杨浦五角场新王牌高中补习班高三化学分类汇编二
- 格式:docx
- 大小:21.33 KB
- 文档页数:2
精解名题
例1(1)如果把上升20m 记作+20m ,那么下降15m 记作 。
(2)海平面的高度一般用 m 表示,比海平面高8848m 的山峰处,它的高度记作海拔 m ,比海平面低11034m 的海沟处,它的高度记作海拔 m 。
(3)粮食产量增产12%,记作+12%,则减产8%记作 。
例2 某次考试成绩平均85分,以85分为标准,老师将某一小组10名同学的成绩简记为: +9,-7,+10,+15,0,—13,—12,-4,+11,-7,则这10名同学的总成绩为多少?
例3 表达出下列语句所表示的意义:
(1)向东走-100米
(2)气温上升-3℃
(3)支出-100元
例4 下列所画数轴对不对?如果不对,指出错在哪里.
例5 试一试:用你画的数轴上的点表示4,1.5,-3,-
73,0
例6.有4个数,最小的是a ,每相邻两个数之间的差是3,这四个数的和是多少?
例7.一盒糖连盒重1100克,吃掉一半后,连盒重w 克,糖重几克? ①②-1021③④0
⑤0⑥0⑦0。
浦东高中高考补习班班浦东新王牌培训机构王lh高三秋季班化学教案新王牌教育第2课氯及其化合物(教案)教学目标:1.说明氯的颜色、状态、密度和水溶性;氯有毒;2.描述氯气与铁、氢气、氢氧化钠、水反应的现象,书写相关化学方程式;归纳氯气的强氧化性;解释氯气的结构与性质的关系;描述检验氯气的方法;3.列举氯气用于生产漂粉精等消毒剂;4.解释海水盐干燥的过程和原理;说明氯化钠的常见用途;讲述氯气的工业生产方法,写出相关反应的化学方程式;5.说出氯化氢的颜色、状态、密度、水溶性;解释能用氯化氢进行喷泉实验的原因;解释工业生产氯化氢的原理;6.命名漂白粉浓缩物的主要成分;解释氯水漂白和消毒的原因,解释漂白粉和新制氯水的漂白原理;说出漂白粉香精的制备方法,写出相关反应的化学方程式;描述次氯酸的不稳定性;解释漂白粉浓缩物在空气中失效的原因。
教学重点:氯气的化学性质,氯气与碱的反应。
教学难点:氯与水的反应,氯与碱的反应,氯离子的测试。
思维导图:pcl3、pcl5cucl2p,点燃cu,点燃-Hclca(CLO)2ca(OH)2cl2h2,点燃(或点燃)MnO2,△ H2SO4(浓缩)△ ① ② cohc2+HL 2O agnoh2o教学内容:氧气灯,Na① 电△ ② 盐水3NaOhagClHClOnAlNO3Ga氯的电解熔融及其化合物转化图【基础知识梳理】一氯化物的物理性质氯气是一种______色有_________气味的______毒气体,密度比空气_______,________溶于水,难溶于饱和食盐水。
二氯气的化学性质1、氯气与金属反应(1)与钠的反应,化学方程式:_______________;现象:______________________________。
(2)与铁的反应,化学方程式:_______________;现象:______________________________。
(3)与铜的反应,化学方程式:_______________;现象:______________________________。
2017年上海高考化学试题一、选择题(共40分,每小题2分,每小题只有一个正确答案)1.下列不是金属通性的是()A.挥发性B.延展性C.导电性D.导热性2.海洋是元素宝库。
下列元素在海洋中含量最高的是()A.IB.MgC.BrD.Cl3.导致酸雨形成的气体主要是()A.SO2B.CO2C.COD.CH44.石油裂解的主要产物是()A.煤焦油B.乙烯C.苯D.石墨5.关于原子说法正确的是()A.中子数等于质子数B.质子数等于电子数C.质子数等于质量数D.电子数等于中子数6.含有两种化学键的化合物是()A.NaOHB.H2SC.CaBr2D.SiO27.关于NH4Cl说法不正确的是()A.溶于水放热B.作氮肥C.水溶性显酸性D.受热易分解8.C3H8气体与氧气完全燃烧后,生成CO2气体与水蒸气并放出2200kJ热量,热化学方程式正确的是()A.C3H8+5O2→3CO2+4H2O+2200kJB.C3H8(l)+5O2(g)→3CO2(g)+4H2O(l)+2200kJC.C3H8(l)+5O2(g)→3CO2(g)+4H2O(g)+2200kJD.C3H8(g)+5O2(g)→3CO2(g)+4H2O(g)+2200kJ9.不能鉴别0.1mol/L盐酸和0.1mol/L NaOH溶液的是()A.石蕊试液B.甲基橙试液C.酚酞试液D.淀粉KI试液10.室温下气态CO2加压可转变为干冰,干冰是()A.原子晶体B.离子晶体C.分子晶体D.金属晶体11.工业生产氨气的适宜条件中不包括()A.用浓硫酸吸收产物B.用铁触煤作催化剂C.温度500℃左右D.压强为2050MPa12.可鉴别乙烯和乙烷的试剂是()A.新制氢氧化铜B.四氯化碳C.酸性KMnO4溶液D.银氨溶液13.Na、Al、S、Cl是第三周期的四种元素,下列判断错误的是()A.热稳定性:HCl>H2SB.原子半径:Na>AlC.碱性:NaOH>Al(OH)3D.离子半径:S2-<Cl-14.海带提碘不需要的实验装置是()A. B. C. D.15.实验室制乙酸丁酯的操作正确的是()A.乙酸过量B.用水浴加热C.边加热边蒸出乙酸丁酯D.产物用NaOH 溶液洗涤16.右图是电解饱和食盐水的实验装置,下列说法正确的是()A.X 极上生成Cl 2B.Y 极附近溶液显碱性C.Y 极上发生氧化反应D.通电一段时间,Na +物质的量增大17.将新制氯水逐渐加入下列溶液中,现象描述错误的是()18.CH 3COOH 溶液与NaHCO 3溶液反应的离子方程式的是()A.H ++HCO 3-→H 2O+CO 2↑B.CH 3COOH+CO 32-→H 2O+CO 2↑+CH 3COO-C.CH 3COOH+HCO 3-→H 2O+CO 2↑+CH 3COO-D.2H ++CO 32-→H 2O+CO 2↑19.硝化细菌可将NH 4+转换成NO 3-的作用下,铵银可发生反应NH 4++2O 2→NO 3-+H ++H 2O ,下列说法错误的是()A.NO 3-即是氧化产物又是还原产物B.氧化剂与还原剂的物质的量之比是1:2C.反应一段时间后,溶液的酸性增强D.1molNH 4+完全反应,转移电子8mol20.PH=1的溶液有Fe 2+、Na +、SO 42-、NO 3-、CO 32-,NO 3-的浓度为0.12mol/L ,则下列在溶液中一定大量存在的是()A.Fe 2+B.Na +C.SO 42-D.CO 32-二、综合题(共60分)(一)(本题共15分)无水AlCl 3是常用的催化剂,可通过反应Al 2O 3+3C +3Cl22AlCl 3+3CO 制得,完成下列填空。
杨浦高中补习班五角场新王牌高中化学这样学不难杨浦高中补习班五角场新王牌【提高练习】1.【2021年上海】中国科学技术名词核定委员会已确定第116号元素lv的名称为w。
关于293116lv的叙述错误的是()b.中子数177d.相对原子质量293a.原子序数116c.核外电子数116答案:d2.己知某元素的离子a2-核外有n个电子,核内含有a个中子。
则此元素原子符号表示正确的是()a+n-2n+m+2a.a-2ad.n+2nab.n-2ac.n-2aa答案:b3.明确提出近代原子论的科学家就是()a.德谟克利特b.道尔顿c.亚里士多德d.汤姆孙答案:b4.1934年居里夫妇用α粒子(4he)炮击27al获得一种自然界不存有的p的一种同位素――30p,缔造了人造原子的先河:27al+4he→30p+1n,以下有关观点不恰当的就是()a.该变化表明原子核在化学反应中也能够发生变化b.该变化同样遵从质量守恒定律c.1n就是一种电中性粒子d.对于30p有:原子序数=质子数=中子数=核外电子数答案:a5.在卢瑟福的α粒子散射实验中,有少数α粒子发生大角度偏转,其原因是()a.原子的正电荷和绝大部分质量集中在一个很小的核上b.正电荷的原子中是均匀分布的c.原子中存在着带负电的电子d.原子就可以处在一系列不已连续的能量状态中答案:a6.挑选最合适的选项填空题。
2+3+40a.o2、o3b.4020ca和18arc.fe、fed.氕、氘、氚e.h2o、d2o、t2of.h2、d2、t2g.na、na+(1)属于同位素的是。
(2)属于同素异形体的是。
(3)质量数相同的原子是。
(4)属于同种元素的不同离子的是。
答案:(1)d(2)a(3)b(4)c7.将某文献资料上记述的相对原子质量数据节录如下:3537clcl75.77%24.23%34.96936.96635.453353735.485平均试回答下列问题:(1)34.969就是则表示(2)35.453就是则表示(3)35就是则表示或(4)35.485就是则表示(5)24.23%就是则表示答案:(1)同位素35cl的相对原子质量。
浦东高中秋季补习班浦东高中新王牌培训机构氧化还原反应教学目标:1. 氧化剂与还原剂:复述氧化剂、还原剂的概念;列举常见的氧化剂和还原剂;判断氧化剂和还原剂。
2.氧化反应与还原反应:复述氧化反应与还原反应的概念;判断氧化反应与还原反应。
3.氧化还原反应实质:复述氧化还原反应的定义,识别氧化还原反应;解释化合价升降、电子转移与氧化还原反应的关系;在简单氧化还原反应中描述电子转移方向与数目;解释有关氧化还原反应在生产、生活中的应用。
4.氧化剂氧化性强弱:归纳常见的氧化剂;归纳氧化还原反应发生规律;根据元素周期律判断同主族、同周期元素单质及化合物的氧化性强弱;根据金属活动性顺序判断相应阳离子的氧化性强弱;根据氧化还原反应发生规律判断物质氧化性强弱;应用物质氧化性强弱解决氧化还原反应有关问题。
5.还原剂还原性强弱:归纳常见的还原剂;根据元素周期律判断同主族、同周期元素单质及化合物的还原性强弱;根据金属活动性顺序判断相应金属的还原性强弱;根据氧化还原反应发生规律判断物质还原性强弱;应用物质还原性强弱解决氧化还原反应有关问题。
6.化合价升降法配平氧化还原反应方程式:说出化合价升降法配平氧化还原反应方程式的原则;归纳化合价升降法配平氧化还原反应方程式的步骤;解决元素化合价“一升一降”的氧化还原反应方程式配平。
教学重点:氧化还原反应中的概念、规律教学难点:氧化还原反应中电子转移数目计算、氧化还原反应中的规律思维导图:教学内容:【基础知识梳理】一.氧化还原反应、氧化剂、还原剂、氧化产物、还原产物概念定义注意点氧化反应物质失去电子的反应物质失去电子的外部表现为化合价的升高还原反应物质得到电子的反应物质得到电子的外部表现为化合价的降低被氧化元素失去电子的过程元素失去电子的外部表现为化合价的升高被还原元素得到电子的过程元素得到电子的外部表现为化合价的降低氧化产物通过发生氧化反应所得的生成物氧化还原反应中,氧化产物、还原产物可以是同一种产物,也可以是不同产物,还可以是两种或两种以上的产物。
张老师秋季辅导材料八Part1Listening(第一部分听力)Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false.1.A new way to spend holidays is travel study.2.When you have a travel study,you only can see many beautiful sights.3.During the study travel,you have to speak English every day and almost everywhere.4.Traveling can help you make a lot of new friends.5.You can read all books of the past during the study travel.6.English-speaking teachers alone can help you improve English.7.You can get a chance to learn how to live by yourself during the travel study.Part2Vocabulary(第二部分词汇)I.根据音标写出单词,词性及中文词义1./'ækjurit/2./ə'meiziŋ/3./'kælkjuleit/4./kə'mju:nikeit/5./kəm'pli:t/6./di'veləp/7./in'vent/8./'liviŋ/9./'ləukəl/10./'nesisəri/11./pə'lait/12./'pauəful/13./sɔ:lt/14./'sə:vis/15./sɔlv/16./'ʃuəli/II.写出所给单词的词性及中文词义1.chain2.charge3.check4.course5.custom6.culture7.especially8.lecture9.lightning10.pack11.program12.response13.snack14.system15.wholeplete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms(用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子)1.With the(develop)of economy,China is becoming stronger and stronger.2.Who first(invention)the systems of numbers from1to9?3.On the(four)day,the sick boy came to life.4.The computer is such a machine that it can do a within seconds (calculator).5.There’s(little)than ten minutes left.Hurry up.6.It’s(near)eleven clock.You’d better go to bed.7.Scientists from all around the world want to know why all(live)things died at the end of the Cretaceous period(白垩纪).8.Children are not allowed to use some of the(electricity)appliances.9.Please tell Jane that a classmate of is going to visit her.(she)10.The skillful of a computer is hard to learn.(operate)11.The TV news reported the celebration of the old man’s birthday.(hundred)12.Wang Damin enjoys with his big birds.(fish)13.Do you need the of a lawyer?(serve)14.I’ll have two cups of tomato cups for.(start)15.Many after-class activities make our school life much more.(enjoy)plete the following sentences.The first letter has been given.(完成下列句子,首字母已给)1.It is r to see a man over160years old.2.The store sells big ones,small ones,m ones,or what have you.3.Let’s go Dutch.We’ll both pay half of the b.4.The restaurant has a service c of ten per cent.5.The moon sank b the hills.6.She took three c:reading,writing and mathematics.7.There are only a few days1before I’m going to face mid-term examination.8.She is very f of Chinese classical literature and has spent some time reading Tang and Song poetry.Part3Writing(第三部分写作)1.Write a passage of at least60words about“Computer and My Life”.The following questions are for your reference.●What do you usually do on the computer?●Do you think the computer is becoming more and more important in your life?●Why do you think so2.Write at least60words about the topic"My Favorite Dinner Party"(以“我最喜欢的宴会”为题,写一篇不少于60词的短文)Part4Reading(第四部分阅读)1.A.energeticB.endsC.eveningD.lowE.cycleF.highG.fitH.betterI.riseDo you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it’s painful?This might be called laziness,but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation.He has proved that everyone has a daily energy1During the hours when you labor through your work,you may say that you’re“hot”.That’s true.The time of day when you feel most2is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak.For some people the peak comes during the forenoon.For others it comes in the afternoon or evening.No one has discovered why this is so,but it leads to such familiar monologues as,“Get up,John!You’ll be late for work again!”The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the3Much family quarrelling4when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean,and which cycle each member of the family has.You can’t change your energy cycle,but you can learn to make your life5it better.Habit can help, Dr.Kleitman believes.Maybe you’re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.Counteract(对抗)your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to.If your energy is6in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day,7before your usual hour.This won’t change your cycle,but you’ll get up steam and work8at your low point.Get off to a slow start which saves your energy.Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch.Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor.Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before.Whenever possible,do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.2.Once,there was an old granny who was living alone in the mountains.She never felt lonely because she would go to the forests to see1there were any wounded animals every day.One day,she found a big tiger2on the ground shedding a lot of blood.The old granny thought:“I should do something quickly to rescue it.”So she went home to fetch medicine3Although the tiger was fatally wounded,after the careful treatment,the tiger recovered soon.The tiger decided to find a chance torepay the old lady4her kindness.One night,it had a heavy rain.The tiger came to the granny’s house5to hint(示意)with his head to ask the old granny to ride on his back.After that,the tiger ran away with the granny on his back.The old lady queered:“What is the matter?”But when she looked back,she found her house had collapsed6the erosion of the rain.She knew the tiger had come to rescue her.Later,the tiger asked many animals who had been treated by the old granny to build a big,solid house by a river.The old granny continued to rescue the wounded animals,and many animals had become her assistants.1.A.where B.why C.if D.asying B.lying C.dying D.waiting3.A.for the first time B.for the time being C.now and then D.in a hurry4.A.like B.with C.for D.from5.A.slowly B.suddenly C.frighteningly D.excitedly6.A.based on B.because of e to an end D.consist of3.The Japanese pay much attention to the lucky meanings of telephone numbers.The bathhouses,for example, like to use4626,because when read1Japanese,it has the same pronunciation as“having a good bath”.Both the clothes shops and the butcher’s like4129better than any other numbers because this number can 2be read as“good meat”or“nice clothes”.Since these numbers are3with something nice,people can remember them very easily.So they have become advertisements for the shops.4,there are also telephone numbers which are regarded as forbidden by the Japanese people.1564,for example,has the sound of“kill people”while the number4219has the5of“people die”.At present,there are about44million telephones in Japan,yet it is almost6for everyone to get a lucky number.So these numbers have become valuable and can be sold as goods.The price can reach as high as 222thousand Japanese yen.1.A.with B.about C.in D.along2.A.not B.never C.either D.even3.A.dealt B.designed C.connected D.consisted4.A.On one hand B.On the other handC.In my opinionD.In short5.A.voice B.sound C.noise D.ring6.A.possible B.changeable C.responsible D.impossible4.In almost all western restaurants you must find1table.Do not sit at a table where other people are already sitting.2there are no empty tables,wait in the area provided.It is not polite to stand behind people who are eating while you wait for them to finish.Sometimes you3wait a short time in the lobby when you first arrive,before a table is4The waiter will ask you if you prefer to sit in an area where smoking is allowed(允许)or not.Many public places in the West forbid(禁止)smoking altogether,others allow it only in one area.When you invite foreigners to dinner,always remember that foreigners do not eat the viscera(内脏),heads and feet of pigs or chickens.Usually the waitress will5the bill when you finish,but if you want to have it quickly,do not6 or you can call softly,Miss or Sir.You can put up your hand.If one person invites the others to a restaurant,he or she will pay.Otherwise people usually divide the cost.1.A.empty B.a empty C.the empty D.an empty2.A.Since B.If C.Why D.Though3.A.have to B.can C.may D.must4.A.clean B.dirty C.busy D.free5.A.take B.bring C.carry D.put6.A.speak B.cry C.shout D.call5.We all have three people within us.One of them is a parent,the other is an adult and the third is a child.The parent:when the parent in our head controls us we c1people,we tell them how to behave as our parents told us to behave.The good side of the parent is caring for people and passing on the traditions ofs2The bad sideof the parent is giving more importance to traditions and rules than to the needs of the individual.The adult:the adult in our head looks carefully at information and tries to think of sensible ideas.Our adult is open-minded to new situations and to o3people and their feelings and opinions.The good side of the adult is thoughtfulness and openness to new ideas.The bad side of the adult is not making d4quickly and not giving importance to enjoyment,etc.The child:everybody has a child within them.The child in e5person is perhaps more important than the parent and the adult!The child gives us joy,openness,i6and activity,just like a child in a family.Unfortunately the child inside us is often not healthy and we are“childish,and silly and not“child-like”and joyful,open and creative.The good side of the child is joy,excitement,openness to new e7and creative energy.The bad side of the child is being silly,selfish,spoilt and conceited(自负的).It is important that there is a balance of the good aspects of the parent,the adult and the child within us.In this way we can be caring,thoughtful and joyous.6.Mind Those Manners on the SubwaySo,there you are,just sitting there in the subway car,enjoying the book you just bought.Suddenly,you feel someone leaning over your shoulder reading along with you.Or,the person sitting next to you takes out a nail clipper(指甲刀)and begins cutting his or her nails.Annoying?Many of us have to spend some time every day on public transportation.We all know that some behaviors are s1unacceptable.So,to make the trip more pleasant,we suggest the following:Let passengers get off the bus or subway car before you can get on.Getting off and on in an orderlym2can save time for all.S3away from the doors when they are closing.Don’t talk loudly on a bus or subway.Chatting loudly with your friends can be annoying to o4Don’t shout into your mobile phone on a bus or subway.Don’t think your bags and suitcases(手提箱)deserve a seat of their e a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze(打喷嚏).An uncovered sneeze can s6germs(细菌),especially in crowded places.Don’t cut your nails or pick your nose on public transportation.Don’t read over other people’s shoulder.Many people do this on subways,but it’s r7annoying.It can make people uncomfortable.They might think you’re too stingy(小气的)even to buy a newspaper.Or theymight think you’re judging their behavior.7.John Chapman was born in Massachusetts about1774.He grew up to be a gardener.He planted apple trees in New York and Pennsylvania.In the e11800s,he carried apple seeds west.He walked the wilderness that would later become Michigan,Ohio,Indiana,and Illinois.When he found a good place for apple trees,he cleared the brush.He planted the seeds in rows.Then he fenced them in.At first he went back e2for more ter he got seeds from the t3he grew.He roamed through the wilderness,tending to his orchards.He traveled on f4often without shoes.He carried with him a cooking pot.When the first settlers came,Chapman sold his trees for pennies.Sometimes he traded them for used clothes. The settlers called him Johnny Appleseed.Those who moved on west told of the man who sold them the trees. The tale p5down through the generations.More tales were a6to the legend.In one tale, Johnny Appleseed slept through a storm with a bear.In another,a rattlesnake(响尾蛇)tried to bite his foot,but his skin was too tough.In books,he might be shown in clothes that are too big,wearing his pot as a hat.Some of the trees he planted still b7fruit today.。
高三第二轮复习——阿伏伽德罗常数思考:我们学习过的微粒有哪些?【板书】1、物质的离子数目⑴1mol Na2O2晶体中阴离子数目为______。
变式①:1mol Na2O晶体中阴离子数目为______。
变式②:1mol NaAlO2晶体中阳离子数目为______。
变式③:1mol Na3AlF6晶体中阳离子数目为______。
变式④:1mol AlCl3晶体中阴离子数目为______。
⑵在熔融状态下,1mol NaHSO4晶体中阳离子数目为______。
变式①:NaHSO4溶液中阳离子数目为______。
变式②:NaHCO3溶液中阳离子与阴离子个数之比为______。
⑶1mol 冰醋酸中阳离子为数目为______。
变式①:1mol CH3COOH溶液中阳离子数目为______。
变式②:1mol C2H5Br中Br-的数目为______。
⑷1mol FeCl3溶液中Fe3+的数目为______。
变式①:1mol FeCl3溶液中阳离子数目为______。
变式②:1mol Na2CO3溶液中阴离子数目为______。
变式③:1mol NaAc溶液中阴离子数目为______。
变式④:1mol NaF溶液中阴离子数目为______。
变式⑤:1mol NaI溶液中阴离子数目为______。
思考:④和⑤相同的原因一样吗?【板书】2、物质的分子、原子数目⑴1L 1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,含HCl分子数目为______。
变式①:1mol氨气溶于1L水中,含NH3分子数目为______。
变式②:1L 1mol/L的酒精溶液中,含分子数目为______。
变式③:1mol SO3溶于足量的水中,含有SO3分子数目为______。
⑵标准状况下,22.4L氩气含有原子数目为______。
变式①:标准状况下,22.4L SO2所含氧原子数目为______。
变式②:标准状况下,22.4L SO3所含氧原子数目为______。
变式③:标准状况下,22.4L HF所含氟原子数目为______。
2014-2015学年闵行区高二第一学期期末考试化学试卷相对原子质量0-16 Mg-24 Al-27 Fe-56 Na-23 H-1一.选择题(每小题2分,共40分,每小题只有一个正确答案)1.互联网上报道:目前世界上有近20亿人患有缺铁性贫血。
这里的“铁”是指()A.铁单质 B.铁元素 C.四氧化三铁 D.三氧化二铁2.下列物质(或主要成分)对应的化学式中,不正确的是()A.小苏打 NaHCO3 B.钡餐 BaCO3 C.绿矾 FeSO4·7H2O D.胃舒平 Al(OH)3 3.下列微粒间的作用力中,不属于化学键的是()A.分子间作用力 B.金属键 C.共价键 D.离子键4.下列仪器中,不属于定量仪器的是()A.容量瓶 B.温度计 C.烧杯 D.秒表5.原子结构为的元素,位于元素周期表的()A.第六周期第Ⅳ族 B.第四周期第Ⅵ族C.第六周期第ⅣA族 D.第四周期第ⅥA族6.无论在酸性溶液还是在碱性溶液中,一定都不能大量存在的离子是()A.Al3+ B.K+ C.HCO3- D.AlO2-7.如图是氩元素在元素周期表中的具体信息。
其中39.95是()A.氩的原子序数 B.氩原子的质量数C.氩元素的相对原子质量 D.氩原子的相对原子质量8.下列有关应用中,不科学的是()A.用铝丝作高压电缆 B.用不锈钢碗存放食醋C.用铝槽车运输浓硫酸 D.用硬铝作制航天器的材料9.关于金属的性质或使用的说明,不正确的是()A.合金:都具有金属特性和固定的熔点B.金属延展性:金属受外力发生形变,但金属键没有被破坏C.金属导热性:金属内自由电子传递热量D.用钢材作建材而不是纯铁:钢材的硬度一般比纯铁的硬度大10.关于元素周期表的叙述中,不正确的是()A.俄国化学家门捷列夫编制了第一个元素周期表B.元素周期律是由原子核外电子排布的周期性变化引起的C.在元素周期表的过渡元素区域中寻找制催化剂的元素D.元素周期表中最右上角元素的非金属性最强11.关于元素周期表中元素分布的描述,正确的是()A.周期表中的主族都有非金属元素B.周期表中的主族都有金属元素C.周期表中的金属元素都位于长周期D.周期表中的非金属元素都位于主族和0族12.关于氟、钠、镁、氯四种元素的性质递变规律,描述正确的是()A.原子半径:Na<Cl B.热稳定性:HCl<HFC.离子半径:F-<Mg2+D.碱性:NaOH<Mg(OH)213.在硫酸铝和硫酸铁的混合溶液中,逐滴加入稀氢氧化钠溶液直至过量,下列表示NaOH 加入量(x)与溶液中沉淀物量(y)的关系示意图,其中正确的是()14.下列离子方程式中,正确的是()A.Fe片投入浓硫酸中:Fe+2H+→ Fe2++H2↑B.硫酸铝溶液滴入过量烧碱溶液中:Al3++4OH-→ AlO2-+ 2H2OC.FeS放入稀盐酸溶液中:S2-+2H+→H2S↑D.在AlCl 3溶液中加入过量氨水:Al3++4NH3·H2O→ AlO2-+4NH4++2H2O15.将氯化铝溶液和硫酸铝溶液分别蒸干、灼烧,最后得到的固体是()A.都是Al2O3 B.依次为AlCl3、Al2(SO4)3 C.都是Al(OH)3 D.依次为Al2O3、Al2(SO4)3 16.用标准NaOH溶液滴定盐酸,若测得的盐酸浓度偏低,可能的原因是()A.初读数正确,但滴定结束后仰视读数B.锥形瓶用蒸馏水洗涤后,再用待测液润洗C.盛放标准NaOH溶液的滴定管未用标准液润洗D.滴定时,锥形瓶摇晃太剧烈,有少量液体溅出17.下表是部分短周期元素性质的数据:元素编号①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧元素性质原子半径0.74 1.601.521.100.991.860.750.82最高化合价/+2+1+5+7+1+5+3最低化合价-2//-3-1/-3/下列说法不正确的是()A.元素原子序数④大于⑦B.②③号元素不可能处于同一周期C.⑤号元素最高价氧化物对应水化物的酸性最强D.⑧号元素是金属元素18.以下叙述中,无法验证铁和铝的活泼性强弱的是()A.将两种金属插入稀硫酸中,连接成原电池装置B.将一种金属投入到另一种金属的硝酸盐溶液中C.质量形状相同的两种金属分别投入同浓度稀硫酸中D.将两种金属的氢氧化物分别投入烧碱溶液中19.有A、B、C、D四种元素的离子A+、B2+、C-、D2-,它们具有相同的电子数,下列判断中,正确的是()A.A、B、C、D四种元素可能属于同一周期B.A、B、C、D四种元素一定属于短周期元素C.原子序数由大到小的顺序是:B>A>C>DD.离子半径由大到小的顺序是:B2+> A+> C-> D2-20.在硫酸铝、硫酸钾和明矾的混合溶液中,c(SO42-)=0.4mol/L,当加入等体积0.4mol/L KOH 溶液时,生成的沉淀恰好完全溶解。
杨浦新王牌新王牌高中化学陆U 老师知识点汇总一、烃的同分异构体 1. 烃基烃分子里失去一个或几个氢原子后所剩余的部分叫做烃基。
一般用―R 表示。
只有没有异构现象的烃基才可以合并。
2. 同分异构体:具有相同分子式,但结构不同的化合物互称为同分异构体。
3. 同分异构现象的三种情况(1)______异构 CH 3—CH 2—CH 2—CH 3 和(2)______异构 CH 2=CH —CH 2—CH 3 和 CH 3—CH=CH —CH3 (3)______异构 CH 3OCH 3 和CH 3CH 2OH 或丙烯和环丙烷 注意:同一种物质可能有多种不同的书写方法。
3. 烃的同分异构体(1)烷烃(例:写出己烷的同分异构体。
)(2)烯烃、炔烃(例:写出C 4H 6的各种炔烃的同分异构体。
)(3)苯的同系物(例:写出C 8H 10属于芳香烃的同分异构体)(4)卤代烃可通过分析有几种环境不同的氢原子进行判断,有几种环境不同的氢原子则有几种不同的一卤代物。
例:正戊烷的一氯代物有_____种;异戊烷的一氯代物有______种;新戊烷的一氯代物有_____种;甲苯的一氯代物有_____;甲苯在苯环上的一氯代物有____种;邻二甲苯的一氯代物有____种;间二甲苯的一氯代物有____种;对二甲苯有_____种;乙苯的一氯代物有_____种。
原子替代法例:甲苯苯环上的二氯代物有6种,则苯环上的三氯代物有_______种。
【相关练习】1. 下列物质中属于同系物的是 ( )(A)和CH 3C H 3 (B )C HClHH 和C HHHCl(C )CH 2=CH―CH 2―CH 3和CH 2=CH―CH=CH 2 (D )CH 3CH CH 23CH 3和CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 32. 下列物质中,属于同一物质的是__________,互为同分异构体的是_______(填编号)。
①CH 3―(CH 2)2CH 3 ②CH 2=CH―CH 3 ③CH 3―CHCl 2CH 3CH CH 3CH 3④CH 2CH 2ClCl⑤ CH 2CH 23CH 3⑥CH≡C―CH 33. 根据已学过的知识,可以认为NH 3、N 2H 4、N 3H 5、N 4H 6……这一系列化合物之间的关系为( )(A )同位素 (B )同素异形体 (C )同系物 (D )同分异构体 同分异构体的判断及计算4. 下列各组有机物中,不互为同分异构体的是 ( )(A )C HHHC Cl HCl 和C ClH HC H HCl(B )CH 3CH 2CHCH 3C CH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3和CH 3CH 2CCH 3CH 3CHCH 2CH 33(C )CH 3CH 3CH 3和CH 3C 2H 5(D )CH 3C CH CH 3CHCH 2和CH 3C C CHCH 3CH 35. 化学式为C 7H 16的烷烃中,在结构式中含有3个甲基的同分异构体的数目是 ( )(A )2 (B )3 (C )4 (D )56. 某烃的一种同分异构体只能生成一种一氯代物,该烃的分子式可以是 ( )(A )C 3H 8 (B )C 4H 10 (C )C 5H 12 (D )C 6H 147. 用式量为43的烷基取代甲苯苯环上的一个氢原子,所得芳香烃产物的数目为( )(A )3 (B )4 (C )5 (D )68. 某烷烃C 6H 14,写出其中含4个甲基的烷烃的同分异构体的结构简式。
专题一生命的基础(物质、结构)4、细胞中的主要能源物质——糖类(1)糖类的分类及其功能元素的组成:C、H、O核糖RNA成分五碳糖脱氧核糖DNA成分单糖:葡萄糖光合作用产物,能源物质六碳糖果糖能源物质半乳糖是组成乳糖的单体麦芽糖1葡萄糖+1葡萄糖发芽的小麦中植物特有二糖:蔗糖1葡萄糖+1果糖甘蔗、甜菜乳糖1半乳糖+1葡萄糖动物乳汁动物特有淀粉储能物质植物特有多糖:纤维素结构多糖,植物细胞壁的基本组成成分肝糖原储存能量,调节血糖糖原动物特有肌糖原无氧呼吸,氧化分解时为肌肉提供能量(2)还原糖的鉴定及检测班氏试剂:取柠檬酸钠86.5g和无水碳酸钠50g加入1000ml锥形瓶中,加水350ml,加热至溶解。
另取100ml锥形瓶加入硫酸铜8.65g,加水约50ml,加热溶解。
待二者冷却至室温,将硫酸铜溶液慢慢倒入前液,随时搅匀,并补足水量至500ml。
实验原理:还原糖具有还原性的醛基,在碱性溶液中能将Cu2+还原成Cu+,Cu+再与OH—合成黄色的CuOH,加热后,即生成CuO砖红色沉淀。
实验操作:在沸水浴加热,可观察到溶液开始为蓝色,后来出现黄绿色、土黄色或砖红色沉淀。
实验材料选择:易于获得的富含还原糖的一些颜色白色或近无色的果肉,比如梨。
(3)常见的一些还原糖葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖例题5.下列各种糖类物质中,既存在于动物细胞内又存在于植物细胞内的是A.淀粉和核糖B.葡萄糖、核糖和麦芽糖C.核糖、脱氧核糖和葡萄糖D.糖原、乳糖、蔗糖变式.下列叙述中,属于淀粉、纤维素和糖原共同特征的是A.都是细胞内贮存能量的物质B.可以同时存在于同一细胞内C.基本组成单位都是六碳糖D.都含有C、H、O、N四种元素。
高三化学分类汇编(二)
(七)自然界中的水要经过消毒杀菌才可成为生活饮用水。
ClO2就是一种高效安全灭菌消毒剂。
1、Cl原子最外层有种能量不同的电子,Cl原子与Si原子可以形成五核分子,其化学键长和键角
都相等,则该物质为________分子(填“极性”或“非极性”),写出该物质分子的电子式:。
2、元素周期表中与氧元素相邻,且非金属性比氧元素强的是_________(填元素符号),能说明它的非金属
性比氧强的1个化学方程式是______________________________。
3、海洋元素中的氯、溴、碘统称为海水中的卤素资源,它们的化学性质既有相似性,也体现其递变性,用
原子结构理论解释原因。
O3也是一种很好的消毒剂,具有高效、洁净、方便、经济等优点。
O3可溶于水,在水中易分解,产生的[O]为游离氧原子,有很强的杀菌消毒能力。
常温常压下发生反应如下:
反应① O 3O2 +[O]-Q 平衡常数为K1 ;
反应② [O]+O 32O2+Q 平衡常数为K2 ;
总反应:2O 33O2+Q 平衡常数为K;Q>0
一定条件下,O3的浓度减少一半所需的时间(t)如下表所示。
已知:O3的起始浓度为0.0216 mol/L。
4、在30°C、pH=5.0条件下,O3的分解速率为_______________ mol/(L.min)。
5、根据表中数据,推测O3在下列条件下分解速率由小到大的顺序为______。
(填字母代号)
A.40°C、pH=3.0 B.30°C、pH=7.0 C.20°C、pH=4.0
6、下列叙述正确的是-------------------------------------------------()
A.降低温度,K增大B.K=K1+K2
C.适当升温,可提高消毒效率D.压强增大,K2减小
(八)下表为元素周期表的一部分。
1.氮原子的电子排布式为__________,Z元素在元素周期表中的位置为__________。
2.上表中原子半径最大的元素是(写元素符号)______,该原子的核外电子占有______个轨道。
3.下列事实能说明Y元素的非金属性比硫元素的非金属性强的是__________。
a.Y单质与H2S溶液反应,溶液变浑浊
b.在氧化还原反应中,1molY单质比1mol硫单质得电子多
c.Y和硫两元素的简单氢化物受热分解,前者的分解温度高
4.X与Z两元素的单质反应生成1molX的最高价化合物,恢复至室温,放热687kJ,已知该化合物的熔、沸点分别为-69℃和58℃,写出该反应的热化学方程式_______________________。
5.简述碳的同位素中一种原子的用途。
(九)、甲、乙、丙、丁代表不同的一元酸,常温下,将它们分别和NaOH溶液等体积混合,两种溶液的物质的量浓度和混合后溶液的pH如下表所示:
6.从实验1情况分析,如何判断HA是强酸还是弱酸?
7.实验2的混合溶液中c(A-)和c(Na+)的大小关系为__________________。
8.从实验3的结果分析,该混合溶液中离子浓度由大到小的顺序是______________。
9.分析实验4数据,写出混合溶液中下列算式的精确结果(列式即可):
(Na+) - c(A-)=mol•L-1。
勤劳的蜜蜂有糖吃。