General review(总复习)1.名词解释( 10%);2. 填空(20%);3.选择20%;4.问答30%;5. 实物标本20%其中70%中文题、中文解答；30%英文题、英文或中文解答，用中文解答分数减半.１．Basic concepts√ Parasite and hostParasite: a parasite is a smaller organism that lives in or on and at the expense of a large organism temporarily or permanently.Host: A host is a larger organism that is parasitized by a parasite temporarily or permanently.√Ectoparasites: ectoparasites are organisms that live on the outside of their hosts, usually attached to the skin, feathers and hair.Endoparasites: endoparasites are parasites living within their hosts, in the gut, body cavity, lungs or other tissues.facultative parasites：facultative parasites are organisms which can live either a parasitic or non-parasitic existence.obligate parasites：obligate parasites are organisms which are obligated to live a parasitic existence and incapable of surviving outside the host environment.√Stenoxenous parasites: these are organisms that inhabit in only one particular species of host. Polyxenous parasites: these are parasites that can infect more than one species of host.√Permanent parasites: these are parasites whose every life cycle stage is dependent on the hosts, and whose life will terminate if being separated from the hosts.Temporary parasites：these are organisms that live on the hosts for only a very short period of time in their life cycle.Soil-borne parasites：biological parasites：opportunistic pathogenic parasites：these are parasities that do not cause any damage to the host under normal circustances but will become pathogenic when the immue fuction of the hosts is attacked or compromised.√ Intermediate hosts: intermediate hosts are the hosts in which the larval stages or asexual stages of parasite develop and inhabit in. Some parasites may need more than one intermediate hosts.√ Final hosts :final hosts are organisms in which the adults or sexual stages develop and parasitize. Paratenic or transport hostsReservoir hosts: reservoir hosts are organisms in which a parasite that is pathogenic to some other species lives and multiplies without doing serious damage to these organisms.Carrying hosts (带虫宿主)√ Vector: vector is a transmitter of pathogenic parasites from host to host.1 host tick：one-host tick where the entire parasitic development from larvae to adult takes place onone host.2 host tick：two-host ticks where larvae and nymphs occour on one host and the adults on theanother.3 host tick：three-host ticks where each stage of development takes place on different hosts. infective stage：prepatent period：2、Taxonomy and Nomenclature of ParasitesMajor taxa(分类阶元)Kingdom (界) , Phylum (门), Class (纲), Order (目) , Family (科), Genus (属), species (种)Binomial nomenclature (双名制命名法) genus name ＋species nameeg. Haemonchus contortus (捻转血矛线虫)3、Classification of ParasitesParasites can be roughly divided into three categories: helminth (蠕虫), protozoa (原虫) and arthropod (节肢动物)Helminthes (蠕虫) include trematodes (吸虫), cestodes (绦虫), nematodes (线虫) and acanthocephalids (棘头虫) 4、Classification of Nematodes (线虫的分类)Phylum Nemathelminthes ( 线形动物门)尾感器纲(Phasmidia)：杆形目(Rhabditata),蛔目(Ascaridata) ,尖尾目(Oxyurata) ,圆线目(Strongylata),旋尾目(Spirurata) ,丝虫目(Filariata),驼形目(Camallanata)无尾感器纲(Aphasmidia)：毛尾目(Trichurata) ,膨结目(Dioctophymata)5、Classification of Trematodes (吸虫的分类)Platyhelminthes 扁形动物门Digenea (复殖目)Fasciolidae (片形科) Paramphistomatidae (同盘科) Dicrocoeliidae (双腔科)Schistosomatidae (分体科) Opisthorchiidae (后睾科) Prosthogonimidae (前殖科)Echinostomatidae (棘口科) Notocotylidae (背孔科)6、Classification of Cestodes (绦虫的分类)Platyhelminthes 扁形动物门Cestoidea 绦虫纲Pseudophyllidea假叶目Cyclophyllidea圆叶目Taeniidae (带科) ,Dilepididae (双壳科) Anoplocephalidae (裸头科),Davaineidae (戴文科) ,Hymenolepididae (膜壳科)7、Classification of Protozoa原虫的分类（1）.Phylum Apicomplex (Sporozoa)顶复门(孢子虫)Order Eucoccidia (“Coccidia”) (真球虫目)Order Haemosporida (血孢子虫目)（2）. Phylum Sarcomastigophora (肉足鞭毛门)Subphylum Sarcodina (肉足虫亚门) (“Amoeba”)Subphylum Mastigophora (鞭毛虫亚门)（3）.Phylum Ciliophora (“Ciliates”) (纤毛虫门)８、Classification of Arthopodes (节肢动物的分类)Arthropoda (节肢动物门)Insecta (昆虫纲)Flies, lice and fleas (双翅目昆虫、虱及蚤)Arachnida (蛛形纲)Ticks and mites (蜱及蟎)９、Morphology of TrematodesCharacteristic structures of Digenetic Trematode are 1 or 2 suckers.The oral sucker at the anterior end surrounds the mouth.The ventral sucker is on the ventral surface.１０、The Life Cycle of Digenetic TrematodesNeeds one to two intermediate hostsThe first one: snails (螺);The second one: fish or arthropods (鱼或节肢动物)Stages of Life Cycle (生活史各期)卵(egg) ,毛蚴(miracidium) ,胞蚴(sporocyst) , 雷蚴(redia),尾蚴(cercaria),囊蚴(metacercaria) 成虫(adult) １１、The Basic Life Cycle of Cestodesinvolve larval development in 1 or 2 intermediate hosts.Morphology of Cestodes (绦虫的形态)Tapeworms consist of 3 regions:a. Scolex(头节),b. Neck (颈节),c. Strobila(链体)•immature proglottids (幼节)•mature proglottids (成节)•gravid proglottids (孕节)１２、Characteristics of NematodaBody is non-segmented, elongate, and circular in cross-section (i.e. the name "roundworm").Digestive tract is complete, including mouth (口), pharynx (咽), esophagus (食道), intestine (肠管) and anus (肛门) Male system is a single tubule(单管型), the female reproductive organs are doubled(双管型)１３、Basic Life Cycle of NematodesThere are four molts in the complete life cycle and the individual larval stage is designated L1 (first stage larvae), L2, L3, L4 and L5. L5 is the immature adult.Type of life cyclesDirect Life Cycle (without an intermediate host) (直接型) andIndirect Life Cycle (with an intermediate host) (间接型)１４、The Development of ProtozoaAsexual reproduction (无性生殖)Binary fission (二分裂法);Multiple fission or Schizogony(复分裂或裂殖生殖) ; Budding (出芽生殖)Sexual reproduction (有性生殖)Conjugation (接合生殖) Gametogony (配子生殖)１５、Morphology of Tick and MiteThe body consists of 2 regions: 1. Capitulum(假头) 2. Idiosoma(躯体).Capitulum consists of: Pedipalps(须肢) , Chelicerae(螯肢) and Hypostome(口下板)１６、Characteristics of Insecta（1）. 3 body parts - head , thorax, Abdomen（2）. Head contains eyes, mouth parts and 1 pair of antennae.（3）. thorax possesses 3 segments, each with a pair of legs. Wings may or may not be present; extend from last2 segments if present.（4）. Abdomen contains copulatory organs１７、Development of the arthropodsPossess 2 types of metamorphosis(变态):a. Incomplete: egg——larva——nymph （若虫）——adultb. Complete: egg——larva——pupa（蛹）——adultDevelopment of ticks, mites and lice belong to incomplete metamorphosis, whereas bipteran insects and flea belong to complete metamorphosis.１８、Key links in the prevalence of parasitic diseases1)Source of infection(感染源),2)Route of infection(感染途径),3)Susceptible animals(易感动物)感染途径: 经口、经皮肤、接触感染、胎盘感染１９、Prevailing features and Distribution rulePrevailing features (流行特点)：Endemicity (地区性) Seasonality (季节性) Sporadicity (散发性) Natural nidus (自然疫源性)Distribution rule of parasites (寄生虫分布规律)：Regional distribution(地区性分布)Global distribution(全球性分布)２０、Diagnosis of Parasitic Disease1. 临床诊断: 流行病学分析、临床症状观察、病理学检查2. 病原学诊断: 粪、尿、血、组织液的检查以及体表及皮屑的检查3. 辅助性诊断: 动物接种、诊断性治疗、X光及穿刺检查4. 免疫学诊断: IHA, IFAT, ELISA等5. 基因诊断: PCR-based methodsFAECAL EXAMINATION include: direct smear, flotation and sedimentation method２１、Control of parasitic diseasesThe basic principles ：Treatment of the source of infection (控制传染源)The blockade of the route of infection (切断传播途径)The protection of the susceptible animals (保护易感动物)２２、寄生虫病的防控措施驱虫:1.治疗性驱虫,2.预防性驱虫(定期或长期给药)环境卫生1. 粪便管理,2. 消灭中间宿主或传播媒介,3. 安全放牧饲养卫生1.保持饲草,饮水卫生;2.禁止以生鱼虾,蝌蚪以及贝类饲喂动物;3.勿用牛羊屠宰废弃物喂犬;4.注意个人卫生免疫预防: 人工接种疫苗生物防制: 利用天敌来消灭寄生虫２３、Schistosomiasis Control(example)(血吸虫病的控制)猪的寄生虫病２４、猪的人兽共患寄生虫主要有哪些?请说出它们是怎样传播给人的?吸虫类: 华枝睾吸虫、布氏姜片吸虫绦虫类: 猪囊尾蚴线虫类: 旋毛虫原虫类: 刚第弓形虫传播给人的途径方法：华枝睾吸虫：人由于吞食含有囊蚴的生鱼、虾或未煮熟的鱼或虾而遭受感染的。
