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一、名词解释（3分×5）
1、Acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS
2、Cancer stem cells
3、Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS
4、Multiple orgen dysfunction syndrome, MODS
5、MiroRNA
二、简答（5分×4）
1、简述严重高钾血症心肌停搏的机制
2、一氧化碳中毒的血气特点
3、DIC发展分期和各期的特点
4、细胞自嗜与细胞凋亡的区别，细胞自嗜的生物学意义
三、问答（10分×5，第6题15分）
1、休克早期微循环变化的代偿意义
2、简述心肌缺血-再灌注的机理及变化
3、表观遗传学修饰对基因的表达有什么影响，简述之
4、简述蛋白质学、基因组学的发展在疾病诊断、治疗中的作用和意义
5、针对自己的专业，讨论微环境（nickle）理论与实际意义
6、什么是转化医学，针对自己的专业，讨论转化医学提出的背景？对基础、临床医学研究有什么指导意义？。
南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试（病理及眼科学）真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。
并举一例说明。
眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。
华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3. 先天性脑积水4. 颅内压增高二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007 博神外名词解释1. Gradinego syndrome2. 功能神经外科3. Nelson‘s syndrome4. GCS5. V on－Hippol－Lindau简答题1. CCF的临床表现2. 延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3. 急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4. 脑死亡的标准论述题1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山2009博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山2008 博神外24、垂体源性Cushing‘s disease 内分泌学检查的临床意义。
25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。
中山2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出Langfitt容积/压力曲线，试述Langfitt试验的过程及临床意义湘雅2005 博神经外科1、癌基因？RAS基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DA VF的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT及MRI表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004 博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole5、GOS预后评分三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005 博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004 博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2003 博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1．Lucid interval2．Brown-Sequard’s syndrome二、问答题（共60分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==南开大学博士试卷篇一：南开大学考博真题201X记得刚读研时,导师说过一句话：一段时间只能做一件事情,但要做就要做好。
我觉得很对，这三四个月为考博付出了很多，东奔西跑，终于有个结果，也算对自己有了交待。
我在报的系所，初试和复试都是第一，我认为关键还是初试，复试拉不开分数，只要是专业对口，发挥正常，研究生的素质又不会太差，所以面试时不会有太大的意外。
而且面试时你的初试分数高，老师对你的第一印象就好，会不自觉的就给你打上好学生的标签。
在我报的系所，有好几位都发了几篇核心，但我觉得发文章在面试时占的作用不大，主要是看你在和导师的沟通中是否表现出你的理论功底和修养，面试时先中文自我介绍，然后提问，主要是就着你的科研成果以及你在回答问题时提到的知识点提问问题，老师不会故意刁难你。
最后还会问你如果考上，想在哪个方向与导师衔接，也就是研究方向。
最后一问是英语口语，问的都是些与专业相关的小概念，比如什么是比较优势，要素禀赋，新贸易理论等等。
微观，看范立安的中级即可，尤其是福利经济学以后的几章，简答论述基本只考市场不完全方面的内容，前面几章是考研的重点，后面是考博的重点，一定要分清分水岭。
宏观，看曼昆的，体系清楚，翻译到位，知识点都在每章开头，便于总结。
但最后一定要把多恩布什的后面2章看懂，可以弥补曼昆书上的空白，宏观还要把哈多模型弄明白，虽然古老，但是南开隔两三年就会考一次。
宏观最后冲刺的时候，建议买一本考研或者是考博的习题册，把流派题和增长理论部分弄明白，整本书就搞定了。
微观买本习题把市场不完全部分的习题看透了，及格也就没问题了。
关于，高宏高微，个人认为没必要看，除非你还报了其他学校，因为南开的题型根本用不到，今年宏观听说有一道是罗默后面的习题，结果我把它当成中级的题也做出来了。
发布日期：2013-06-042013武汉大学病理生理学博士一、名词解释1、亚健康2、紫绀3、热休克蛋白4、反常性碱性尿5、牵涉痛二、简答1、疾病发生发展中普遍规律的“局部-整体观念”的含义2、为什么心跳停止不作为脑死亡的标志，而把自主呼吸停止作为脑死亡的首要指标3、酸中毒对机体的影响4、休克淤血缺氧期微循环淤血的机制5、假性神经递质学说引起肝性脑病的机制三、问答1、低渗性脱水对机体的影响2、严重感染引起DIC的机制3、向心性肥大和离心性肥大形成的机制4、II型呼吸衰竭病人氧疗的原则2013年武汉大学考博消化内科学一、名解1、GERD：2、Meckel憩室：3、IPMN：4、Wilson病：5、AIH：二、简答1、简述慢性腹泻的分类（按发病机制）及各型腹泻特点（写出4种类型得5分，各型特点写对得5分）2、简述肝硬化的并发症。
3、什么是ERCP？简述ERCP适应症和禁忌症？4、简述克罗恩病和肠结核的鉴别要点。
5、什么是不明原因的消化道出血？分析其检查方法及可能病因。
2012南方医科大学消化专业内科真题内科一，名词解释(每题2分)1、心脏叩击音(听诊)2、惊厥3、一个英文的，不知道是啥4、预激综合征二、简答(每题5分)1、COPD气道阻塞的机制2、胃肠道激素的作用3、假性血尿4、休克补液治疗原则消化三、简答(每题8分)1、胃食管反流病的临床表现及并发症2、Zollinger-Ellison综合征的临床表现及并发症3、慢性腹泻病理生理学机制4、肠易激综合症的病因及分型5、肝性脑病的分期四、问答(每题20分，3选2)1、哪些疾病会导致肠道溃疡?怎样鉴别诊断?2、急性胰腺炎的病因3、消化内镜是消化疾病诊断的关键，写出2项你认为最重要的技术，并描述当前的应用情况及发展前景浙江大学2009年内科消化考博题1.barrett食管2.Zollinger-Ellison 综合征3.ENS4.门脉高压性胃病5.基因多态性6.TNF7.肝肺综合症8.肝肾综合征9.微卫星不稳定性10.蛋白质丢失性胃肠病11.Criggler-Najjar综合征12.CYP45013.消旋体14.生物半衰期15.药靶16.缓释制剂简答1.胃癌的癌前状态2.HP检测方法及在消化性溃疡中的形成机制3.食管运动的检测方法4.胆源性胰腺炎的内镜治疗适应症及选择时机5.作用于5-HT的代表药物6.制酸剂的药理作用机制问答题1.对重度食管静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗方法做出评价2.结合胃肠运动的调节机制对动力调节剂分类并举例3.CK在IBD和胰腺炎发病中的作用机理4.人体胃粘膜保护机理和胃粘膜保护剂的应用现状5.萎缩性胃炎的检测手段和逆转治疗措施6.抗HP治疗方案的组方原则和药用机理7.胃粘膜保护相关药物机理。
（一）诸论1．解剖学的标准姿势解剖学姿势：身体直立，面向前，两眼向正前方平视，两足并立，足尖向前，上肢下垂于躯干的两侧，手掌向前（拇指在外侧）。
2．人体解剖学方位术语按照解剖学姿势，又规定了表示方位的名词，用来正确地描述各器官或结构地互相位置关系，所以这些名词都成对分组：（1）上（superior）和下（inferior）：是描述器官或结构距颅顶或足底相对远近关系的名词。
按解剖学姿势，较近颅为上，较近足的为下。
在比较解剖学或胚胎学，由于动物和胚胎体位的关系，常用颅侧（cranial）代替上；用尾侧（caudal）代替下。
在四肢则常用近侧(proximal)和远侧(distal)描述部位间的关系，即靠近躯干的根部为近侧，而相对距离较远或末端的部位为远侧。
(2)前（anterior）和后（posterior）：是指距身体前、后相对远近关系的名词。
靠身体腹面者为前，而靠背面者为后。
在比较解剖学上通常称为腹侧（ventral）和背侧（dorsal）。
在描述手时则常用掌侧palmar和背侧。
（3）内侧（medial）和外侧（lateral）：是描写人体各局部或器官和结构与人体正中面相对距离关系的名词。
以身体的中线为准，距中线近者为内侧，离中线相对远者为外侧。
如手的拇指在外侧而小指在内侧。
在描述上肢的结构时，由于前臂尺、桡骨并列，尺骨在内侧，桡骨在外侧，故可以用尺侧（ulnar）代替内侧，用桡侧（radial）代替外侧。
下肢小腿部有胫骨、腓骨并列，胫骨在内侧，腓骨居外侧，故又可用胫侧（tibial）和腓侧（fibular）称之。
（4）内（internal）和外（external）：是表示与体腔或有腔隙器官的空腔相互位置关系的名词，近内腔者为内，远内腔者为外，应注意与内侧和外侧区分。
（5）浅（superficial）和深（profundal）：是指与皮肤表面的相对距离关系的名词，即离皮肤近者为浅，离皮肤远而距人体内部中心近者为深。
南开大学2018年病理考博真题及眼科学考博真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。
并举一
例说明。
（5.是不是还有一题？记不清了）
眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。
南开大学 2021-2022学年《系统解剖学》期末考试试卷一．单项选择题(21分)1．支配肱二头肌的神经是：（）A．尺神经B．桡神经C．正中神经D．腋神经E．肌皮神经2．肱骨外科颈骨折易损伤：（）A．尺神经B．腋神经C．桡神经D．正中神经E．肌皮神经3．下列各骨中，不属于长骨：（）A．股骨B．肱骨C．跖骨D．指骨E．肋骨4．穿经内囊膝的纤维束是：（）A．内侧丘系B．皮质核束C．皮质脊髓束D．脊髓丘脑束E．视辐射5．听觉中枢位于：（）A．中央前回B．中央后回C．颞横回D．角回E．缘上回6．椎间孔是：（）A．椎体间的孔B．横突间的孔C．椎体与椎弓围成的孔D．相邻椎骨的上．下切迹围成的孔E．相邻椎弓间的孔7．射精管开口于：（）A．膀胱B．精囊腺C．尿道膜部D．尿道球部E．尿道前列腺部8．女性生殖腺是：（）A．阴蒂B．前庭球C．前庭大腺D．乳腺E．卵巢9．关于肋的组成下列哪项是正确的：（）A．真肋：1—7肋，假肋：8—12肋B．真肋：1—5肋，假肋：6—10肋；浮肋：11—12肋C．真肋：1—8肋，假肋：9—12肋；D．真肋：1—7肋，假肋：8—10肋；浮肋：11—12肋E．以上都不是10．属于脑干一般躯体运动核的是；（）A．动眼神经核B．滑车神经核C．展神经核D．舌下神经核E．以上均是11．关节的辅助结构不包括：( )A．囊内韧带B．关节盘C．半月板D．关节唇E．关节面12．成人脊髓下端约平对：（）A．第1骶椎B．第3腰椎下缘C．第2腰椎下缘D．第1腰椎下缘E．以上都不对13．属于臂后群肌的是：（）A．三角肌B．肱三头肌C．肱二头肌D．喙肱肌E．肱肌14．属于腹膜内位的器官是：（）A．升结肠B．子宫C．输尿管D．阑尾E．胰15．上呼吸道最狭窄处是：（）A．鼻后孔B．喉口C．前庭裂D．声门裂E．喉与气管交界处16．胸导管常注入：（）A．右静脉角B．左静脉角C．上腔静脉D．左颈内静E．头臂静脉17．主支气管的特点是：（）A．细而短B．粗而长C．粗而短D．细而长E．较水平18．内侧丘系：（）A．纤维来自同侧薄束核、楔束核B．向上至丘脑内侧核C．经斜方体外侧上行D．传导躯干、四肢意识性本体感觉E．最后经内囊前肢止于中央后回19．成人肾门平对：（）A．第11胸椎B．第12胸椎C．第1腰椎D．第2腰椎E．第3腰椎20．男性生殖腺是：（）A．精囊腺B．睾丸C．前列腺D．尿道球腺E．附睾21．以下脑神经属于混合性的是：( )A．嗅神经B．迷走神经C．视神经D．副神经E．动眼神经A．肾脏B．阑尾C．胆囊D．升结肠E．肝23．输尿管：（）A．起始于肾盂B．为腹膜内位器官C．可分为腹盆两段D．开口于膀胱颈E．有两个狭窄部位24．窦房结：（）A．由平滑肌纤维构成B．位于心内膜深面C．与房室结无联系D．为心的正常起搏点E．以上均非25．动脉弓的分支有：（）A．右锁骨下动脉B．左锁骨下动脉C．右颈总动脉D．冠状动脉E．肺动脉干26．膀胱：（）A．属于腹膜内位器官B．空虚时位于小骨盆腔内C．膀胱尖处为尿道内口D．膀胱颈的后方有前列腺E．输尿管开口于膀胱体27．属于面颅骨的是：（）A．额骨B．蝶骨C．下鼻甲D．颞骨E．枕骨28．有关胸椎的说法中哪项是错误：（）A．共12个B．横突上有横突孔C．椎体侧面和横突尖端的前面有助凹D．棘突伸向后下E．参加组成胸廓29．上颌窦开口于：（）A．上鼻道B．下鼻道C．中鼻道D．蝶筛隐窝E．以上都不对30．下界的体表投影在腋中线相交于：（）A．第5肋B．第6肋C．第7肋D．第8肋E．第9肋31．脑膜中动脉直接起于：( )A．颈内动脉B．颈外动脉C．上颌动脉D．大脑中动脉E．颞浅动脉32．壁胸膜的分部不包括：( )A．肋胸膜B．膈胸膜C．肺胸膜D．胸膜顶E．纵隔胸膜A．为下肢的深静脉B．起自足背静脉弓的外侧部C．经内踝后方D．沿小腿后面上行E．注入股静脉34．鼓室：（）A．是与外界不通的小腔B．前壁为鼓膜C．外侧壁为颈静脉壁D．内侧壁为迷路壁E．下壁为乳突壁35．全身最大最复杂的关节是：（）A．膝关节B．肩关节C．髋关节D．肘关节E下颌关节36．成人脊髓下端约平对：（）A．第1腰椎下缘B．第2腰椎下缘C．第3腰椎下缘D．第1骶椎E．以上都不对37．属脑神经特殊内脏运动核的是：（）A．展神经核B．动眼神经核C．面神经核D．舌下神经核E．迷走神经背核38．消化道是指：（）A．口腔至十二指肠B．口腔至胃C．食管至十二指肠D．盲肠至直肠E．空肠以下的部分39．颞横回是：（）A．视觉中枢B．听觉中枢C．感觉性语言中枢D．运动性语言中枢E．躯体运动中枢40．肱骨体后面中份有：（）A．尺神经沟B．桡神经沟C．大结节D．小结节E．鹰嘴窝．41．甲状腺上动脉一般来自：（）A．颈总动脉B．甲状颈干C．颈内动脉D．颈外动脉E．以上都不是42．上消化道是指：（）A．口腔和咽B．从口腔到食管C．从口腔到胃D．从口腔到十二指肠E．从口腔到空肠二．多项选择题(14分)1．视网膜（）A．在中膜的内面B．分外层色素部和内层神经部E．中央凹是感光辨色最敏感的部位2．动脉韧带( )A．连于肺动脉干分叉处偏左侧与主动脉弓之间B．为一结缔组织索C．是胎儿动脉导管闭锁后的遗迹D．来源于动脉圆锥E．位于肺动脉干与升主动脉之间3．属于生殖腺的是（）A．尿道球腺B．前列腺C．卵巢D．精囊腺E．睾丸4．分布于手的神经有( )A．肌皮神经B．正中神经C．腋神经D．尺神经E．桡神经5．输精管的分部包括( )A．睾丸部B．附睾部C．腹股沟部D．精索部E．盆部6．属于运动性的脑神经是( )A．视神经B．动眼神经C．滑车神经D．三叉神经E．舌下神7．与咽相通的是( )A．口腔B．鼻腔C．喉腔D．食管E．中耳鼓室8．肺根内含有（）A．气管B．主支气管C．肺血管D．淋巴管E．神经9．晶状体( )A．看近物时变扁B．呈双凸透镜状C．借睫状小带连睫状体D．表面有晶状体囊E．发生混浊时称白内障10．主动脉弓的分支有（）A．左颈总动脉B．右颈总动脉C．头臂干D．左锁骨下动脉E．右锁骨下动脉11．肩关节( )A．由肱骨头和关节孟构成B．关节囊厚而坚韧C．可作屈、伸运动D．可作环转运动E．灵活性比稳定性大12．左主支气管的特点是( )A．较粗B．较细C．较长D．较短E．较横平13．右冠状动脉( )D．有分支至室间隔后1/3部E．营养右心室14．肾( )A．位于脊柱两侧B．肾门平第l腰椎C．外表紧贴肾筋膜D．髓质由肾锥体构成E．是产生尿器官三．判断正误(14分)1.视网膜感光最敏锐的部位是视神经盘。
2002年协和医科大学解剖学考博试题一、名词;1、海式三角（英文）2、胆囊三角3、斜角肌三角4、背盖背区5、REXED板层6、心包斜窦7、鼻烟壶二、填空30分1、肾上腺的血供2、肩胛动脉网3、肛直肠环三、选择20分1、脾的位置2、选择性迷走神经切断术的神经四、问答1、小脑的分叶和联系2、内囊后脚损伤产生那些症状3、踝关节能做那些运动其支配肌肉神经是什么4、骑跨伤损伤造成渗尿会到达那些结构5、胰头癌会压迫那些部位产生什么症状复旦大学医学院2000年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、腺管2、胸导管3、海绵窦4、基底膜5、膀胱三角6、胆囊三角7、鼓室二、问答1、针刺中指后痛觉传导通路2、下皮层的功能定位3、肝脏的吡邻复旦大学医学院2001年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、膀胱三角2、室上脊3、奇静脉4、海绵窦二、问答1、脊柱的连接2、视觉通路3、心脏的结构复旦大学医学院2002年解剖学（博士）一、名词1、willis环2、肾窦3、巩膜静脉窦二、问答题1.膝关节的组成，运动特点支配肌肉神经2.右心室的结构3.肾脏的解剖毗邻被膜4.丘脑的解剖结构和纤维联系复旦大学医学院2003年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1.滑膜关节2.肾窦3.腹直肌鞘4.弹性圆锥5.肝胆三角6.语言中枢7.室间隔8.海马-纵隔9.呼吸道二、问答1.手掌动脉的解剖位置2.男性尿道的解剖结构、解剖位置3.脊柱连接4.三叉丘系、脊丘系；内侧、外侧丘系复旦大学医学院2004年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：（5分/题）1.ptreon;2.结膜穹窿；3.房间隔4.岛叶5.limibic system6.bala7.梨状窝8.venous angle9.髌韧带10.关节盘二、问答题：（10分/题）1.试述内耳的结构组成。
2.内囊的结构和受损后的症状。
3.男性小骨盆与女性小骨盆里都有什么器官，有何区别？4.人体有多少消化腺，其位置形态分泌腺的名称和作用。
四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了）二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2004年湘雅博士入学考试试题局部解剖学名词解释（每题5分，共30分）硬膜外隙（腔）；腹股沟管；Willis环（cerebral arterial circle）bronchopulmonary segment；thoracic duct；鞍上池论述题（1、2题必答，每题18分；3、4、5题任选两题，每题17分）1、颈内动脉的行程、分段及分支分布2、后纵隔的位置、结构及毗邻关系3、髂关节的结构、功能、血供及神经支配4、尿道球部损伤尿液外渗的解剖学基础5、论述肝段划分的理论依据及临床意义苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。
2018年考试试题生理学、病理解剖学一、选择题(每小题1分，共60分)(生理学1-30题，病理解剖学31-60题)在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑1.自身调节是指细胞和组织器官在不依赖于神经或体液调节的情况下对刺激所产生的（）A.稳态B.旁分泌C.前馈调节D.适应性反应2.氨基酸进入红细胞膜是属于（）A.单纯扩散B.主动运输C.易化扩散D.吞饮3.骨骼肌细胞外液中钠离子浓度降低使（）A.动作电位幅度变小B.去极化加速C.静息电位增大D.膜电位降低4.动作电位的超射值接近于（）A.钾离子平衡电位B.钠离子平衡电位C.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的代数和D.钠离子平衡电位与钾离子平衡电位的绝对值之差5.血管损伤后止血栓能正确定位于损伤部位有赖于血小板的哪项特性（）A.黏附B.聚集C.收缩D.释放6.Rh阳性是指红细胞膜上含有（）A.C抗原B.D抗原C.e抗原D.E抗原7.内源性凝血途径和外源性凝血途径的最主要区别在于（）A.纤维蛋白形成过程不同B.凝血酶形成过程不同C.启动方式和参与的凝血因子不同D.Ⅲ因子是否参加而不同8.左心室的搏功大于右室的主要原因是下列哪一项的差别（）A.每搏输出量B.射血速度C.心室舒张末期压力D.肺动脉平均血压9.窦房结能成为心脏正常起搏点的原因是（）A.最大复极电位低B.4期自动除极速度快C.0期除极速度低D.阈电位与最大复极电位差距小10.在体循环中，血流阻力最大，血压降落最为显著的区段是（）A.主动脉段B.大动脉段C.微动脉段D.毛细血管段11.引起组织毛细血管交替开放的物质是（）A.组胺B.乙酰胆碱C.局部代谢产物D.激u肽12.在心动周期中，主动脉压最低见于（）A.等容舒张期末B.等容收缩期末C.心房收缩期末D.快速充盈期末13.肺表面活性物质的主要作用是（）A.降低呼吸膜通透性B.增加肺弹性阻力C.保护肺泡上皮细胞D.降低肺泡表面张力14.某人正常平静呼吸时潮气量50m1,解剖无效腔为150ml,呼吸频率每分钟12次。
2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
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国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET .Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven ' t had a bite all day.Question: What' s the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let ' s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B.He won't complain anything.C.He is in good condition.D.He couldn't be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B.She will get a raise.C.The man will get a raise.D.The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B.Her daughter is an exciting child.C.She and her daughter are good friends.D.She and her daughter do nt always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B.She hurt her ankle.C.She has a swollen toe.D.She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.8.John is very fond of his new boss.9.John has ups and downs in the new company.10.J ohn has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B.She will undergo some lab tests.C.She will arrange an appointment.D.She will get the test results.9. A. She’ s an odd character.B.She is very picky.C.She is easy-going.D.She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B.In a local shop.C.In a ward.D.In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B.He very much likes his old bicycle.C.He will buy a new bicycle right away.D.He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B.It ’s a minor illness.C.It started two weeks ago.D.It ’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B.The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C.The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D.The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B.The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C.The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D.The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET .Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B.Because it was upsetting his stomach.C.Because he was allergic to it.D.Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’ t play soccer any more.B.He has a serious foot problem.C.He needs an operation.D.He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B.An allergy test.C. A urine test.D.A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B.Anxious.C.Angry.D.Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B.Harmful effects of smoking.C.Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D.Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B.955.C.1909.D.1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B.When smoking exposure is low.C.When the subjects received medication.D.When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B.Genetic differences between men and women.C.Women’ s active metabolic rate.D.Women’ s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B.About 100,000.C.Several hundreds.D.About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B.Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C.Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D.Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B.Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C.Urging people not to eat animals.D.Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B.The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C.The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D.The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B.How to treat Rift Valley fever.C.The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D.Satellites and global health — remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are to choose theword or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answer ontheANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’ s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left my mindin such a _____________ t hat I couldn’ t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure, in theobese, in cigarette smokers, and in those to prolonged emotionaland mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical, even though the concepthas been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weaken theimmune system,aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidates personality traits, being modest and generous, people in hisfavor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong toa vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorablySection BDirections: Each of the following sentenceshas a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET .41.All Nobel Prize winners ' success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen's presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances has beenapplied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure of religiouspersecution that exacerbatedtheir conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of maritalfidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET .For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer ’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad foryour health.It ’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I ’d rather wait until it ’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer ’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer ’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer ’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hourperiods each day for seven to nine months. ” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitiveabilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don ’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it ’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer ’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation.However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer ’s means mobile phones __60__ our brainsand bodies in ways not yet explored. And it ’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB.risksC.phenomenaD.claims52. A. at leastB.at mostC.as ifD.as well53. A. blockingB.cookingC.exhaustingD.cooling54. A. ExceptB.EvenC.DespiteD.Besides55. A. untilB.whenC.asD.unless56. A. rangeB.continuumC.spectrumD.field57. A. ReasonablyB.ConsequentlyC.AmazinglyD.Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB.beneficialC.preferableD.susceptible59. A. effortB.methodC.huntD.account60. A. do affectB.did affectC.is affectingD.could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET .Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights.This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world ’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. WhenI visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day,seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61.From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us .A.the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB.the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C.the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D.the human misery behind them.62.The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,A.is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B.could have been even exaggerated.C.is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D.is prevailing across the world.63.The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools of theirtrade, they should _______________ .A.have the same concern with the developing countries.B.be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC.pursue good bargains in the international market.D.spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ______ .A.to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B.to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C.to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D.to improve the transparency of international contracts.65.By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that .A.the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB.the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.boratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D.because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it ’sinaccurate orconfusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in anenvironmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companie’s eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’ s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered“ green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world ’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let ’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy — and it s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66.T“he confusion ” at the beginning of the 2 nd paragraph refers to .A.where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB.an array of consumer products to chooseC.a fog of unreliable green informationD.little information on eco-credibility67.From the New Scientist’ s analysis it can be inferred that in many casesA.eco-credibility is abusedB.a green economy is crucialC.an environmental impact is lessenedD.green credentials promote green economy68.From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ______ .A.eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB.neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC.it is vital to build a green economyD.better information is critical69.To address the issue, the author is crying for _.A.transparent corporate managementB.establishing sustainability indexesC.tough academic-led surveillanceD.strict legal weapons70.Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A.The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B.It is time for another green revolution.rmation should be free for all.D.No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats — much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades.Its advocatespoint out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools; a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school ”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer - looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said.“Any cues that it ’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism”.Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’ s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that, ” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience.There’ s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71.The findings of the study were in favor of ______ .A.the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB.the relation between intelligence and evolutionC.the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD.the human innate ability to cheat72.The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at __ .A.spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB.detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC.spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD.detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73.When she says that …that can't be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________________ .A.cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB.our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC.there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD.the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74.In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ___ .A.it was of great possibilityB.it could be misleadingC.it was unbelievableD.it ’s acquired75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Cheating at SchoolB.Cheating as the Human NatureC.Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD.Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’ t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene 人类世）-an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It ispreliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment —a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’ t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’ s 2007 report on climate impacts. Thisreport has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense thatthe IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the repor’ ts headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There ’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom ’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them.76.As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _________________________ .A. a misunderstandingB.a confrontationC. a collaborationD.a consensus77.Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ______.A.we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB.our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD.it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78.The point, based on Rockstrom ’s investigation, is simply that __ .A.they made the first classification of Earth systemsB.it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC.we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expectedD.human beings are rational and responsible creatures on earth79.Critical of the IPCC ’s 2007 report, the author argues that they .A.missed the most serious problems thereB.were poorly assembled for the missionC.cannot be called scientists at allD.value nature above people80.It can be concluded from the passage that if we are to manage the anthropocene successfully, we ______________________________ .A.must redefine our relationship with the environmentB.should not take it seriously but to take it easyC.need a new way of thinking about natureD.need cooler heads and clearer statisticsPassage Five。
