2019年世界人口数据展望报告(中英双语)

2019世界人口将突破70亿印度人口2025年超中国当你拿到这份报纸的时候，世界人口已超过69亿288万7287，一个月之后，这个数字将会增加622万，达到69亿931万8762。

德国世界人口基金会日前指出，地球人口正以每秒2.6人的速度增加，到2019年中后期，世界人口总数量将突破70亿大关；到2025年，世界上的人口将达到80亿；到2050年，全球人口将再增加22亿。

目前世界上82%的人口即57亿人生活在发展中国家和地区。

联合国人口司近日发布报告说，在2019年中后期的某一时刻，地球人口将达到70亿。

速度：从60亿到70亿，只花了短短12年世界人口于2019年超过60亿。

美国人口咨询局负责人比尔·布茨表示，世界人口在12年间从50亿增长至60亿，从60亿增长至70亿也将在相似的时间段内完成。

目前，世界人口每年增长约8000万，超过18亿妇女正处于生育年龄，地球面临着人口爆炸。

按照目前的状况发展，地球人口至少也要继续增长几十年。

到2050年，地球总人数有可能达到105亿，也可能停在80亿差别就在于一位妇女要一个还是几个孩子。

联合国的人口统计学家在估算时取了一个中间数：最新预计，2045年世界人口也许将达到90亿。

专家们普遍担心，在现在的地球上，地下水位在下降，土壤在侵蚀，冰川在融化，鱼类在消失，每天有近十亿人口挨饿。

今后数十年，可能会多出二十亿张嘴要喂，而且大都在贫穷国家，在发展中国家，还有数十亿人希望挣脱贫困。

1798年，英国牧师兼经济学家托马斯·马尔萨斯宣布了他的“人口规律”：在战争、疾病和饥饿到来，并减少人口数量之前，人口发展的速度一定比食物供应的速度快。

数量：欧洲在下降，非洲人口问题大现代医学挽救了许多生命，农业的绿色革命使粮食产量翻了一番，人口在上世纪开始激增。

第二次世界大战以后，青霉素、天花疫苗、DDT等迅速出现，在印度，平均寿命从1952年的38岁提高到的64岁；在中国，从41岁提高到73岁。

中国将在2033年进入超老龄化社会?孝老敬老，作为中华民族的传统美德，我们每个人都应该积极传承与践行。

重阳节之际，自然避不开“变老”这个话题。

人口老龄化是社会经济发展过程的必然趋势，同时也是一个世界性的现象。

根据联合国人口司《世界人口展望2019》数据，预计到2050年，全球平均预期寿命有望达到77.1岁。

2019年全球65岁及以上人口占到9%，预计到2050年将升高至16%。

世界在变老的同时，中国也在“加速”变老。

第七次全国人口普查数据显示，我国60岁及以上人口已达2.64亿，占总人口的18.7%。

据民政部预测，“十四五”期间，全国老年人口将突破3亿。

149个地级及以上城市已进入到深度老龄化(65岁及以上人口占比超过14%)根据《北京市老龄事业发展报告(2021)》数据，2021年北京市60岁及以上常住人口占比首次突破20%，65岁及以上常住人口占比首次突破14%。

北京大学公共卫生学院的一项研究则预测，我国将在2033年进入超老龄社会(65岁及以上人口占比超20%)。

“人口老龄化”成为了从国家到个人都需要面对的课题。

长寿时代下我们的生活将发生哪些巨变?说起老龄化，人们往往与消极含义联系在一起。

但在《长寿时代》一书中，作者陈东升的观点为我们提供了一种全新看待老龄化的视角：老龄化社会将不再被消极看待，而是被重新赋予了健康、财富、生命尺度等元素。

老龄群体也不再认为是社会发展的“拖油瓶”。

作者认为，我们不仅要关注老龄化社会所带来的问题，同样也要关注老龄化社会所带来的机遇，这就是即将到来的“长寿时代”。

长寿时代将是人类历史上的大变局。

在《长寿时代》中提出，长寿时代具有几大特征：死亡率降至低水平、预期寿命持续延长、生育率降至低水平、人口年龄结构呈柱状、65岁及以上人口占比长期超过1/4。

从联合国数据来看，无论是欧美发达国家、日韩等亚洲新兴发达国家，还是中国等发展中国家，尽管各自经历的人口转变速度和阶段不同，到21世纪中叶，65 岁及以上老龄人口占比都会超过25%，并会在相当长时间内维持这个水平。

托育服务社会化及其经济社会效应评估 ◎程　杰　曲　癑　李冰冰内容提要　发展托育服务是积极应对人口老龄化、促进人口长期均衡发展的重要举措。

本文总结了世界主要国家托育发展的基本特征，探讨了托育服务与经济社会发展之间的一般规律，澄清了一些认识偏差。

研究发现，经济发展水平并非婴幼儿入托率的决定性因素，社会福利制度决定了托育服务社会化程度，背后蕴含着文化观念的深层次影响。

托育服务并非提高生育水平的充分条件，发展托育服务对于提高总和生育率的效果并不明显，但有效地促进了女性参与劳动力市场，推动了性别平等。

托育服务更为深远的意义没有引起足够重视，作为幼儿早期发展的重要举措，托育服务促进了下一代人力资本的积累。

中国托育服务体系建设应该坚持儿童优先原则，不宜将提高生育水平作为直接政策目标，关键在于促进女性劳动力市场发展和未来人力资本积累。

关键词　托育服务　女性劳动参与　生育率　人力资本积累〔中图分类号〕Ｆ２４；Ｃ９７１　〔文献标识码〕Ａ　〔文章编号〕０４４７－６６２Ｘ（２０２２）０２－００３９－１１一、引言发展婴幼儿托育服务是世界主要国家应对少子老龄化问题的重要举措。

按照联合国人口署预测，全球生育率在２０４５—２０５０年期间将下降为２．２１，２０７０—２０７５年期间为２．０５，低于２．１的人口更替水平，①东亚地区生育率下降迅速，已经面临“超低生育率”陷阱。

将育儿照护负担从家庭转向社会，被寄希望成为扭转生育率下降的有效对策。

日本总和生育率（ｔｏｔａｌｆｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｒａｔｅ，ＴＦＲ）在２００５年曾一度跌落至１ ２６，托育服务等社会政策介入之后出现了短期缓慢上升，２０１２年提高到１．４２，但之后再次下降，２０２０年下降到１．３４。

②生育行为是多重因素共同影响的结果，托育服务究竟能够多大程度上影响生育意愿，促进生育率提升，仍然是一个有待观察的不确定性问题。

探讨托育服务与生育率之间的关系，首先有必要理解托育服务发展背后的经济社会、文化和制度因素。

双语：世界人口在2050年之前将突破90亿UNITED NATIONS - The world's population will likely reach 9.2 billion in 2050, with virtually（实质上,实际上）all new growth occurring in the developing world, a U.N. report said Tuesday.According to the U.N. Population Division's 2006 estimate, the world's population will likely increase by 2.5 billion people over the next 43 years from the current 6.7 billion - a rise equivalent（相等的,相当的）to the number of people in the world in 1950.Hania Zlotnik, the division's director, said an important change in the new population estimate is a decrease in expected deaths from AIDS because of the rising use ofanti-retroviral drugs and a downward revision of the prevalence of the disease in some countries.The new report estimates 32 million fewer deaths from AIDS during the 2005-2020 period in the 62 most affected countries, compared with the previous U.N. estimate in 2004.This change contributed to the slightly higher worldpopulation estimate of 9.2 billion in 2050 than the 9.1 billion figure in the 2004 estimate, the report said.The report also said most population growth will take place in less developed countries, whose numbers are projected to rise from 5.4 billion in 2007 to 7.9 billion in 2050. The populations of poor countries like Afghanistan, Burundi, Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, East Timor and Uganda are projected to at least triple（三倍的）by mid-century.By contrast, the total population of richer countries is expected to remain largely unchanged at 1.2 billion. The report said the figure would be lower without expected migration of people from poorer countries, averaging 2.3 million annually （一年一次）.According to the report, 46 countries are expected to lose population by mid-century, including Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea and most of the former Soviet republics.Zlotnik said most countries in Asia and Latin America have reached the "relatively beneficial stage" of having more working-age adults than children or elderly in their populations, "and they will remain in that stage for at least two more decades."But their populations will then start to age, heading in thesame direction as Europe and North America, she said."Europe is the only region at this moment where the number of people aged 60 and over has already surpassed the number of children," she said. "We expect that Asia and Latin America will have by 2050 an age distribution that is very similar to the one that Europe has today."African countries will have an increase of working-age adults by 2050, but the continent's overall population will also nearly double in that time, Zlotnik said."So it is the continent that is going to have to absorb（吸收,吸引）a very high increase, and it will have to absorb it at levels of development that are the very lowest that we have in this world," she said.中文链接：（并非全文翻译）联合国预计，在未来43年内，世界60岁及以上的老年人口可能增加近两倍，到2050年达到20亿人，占全球总人口的约四分之一。

【中英双语】人口即将达到七十亿,地球受得了吗？.txt我爸说过的最让我感动的一句话：“孩子，好好学习吧，爸以前玩麻将都玩儿10块的，现在为了供你念书，改玩儿1块的了。

”【中英双语】人口即将达到七十亿，地球受得了吗？2011年某一刻，地球人口将达到七十亿，预计到2045年，地球人口将达到九十亿，地球能承受得起吗？Tags:地球 | 社会 | 人口One day in Delft in the fall of 1677, Antoni vanLeeuwenhoek, a cloth merchant who is said to have been the long-haired modelfor two paintings by Johannes Vermeer —“The Astronomer” and “TheGeographer”—abruptly stopped what he was doing with his wife and rushed to hisworktable. Cloth was Leeuwenhoek’s business but microscopy his passion. He’dhad five children already by his first wife (though four had died in infancy),and fatherhood was not on his mind. “Before six beats of the pulse hadintervened,” as he later wrote to the Royal Society of London, Leeuwenhoek wasexamining his perishable sample through a tiny magnifying glass. Its lens, nobigger than a small raindrop, magnified objects hundreds of times. Leeuwenhoekhad made it himself; nobody else had one so powerful. The learned men in Londonwere still trying to verify Leeuwenhoek’s earlier claims that unseen“animalcules” lived by the millions in a single drop of lake water and even inFrench wine. Now he had something more delicate to report: Human semencontained animalcules too. “Sometimes more than a thousand,” he wrote, “in anamount of material the size of a grain of sand.” Pressing the glass to his eyelike a jeweler, Leeuwenhoek watched his own animalcules swim about, lashingtheir long tails. One imagines sunlight falling through leaded windows on aface lost in contemplation, as in the Vermeers. One feels for his wife.1677年秋天的一天，荷兰代尔夫特市布商安东尼·凡·雷文霍克（据说他是约翰内斯·维梅尔两幅油画——“天文学家”和“地理学家”的长发模特）突然停下和妻子的亲热，冲向工作台。

一年前，全球几乎所有地区的经济活动都在加速，全球经济预计2018和2019年均增长3.9%。

一年后发生了很多变化：中美贸易紧张局势升级，阿根廷和土耳其的宏观经济承压，德国汽车产业出现中断，中国信贷政策收紧，随着大型发达经济体的货币政策正常化出现的金融条件收紧共同导致了全球扩张的显著减弱，尤其是2018年下半年。

鉴于这种疲弱态势预计将延续至2019年上半年，《世界经济展望》预测2019年70%的全球经济体增速将会下降。

全球增长在2017年达到接近4%的峰值，2018年放缓至3.6%，预计2019年进一步降至3.3%。

尽管3.3%的全球扩张仍处于合理水平，但很多国家的经济前景仍极具挑战性，短期内将面临重大不确定性，尤其是随着发达经济体增速趋同于适中的长期潜在水平。

虽然2019年初的经济增长疲软，预计下半年增速将会回升。

其支撑因素是在没有通胀压力的情况下，主要经济体可以实施大规模宽松政策，尽管产出缺口正在收缩。

为应对不断加剧的全球风险，美联储暂停了加息，并释放了年内不再加息的信号。

欧央行、日本央行和英格兰银行都转向了更加宽松的政策立场。

中国加大了财政和货币刺激力度，以抵消贸易关税的负面影响。

此外，随着达成贸易协议的前景正在形成，中美贸易紧张的局势开始改善。

这些政策应对措施在不同程度上帮助逆转了各国的金融条件收紧。

新兴市场再次经历证券投资流入，主权借款成本降低，以及货币也相对美元走强。

虽然金融市场迅速改善，但实体经济的改善却尚未发生。

多数发达经济体和新兴经济体的工业生产和投资指标仍然疲弱，国际贸易尚未复苏。

在2019年下半年回暖的预期下，预计2020年全球经济增长回升至3.6%。

这是基于阿根廷和土耳其的经济反弹以及一系列承压的其他新兴市场和发展中经济体的改善，因此具有很强的不确定性。

2020年之后，全球增长将稳定在3.5%左右附近，主要驱动因素是中国、印度的增长及其在全球收入中权重的增加。

随着美国财政刺激的影响消退，发达经济体增长将继续逐步放缓；考虑到老龄化趋势和低生产率增长，其增长将趋向于适中的潜在水平。

2019全球宏观经济展望报告2018年12月图表目录图表1：应对三轮下行周期，全球进行了三轮放水............................................ - 7 -图表2：各大央行资产交替上升，全球流动性整体增加.................................... - 7 -图表3：金融资产价格回升是危机后美国居民资产负债率回落的主因............ - 8 -图表4：美国居民净资产占收入的比重处于历史高位........................................ - 8 -图表5：金融资产在总资产占比达到了历史高位................................................ - 8 -图表6：2007年以来，全球已经经历了三轮“衰退-放松-回暖-收紧”的循环.... - 9 -图表7：加杠杆对经济的刺激作用明显变弱........................................................ - 9 -图表8：债务伴随的付息压力只是被低利率环境掩盖........................................ - 9 -图表9：2015年之后，欧央行接替美联储提供流动性..................................... - 10 -图表10：美欧收紧速度差是美元走势的重要影响因素.................................... - 10 -图表11：欧央行结束QE，全球流动性将转而收紧........................................... - 11 -图表12：放水过程中，欧央行购买外债明显增加............................................. - 11 -图表13：特朗普减税提前支取了未来的财政空间............................................ - 13 -图表14：2017年年底，全球制造业PMI见顶回落.......................................... - 14 -图表15：在美国的拉动下，DM表现好于EM ................................................. - 14 -图表16：税改推升居民可支配收入，从而支撑消费........................................ - 14 -图表17：税改推升企业税后利润，从而刺激投资............................................ - 14 -图表18：跨国公司海外现金大量回流支撑美企盈利........................................ - 15 -图表19：海外现金汇回推升股票回购................................................................ - 15 -图表20：2020年，财政净支出对美国名义GDP的拉动将转负..................... - 15 -图表21：共和党在中选失去众议院，特朗普推行“减税2.0”难度增加........... - 15 -图表22：3季度企业投资拉动继续下滑至负值................................................. - 16 -图表23：3季度固定资产投资各个分项增速均放缓......................................... - 16 -图表24：10月资本开支意愿大幅下滑............................................................... - 16 -图表25：核心订单增速自2018年8月见顶回落.............................................. - 16 -图表26：美企业资本开支的增速已经高于净利润............................................ - 17 -图表27：外部环境的低迷也抑制了美国的投资需求........................................ - 17 -图表28：美国企业三季度利润表现不及预期，成本抬升或为主因................ - 17 -图表29：美国耐用品消费在3季度有所走弱.................................................... - 18 -图表30：美国消费者对汽车及家具的购买力均下滑........................................ - 18 -图表31：2018年，逆贸易自由化政策数量出现激增....................................... - 20 -图表32：各国限制贸易的政策均有明显增加，美国尤甚................................ - 20 -图表33：金本位使得各国的货币政策调节无力，各国随后纷纷脱离............ - 21 -图表34：1929至1932年，全球贸易下降61.5%，全球生产下降28.6% ...... - 22 -图表35：逆全球化过程中，全球化对发达及新兴经济体的影响将全部逆转- 22 -图表36：绿地投资在2017年已出现大幅下滑.................................................. - 23 -图表37：全球M&A也已在今年出现明显的下滑 ............................................ - 23 -图表38：美国在外资产的收益在整体收入中的占比超过40%........................ - 24 -图表39：EM低廉劳动力及土地成本压低了美国通胀..................................... - 25 -图表40：逆全球化过程中限制人口流动将加剧通胀抬升................................ - 25 -图表41：外储及外资持有美债增长停滞甚至下滑............................................ - 25 -图表42：美元在全球货币储备的占比也处于下行通道.................................... - 25 -图表43：2018年，新兴市场汇率的波动已与发达国家有所脱钩................... - 27 -图表44：偿债能力低的EM经济体较为脆弱.................................................... - 28 -图表45：在以往全球经济下行周期中，新兴市场整体难有超额收益............ - 28 -图表46：上两轮美国经济下行时期，外资参与度更高的新兴经济体影响更大- 29 -图表47：从类固收资产的角度来看，中国当前的股息率已具备比较优势 .... - 30 -图表48：危机后，美国债券久期快速上升........................................................ - 31 -图表49：企业偿债能力整体也已经有所恶化.................................................... - 31 -图表50：美国收紧但全球流动性整体仍宽时，大企业抗压能力好于中小企业- 31 -图表51：美国高收益债市场有出现“补跌”的风险 ............................................ - 32 -。

2019年度人口与家庭发展报告一、人口形势（一）总人口。

2019年末，全区常住人口694.66万人，比上年末增加6.55万人；全区户籍总人口686.57万人，比上年增加2.78万人。

2019年，全区人口出生率13.72‰，人口死亡率5.69‰，人口自然增长率8.03‰；与2018年相比，均稳中有升，出生率、死亡率、自然增长率分别上升了0.40、0.15和0.25个千分点；人口机械增长率1.44‰，略低于上年度（1.45‰）。

从年龄构成看，3岁以下婴幼儿27.73万人，占总人口的比重为3.99%，与上年持平；0-14岁少儿人口145.60万人，占总人口的比重为20.96%，比上年上升了0.32个百分点；15-59岁人口13.72 出生率死亡率自然增长率2019年人口自然变动情况与2018年对比2019年2018年452.09万人，占总人口的比重为65.08%，比上年下降了0.54个百分点；60岁及以上人口96.97万人，占总人口的比重为13.96%，比上年上升了0.22个百分点。

（二）育龄妇女。

未来一段时期内，随着人口年龄结构的变化，全区育龄妇女人数呈现逐年减少趋势。

“十三五”期间，15-49岁育龄妇女人数由186万人减少到179万人，减少7万人；其中20-29岁生育旺盛期育龄妇女人数由55万人减少到51万人，减少4万人；比重由29.4%降低到28.4%，降低1个百分点；育龄妇女平均年龄由32.3岁增长到32.8岁，增长0.5岁。

2014年以来的生育政策调整带来的人口增量，对育龄妇女规模的补充效果并不显著（2-3万），而且最早要到2030年才能进入育龄期。

此外，2010年-2019年全区离婚对数年均增长5%，进一步减少了有效育龄妇女规模。

0-14岁人口15-59岁人口60岁及以上人口2018年和2019年宁夏人口年龄构成对比2019年2018年育龄妇女群体面临着规模减小、年龄结构老化的双重影响因素，会导致生育水平的下降。

九上6.1正视发展挑战教学设计课题 6.1正视发展挑战单元第三单元学科道德与法治年级九年级上册课标要求敬畏自然，具有绿色发展理念，初步形成环保意识和生态文明观；能够在日常生活中自觉践行生态文明理念。

教材分析本框是九年级上册第三单元第六课《建设美丽中国》的第一框题。

本框包括“发展中的人口问题，“资源环境面临危机”两目内容，主要讲述“是什么”的问题，即人口问题、资源环境问题是什么。

引导学生认识到人口问题是我国面临的全局性、长期性和战略性问题，介绍了我国计划生育的国策。

学生在直观感受我国资源环境形势的基础上，理解要坚持走绿色发展，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的发展的道路，是我们的必然选择。

学情分析人口资源环境方面的知识学生在地理课以及其他的课程中多少都有一些了解，因此本课内容对学生而言学习的难度不大。

因此重点是对学生进行价值观上的教育，让学生更深刻的体悟挑战的严峻性，认识到建设生态文明的必要性。

教学目标【政治认同】培养珍惜资源、保护环境、关爱自然的意识和品质，树立人与自然和谐共生的基本理念；认同计划生育的基本国策，增强建设美丽中国、走绿色道路的态度认同。

【道德修养】践行保护环境的社会公德，做社会的好公民。

【责任意识】敬畏自然，具有绿色发展理念，初步形成环保意识和生态文明观；能够在日常生活中自觉践行生态文明的理念，践行绿色生活方式。

教学重难点教学重点：我国人口资源环境现状。

教学难点：增强学生坚持计划生育、节约资源、保护环境的意识和紧迫感。

教学过程教学环节教师活动学生活动设计意图导入新课视频：塑料的独白思考：塑料的使用会带来哪些危害？观看视频思考问题通过视频，认识到人口资源环境问题的重要性。

讲授新课一、发展中的人口问题出示文字材料：1990年，联合国决定将每年7月11日定为“世界人口日”。

根据联合国发布的《2019年世界人口展望》报告，预计到2030年全球人口将达到85亿，2050年全球人口将达到97亿，但未来数十年内人口增速将减慢；2050年全球65亿以上人口占比将达到16%，约每六个人里就有一名65岁以上的老人，人口老龄化将给经济社会发展带来压力。

GLOBALMULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 2019ILLUMINATING INEQUALITIESOPHIOxford Poverty & Human Development InitiativePrinted in the US, by the AGS, an RR Donnelley Company, on Forest Stewardship Council certified and elemental chlorine-free papers. Printed using vegetable-based ink.For a list of any errors and omissions found subsequent to printing, please visit and https:///multidimensional-poverty-index/. Copyright @ 2019By the United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development InitiativeGlobal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019Illuminating InequalitiesEmpowered lives. Resilient nations.OPHIOxford Poverty & Human Development InitiativeContentsWhat is the global Multidimensional Poverty Index? 1 What can the global Multidimensional Poverty Index tell us aboutinequality? 2 Inequality between and within countries 4 Children bear the greatest burden 6 Inside the home: a spotlight on children in South Asia 7 Leaving no one behind 9 Case study: Ethiopia 11 Inequality among multidimensionally poor people 13 Multidimensional poverty and economic inequality 13 The bottom 40 percent: growing together? 15 Notes 17 References 17 How the global Multidimensional Poverty Index is calculated 18STATISTICAL TABLES1 Multidimensional Poverty Index: developing countries 202 Multidimensional Poverty Index: changes over time 22FIGURES1 Structure of the global Multidimensional Poverty Index 22 Both low- and middle-income countries have a wide range ofmultidimensional poverty 33 Going beyond averages shows great subnational disparities in Uganda 54 A higher proportion of children than of adults are multidimensionally poor,and the youngest children bear the greatest burden 65 Child-level data in the global Multidimensional Poverty Index 76 In South Asia the percentage of school-age children who aremultidimensionally poor and out of school varies by country 8 7 Ethiopia, India and Peru significantly reduced deprivations in all 10 indicators,each in different ways 98 Trends in poverty reduction in subnational regions for selected countries 109 Ethiopia has made substantial improvements in all MultidimensionalPoverty Index indicators 11 10 Deprivations among multidimensionally poor people in Ethiopia areparticularly high for standard of living indicators 12 11 Inequality among multidimensionally poor people tends to increase withMultidimensional Poverty Index value, but there is wide variation acrosscountries 13 12 There is no correlation between economic inequality and MultidimensionalPoverty Index value 14 13 The incidence of multidimensional poverty is strongly but imperfectlycorrelated with inequality in education. 15 14 Of eight selected countries with data, only Peru and Viet Nam saw highergrowth in income or consumption per capita among the poorest 40 percentthan among the total population 15 15 In all but one of the 10 selected countries the bottom 40 percent areimproving Multidimensional Poverty Index attainments faster than thetotal population 16ii | GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 2019The globalMultidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) compares acute multidimensional poverty for more than 100 countries and 5.7 billionpeople and monitors changes over timeGlobal Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019 Illuminating inequalitiesWhat is the globalMultidimensional Poverty Index?Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1 aims to end poverty in all its forms and dimensions.1 Although often defined according to income, poverty can also be defined in terms of the deprivations people face in their daily lives. The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is one tool for measuring progress against SDG 1. It compares acute multidimen-sional poverty for more than 100 countries and 5.7 billion people and monitors changes over time.The global MPI scrutinizes a person’s depri-vations across 10 indicators in health, educa-tion and standard of living (figure 1) and offers a high-resolution lens to identify both who is poor and how they are poor. It complements the international $1.90 a day poverty rate by showing the nature and extent of overlapping deprivations for each person. The 2019 update of the global MPI covers 101 countries—31 low income, 68 middle income and 2 high income—and uses data from 50 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 42 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), one DHS-MICS and eight national surveys that provide comparable information to DHS and MICS.2 Data are from 2007–2018, though 5.2 billion of the 5.7 billion people covered and 1.2 bil-lion of the 1.3 billion multidimensionally poor people identified are captured by surveys from 2013 or later.The global MPI is disaggregated by age group and geographic area to show poverty patterns within countries. It is also broken down by indicator to highlight which dep-rivations characterize poverty and drive its reduction or increase. These analyses are vital for policymakers.The global MPI was developed in 2010 by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) at the University of Oxford and the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP) for the flagship Human Development Report. The figures and analysis are updated at least once a year using newly re-leased data. See the back cover for more details on the global MPI.Key findings• Across 101 countries, 1.3 billion peo-ple—23.1 percent—are multidimensionally poor.3• Two-thirds of multidimensionally poor peo-ple live in middle-income countries (p. 3).• There is massive variation in multidimen-sional poverty within countries. For exam-ple, Uganda’s national multidimensional poverty rate (55.1 percent) is similar to the Sub-Saharan Africa average (57.5 percent), but the incidence of multidimensional poverty in Uganda’s provinces ranges from 6.0 percent to 96.3 percent, a range similar to that of national multidimen-sional poverty rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (6.3–91.9 percent).• Half of the 1.3 billion multidimensionally poor people are children under age 18. A third are children under age 10 (p. 6).• This year’s spotlight on child poverty in South Asia reveals considerable diversity. While 10.7 percent of South Asian girls are out of school and live in a multidimension-ally poor household, that average hides vari-ation: in Afghanistan 44.0 percent do (p. 7).• In South Asia 22.7 percent of children under age 5 experience intrahousehold inequality in deprivation in nutrition (where at least one child in the household is malnourished and at least one child in the household is not). In Pakistan over a third of children under age 5 experience such intrahousehold inequality (p. 8).• Of 10 selected countries for which chang-es over time were analysed, India and Cambodia reduced their MPI values the fastest—and they did not leave the poorest groups behind (p. 9).Illuminating Inequalities | 1There is wide variation across countries ininequality amongmultidimensionallypoor people—that is, in the intensity of poverty experienced by each poor person • There is wide variation across countries ininequality among multidimensionally poorpeople—that is, in the intensity of povertyexperienced by each poor person. For exam-ple, Egypt and Paraguay have similar MPIvalues, but inequality among multidimen-sionally poor people is considerably higher inParaguay (p. 13).• There is little or no association between eco-nomic inequality (measured using the Ginicoefficient) and the MPI value (p. 13).• In the 10 selected countries for which chang-es over time were analysed, deprivationsdeclined faster among the poorest 40 percentof the population than among the total pop-ulation (p. 15).What can the globalMultidimensional Poverty Indextell us about inequality?The world is increasingly troubled by inequali-ty. Citizens and politicians alike recognize thegrowing inequality in many societies and its po-tential influence on political stability, econom-ic growth, social cohesion and even happiness.But how is inequality linked to poverty?Poverty identifies people whose attainmentsplace them at the bottom of the distribution.Inequality considers the shape of the distri-bution: how far those at the bottom are fromthe highest treetops and what lies in between.Though inequality is complex, if the bottom ofthe distribution rises—if the poorest improvethe fastest—one troubling aspect of inequalityis addressed.FIGURE 1Structure of the global Multidimensional Poverty IndexSource: Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative 2018.2 | GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 2019Showcasing inequalities multidimensionallyThe SDGs call for disaggregated information in order to identify who is catching up and who is being left behind. T o meet this need, the MPI has been disaggregated by 1,119 subnational regions as well as by age and rural-urban area. This report uses that information to highlight gender and intrahousehold inequalities in South Asia and track whether countries that reduce multidimensional poverty are leaving no one behind.Beyond averagesLow- and middle-income countries have extensive subnational inequality (figure 2).4 Of the 1.3 billion multidimensionally poor people worldwide, 886 million—more than two-thirds of them—live in middle-income countries:FIGURE 2Both low- and middle-income countries have a wide range of multidimensional povertyNote: Each bubble represents a subnational region; the size of the bubble reflects the number of multidimensionally poor people. The figure is based on 1,119 subnational regions in 83 countries plus national averages for 18 countries. Data are from surveys conducted between 2007 and 2018.Source: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2019) based on Human Development Report Office and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative calculations.Illuminating Inequalities | 3Across the 101 countries coveredby the global MPI, 23.1 percent of people are multidimensionally poor, but the incidence of multidimensional poverty varies across developing regions—from 1.1 percent inEurope and Central Asia to 57.5 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa • 94 million multidimensionally poor peoplelive in upper-middle-income countries,where the subnational incidence of multidi-mensional poverty ranges from 0 percent to69.9 percent.• 792 million multidimensionally poorlive in lower-middle-income countries,where the subnational incidence of multi-dimensional poverty ranges from 0 percentto 86.7 percent.• 440 million multidimensionally poor peoplelive in low-income countries, where the sub-national incidence of multidimensional pov-erty ranges from 0.2 percent to 99.4 percent.This shows that the challenge of reducingmulti d imensional poverty is not confined tolow-income countries.Inequality between andwithin countriesThe global MPI highlights inequalities at theglobal, regional, national, subnational and evenhousehold level. Each layer of analysis yields anew understanding of inequality and providesa far richer picture than the $1.90 a day povertyrate. Two examples illustrate how subnationaldisaggregations shine a light on inequality.Where multidimensionallypoor people liveThe global MPI indicates that 1.3 billion peo-ple live in multidimensional poverty. But whereare they? Increasing levels of disaggregation canhelp locate them:• Poorest two developing regions: Rankingdeveloping regions by average MPI value re-veals that Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asiaare the poorest (figure 3).• Poorest 49 countries: Ranking countries byMPI value reveals that the poorest 49 coun-tries are home to as many multidimensionallypoor people as Sub-Saharan Africa andSouth Asia. These 49 countries are spreadacross all developing regions except Europeand Central Asia.• Poorest 675 subnational regions: Rankingsubnational regions by MPI value reveals thatthe poorest 675 subnational regions, locatedin 65 countries in all developing regionsexcept Europe and Central Asia, are home toas many poor people as Sub-Saharan Africaand South Asia combined.5Without disaggregation, the striking inequalitywithin countries is easily missed.Disaggregation mattersAcross the 101 countries covered by theglobal MPI, 23.1 percent of people are multi-dimensionally poor, but the incidence ofmultidimensional poverty varies across devel-oping regions—from 1.1 percent in Europe andCentral Asia to 57.5 percent in Sub-SaharanAfrica. In Sub-Saharan Africa the incidencevaries across countries—from 6.3 percent inSouth Africa to 91.9 percent in South Sudan(see figure 3). And within countries the inci-dence varies across subnational regions. Forinstance, the incidence of multidimensionalpoverty in Uganda is 55.1 percent—similarto the Sub-Saharan Africa average. But withinUganda the incidence ranges from 6.0 percentin Kampala to 96.3 percent in Karamoja—meaning that some regions of the country havean incidence similar to that of South Africa,while others have an incidence similar to thatof South Sudan.Poverty is everywhereAction against poverty is needed in all devel-oping regions.While Sub-Saharan Africa andSouth Asia are home to the largest proportionsof multidimensionally poor people (84.5 per-cent of all multidimensionally poor people livein the two regions), countries in other parts ofthe world also have a high incidence of multi-dimensional poverty: Sudan (52.3 percent),Yemen (47.7 percent), Timor-Leste (45.8 per-cent) and Haiti (41.3 percent).Stark inequalities across countriesin the same developing regionIn Sub-Saharan Africa the incidence ofmultidimensional poverty is 91.9 percent inSouth Sudan and 90.5 percent in Niger but14.9 percent in Gabon and 6.3 percent inSouth Africa. In South Asia it is 55.9 percent inAfghanistan but 0.8 percent in the Maldives. Inthe Arab States it is 52.3 percent in Sudan and4 | GLOBAL MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX 201947.7 percent in Y emen but less than 1.0 percent in Jordan. In Latin America it is 41.3 percent in Haiti but 0.6 percent in T rinidad and T obago. In East Asia and the Pacific it is 45.8 percent in Timor-Leste but 3.9 percent in China and 0.8 percent in Thailand. In Europe and Central Asia it is 7.4 percent in Tajikistan but 0.2 per-cent in Armenia.What intensity addsThe MPI is the product of the incidence and the intensity of multidimensional poverty, and both are important aspects. Any reduction in intensity reduces MPI (even if incidence remains unchanged) and reflects progress to-wards moving people out of poverty. The poor-est countries exhibit not just higher incidence of multidimensional poverty, but also higher intensity, with each poor person deprived in more indicators. Some countries have similar incidences but very different intensities. The incidence of multidimensional poverty in Pakistan and Myanmar is 38.3 percent, but the intensity is considerably higher in Pakistan (51.7 percent) than in Myanmar (45.9 per-cent). Another stark contrast is Nigeria, with incidence of 51.4 percent and intensity of 56.6 percent, and Malawi, with incidence of 52.6 percent, and intensity of 46.2 percent.Source: Alkire, Kanagaratnam and Suppa (2019) based on Human Development Report Office and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative calculations.Illuminating Inequalities | 5。

联合国：2019年世界人口数据展望报告2019年世界人口展望报告联合国从1951年开始定期对全世界的人口趋势进行分析。

今天在纽约总部发布的2019年《世界人口展望》报告根据对全世界２３５个国家或地区的历史数据和人口趋势分析，进行了最新的人口估计。

联合国经社部人口司人口事务官员张广宇先生在接受联合国新闻采访时介绍了全球主要的人口趋势。

张广宇：“世界人口继续增长，但是增长的速度在减缓。

对有一些国家来说，人口仍然快速增长，主要在撒哈拉以南非洲地区。

但是在有一些国家，人口数量已经开始在减少。

由于在全世界范围内生育水平在继续下降，人均预期寿命在提高，那么一个共同的全球性的趋势就是全世界的人口在老化。

”根据报告，全球人口预计在未来３０年将再增加２０亿人，从２０１９年的７7亿增加至２０５０年的９７亿；到本世纪末，全球人口将继续增长至１１０亿左右。

张广宇：“世界人口增长减缓对于调动更多资源用于经济发展和人民福利的提高是有好处的。

但是对于有一些国家，如果人口老化、人口数量减少得过快呢，会对卫生健康和社会保障系统带来压力。

另一方面，对非洲一些国家来说，如果人口继续增长，而且增长得非常快。

那么就在提供教育和医疗服务、创造就业机会方面对这些国家的政府带来很大的挑战。

”从２０１９年至２０５０年，撒哈拉以南非洲的人口预计将增长一倍，而其他地区在此期间的人口增长率则显著不同。

北非和西亚为４６％，中亚和南亚为２５％，拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区为１８％，东亚和东南亚３％，欧洲和北美地区仅为２％。

张广宇：“据我们估计，从现在开始到本世纪中叶，大概三十年的时间，实际上九个国家（印度，尼日利亚，巴基斯坦，刚果民主共和国，埃塞俄比亚，坦桑尼亚联合共和国，印度尼西亚，埃及和美国）的人口增长贡献了全球人口增长的一半以上。

当然有些国家就不在撒哈拉以南地区：印度和巴基斯坦就在亚洲，还有印度尼西亚。

当然美国的人口增长也很快。

相对于其他国家来说，人口在减少，主要在欧洲一些国家，比如俄罗斯、克罗地亚、爱沙尼亚等等。

2023-2024年人教版地理：七年级上册大题突破训练1．读经纬网图和地球公转示意图，回答问题。

(1)读经纬网图，A地的纬度是____，E地的经度是____，图中A、B、C、D四地中，位于E地西北方向的是____地。

(2)读地球公转示意图，①②③④四个位置中，太阳直射23.5°S的是____（填数字序号），此时，吉林市的昼夜长短情况是____。

(3)读图，当太阳直射点由C地所在的纬线开始向南移动时，地球处在公转轨道上的____处附近（填数字序号）。

2．读某地区经纬网及A区域等高线地形图，回答问题。

(1)写出图中A点的经纬度________。

(2)A区域丁处的海拔可能是________米，甲与该区域山峰的相对高度是________米，乙在甲的________方向。

(3)根据图中等高线分布特点判断②处的山体部位是________，④处的山体部位是________；丙和丁两处地形更陡峭的是________，写出判断依据________。

(4)北京冬奥会于2月4日开幕，此时丁地的学生正处于________假期（寒假/暑假），该地的昼夜长短情况是________。

3．读世界地图，写出图中代号及字母代表的大洲和大洋的名称。

(1)大洲：A____，C____，D____，F____。

(2)大洋：甲____，乙____，丙____，丁____。

(3)七大洲中，纬度最高的是____，面积最大的是____。

4．读下列材料，完成下列问题。

材料一：中国地震台网测定：2021年5月21日21时48分在云南省大理州漾濞县发生6.4级地震。

材料二：世界板块的分布示意图。

(1)板块内部地壳稳定，板块交界处地壳____，多火山和地震。

位于太平洋板块与其它板块交界处的著名火山地震带是____。

(2)图中，几乎全部为海洋的板块是____板块（填板块名称）。

(3)用板块构造学说观点解释大理州漾濞县发生6.4级地震的根本原因，是受到了印度洋板块对____板块的____（张裂拉伸、碰撞挤压）作用。