion left a rich archaeological heritage but little permanent linguistic influence.
The Establishment of Anglo-Saxon 2
• However, Latin was learned by Celts in the towns, and some words derived from or influenced by Latin are still found in Irish and Welsh today.
• Early Modern English (1500-1700)
• Early Modern English was noted for its uniformity.• ModernFra bibliotekEnglish
• Samuel Johnson ’s dictionary & Bishop Lowth’s grammar book established a correct standard for correct English.