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You must remember, my dear mother, that I have never considered this matter as certain. I have had my doubts, I confess; but they are fainter than they were, and they may soon be entirely done away.你应该记住，我的好妈妈，我从来没有把这件事情看得一定如此。
我承认我有疑虑，但是不像以前那么重了，也许很快就会彻底打消。
Look at that sunset. I never saw one redder. ones, the same瞧那晚霞。
我没见过比这更红的了。
各式各样的球鞋象装在万花筒里，在她面前转开了：白色的，蓝色的，高筒的，矮帮的，…给圆圆挑一双吧---- 《人到中年》莲花是自成一类的花卉，我个人认为是花中最美丽者，只要想想它是那么连枝带叶整个浮在水上。
------《谈花和养花》我错过了这班火车就赶下一班。
（重复）If I miss this train, I’ll catch the next one.----我想买台洗衣机。
------可我看你买不起♂。
----I want a new washing machine. ----But I don’t think you can afford a new one.He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been for the restlessness of his nature.他从未实现自己的抱负，人们觉得，如果不是因为他那不安分的天性，也许他早已实现了自己的抱负。
The Americans are reducing their defense expenditure this year. I wonder if the Russian will do too.美国人今年在削减军费开支，我不知道俄国人是否也会这样做汉语动词替代手段：搞、弄、干、做… …他以为人们不喜欢他，但他们是喜欢他的。
汉英词汇对比及翻译一、英汉词汇意义变化的方式1. 词义的扩展：词从个别意义扩大到一般意义。
“灾”指自然发生的火灾f一切的灾害”。
“河”黄河f河流的总称。
英语中Cafeteria 咖啡壶f咖啡馆、餐馆等。
2. 词义缩小：从泛指转为特指。
如“臭”原作“气味” f “难闻的气味”。
“事故” “事情” f “意外的损失或灾难”。
英语词义变化，meat任何食物f供食用的兽肉。
pois on饮料f毒药。
3. 词义的升格：指词从原先贬义或中性转为褒义。
“臣”：本指俘虏，奴仆f辅助君主行政的官吏。
“领袖”：衣领和衣袖f “为人表率的人” f政治领导人。
英语中Mi nister仆人f部长。
4. 词义的降格：指词从原先中性或褒义转为贬义。
“臭”从“气味”变为“难闻的气味”，是缩小；“爪牙”：原指勇士，常作武臣之美称，后发展为党羽，供人驱使的人及坏人的帮凶。
英语中的例证，silly 幸福的、神圣的f愚蠢的；cunning知晓的、有技巧的f狡猾的。
二、英汉词汇互译的策略“因形见义”无疑是汉语词的一大特点，英语词的形与义没有联系，因而词义有广泛的发展余地。
无论英译汉，还是汉译英，都涉及两种不同的文化而产生的语言。
翻译时，选择合适的对应词，取决于对每一个译出和译入词含义的正确理解和透彻品位。
1. 准确理解词义不同的词义中选出最确切的词义，这是正确理解原文的一个基本环节，也是翻译之本。
从翻译角度来说，选词义时，必须掌握下面三项要领：根据上下文辨词义、论褒贬、看搭配。
(1)据上下文辨词义：形容词“ good”，一般意义为“好的”，但在不同上下文里含义不同，如：It was a good dinner. 这是一个丰盛的宴会。
He proved to be a good listener. 他这个人善于倾听。
又如：汉译英“说”这个词根据不同上下文可译成：speak, tell , say, express , mention 等。
英汉词语对比与翻译 --- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。
I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。
3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。
He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。
我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。
The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。
Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
The bill was torn to pieces.问题解决了。
The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。
If you should say one more word, I would go at once.你死了，我去当和尚。
If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件) 3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。
汉英对比与翻译正确确立单句的主干：直接用原文的主语1) 如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
________________________________________________________________, causes air pollution in cities.2) 如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
___________________________________________________, sen tences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.替换主语以符合英语表达1) 鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。
Lu Hsun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people._________________________________________, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial people.2) 胎又瘪了。
The tire turns flat again?_______________________________________________.3) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。
______________________________________, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.______________________________________, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.找出译文中合适的主语1) 在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。
Because of the constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history, there have formed a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan-a city in central China.2) 健康不佳就无法有效工作。
（表示条件的主语用抽象的英语名词短语表达）Poor health may cause one’s inefficiency at work.3) 北京地区由于近些年加强了植树造林，在一些地方飞来了稀有的鸟类。
Quite a few rare birds come to settle down in some places around Beijing thanks to the expansion of woods there these years.5) 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
At the turn of the century, China is most active in its diplomatic activities.英语多用被动式1) 成都新改建的府南河两岸将修建许多草坪和居民大楼。
______________________________________ along both the banks of the newly-renovated Funan River.2) 公共场所禁止吸烟。
_____________________________________________________________________________.3) 收音机的成本降低了80％。
______________________________________________________was reduced by 80%.4) 可以预见，在一个不太长的时间内，中国必在科学技术方面赶上世界最先进的国家。
__________________________________________________that China will certainly catch upwith the most advanced nations in the world in science and technology in not too long a time.无主句－增补主语到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更具为有趣。
When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing streams by every house and willow trees by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.(一)谓语的确立谓语只能由动词（系动词或实义动词）或动词短语担当。
1）北京很好玩。
___________________________________________________________________2）北京外来人口逐年增多。
_________________________________from other places in Beijing increases year by year.3）从北京乘火车到郑州要花十多个小时。
____________________________________________________________________, the capital city of Henan province near Beijing.4）总统明天准备乘专机前往上海参观访问。
The president prepares to go to Shanghai ____________________________________________. 注意谓语动词的选择的准确性1）中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。
The central government has never ______________________ in the affairs of the HKSAR.2）中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。
The economy of China will __________________ with that of the world.3）新的景点不断出现，观光人数不断增加，地区经济也有了很大发展。
The________________________ of one new scenic spot after another and the influx of more and more tourists have also boosted the economy.采用倒装语序译出1. 地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜、铅和锌。
2. 随着一声吼叫，呼地从树林里窜出一只老虎来。
3. 山里住着个虔诚的老和尚。
采用英语存在句there…be结构译出1. 很多年以前，这个村子里住着六个盲人。
A long, long time ago,_______________________ six blind men in this village.2. 剩下的时间不多了。
_________________________________________________________________.3. 萝卜青菜，各有所好。
___________________________________________________________for taste.4. 没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility,___________________________________, without difficulty, ____________________________________________.采用it作主语译出1. 累得我走不动了。
________________________________so tired that I can’t walk any more.2. 要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工作。
In order to solve the problem________________________________ to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.3. 要成功，就要付出劳动。
______________________________________ much labor to succeed in anything.增添人称代词或名词充当主语1. 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。
If _________________are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.2. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
If ___________________does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub?作业：1）本文所讲的内容对通讯工程来说是很有趣的。
a. The content that this paper talks about is of great interest to communication engineers.2) 在零售和烹调行业方面，家办企业的买卖完全超过了国家办的。
b. In the retail and catering sectors, household operations have surpassed that of the state.3）和古庙正好隔河相对的那坐宝塔据说是明代的建筑。
a. The pagoda that stands facing the ancient temple and is separated from each other by the river is said to have been built in the Ming Dynasty.4) 我们大为惊奇的是，那幢经受强烈地震而幸存下来的惟一建筑物竟是砖木结构。
