博迪《投资学》(第10版)笔记和课后习题详解 第二部分 资产组合理论与实践【圣才出品】

第10章指数模型10.1 复习笔记1．单指数证券市场(1)单指数模型①单指数模型的定义式马科维茨模型在实际操作中存在两个问题，一是需要估计大量的数据；二是该模型应用中相关系数确定或者估计中的误差会导致结果无效。

单指数模型大降低了马科维茨资产组合选择程序的数据数量，它把精力放在了对证券的专门分析中。

因为不同企业对宏观经济事件有不同的敏感度。

所以，如果记宏观因素的非预测成分为F，记证券i对宏观经济事件的敏感度为βi；则证券i的宏观成分为，则股票收益的单因素模型为：②单指数模型收益率的构成因为指数模型可以把实际的或已实现的证券收益率区分成宏观(系统)的与微观(公司特有)的两部分。

每个证券的收益率是三个部分的总和：如果记市场超额收益R M的方差为σ2M，则可以把每个股票收益率的方差拆分成两部分：（2）指数模型的估计单指数模型表明，股票GM的超额收益与标准普尔500指数的超额收益之间的关系由下式给定：R i=αi+βi R M+e i该式通过βi来测度股票i对市场的敏感度，βi是回归直线的斜率。

回归直线的截距是αi，它代表了平均的公司特有收益。

在任一时期里，回归直线的特定观测偏差记为e i，称为残值。

每一个残值都是实际股票收益与由描述股票同市场之间的一般关系的回归方程所预测出的股票收益之间的差异。

这些量可以用标准回归技术来估计。

（3）指数模型与分散化资产组合的方差为其中定义资产组合方差的系统风险成分为依赖于市场运动的部分为它也依赖于单个证券的敏感度系数。

这部分风险依赖于资产组合的贝塔和σ2M，不管资产组合分散化程度如何都不会改变。

相比较，资产组合方差的非系统成分是σ2(e P)，它来源于公司特有成分e i。

因为这些e i 是独立的，都具有零期望值，所以可以得出这样的结论：随着越来越多的股票加入到资产组合中，公司特有风险倾向于被消除掉，非市场风险越来越小。

当各资产为等权重，且e i不相关时，有。

式中，为公司特有方差的均值。

CHAPTER 2: ASSET CLASSES AND FINANCIALINSTRUMENTSPROBLEM SETS1. Preferred stock is like long-term debt in that it typically promises a fixed paymenteach year. In this way, it is a perpetuity. Preferred stock is also like long-term debt in that it does not give the holder voting rights in the firm.Preferred stock is like equity in that the firm is under no contractual obligation tomake the preferred stock dividend payments. Failure to make payments does not set off corporate bankruptcy. With respect to the priority of claims to the assets of thefirm in the event of corporate bankruptcy, preferred stock has a higher priority than common equity but a lower priority than bonds.2. Money market securities are called cash equivalents because of their high levelof liquidity. The prices of money market securities are very stable, and they canbe converted to cash (i.e., sold) on very short notice and with very lowtransaction costs. Examples of money market securities include Treasury bills,commercial paper, and banker's acceptances, each of which is highly marketableand traded in the secondary market.3. (a) A repurchase agreement is an agreement whereby the seller of a securityagrees to “repurchase” it from the buyer on an agreed upon date at an agreedupon price. Repos are typically used by securities dealers as a means forobtaining funds to purchase securities.4. Spreads between risky commercial paper and risk-free government securitieswill widen. Deterioration of the economy increases the likelihood of default oncommercial paper, making them more risky. Investors will demand a greaterpremium on all risky debt securities, not just commercial paper.5.6. Municipal bond interest is tax-exempt at the federal level and possibly at thestate level as well. When facing higher marginal tax rates, a high-incomeinvestor would be more inclined to invest in tax-exempt securities.7. a. You would have to pay the ask price of:161.1875% of par value of $1,000 = $1611.875b. The coupon rate is 6.25% implying coupon payments of $62.50annually or, more precisely, $31.25 semiannually.c. The yield to maturity on a fixed income security is also known as its requiredreturn and is reported by The Wall Street Journal and others in the financialpress as the ask yield. In this case, the yield to maturity is 2.113%. An investorbuying this security today and holding it until it matures will earn an annualreturn of 2.113%. Students will learn in a later chapter how to compute boththe price and the yield to maturity with a financial calculator.8. Treasury bills are discount securities that mature for $10,000. Therefore, a specific T-bill price is simply the maturity value divided by one plus the semi-annual return:P = $10,000/1.02 = $9,803.929. The total before-tax income is $4. After the 70% exclusion for preferred stockdividends, the taxable income is: 0.30 ⨯ $4 = $1.20Therefore, taxes are: 0.30 ⨯ $1.20 = $0.36After-tax income is: $4.00 – $0.36 = $3.64Rate of return is: $3.64/$40.00 = 9.10%10. a. You could buy: $5,000/$64.69 = 77.29 shares. Since it is not possible to tradein fractions of shares, you could buy 77 shares of GD.b. Your annual dividend income would be: 77 ⨯ $2.04 = $157.08c. The price-to-earnings ratio is 9.31 and the price is $64.69. Therefore:$64.69/Earnings per share = 9.3 ⇒ Earnings per share = $6.96d. General Dynamics closed today at $64.69, which was $0.65 higher thanyesterday’s price of $64.0411. a. At t = 0, the value of the index is: (90 + 50 + 100)/3 = 80At t = 1, the value of the index is: (95 + 45 + 110)/3 = 83.333The rate of return is: (83.333/80) - 1 = 4.17%b. In the absence of a split, Stock C would sell for 110, so the value of theindex would be: 250/3 = 83.333 with a divisor of 3.After the split, stock C sells for 55. Therefore, we need to find the divisor(d) such that: 83.333 = (95 + 45 + 55)/d ⇒ d = 2.340. The divisor fell,which is always the case after one of the firms in an index splits its shares.c. The return is zero. The index remains unchanged because the return foreach stock separately equals zero.12. a. Total market value at t = 0 is: ($9,000 + $10,000 + $20,000) = $39,000Total market value at t = 1 is: ($9,500 + $9,000 + $22,000) = $40,500Rate of return = ($40,500/$39,000) – 1 = 3.85%b.The return on each stock is as follows:r A = (95/90) – 1 = 0.0556r B = (45/50) – 1 = –0.10r C = (110/100) – 1 = 0.10The equally weighted average is:[0.0556 + (-0.10) + 0.10]/3 = 0.0185 = 1.85%13. The after-tax yield on the corporate bonds is: 0.09 ⨯ (1 – 0.30) = 0.063 = 6.30%Therefore, municipals must offer a yield to maturity of at least 6.30%.14. Equation (2.2) shows that the equivalent taxable yield is: r = r m/(1 –t), so simplysubstitute each tax rate in the denominator to obtain the following:a. 4.00%b. 4.44%c. 5.00%d. 5.71%15. In an equally weighted index fund, each stock is given equal weight regardless of itsmarket capitalization. Smaller cap stocks will have the same weight as larger cap stocks.The challenges are as follows:•Given equal weights placed to smaller cap and larger cap, equal-weighted indices (EWI) will tend to be more volatile than their market-capitalization counterparts;•It follows that EWIs are not good reflectors of the broad market that they represent; EWIs underplay the economic importance of larger companies.•Turnover rates will tend to be higher, as an EWI must be rebalancedback to its original target. By design, many of the transactions would beamong the smaller, less-liquid stocks.16. a. The ten-year Treasury bond with the higher coupon rate will sell for a higherprice because its bondholder receives higher interest payments.b. The call option with the lower exercise price has more value than one with ahigher exercise price.c. The put option written on the lower priced stock has more value than onewritten on a higher priced stock.17. a. You bought the contract when the futures price was $7.8325 (see Figure2.11 and remember that the number to the right of the apostrophe represents aneighth of a cent). The contract closes at a price of $7.8725, which is $0.04 morethan the original futures price. The contract multiplier is 5000. Therefore, thegain will be: $0.04 ⨯ 5000 = $200.00b. Open interest is 135,778 contracts.18. a. Owning the call option gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy at$180, while the stock is trading in the secondary market at $193. Since thestock price exceeds the exercise price, you exercise the call.The payoff on the option will be: $193 - $180 = $13The cost was originally $12.58, so the profit is: $13 - $12.58 = $0.42b. Since the stock price is greater than the exercise price, you will exercise the call.The payoff on the option will be: $193 - $185 = $8The option originally cost $9.75, so the profit is $8 - $9.75 = -$1.75c. Owning the put option gives you the right, but not the obligation, to sell at $185,but you could sell in the secondary market for $193, so there is no value inexercising the option. Since the stock price is greater than the exercise price,you will not exercise the put. The loss on the put will be the initial cost of$12.01.19. There is always a possibility that the option will be in-the-money at some time prior toexpiration. Investors will pay something for this possibility of a positive payoff.20.Value of Call at Expiration Initial Cost Profita. 0 4 -4b. 0 4 -4c. 0 4 -4d. 5 4 1e. 10 4 6Value of Put at Expiration Initial Cost Profita. 10 6 4b. 5 6 -1c. 0 6 -6d. 0 6 -6e. 0 6 -621. A put option conveys the right to sell the underlying asset at the exercise price. Ashort position in a futures contract carries an obligation to sell the underlying assetat the futures price. Both positions, however, benefit if the price of the underlyingasset falls.22. A call option conveys the right to buy the underlying asset at the exercise price. Along position in a futures contract carries an obligation to buy the underlying assetat the futures price. Both positions, however, benefit if the price of the underlyingasset rises.CFA PROBLEMS1.(d) There are tax advantages for corporations that own preferred shares.2. The equivalent taxable yield is: 6.75%/(1 0.34) = 10.23%3. (a) Writing a call entails unlimited potential losses as the stock price rises.4. a. The taxable bond. With a zero tax bracket, the after-tax yield for thetaxable bond is the same as the before-tax yield (5%), which is greater thanthe yield on the municipal bond.b. The taxable bond. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05⨯ (1 – 0.10) = 4.5%c. You are indifferent. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05 ⨯ (1 – 0.20) = 4.0%The after-tax yield is the same as that of the municipal bond.d. The municipal bond offers the higher after-tax yield for investors in taxbrackets above 20%.5.If the after-tax yields are equal, then: 0.056 = 0.08 × (1 –t)This implies that t = 0.30 =30%.。

投资学（博迪）第10版课后习题答...CHAPTER 10: ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY ANDMULTIFACTOR MODELS OF RISK AND RETURN PROBLEM SETS1. The revised estimate of the expected rate of return on the stock would be the oldestimate plus the sum of the products of the unexpected change in each factor times the respective sensitivity coefficient: Revised estimate = 12% + [(1 × 2%) + (0.5 × 3%)] = 15.5%Note that the IP estimate is computed as: 1 × (5% - 3%), and the IR estimate iscomputed as: 0.5 × (8% - 5%).2. The APT factors must correlate with major sources of uncertainty, i.e., sources ofuncertainty that are of concern to many investors. Researchers should investigatefactors that correlate with uncertainty in consumption and investment opportunities.GDP, the inflation rate, and interest rates are among the factors that can be expected to determine risk premiums. In particular, industrial production (IP) is a goodindicator of changes in the business cycle. Thus, IP is a candidate for a factor that is highly correlated with uncertainties that have to do with investment andconsumption opportunities in the economy.3. Any pattern of returns can be explained if we are free to choose an indefinitelylarge number of explanatory factors. If a theory of asset pricing is to have value, itmust explain returns using a reasonably limited number of explanatory variables(i.e., systematic factors such as unemployment levels, GDP, and oil prices).4. Equation 10.11 applies here:E(r p) = r f + βP1 [E(r1 ) ?r f ] + βP2 [E(r2 ) – r f]We need to find the risk premium (RP) for each of the two factors:RP1 = [E(r1 ) ?r f] and RP2 = [E(r2 ) ?r f]In order to do so, we solve the following system of two equations with two unknowns: .31 = .06 + (1.5 ×RP1 ) + (2.0 ×RP2 ).27 = .06 + (2.2 ×RP1 ) + [(–0.2) ×RP2 ]The solution to this set of equations isRP1 = 10% and RP2 = 5%Thus, the expected return-beta relationship isE(r P) = 6% + (βP1× 10%) + (βP2× 5%)5. The expected return for portfolio F equals the risk-free rate since its beta equals 0.For portfolio A, the ratio of risk premium to beta is (12 ?6)/1.2 = 5For portfolio E, the ratio is lower at (8 – 6)/0.6 = 3.33This implies that an arbitrage opportunity exists. For instance, you can create aportfolio G with beta equal to 0.6 (the same as E’s) by combining portfolio A and portfolio F in equal weights. The expected return and beta for portfolio G are then: E(r G) = (0.5 × 12%) + (0.5 × 6%) = 9%βG = (0.5 × 1.2) + (0.5 × 0%) = 0.6Comparing portfolio G to portfolio E, G has the same betaand higher return.Therefore, an arbitrage opportunity exists by buying portfolio G and selling anequal amount of portfolio E. The profit for this arbitrage will ber G –r E =[9% + (0.6 ×F)] ?[8% + (0.6 ×F)] = 1%That is, 1% of the funds (long or short) in each portfolio.6. Substituting the portfolio returns and betas in the expected return-beta relationship,we obtain two equations with two unknowns, the risk-free rate (r f) and the factor risk premium (RP):12% = r f + (1.2 ×RP)9% = r f + (0.8 ×RP)Solving these equations, we obtainr f = 3% and RP = 7.5%7. a. Shorting an equally weighted portfolio of the ten negative-alpha stocks andinvesting the proceeds in an equally-weighted portfolio of the 10 positive-alpha stocks eliminates the market exposure and creates a zero-investmentportfolio. Denoting the systematic market factor as R M, the expected dollarreturn is (noting that the expectation of nonsystematic risk, e, is zero):$1,000,000 × [0.02 + (1.0 ×R M)] ? $1,000,000 × [(–0.02) + (1.0 ×R M)]= $1,000,000 × 0.04 = $40,000The sensitivity of the payoff of this portfolio to the market factor is zerobecause the exposures of the positive alpha and negative alpha stocks cancelout. (Notice that the terms involving R M sum to zero.) Thus, the systematiccomponent of total risk is also zero. The variance of the analyst’s profit is notzero, however, since this portfolio is not well diversified.For n = 20 stocks (i.e., long 10 stocks and short 10 stocks) the investor willhave a $100,000 position (either long or short) in each stock. Net marketexposure is zero, but firm-specific risk has not been fully diversified. Thevariance of dollar returns from the positions in the 20 stocks is20 × [(100,000 × 0.30)2] = 18,000,000,000The standard deviation of dollar returns is $134,164.b. If n = 50 stocks (25 stocks long and 25 stocks short), the investor will have a$40,000 position in each stock, and the variance of dollar returns is50 × [(40,000 × 0.30)2] = 7,200,000,000The standard deviation of dollar returns is $84,853.Similarly, if n = 100 stocks (50 stocks long and 50 stocks short), the investorwill have a $20,000 position in each stock, and the variance of dollar returns is100 × [(20,000 × 0.30)2] = 3,600,000,000The standard deviation of dollar returns is $60,000.Notice that, when the number of stocks increases by a factorof 5 (i.e., from 20 to 100), standard deviation decreases by a factor of 5= 2.23607 (from$134,164 to $60,000).8. a. )(σσβσ2222e M +=88125)208.0(σ2222=+×=A50010)200.1(σ2222=+×=B97620)202.1(σ2222=+×=Cb. If there are an infinite number of assets with identical characteristics, then awell-diversified portfolio of each type will have only systematic risk since thenonsystematic risk will approach zero with large n. Each variance is simply β2 × market variance:222Well-diversified σ256Well-diversified σ400Well-diversified σ576A B C;;;The mean will equal that of the individual (identical) stocks.c. There is no arbitrage opportunity because the well-diversified portfolios allplot on the security market line (SML). Because they are fairly priced, there isno arbitrage.9. a. A long position in a portfolio (P) composed of portfoliosA andB will offer anexpected return-beta trade-off lying on a straight linebetween points A and B.Therefore, we can choose weights such that βP = βC but with expected returnhigher than that of portfolio C. Hence, combining P with a short position in Cwill create an arbitrage portfolio with zero investment, zero beta, and positiverate of return.b. The argument in part (a) leads to the proposition that the coefficient of β2must be zero in order to preclude arbitrage opportunities.10. a. E(r) = 6% + (1.2 × 6%) + (0.5 × 8%) + (0.3 × 3%) = 18.1%b.Surprises in the macroeconomic factors will result in surprises in the return ofthe stock:Unexpected return from macro factors =[1.2 × (4% –5%)] + [0.5 × (6% –3%)] + [0.3 × (0% – 2%)] = –0.3%E(r) =18.1% ? 0.3% = 17.8%11. The APT required (i.e., equilibrium) rate of return on the stock based on r f and thefactor betas isRequired E(r) = 6% + (1 × 6%) + (0.5 × 2%) + (0.75 × 4%) = 16% According to the equation for the return on the stock, the actually expected return on the stock is 15% (because the expected surprises on all factors are zero bydefinition). Because the actually expected return based on risk is less than theequilibrium return, we conclude that the stock is overpriced.12. The first two factors seem promising with respect to thelikely impact on the firm’scost of capital. Both are macro factors that would elicit hedging demands acrossbroad sectors of investors. The third factor, while important to Pork Products, is a poor choice for a multifactor SML because the price of hogs is of minor importance to most investors and is therefore highly unlikely to be a priced risk factor. Better choices would focus on variables that investors in aggregate might find moreimportant to their welfare. Examples include: inflation uncertainty, short-terminterest-rate risk, energy price risk, or exchange rate risk. The important point here is that, in specifying a multifactor SML, we not confuse risk factors that are important toa particular investor with factors that are important to investors in general; only the latter are likely to command a risk premium in the capital markets.13. The formula is ()0.04 1.250.08 1.50.02.1717%E r =+×+×==14. If 4%f r = and based on the sensitivities to real GDP (0.75) and inflation (1.25),McCracken would calculate the expected return for the Orb Large Cap Fund to be:()0.040.750.08 1.250.02.040.0858.5% above the risk free rate E r =+×+×=+=Therefore, Kwon’s fundamental analysis estimate is congruent with McCr acken’sAPT estimate. If we assume that both Kwon and McCracken’s estimates on the return of Orb’s Large Cap Fund are accurate, then no arbitrage profit is possible.15. In order to eliminate inflation, the following three equations must be solvedsimultaneously, where the GDP sensitivity will equal 1 in the first equation,inflation sensitivity will equal 0 in the second equation and the sum of the weights must equal 1 in the third equation.1.1.250.75 1.012.1.5 1.25 2.003.1wx wy wz wz wy wz wx wy wz ++=++=++=Here, x represents Orb’s High Growth Fund, y represents Large Cap Fund and z represents Utility Fund. Using algebraic manipulation will yield wx = wy = 1.6 and wz = -2.2.16. Since retirees living off a steady income would be hurt by inflation, this portfoliowould not be appropriate for them. Retirees would want a portfolio with a return positively correlated with inflation to preserve value, and less correlated with the variable growth of GDP. Thus, Stiles is wrong. McCracken is correct in that supply side macroeconomic policies are generally designed to increase output at aminimum of inflationary pressure. Increased output would mean higher GDP, which in turn would increase returns of a fund positively correlated with GDP.17. The maximum residual variance is tied to the number of securities (n ) in theportfolio because, as we increase the number of securities, we are more likely to encounter securities with larger residual variances. The starting point is todetermine the practical limit on the portfolio residualstandard deviation, σ(e P ), that still qualifies as a well-diversified portfolio. A reasonable approach is to compareσ2(e P) to the market variance, or equivalently, to compare σ(e P) to the market standard deviation. Suppose we do n ot allow σ(e P) to exceed pσM, where p is a small decimal fraction, for example, 0.05; then, the smaller the value we choose for p, the more stringent our criterion for defining how diversified a well-diversified portfolio must be.Now construct a portfolio of n securities with weights w1, w2,…,w n, so that Σw i =1. The portfolio residual variance is σ2(e P) = Σw12σ2(e i)To meet our practical definition of sufficiently diversified, we require this residual variance to be less than (pσM)2. A sure and simple way to proceed is to assume the worst, that is, assume that the residual variance of each security is the highest possible value allowed under the assumptions of the problem: σ2(e i) = nσ2MIn that case σ2(e P) = Σw i2 nσM2Now apply the constraint: Σw i2nσM2 ≤ (pσM)2This requires that: nΣw i2 ≤ p2Or, equivalently, that: Σw i2 ≤ p2/nA relatively easy way to generate a set of well-diversified portfolios is to use portfolio weights that follow a geometric progression, since the computations then become relatively straightforward. Choose w1 and a common factor q for the geometric progression such that q < 1. Therefore, the weight on each stock is a fraction q of the weight on the previous stock in the series. Then the sum of n terms is:Σw i= w1(1– q n)/(1– q) = 1or: w1 = (1– q)/(1– q n)The sum of the n squared weights is similarly obtained from w12 and a common geometric progression factor of q2. ThereforeΣw i2 = w12(1– q2n)/(1– q 2)Substituting for w1 from above, we obtainΣw i2 = [(1– q)2/(1– q n)2] × [(1– q2n)/(1– q 2)]For sufficient diversification, we choose q so that Σw i2 ≤ p2/nFor example, continue to assume that p = 0.05 and n = 1,000. If we chooseq = 0.9973, then we will satisfy the required condition. At this value for q w1 = 0.0029 and w n = 0.0029 × 0.99731,000 In this case, w1 is about 15 times w n. Despite this significant departure from equal weighting, this portfolio is nevertheless well diversified. Any value of q between0.9973 and 1.0 results in a well-diversified portfolio. As q gets closer to 1, theportfolio approaches equal weighting.18. a. Assume a single-factor economy, with a factor risk premium E M and a (large)set of well-diversified portfolios with beta βP. Suppose we create a portfolio Zby allocating the portion w to portfolio P and (1 – w) to the market portfolioM. The rate of return on portfolio Z is:R Z = (w × R P) + [(1 –w) × R M]Portfolio Z is riskless if we choose w so that βZ = 0. This requires that:βZ = (w × βP) + [(1 –w) × 1] = 0 ?w = 1/(1 –βP) and (1 – w) = –βP/(1 –βP)Substitute this value for w in the expression for R Z:R Z = {[1/(1 –βP)] × R P} –{[βP/(1 –βP)] × R M}Since βZ = 0, then, in order to avoid arbitrage, R Z must be zero.This implies that: R P = βP × R MTaking expectations we have:E P = βP × E MThis is the SML for well-diversified portfolios.b. The same argument can be used to show that, in a three-factor model withfactor risk premiums E M, E1 and E2, in order to avoid arbitrage, we must have:E P = (βPM × E M) + (βP1 × E1) + (βP2 × E2)This is the SML for a three-factor economy.19. a. The Fama-French (FF) three-factor model holds that one of the factors drivingreturns is firm size. An index with returns highly correlated with firm size (i.e.,firm capitalization) that captures this factor is SMB (small minus big), thereturn for a portfolio of small stocks in excess of the return for a portfolio oflarge stocks. The returns for a small firm will be positively correlated withSMB. Moreover, the smaller the firm, the greater its residual from the othertwo factors, the market portfolio and the HML portfolio, which is the returnfor a portfolio of high book-to-market stocks in excess of the return for aportfolio of low book-to-market stocks. Hence, the ratio of the variance of thisresidual to the variance of the return on SMB will be larger and, together withthe higher correlation, results in a high beta on the SMB factor.b.This question appears to point to a flaw in the FF model. The model predictsthat firm size affects average returns so that, if two firms merge into a largerfirm, then the FF model predicts lower average returns for the merged firm.However, there seems to be no reason for the merged firm to underperformthe returns of the component companies, assuming that the component firmswere unrelated and that they will now be operated independently. We mighttherefore expect that the performance of the merged firm would be the sameas the performance of a portfolio of the originally independent firms, but theFF model predicts that the increased firm size will result in lower averagereturns. Therefore, the question revolves around the behavior of returns for aportfolio of small firms, compared to the return for larger firms that resultfrom merging those small firms into larger ones. Had past mergers of smallfirms into larger firms resulted, on average, in no change in the resultantlarger firms’ stock return characteristics (compared to the portfolio of stocksof the merged firms), the size factor in the FF model would have failed.Perhaps the reason the size factor seems to help explain stock returns is that,when small firms become large, the characteristics of their fortunes (andhence their stock returns) change in a significant way. Put differently, stocksof large firms that result from a merger of smaller firms appear empirically tobehave differently from portfolios of the smaller component firms.Specifically, the FF model predicts that the large firm will have a smaller riskpremium. Notice that this development is not necessarily a bad thing for thestockholders of the smaller firms that merge. The lower risk premium may bedue, in part, to the increase in value of the larger firm relative to the mergedfirms.CFA PROBLEMS1. a. This statement is incorrect. The CAPM requires a mean-variance efficientmarket portfolio, but APT does not.b.This statement is incorrect. The CAPM assumes normallydistributed securityreturns, but APT does not.c. This statement is correct.2. b. Since portfolio X has β = 1.0, then X is the market portfolio and E(R M) =16%.Using E(R M ) = 16% and r f = 8%, the expected return for portfolio Y is notconsistent.3. d.4. c.5. d.6. c. Investors will take on as large a position as possible only if the mispricingopportunity is an arbitrage. Otherwise, considerations of risk anddiversification will limit the position they attempt to take in the mispricedsecurity.7. d.8. d.。

第24章资产组合业绩评估24.1 复习笔记1．测算投资收益（1）时间加权收益率与货币加权收益率内部收益率，又称为投资的货币加权收益率。

之所以称它是货币加权的，是因为在测算该收益率时，不同时期的持股数对平均收益率有更大的影响。

时间加权收益率忽略了不同时期所持股数的不同，只考虑了每一期的收益，而忽略了每一期股票投资额之间的不同。

一般来说，货币加权和时间加权的收益率是不同的，孰高孰低取决于收益的时间结构和资产组合的成分。

对于单个投资者来说，货币加权收益率应该更准确些；但对于资金管理行业来说，由于投资额度的不确定性通常采用时间加权收益率来评估其业绩。

（2）算术平均与几何平均时间加权收益率与货币加权收益率两种方法为算术平均收益率，另一种方法为几何平均收益率。

一般情况下，对于一个n期投资来说，其几何平均收益率如下：其中，r t(t=1，2，…，n)为每期的收益率。

几何平均收益率绝不会超过算术平均收益率，而且在几何平均收益率的算法中，较低的收益率具有更大的影响，得出几何平均收益率要比算术平均收益率低一些。

算术平均收益率是预期未来业绩的正确方法。

2．业绩评估的传统理论（1）合适的业绩评估指标①夏普测度：夏普测度是用资产组合的长期平均超额收益除以这个时期收益的标准差。

它测度了对总波动性权衡的回报，适用于该资产组合就是投资者所有投资的情况。

②特雷纳测度：与夏普测度指标相类似，特雷纳测度给出了单位风险的超额收益，但它用的是系统风险而不是全部风险。

其适用于该资产组合只是众多子资产组合中某个资产组合的情况。

③詹森测度(组合阿尔法值)：詹森测度是建立在CAPM测算基础上的资产组合的平均收益，它用到了资产组合的贝塔值和平均市场收益，其结果即为资产组合的阿尔法值。

其适用范围同特雷纳测度一致。

④信息比率(也称估价比率)：信息比率这种方法用资产组合的阿尔法值除以其非系统风险，它测算的是每单位非系统风险所带来的非常规收益，前者是指在原则上可以通过持有市场上全部资产组合而完全分散掉的那一部分风险。

博迪《投资学》（第10版）笔记和课后习题详解答案博迪《投资学》（第10版）笔记和课后习题详解完整版>精研学习?>无偿试用20％资料全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第一部分绪论第1章投资环境1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解第2章资产类别与金融工具2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解第3章证券是如何交易的3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解第4章共同基金与其他投资公司4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解第二部分资产组合理论与实践第5章风险与收益入门及历史回顾5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题详解第6章风险资产配置6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解第7章最优风险资产组合7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解第8章指数模型8.2课后习题详解第三部分资本市场均衡第9章资本资产定价模型9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解第10章套利定价理论与风险收益多因素模型10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题详解第11章有效市场假说11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题详解第12章行为金融与技术分析12.1复习笔记12.2课后习题详解第13章证券收益的实证证据13.1复习笔记13.2课后习题详解第四部分固定收益证券第14章债券的价格与收益14.1复习笔记14.2课后习题详解第15章利率的期限结构15.1复习笔记15.2课后习题详解第16章债券资产组合管理16.1复习笔记16.2课后习题详解第五部分证券分析第17章宏观经济分析与行业分析17.2课后习题详解第18章权益估值模型18.1复习笔记18.2课后习题详解第19章财务报表分析19.1复习笔记19.2课后习题详解第六部分期权、期货与其他衍生证券第20章期权市场介绍20.1复习笔记20.2课后习题详解第21章期权定价21.1复习笔记21.2课后习题详解第22章期货市场22.1复习笔记22.2课后习题详解第23章期货、互换与风险管理23.1复习笔记23.2课后习题详解第七部分应用投资组合管理第24章投资组合业绩评价24.1复习笔记24.2课后习题详解第25章投资的国际分散化25.1复习笔记25.2课后习题详解第26章对冲基金26.1复习笔记26.2课后习题详解第27章积极型投资组合管理理论27.1复习笔记27.2课后习题详解第28章投资政策与特许金融分析师协会结构28.1复习笔记28.2课后习题详解。

第三部分资本市场均衡第9章资本资产定价模型一、选择题1．如果一个股票的价值是高估的，则它应位于（）。

A．证券市场线的上方B．证券市场线的下方C．证券市场线上D．在纵轴上【答案】B【解析】证券市场线（SML）如图9-1所示，它主要用来说明投资组合报酬率与系统风险程度β系数之间的关系。

图9-1被高估的证券预期收益率低于市场收益率，因此位于证券市场线下方。

2．无风险利率和市场预期收益率分别是3.5%和10.5%。

根据资本资产定价模型，一只β值是1.63的证券的预期收益是（）。

A．10.12%B．14.91%C．16.56%D．18.79%【答案】B【解析】根据资本资产定价模型：E（r i）＝r f＋β[E（r M）－r f]＝3.5%＋1.63×（10.5%－3.5%）＝14.91%。

3．资本资产定价模型给出了精确预测（）的方法。

A．有效投资组合B．单一资产与风险资产组合期望收益率C．不同风险收益偏好下最优风险投资组合D．资产风险及其期望收益率之间的关系【答案】D【解析】根据资本资产定价模型，每一证券的期望收益率应等于无风险利率加上该证券由β系数测定的风险溢价。

4．假定一只股票定价合理，预期收益是15%，市场预期收益是10.5%，无风险利率是3.5%，这只股票的β值是（）。

A．1.36B．1.52C．1.64D．1.75【答案】C【解析】既然α值假定为零，证券的收益就等于CAPM设定的收益。

因此，将已知的数值代入CAPM，即15%＝[3.5%＋（10.5%－3.5%）β]，解得：β＝1.64。

5．根据CAPM模型，市场期望收益率和无风险收益率分别是0.12和0.06，β值为1.2的证券A的期望收益率是（）。

A．0.068B．0.12C．0.132D．0.142【答案】C【解析】根据资本资产定价模型，E（r i）＝r f＋[E（r M）－r f]βi＝0.06＋（0.12－0.06）×1.2＝0.132。

第8章最优风险资产组合8.1 复习笔记1. 分散化与资产组合风险（1）系统性风险与非系统性风险分散化能够降低风险，但是当共同的风险来源影响所有的公司时，分散化就不能消除风险了。

资产组合的标准差随着证券种类的增加而下降，但是，它不能降至零。

在最充分的分散条件下还存在着市场风险，它来源于与市场有关的因素，这种风险亦被称为“系统风险”，或“不可分散风险”。

而那些可被分散化消除的风险被称为“独特风险”、“特有公司风险”、“非系统风险”或“可分散风险”。

（2）两种风险资产的资产组合①资产组合的风险与收益资产组合的期望收益是资产组合中各种证券的期望收益的加权平均值，即：两资产的资产组合的方差是：②表格法计算组合方差表8-1显示可以通过电子表格计算资产组合的方差。

其中a表示两个共同基金收益的相邻协方差矩阵，相邻矩阵是沿着首排首列相邻每一基金在资产组合中权重的协方差矩阵。

可以通过如下方法得到资产组合的方差：斜方差矩阵中的每个因子与行、列中的权重相乘，把四个结果相加，就可以得出给出的资产组合方差。

表8-1 通过协方差矩阵计算资产组合方差③相关系数与资产组合方差具有完全正相关（相关系数为1）的资产组合的标准差恰好是资产组合中各证券标准差的加权平均值。

相关系数小于1时，资产组合的标准差小于资产组合中各证券标准差的加权平均值。

通过调整资产比例，具有完全负相关（相关系数为-1）的资产组合的标准差可以趋向0。

④资产组合比例与资产组合方差当两种资产负相关时，调整资产组合比例可以得到小于两种资产方差的最小组合方差。

若某个资产比例为负值，表示借入（或卖空）该资产。

⑤机会集机会集是指多种资产进行组合所能构成的所有风险收益的集合。

2. 资产配置（1）最优风险资产组合最优风险资产组合是使资本配置线的斜率（报酬与波动比率）最大的风险资产组合，这样表示边际风险报酬最大。

最优风险资产组合为资产配置线与机会集曲线的切点。

（2）最优完整资产组合最优完整资产组合为投资者无差异曲线与资本配置线的切点处组合，最优完整组合包含风险资产组合（债券和股票）以及无风险资产（国库券）。

CHAPTER 4: MUTUAL FUNDS AND OTHER INVESTMENTCOMPANIESPROBLEM SETS1. The unit investment trust should have lower operating expenses.Because the investment trust portfolio is fixed once the trust isestablished, it does not have to pay portfolio managers toconstantly monitor and rebalance the portfolio as perceived needsor opportunities change. Because the portfolio is fixed, the unitinvestment trust also incurs virtually no trading costs.2. a. Unit investment trusts: Diversification from large-scaleinvesting, lower transaction costs associated with large-scaletrading, low management fees, predictable portfolio composition,guaranteed low portfolio turnover rate.b. Open-end mutual funds: Diversification from large-scaleinvesting, lower transaction costs associated with large-scaletrading, professional management that may be able to takeadvantage of buy or sell opportunities as they arise, recordkeeping.c. Individual stocks and bonds: No management fee; ability tocoordinate realization of capital gains or losses withinvestors’ personal tax situation s; capability of designingportfolio to investor’s specific risk and return profile.3. Open-end funds are obligated to redeem investor's shares at netasset value and thus must keep cash or cash-equivalent securitieson hand in order to meet potential redemptions. Closed-end funds do not need the cash reserves because there are no redemptions forclosed-end funds. Investors in closed-end funds sell their shareswhen they wish to cash out.4. Balanced funds keep relatively stable proportions of funds investedin each asset class. They are meant as convenient instruments toprovide participation in a range of asset classes. Life-cycle fundsare balanced funds whose asset mix generally depends on the age of the investor. Aggressive life-cycle funds, with larger investments in equities, are marketed to younger investors, while conservative life-cycle funds, with larger investments in fixed-income securities, are designed for older investors. Asset allocation funds, in contrast, may vary the proportions invested in each asset class by large amounts as predictions of relative performance across classes vary. Asset allocation funds therefore engage in more aggressive market timing.5. Unlike an open-end fund, in which underlying shares are redeemedwhen the fund is redeemed, a closed-end fund trades as a security in the market. Thus, their prices may differ from the NAV.6. Advantages of an ETF over a mutual fund:ETFs are continuously traded and can be sold or purchased on margin.There are no capital gains tax triggers when an ETF is sold(shares are just sold from one investor to another).Investors buy from brokers, thus eliminating the cost ofdirect marketing to individual small investors. This implieslower management fees.Disadvantages of an ETF over a mutual fund:Prices can depart from NAV (unlike an open-end fund).There is a broker fee when buying and selling (unlike a no-load fund).7. The offering price includes a 6% front-end load, or salescommission, meaning that every dollar paid results in only $ going toward purchase of shares. Therefore: Offering price =06.0170.10$Load 1NAV -=-= $8. NAV = Offering price (1 –Load) = $ .95 = $9. Stock Value Held by FundA $ 7,000,000B 12,000,000C 8,000,000D 15,000,000Total $42,000,000Net asset value =000,000,4000,30$000,000,42$-= $10. Value of stocks sold and replaced = $15,000,000 Turnover rate =000,000,42$000,000,15$= , or %11. a. 40.39$000,000,5000,000,3$000,000,200$NAV =-=b. Premium (or discount) = NAVNAV ice Pr - = 40.39$40.39$36$-= –, or % The fund sells at an % discount from NAV.12. 100NAV NAV Distributions $12.10$12.50$1.500.088, or 8.8%NAV $12.50-+-+==13. a. Start-of-year price: P 0 = $ × = $End-of-year price: P 1 = $ × = $Although NAV increased by $, the price of the fund decreased by $. Rate of return =100Distributions $11.25$12.24$1.500.042, or 4.2%$12.24P P P -+-+==b. An investor holding the same securities as the fund managerwould have earned a rate of return based on the increase in the NAV of the portfolio:100NAV NAV Distributions $12.10$12.00$1.500.133, or 13.3%NAV $12.00-+-+==14. a. Empirical research indicates that past performance of mutualfunds is not highly predictive of future performance,especially for better-performing funds. While there may be some tendency for the fund to be an above average performer nextyear, it is unlikely to once again be a top 10% performer.b. On the other hand, the evidence is more suggestive of atendency for poor performance to persist. This tendency isprobably related to fund costs and turnover rates. Thus if the fund is among the poorest performers, investors should beconcerned that the poor performance will persist.15. NAV 0 = $200,000,000/10,000,000 = $20Dividends per share = $2,000,000/10,000,000 = $NAV1 is based on the 8% price gain, less the 1% 12b-1 fee: NAV1 = $20 (1 – = $Rate of return =20$20 .0$20$384.21$+-= , or %16. The excess of purchases over sales must be due to new inflows intothe fund. Therefore, $400 million of stock previously held by the fund was replaced by new holdings. So turnover is: $400/$2,200 = , or %.17. Fees paid to investment managers were: $ billion = $ millionSince the total expense ratio was % and the management fee was %, we conclude that % must be for other expenses. Therefore, other administrative expenses were: $ billion = $ million.18. As an initial approximation, your return equals the return on the shares minus the total of the expense ratio and purchase costs: 12% % 4% = %.But the precise return is less than this because the 4% load is paid up front, not at the end of the year. To purchase the shares, you would have had to invest: $20,000/(1 = $20,833. The shares increase in value from $20,000 to: $20,000 = $22,160. The rate of return is: ($22,160 $20,833)/$20,833 = %.19. Assume $1,000 investmentLoaded-Up Fund Economy Fund Yearly growth (r is 6%) (1.01.0075)r +-- (.98)(1.0025)r ⨯+- t = 1 year$1, $1, t = 3 years$1, $1, t = 10 years$1, $1,20. a. $450,000,000$10,000000$1044,000,000-= b. The redemption of 1 million shares will most likely triggercapital gains taxes which will lower the remaining portfolio by an amount greater than $10,000,000 (implying a remaining total value less than $440,000,000). The outstanding shares fall to 43 million and the NAV drops to below $10.21. Suppose you have $1,000 to invest. The initial investment in ClassA shares is $940 net of the front-end load. After four years, yourportfolio will be worth:$940 4 = $1,Class B shares allow you to invest the full $1,000, but yourinvestment performance net of 12b-1 fees will be only %, and you will pay a 1% back-end load fee if you sell after four years. Your portfolio value after four years will be:$1,000 4 = $1,After paying the back-end load fee, your portfolio value will be:$1, .99 = $1,Class B shares are the better choice if your horizon is four years.With a 15-year horizon, the Class A shares will be worth:$940 15 = $3,For the Class B shares, there is no back-end load in this casesince the horizon is greater than five years. Therefore, the value of the Class B shares will be:$1,000 15 = $3,At this longer horizon, Class B shares are no longer the betterchoice. The effect of Class B's % 12b-1 fees accumulates over time and finally overwhelms the 6% load charged to Class A investors.22. a. After two years, each dollar invested in a fund with a 4% loadand a portfolio return equal to r will grow to: $ (1 + r–2.Each dollar invested in the bank CD will grow to: $1 .If the mutual fund is to be the better investment, then theportfolio return (r) must satisfy:(1 + r–2 >(1 + r–2 >(1 + r–2 >1 + r– >1 + r >Therefore: r > = %b. If you invest for six years, then the portfolio return mustsatisfy:(1 + r–6 > =(1 + r–6 >1 + r– >r > %The cutoff rate of return is lower for the six-year investment because the “fixed cost” (the one-time front-end load) is spread over a greater number of years.c. With a 12b-1 fee instead of a front-end load, the portfoliomust earn a rate of return (r ) that satisfies:1 + r – – >In this case, r must exceed % regardless of the investmenthorizon.23. The turnover rate is 50%. This means that, on average, 50% of theportfolio is sold and replaced with other securities each year. Trading costs on the sell orders are % and the buy orders toreplace those securities entail another % in trading costs. Total trading costs will reduce portfolio returns by: 2 % = %24. For the bond fund, the fraction of portfolio income given up tofees is: %0.4%6.0= , or % For the equity fund, the fraction of investment earnings given up to fees is:%0.12%6.0= , or % Fees are a much higher fraction of expected earnings for the bond fund and therefore may be a more important factor in selecting the bond fund.This may help to explain why unmanaged unit investment trusts are concentrated in the fixed income market. The advantages of unit investment trusts are low turnover, low trading costs, and low management fees. This is a more important concern to bond-market investors.25. Suppose that finishing in the top half of all portfolio managers ispurely luck, and that the probability of doing so in any year is exactly ½. Then the probability that any particular manager would finish in the top half of the sample five years in a row is (½)5 = 1/32. We would then expect to find that [350 (1/32)] = 11managers finish in the top half for each of the five consecutiveyears. This is precisely what we found. Thus, we should not conclude that the consistent performance after five years is proof of skill. We would expect to find 11 managers exhibiting precisely this level of "consistency" even if performance is due solely to luck.。

第11章有效市场假说11.1复习笔记1．随机漫步与有效市场假说随机漫步理论认为股价变动是随机且不可预测的。

正是市场上的充分的竞争消化了各种可得的市场信息，使得股价呈现随机游走的状态。

有效市场假定（EMH）认为任何可用于预测股票表现的信息一定已经在股价中被反映出来。

一旦有信息指出某种股票的价位被低估，存在一个套利机会，投资者的蜂拥购买会使股价立刻上升到正常的水平，从而只能得到与股票风险相称的收益率。

所以股价只对新信息做出上涨或下跌的反应。

由于新信息是不可预测的，股价的变动也是不可预测的，呈现随机游走的状态。

股价的这种变化规律正是反映了市场的有效性。

（1）有效性来源于竞争一般来说，只要进行分析，就能比别人得到更多的信息。

但是人们只有在收益高于分析花费的成本时，才愿意进行分析。

由于市场存在着激烈的竞争，证券分析师们具有强大财力支持、领取高薪、有野心，能够进行充分的信息挖掘，使得股价能够以适当的水平保证已有的信息，使市场能够较为接近有效水平。

（2）有效市场假说的形式有效市场假说一般有三种不同的形式：弱有效形式、半强有效形式和强有效形式。

这些形式通过对“全部可获得信息”的定义不同来区分。

①弱有效形式。

弱式有效市场假说认为，股价已经反映了全部能从市场交易数据中得到的信息。

股票的历史价格信息已经被市场充分消化，不可能通过市场的价格趋势分析获利。

②半强有效形式。

半强式有效市场假说认为，与公司前景有关的全部公开的已知信息一定已经在股价中反映出来了。

如果任一投资者能从公开已知资源获取这些信息，都可认为它会被反映在股价中。

③强有效形式。

强式有效市场假说认为股价反映了全部与公司有关的信息，甚至包括仅为内幕人员所知的信息。

所有有效市场假说的一个共同点：都提出价格应该反映可获得的信息。

2．有效市场假说的含义（1）技术分析技术分析中有两个常用的概念：阻力水平和支撑水平。

这些数值是指股价很难超越或不太可能再低于的水平，一般认为它们是由市场心理决定的。

投资学习题答案第10版
《投资学习题答案第10版》
投资是一门让人着迷的学科，它涵盖了金融、经济学、统计学等多个领域的知识。

而要想在这个领域取得成功，不仅需要有扎实的理论基础，还需要不断地
进行学习和实践。

《投资学习题答案第10版》是一本备受推崇的投资学习资料，它涵盖了从基础知识到高级技巧的全方位内容。

这本书不仅提供了大量的学习题和答案，还通
过实例和案例分析，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握投资的要点。

在这本书中，读者可以学习到如何进行投资组合的构建、如何进行风险管理、
如何分析金融市场的走势等内容。

这些知识不仅对于投资者来说是宝贵的财富，对于金融从业者来说也是必备的技能。

除了理论知识，这本书还强调了实践的重要性。

它通过大量的案例分析和实例
演练，帮助读者将理论知识应用到实际投资中。

这种理论与实践相结合的学习
方式，能够更好地帮助读者理解和掌握投资的精髓。

总的来说，《投资学习题答案第10版》是一本非常值得推荐的投资学习资料。

它不仅提供了丰富的知识内容，还通过实例和案例分析，帮助读者更好地理解
和掌握投资的要点。

如果你对投资感兴趣，这本书绝对是你的不二选择。

第七部分应用投资组合管理第24章投资组合业绩评价24.1复习笔记1．测算投资收益（1）时间加权收益率与货币加权收益率①时间加权收益率时间加权收益率只考虑每一期的收益，而忽略了每一期股票投资额之间的不同。

一般来说，货币加权和时间加权的收益率是不同的，大小取决于收益的时间结构和资产组合的成分。

对于单个投资者来说，货币加权收益率应该更准确些；但对于资金管理行业来说，由于投资额度的不确定性通常采用时间加权收益率来评估其业绩。

②货币加权收益率利用现金流贴现法（DCF），令现金流入的现值与现金流出的现值相等，便可得到投资期间的平均收益率，该值称为内部收益率，又称为货币加权收益率。

（2）算术平均收益率与几何平均收益率①几何平均收益率一般情况下，对于一个n期投资来说，其几何平均收益率如下：1＋r G＝[（1＋r1）（1＋r2）…（1＋r n）]1/n其中，r t（t＝1，2，…，n）为t期的收益率。

在几何平均中，每一期的收益率权重相同。

因此，几何平均收益率又被称为时间加权收益率。

②算术平均收益率几何平均收益率绝不会超过算术平均收益率，而且在几何平均收益率的算法中，较低的收益率具有更大的影响，得出几何平均收益率要比算术平均收益率低一些。

算术平均收益率是预期未来业绩的正确方法。

（3）风险调整收益在根据投资组合的风险来调整收益的各种方法中，最简单、最普遍的方法是与其他有类似风险的投资基金进行收益率的相互比较。

经风险调整的业绩评价指标主要包括：①夏普比率：（＿r P－＿r f）/σP夏普比率是用资产组合的平均超额收益除以这个时期收益的标准差。

它测度了对总波动性权衡的回报，适用于该资产组合为投资者所有投资的情况。

②特雷纳测度：（＿r P－＿r f）/βP与夏普比率指标相类似，特雷纳测度给出了单位风险的超额收益，但它用的是系统风险而不是全部风险。

其适用于该资产组合只是众多子资产组合中某个资产组合的情况。

③詹森α（投资组合α）：αP＝＿r P－[＿r f＋βP（＿r M－＿r f）]詹森α是建立在CAPM测算基础上的资产组合的平均收益，它用到了资产组合的贝塔值和平均市场收益，其结果即为资产组合的阿尔法值。

博迪《投资学》（第10版）笔记和课后习题详解益星学习网提供全套资料第一部分复习笔记1实物资产与金融资产（1）概念实物资产指经济活动中所创造的用于生产商品和提供服务的资产。

实物资产包括：土地、建筑物、知识、机械设备以及劳动力。

实物资产和“人力”资产是构成整个社会的产出和消费的主要内容。

金融资产是对实物资产所创造的利润或政府的收入的要求权。

金融资产主要指股票或债券等有价证券。

金融资产是投资者财富的一部分，但不是社会财富的组成部分。

（2）两种资产的区分①实物资产能够创造财富和收入，而金融资产却只是收入或财富在投资者之间配置的一种手段。

②实物资产通常只在资产负债表的资产一侧出现，而金融资产却可以作为资产或负债在资产负债表的两侧都出现。

对企业的金融要求权是一种资产，但是，企业发行的这种金融要求权则是企业的负债。

③金融资产的产生和消除一般要通过一定的商务过程。

而实物资产只能通过偶然事故或逐渐磨损来消除。

（3）金融资产分类通常将金融资产分为三类：固定收益型、权益型和衍生金融资产，具体如下：①固定收益型金融资产，或称为债券，承诺支付一系列固定的，或按某一特定公式计算的现金流。

②公司的普通股或权益型金融资产代表了公司所有权份额。

股权所有者不再享有任何特定的收益，但在公司选择分红时可以获得公司派发的股息，同时他们还拥有与持股比例相应的公司实物资产的所有权。

③衍生证券（如期权和期货合约）的收益取决于其他资产（如股票和债券）的价格。

2金融市场（1）金融市场与经济①金融市场的概念金融市场是指以金融资产为交易对象而形成的供求关系及其机制的总和。

它包括三层含义：一是它是金融资产进行交易的一个有形和无形的场所；二是它反映了金融资产的供应者和需求者之间所形成的供求关系；三是它包含了金融资产交易过程中所产生的运行机制。

②金融市场的作用a．金融市场在资本配置方面起着关键作用，股票市场上的投资者最终决定了公司的存亡。

b．金融市场允许人们通过金融资产储蓄财富，使人们的消费与收入在时间上分离。

CHAPTER 1: THE INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT PROBLEM SETS1. While it is ultimately true that real assets determine the material well-being of aneconomy, financial innovation in the form of bundling and unbundling securitiescreates opportunities for investors to form more efficient portfolios. Bothinstitutional and individual investors can benefit when financial engineering creates new products that allow them to manage their portfolios of financial assets moreefficiently. Bundling and unbundling create financial products with new properties and sensitivities to various sources of risk that allows investors to reduce volatility by hedging particular sources of risk more efficiently.2.Securitization requires access to a large number of potential investors. To attractthese investors, the capital market needs:1. a safe system of business laws and low probability of confiscatorytaxation/regulation;2. a well-developed investment banking industry;3. a well-developed system of brokerage and financial transactions; and4.well-developed media, particularly financial reporting.These characteristics are found in (indeed make for) a well-developed financialmarket.3. Securitization leads to disintermediation; that is, securitization provides a meansfor market participants to bypass intermediaries. For example, mortgage-backedsecurities channel funds to the housing market without requiring that banks orthrift institutions make loans from their own portfolios. Securitization works welland can benefit many, but only if the market for these securities is highly liquid.As securitization progresses, however, and financial intermediaries loseopportunities, they must increase other revenue-generating activities such asproviding short-term liquidity to consumers and small business and financialservices.4. The existence of efficient capital markets and the liquid trading of financial assetsmake it easy for large firms to raise the capital needed to finance their investments in real assets. If Ford, for example, could not issue stocks or bonds to the generalpublic, it would have a far more difficult time raising capital. Contraction of thesupply of financial assets would make financing more difficult, thereby increasing the cost of capital. A higher cost of capital results in less investment and lowerreal growth.5. Even if the firm does not need to issue stock in any particular year, the stock marketis still important to the financial manager. The stock price provides importantinformation about how the market values the firm's investment projects. For example, if the stock price rises considerably, managers might conclude that the marketbelieves the firm's future prospects are bright. This might be a useful signal to thefirm to proceed with an investment such as an expansion of the firm's business.In addition, shares that can be traded in the secondary market are more attractive toinitial investors since they know that they will be able to sell their shares. This inturn makes investors more willing to buy shares in a primary offering and thusimproves the terms on which firms can raise money in the equity market.Remember that stock exchanges like those in New York, London, and Paris are theheart of capitalism, in which firms can raise capital quickly in primary marketsbecause investors know there are liquid secondary markets.6. a. No. The increase in price did not add to the productive capacity of the economy.b. Yes, the value of the equity held in these assets has increased.c. Future homeowners as a whole are worse off, since mortgage liabilities havealso increased. In addition, this housing price bubble will eventually burst andsociety as a whole (and most likely taxpayers) will suffer the damage.7. a. The bank loan is a financial liability for Lanni, and a financial asset for the bank.The cash Lanni receives is a financial asset. The new financial asset created isLanni's promissory note to repay the loan.b. Lanni transfers financial assets (cash) to the software developers. In return,Lanni receives the completed software package, which is a real asset. Nofinancial assets are created or destroyed; cash is simply transferred from one partyto another.c. Lanni exchanges the real asset (the software) for a financial asset, which is 1,500shares of Microsoft stock. If Microsoft issues new shares in order to pay Lanni,then this would represent the creation of new financial assets.d. By selling its shares in Microsoft, Lanni exchanges one financial asset (1,500shares of stock) for another ($120,000 in cash). Lanni uses the financial asset of$50,000 in cash to repay the bank and retire its promissory note. The bank mustreturn its financial asset to Lanni. The loan is "destroyed" in the transaction, since it is retired when paid off and no longer exists.8. a.AssetsLiabilities & Shareholders’ EquityCash $ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000 Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity50,000 Total $100,000 Total $100,000 Ratio of real assets to total assets = $30,000/$100,000 = 0.30b.AssetsLiabilities & Shareholders’ EquitySoftware product* $ 70,000 Bank loan $ 50,000 Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity50,000 Total $100,000 Total $100,000 *Valued at costRatio of real assets to total assets = $100,000/$100,000 = 1.0c.AssetsLiabilities & Shareholders’ EquityMicrosoft shares $120,000 Bank loan $ 50,000Computers 30,000 Shareholders’ equity100,000Total $150,000 Total $150,000 Ratio of real assets to total assets = $30,000/$150,000 = 0.20Conclusion: when the firm starts up and raises working capital, it is characterized bya low ratio of real assets to total assets. When it is in full production, it has a highratio of real assets to total assets. When the project "shuts down" and the firm sells it off for cash, financial assets once again replace real assets.9. For commercial banks, the ratio is: $166.1/$13,926.0 = 0.0119For nonfinancial firms, the ratio is: $15,320/$30,649 = 0.4999The difference should be expected primarily because the bulk of thebusiness of financial institutions is to make loans and the bulk of non-financial corporations is to invest in equipment, manufacturing plants, andproperty. The loans are financial assets for financial institutions, but theinvestments of non-financial corporations are real assets.10. a. Primary-market transaction in which gold certificates are being offered topublic investors for the first time by an underwriting syndicate led by JW KorthCapital.b. The certificates are derivative assets because they represent an investment inphysical gold, but each investor receives a certificate and no gold. Note thatinvestors can convert the certificate into gold during the four-year period.c. Investors who wish to hold gold without the complication, risk, and cost ofphysical storage.11. a. A fixed salary means that compensation is (at least in the short run)independent of the firm's success. This salary structure does not tie the manager’simmediate compensation to the success of the firm, so a manager might not feeltoo compelled to work hard to maximize firm value. However, the managermight view this as the safest compensation structure and therefore value it morehighly.b. A salary that is paid in the form of stock in the firm means that the manager earnsthe most when the shareholders’ wealth is maximized. Five years of vesting helpsalign the interests of the employee with the long-term performance of the firm. Thisstructure is therefore most likely to align the interests of managers and shareholders.If stock compensation is overdone, however, the manager might view it as overlyrisky since the manager’s career is already linked to the firm, and this undiversifiedexposure would be exacerbated with a large stock position in the firm.c. A profit-linked salary creates great incentives for managers to contribute to thefirm’s success. However, a manager whose salary is tied to short-term profits will be risk seeking, especially if these short-term profits determine salary or if thecompensatio n structure does not bear the full cost of the project’s risks. Shareholders, in contrast, bear the losses as well as the gains on the project and might be lesswilling to assume that risk.12. Even if an individual shareholder could monitor and improve managers’ performanceand thereby increase the value of the firm, the payoff would be small, since theownership share in a large corporation would be very small. For example, if you own $10,000 of Ford stock and can increase the value of the firm by 5%, a very ambitious goal, you benefit by only: 0.05 $10,000 = $500. The cost, both personal andfinancial to an individual investor, is likely to be prohibitive and would typicallyeasily exceed any accrued benefits, in this case $500.In contrast, a bank that has a multimillion-dollar loan outstanding to the firm has a big stake in making sure that the firm can repay the loan. It is clearly worthwhile for thebank to spend considerable resources to monitor the firm.13. Mutual funds accept funds from small investors and invest, on behalf of theseinvestors, in the domestic and international securities markets.Pension funds accept funds and then invest in a wide range of financial securities, onbehalf of current and future retirees, thereby channeling funds from one sector of theeconomy to another.Venture capital firms pool the funds of private investors and invest in start-up firms.Banks accept deposits from customers and loan those funds to businesses or use thefunds to buy securities of large corporations.14. Treasury bills serve a purpose for investors who prefer a low-risk investment.The lower average rate of return compared to stocks is the price investors payfor predictability of investment performance and portfolio value.15. With a top-down investing style, you focus on asset allocation or the broadcomposition of the entire portfolio, which is the major determinant of overallperformance. Moreover, top-down management is the natural way to establish aportfolio with a level of risk consistent with your risk tolerance. The disadvantage ofan exclusive emphasis on top-down issues is that you may forfeit the potential highreturns that could result from identifying and concentrating in undervalued securitiesor sectors of the market.With a bottom-up investing style, you try to benefit from identifying undervaluedsecurities. The disadvantage is that investors might tend to overlook the overallcomposition of your portfolio, which may result in a nondiversified portfolio or aportfolio with a risk level inconsistent with the appropriate level of risk tolerance. Inaddition, this technique tends to require more active management, thus generatingmore transaction costs. Finally, the bottom-up analysis may be incorrect, in which case there will be a fruitlessly expended effort and money attempting to beat a simple buy-and-hold strategy.16. You should be skeptical. If the author actually knows how to achieve such returns, onemust question why the author would then be so ready to sell the secret to others.Financial markets are very competitive; one of the implications of this fact is thatriches do not come easily. High expected returns require bearing some risk, andobvious bargains are few and far between. Odds are that the only one getting rich from the book is its author.17. Financial assets provide for a means to acquire real assets as well as an expansionof these real assets. Financial assets provide a measure of liquidity to real assetsand allow for investors to more effectively reduce risk through diversification.18. Allowing traders to share in the profits increases the traders’ willingness toassume risk. Traders will share in the upside potential directly in the form ofhigher compensation but only in the downside indirectly in the form of potentialjob loss if performance is bad enough. This scenario creates a form of agencyconflict known as moral hazard, in which the owners of the financial institutionshare in both the total profits and losses, while the traders will tend to share moreof the gains than the losses.19.Answers may vary, however, students should touch on the following: increasedtransparency, regulations to promote capital adequacy by increasing the frequency of gain or loss settlement, incentives to discourage excessive risk taking, and thepromotion of more accurate and unbiased risk assessment.CHAPTER 2: ASSET CLASSES AND FINANCIALINSTRUMENTSPROBLEM SETS1. Preferred stock is like long-term debt in that it typically promises a fixed paymenteach year. In this way, it is a perpetuity. Preferred stock is also like long-term debt in that it does not give the holder voting rights in the firm.Preferred stock is like equity in that the firm is under no contractual obligation tomake the preferred stock dividend payments. Failure to make payments does not set off corporate bankruptcy. With respect to the priority of claims to the assets of thefirm in the event of corporate bankruptcy, preferred stock has a higher priority than common equity but a lower priority than bonds.2. Money market securities are called cash equivalents because of their high levelof liquidity. The prices of money market securities are very stable, and they canbe converted to cash (i.e., sold) on very short notice and with very lowtransaction costs. Examples of money market securities include Treasury bills,commercial paper, and banker's acceptances, each of which is highly marketableand traded in the secondary market.3. (a) A repurchase agreement is an agreement whereby the seller of a securityagrees to “repurchase” it from the buyer on an agreed upon date at an agreedupon price. Repos are typically used by securities dealers as a means forobtaining funds to purchase securities.4. Spreads between risky commercial paper and risk-free government securitieswill widen. Deterioration of the economy increases the likelihood of default oncommercial paper, making them more risky. Investors will demand a greaterpremium on all risky debt securities, not just commercial paper.5.6. Municipal bond interest is tax-exempt at the federal level and possibly at thestate level as well. When facing higher marginal tax rates, a high-incomeinvestor would be more inclined to invest in tax-exempt securities.7. a. You would have to pay the ask price of:161.1875% of par value of $1,000 = $1611.875b. The coupon rate is 6.25% implying coupon payments of $62.50 annually or,more precisely, $31.25 semiannually.c. The yield to maturity on a fixed income security is also known as its requiredreturn and is reported by The Wall Street Journal and others in the financialpress as the ask yield. In this case, the yield to maturity is 2.113%. An investorbuying this security today and holding it until it matures will earn an annualreturn of 2.113%. Students will learn in a later chapter how to compute boththe price and the yield to maturity with a financial calculator.8. Treasury bills are discount securities that mature for $10,000. Therefore, a specific T-bill price is simply the maturity value divided by one plus the semi-annual return:P = $10,000/1.02 = $9,803.929. The total before-tax income is $4. After the 70% exclusion for preferred stockdividends, the taxable income is: 0.30 ⨯ $4 = $1.20Therefore, taxes are: 0.30 ⨯ $1.20 = $0.36After-tax income is: $4.00 – $0.36 = $3.64Rate of return is: $3.64/$40.00 = 9.10%10. a. You could buy: $5,000/$64.69 = 77.29 shares. Since it is not possible to tradein fractions of shares, you could buy 77 shares of GD.b. Your annual dividend income would be: 77 ⨯ $2.04 = $157.08c. The price-to-earnings ratio is 9.31 and the price is $64.69. Therefore:$64.69/Earnings per share = 9.3 ⇒ Earnings per share = $6.96d. General Dynamics closed today at $64.69, which was $0.65 higher thanyesterday’s price of $64.0411. a. At t = 0, the value of the index is: (90 + 50 + 100)/3 = 80At t = 1, the value of the index is: (95 + 45 + 110)/3 = 83.333The rate of return is: (83.333/80) - 1 = 4.17%b. In the absence of a split, Stock C would sell for 110, so the value of theindex would be: 250/3 = 83.333 with a divisor of 3.After the split, stock C sells for 55. Therefore, we need to find the divisor(d) such that: 83.333 = (95 + 45 + 55)/d ⇒ d = 2.340. The divisor fell,which is always the case after one of the firms in an index splits its shares.c. The return is zero. The index remains unchanged because the return foreach stock separately equals zero.12. a. Total market value at t = 0 is: ($9,000 + $10,000 + $20,000) = $39,000Total market value at t = 1 is: ($9,500 + $9,000 + $22,000) = $40,500Rate of return = ($40,500/$39,000) – 1 = 3.85%b.The return on each stock is as follows:r A = (95/90) – 1 = 0.0556r B = (45/50) – 1 = –0.10r C = (110/100) – 1 = 0.10The equally weighted average is:[0.0556 + (-0.10) + 0.10]/3 = 0.0185 = 1.85%13. The after-tax yield on the corporate bonds is: 0.09 ⨯ (1 – 0.30) = 0.063 = 6.30%Therefore, municipals must offer a yield to maturity of at least 6.30%.14. Equation (2.2) shows that the equivalent taxable yield is: r = r m/(1 –t), so simplysubstitute each tax rate in the denominator to obtain the following:a. 4.00%b. 4.44%c. 5.00%d. 5.71%15. In an equally weighted index fund, each stock is given equal weight regardless of itsmarket capitalization. Smaller cap stocks will have the same weight as larger cap stocks.The challenges are as follows:∙Given equal weights placed to smaller cap and larger cap, equal-weighted indices (EWI) will tend to be more volatile than their market-capitalization counterparts;∙It follows that EWIs are not good reflectors of the broad market that they represent; EWIs underplay the economic importance of larger companies.∙Turnover rates will tend to be higher, as an EWI must be rebalancedback to its original target. By design, many of the transactions would beamong the smaller, less-liquid stocks.16. a. The ten-year Treasury bond with the higher coupon rate will sell for a higherprice because its bondholder receives higher interest payments.b. The call option with the lower exercise price has more value than one with ahigher exercise price.c. The put option written on the lower priced stock has more value than onewritten on a higher priced stock.17. a. You bought the contract when the futures price was $7.8325 (see Figure2.11 and remember that the number to the right of the apostrophe represents aneighth of a cent). The contract closes at a price of $7.8725, which is $0.04 morethan the original futures price. The contract multiplier is 5000. Therefore, thegain will be: $0.04 ⨯ 5000 = $200.00b. Open interest is 135,778 contracts.18. a. Owning the call option gives you the right, but not the obligation, to buy at$180, while the stock is trading in the secondary market at $193. Since thestock price exceeds the exercise price, you exercise the call.The payoff on the option will be: $193 - $180 = $13The cost was originally $12.58, so the profit is: $13 - $12.58 = $0.42b. Since the stock price is greater than the exercise price, you will exercise the call.The payoff on the option will be: $193 - $185 = $8The option originally cost $9.75, so the profit is $8 - $9.75 = -$1.75c. Owning the put option gives you the right, but not the obligation, to sell at $185,but you could sell in the secondary market for $193, so there is no value inexercising the option. Since the stock price is greater than the exercise price,you will not exercise the put. The loss on the put will be the initial cost of$12.01.19. There is always a possibility that the option will be in-the-money at some time prior toexpiration. Investors will pay something for this possibility of a positive payoff.20.Value of Call at Expiration Initial Cost Profita. 0 4 -4b. 0 4 -4c. 0 4 -4d. 5 4 1e. 10 4 6Value of Put at Expiration Initial Cost Profita. 10 6 4b. 5 6 -1c. 0 6 -6d. 0 6 -6e. 0 6 -621. A put option conveys the right to sell the underlying asset at the exercise price. Ashort position in a futures contract carries an obligation to sell the underlying assetat the futures price. Both positions, however, benefit if the price of the underlyingasset falls.22. A call option conveys the right to buy the underlying asset at the exercise price. Along position in a futures contract carries an obligation to buy the underlying assetat the futures price. Both positions, however, benefit if the price of the underlyingasset rises.CFA PROBLEMS1.(d) There are tax advantages for corporations that own preferred shares.2. The equivalent taxable yield is: 6.75%/(1 - 0.34) = 10.23%3. (a) Writing a call entails unlimited potential losses as the stock price rises.4. a. The taxable bond. With a zero tax bracket, the after-tax yield for thetaxable bond is the same as the before-tax yield (5%), which is greater thanthe yield on the municipal bond.b. The taxable bond. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05⨯ (1 – 0.10) = 4.5%c. You are indifferent. The after-tax yield for the taxable bond is:0.05 ⨯ (1 – 0.20) = 4.0%The after-tax yield is the same as that of the municipal bond.d. The municipal bond offers the higher after-tax yield for investors in taxbrackets above 20%.5.If the after-tax yields are equal, then: 0.056 = 0.08 × (1 –t)This implies that t = 0.30 =30%.CHAPTER 3: HOW SECURITIES ARE TRADED PROBLEM SETS1.Stop-loss order: allows a stock to be sold if the price falls below a predeterminedlevel. Stop-loss orders often accompany short sales. Limit sell order: sells stockwhen the price rises above a predetermined level. Market order: either a buy or sellorder that is executed immediately at the current market price2. In response to the potential negative reaction to large [block] trades, trades will be splitup into many small trades, effectively hiding the total number of shares bought or sold.3. The use of leverage necessarily magnifies returns to investors. Leveragingborrowed money allows for greater return on investment if the stock price increases.However, if the stock price declines, the investor must repay the loan, regardless ofhow far the stock price drops, and incur a negative rate of return. For example, if aninvestor buys an asset at $100 and the price rises to $110, the investor earns 10%.If an investor takes out a $40 loan at 5% and buys the same stock, the return will be13.3%, computed as follows: $10 capital gain minus $2 interest expense divided bythe $60 original investment. Of course, if the stock price falls below $100, thenegative return will be greater for the leveraged account.4. (a) A market order is an order to execute the trade immediately at the bestpossible price. The emphasis in a market order is the speed of execution (thereduction of execution uncertainty). The disadvantage of a market order is thatthe price at which it will be executed is not known ahead of time; it thus hasprice uncertainty.5. (a) A broker market consists of intermediaries who have the discretion to tradefor their clients. A large block trade in an illiquid security would most likelytrade in this market as the brokers would have the best access to clientsinterested in this type of security.The advantage of an electronic communication network (ECN) is that it canexecute large block orders without affecting the public quote. Since thissecurity is illiquid, large block orders are less likely to occur and thus it wouldnot likely trade through an ECN.Electronic limit-order markets (ELOM) transact securities with high tradingvolume. This illiquid security is unlikely to be traded on an ELOM.6. a. The stock is purchased for: 300 ⨯ $40 = $12,000The amount borrowed is $4,000. Therefore, the investor put up equity, ormargin, of $8,000.b.If the share price falls to $30, then the value of the stock falls to $9,000. By theend of the year, the amount of the loan owed to the broker grows to:$4,000 ⨯ 1.08 = $4,320Therefore, the remaining margin in the investor’s account is:$9,000 - $4,320 = $4,680The percentage margin is now: $4,680/$9,000 = 0.52, or 52%Therefore, the investor will not receive a margin call.c.The rate of return on the investment over the year is:(Ending equity in the account - Initial equity)/Initial equity= ($4,680 - $8,000)/$8,000 = -0.415, or -41.5%Alternatively, divide the initial equity investments into the change in valueplus the interest payment:($3,000 loss + $320 interest)/$8,000 = -0.415.7. a. The initial margin was: 0.50 ⨯ 1,000 ⨯ $40 = $20,000As a result of the increase in the stock price Old Economy Traders loses: $10 ⨯ 1,000 = $10,000Therefore, margin decreases by $10,000. Moreover, Old Economy Tradersmust pay the dividend of $2 per share to the lender of the shares, so that themargin in the account decreases by an additional $2,000. Therefore, theremaining margin is:$20,000 – $10,000 – $2,000 = $8,000b. The percentage margin is: $8,000/$50,000 = 0.16, or 16%So there will be a margin call.c. The equity in the account decreased from $20,000 to $8,000 in one year, for arate of return of: (-$12,000/$20,000) = -0.60, or -60%8.a. The buy order will be filled at the best limit-sell order price: $50.25b.The next market buy order will be filled at the next-best limit-sell order price: $51.50 c. You would want to increase your inventory. There is considerable buyingdemand at prices just below $50, indicating that downside risk is limited. Incontrast, limit sell orders are sparse, indicating that a moderate buy order could result in a substantial price increase.9. a.You buy 200 shares of Telecom for $10,000. These shares increase in value by10%, or $1,000. You pay interest of: 0.08 ⨯ $5,000 = $400The rate of return will be: $1,000$4000.1212%$5,000-==b. The value of the 200 shares is 200P . Equity is (200P – $5,000). You will receive a margin call when:PP 200000,5$200-= 0.30 ⇒ when P = $35.71 or lower10. a.Initial margin is 50% of $5,000, or $2,500.b. Total assets are $7,500 ($5,000 from the sale of the stock and $2,500 put up formargin). Liabilities are 100P . Therefore, equity is ($7,500 – 100P ). A margin call will be issued when:PP 100100500,7$-= 0.30 ⇒ when P = $57.69 or higher11. The total cost of the purchase is: $20 ⨯ 1,000 = $20,000You borrow $5,000 from your broker and invest $15,000 of your own funds.Your margin account starts out with equity of $15,000.a. (i) Equity increases to: ($22 ⨯ 1,000) – $5,000 = $17,000Percentage gain = $2,000/$15,000 = 0.1333, or 13.33%(ii) With price unchanged, equity is unchanged.Percentage gain = zero(iii) Equity falls to ($18 ⨯ 1,000) – $5,000 = $13,000。

模块二章节题库第一部分绪论第1章投资环境简答题1．什么是金融资产？答：金融资产是与实物资产相对应的概念，它是从实物资产产生的收入的索偿权。

金融资产包括股票和债券，它们对于经济来说并不直接产生生产力。

金融资产出现在资产负债表的两侧。

2．什么是所有权和经营权的分离，为什么它很重要？答：所有权和经营权分离，是指中华人民共和国全民所有制工业企业法规定的，在不改变企业财产的国家所有权情况下，由企业对国家授予其经营管理的财产享有经营权，使两种权利相互分离，从而保障企业成为自主经营、自负盈亏、独立核算的社会主义商品生产和经营单位的一项基本原则。

不同于独资企业中所有者就是管理者，公司的股票持有人和所有人是股东。

股东选举董事会，董事会聘用管理层。

因此公司的日常管理是由各方共同执行而非仅仅是所有者执行。

这可以保证公司在所有权发生变化时保持稳定，并且允许投资者在不用承担管理职责的同时拥有公司的部分所有权。

3．什么是代理问题？对于代理问题有无可能的解决方案？答：代理问题是指在公司的所有者（股东）和公司的管理者（经理层）之间可能存在利益冲突，公司的经理层可能不会做出最有利于股东利益的事情，比如购买奢侈办公用品和外出旅游等支出。

可能的解决方案在于让经理们的工资与公司的业绩挂钩，董事会可以罢免不合格的经理，分析师们需要监测公司的表现并汇报那些不利于公司业绩的表现。

4．什么是风险分配，为什么说它重要？答：风险分配是指公司企业可以发行不同风险的债券，投资者可以根据他们的偏好选择不同风险等级的资产。

由于不同类型的资产具有不同风险-收益的特征，可以让公司企业筹集所需资本，也可以让投资者做不同的投资选择。

风险分配方式对于需要筹集资金来支持其投资的公司而言是有利的。

当投资者都能够选择具有适合自身风险偏好的风险-收益特征的证券类型时，每种证券都能以最合适的价格出售，这加速了实物资产股票化的建立过程。

第2章资产类别与金融工具一、选择题1．证券交易所发布的股票价格指数所采用的计算方法通常采用的是（）。

第2章资产类别与金融工具2.1 复习笔记1．货币市场工具货币市场是固定收益市场的一部分，它由变现能力极强的超短期债务证券组成。

货币市场工具主要包括期限短、变现能力强、流动性好、风险低的债务证券。

（1）主要货币市场工具①国库券国库券是指政府部门为筹集预算资金，向投资者出具的承诺在一定时期内还本付息的债务凭证。

我国国库券的期限最短的为一年，而西方国家国库券品种较多，一般可分为：3个月、6个月、9个月、1年期四种，其面额起点各国不一。

国库券采用不记名形式，无须经过背书就可以转让流通。

在国外，国库券期限均在一年以内，且大多是零息债券。

在本书中，国库券指政府通过向公众出售债券而筹集到资金，投资者则按低于面值的折价购买，在债券到期日债券持有人从政府获得等额于债券面值的支付的一种金融工具。

购买价与面值之差就是投资者的所得收益。

美国短期国库券是货币市场上所有金融工具中流动性最强的一种。

国库券流动性强、风险低并且收入免税，其利率是市场利率变动情况的集中反映。

②大额可转让存单大额可转让存单是指商业银行为吸收资金而发行的载有一定存款金额、期限、利率并可在市场上流通转让的短期信用工具。

大额可转让存单具有期限短（一般在1年以内），面额固定且起点较高，大多不记名，不可提前支取但可流通转让，利率较高等特点。

③商业票据商业票据指以商业信用进行交易时所开立的证明债权债务关系的书面凭证，其中又含商业本票与商业汇票两种。

商业本票是债务人向债权人发出的、承诺在一定时期内支付一定数额款项的债务凭证。

商业汇票是债权人向债务人发出的无条件支付命令，命令债务人在限定日期内向债权人或第三者支付一定数额的款项。

商业汇票可以背书转让，亦可申请贴现。

④银行承兑汇票银行承兑汇票是商业汇票的一种，是由出票人签发，由其开户银行承兑的一种票据。

期限通常是6个月内。

银行是第一责任人，而出票人则只承担第二责任。

⑤欧洲美元欧洲美元是指外国银行或美国银行的国外分支机构中的以美元计价的存款。

博迪投资学第十版答案第一章高效市场理论1.什么是高效市场理论？–高效市场理论是指市场中的价格已反映了所有可获取的信息，即市场对信息的反应是即时、准确和公平的。

–高效市场理论认为无法通过分析和预测市场走势来获得持续的超额收益。

2.高效市场理论的三种形式是什么？–弱式有效市场：市场价格已反映了所有历史数据，无法通过分析历史数据获得超额收益。

–半强式有效市场：市场价格已反映了所有公开信息，无法通过分析公开信息获得超额收益。

–强式有效市场：市场价格已反映了所有公开和非公开信息，无法通过任何信息获得超额收益。

3.高效市场理论对投资者有什么启示？–投资者无法通过分析市场走势来获得持续的超额收益。

–投资者应该构建投资组合并分散风险，而不是试图击败市场。

第二章技术分析1.什么是技术分析？–技术分析是一种通过观察和分析市场价格和交易量数据，以预测市场走势的方法。

–技术分析基于一些假设，如市场价格已反映了所有可获取的信息和市场走势具有一定的规律性。

2.技术分析的基本原理是什么？–历史重复性原理：市场走势具有一定的规律性，过去的走势可能会在未来重复出现。

–趋势原理：市场价格会沿着一定的趋势运动，如上升趋势、下降趋势和横盘趋势。

–支撑与阻力原理：市场价格会受到一些固定水平的支撑和阻力，支撑水平会阻碍价格下跌，阻力水平会阻碍价格上涨。

3.技术分析的常用方法有哪些？–图表形态分析：通过观察市场价格形成的各种图形，如头肩顶、双底等，来预测市场走势。

–技术指标分析：通过计算市场价格和交易量的统计指标，如移动平均线、相对强弱指数等，来预测市场走势。

–K线图分析：通过观察开盘价、收盘价、最高价和最低价形成的蜡烛图，来预测市场走势。

第三章基本面分析1.什么是基本面分析？–基本面分析是一种通过研究和分析公司的财务状况、经营业绩、行业前景等基本信息，来评估公司价值和预测股价走势的方法。

2.基本面分析的基本原理是什么？–公司的价值取决于其未来的盈利能力和现金流量。

第二部分资产组合理论与实践第5章风险与收益入门及历史回顾计算题1．（1）连续复利是7%，那么有效年利率（EAR）是多少？（2）如果银行支付给你的有效年利率是8.75%，那么其他银行竞争者需要支付多少连续复利才能吸引到投资？答：（1）()1exp e cc r cc EAR r +==，因此1＋EAR＝e 0.07＝107.25%，解得：EAR ≈7.25%。

（2）()1exp e cc r cc EAR r +==，整理得ln （1＋EAR）＝r cc ，因此r cc ＝ln （1＋8.75%）≈8.39%。

2．你的公司在270天的商业票据上投资了2500000美元。

在投资期满后（270天之后），公司获得2585000美元。

（1）在这项投资中，270天持有期的收益率是多少？（2）在一年期限内，有几个270天的投资期？（3）在这项投资上获得的年百分比利率（APR）是多少？（4）有效年利率（EAR）是多少？（5）为什么EAR 比APR 要高？答：（1）持有期收益率：HPR＝（股票期末价格－期初价格＋现金股利）/期初价格则270天持有期收益率＝（2585000－2500000）/2500000＝3.40%（2）在1年中存在365/270＝1.35185个270天的投资期（3）如果一年分为n期，每个时期的利率为r f（T），那么APR＝n×r f（T）APR＝3.40%×1.35185＝4.60%（4）1＋EAR＝（1＋每期的利率）n则1＋EAR＝（1＋0.034）1.35185＝1.0462解得：EAR＝4.62%或者1＋EAR＝（1＋APR/n）n＝（1＋0.046/1.35185）1.35185＝1.0462，解得：EAR ＝4.62%（5）EAR之所以比APR高，是因为允许复利计算。

它假设投资可以在一年的剩余时间中重复进行。

3．高树共同基金在过去5年的算术平均收益率是10.95%，几何平均收益率是10.29%。

第26章资产组合的管理过程26.1 复习笔记1.做出投资决策(1)确定目标资产组合目标的核心问题为风险一收益权衡，即投资者希望得到的期望收益(收益率要求)与他们愿意冒多大的风险(“风险容忍度”)之间的权衡。

投资项目经理必须了解投资者在追求更高的期望收益时所愿意承担的风险。

①个人投资者的目标：影响个人投资者的收益率要求与风险容忍度的基本因素是他们的生命周期所处的阶段以及个人的偏好。

②个人信托的目标：其目标通常比单个投资者目标的范围更受限制，个人信托业务的经理们因为负有信托责任，一般会比那些个人投资者更加注意规避风险。

③共同基金的目标：其目标在其募资说明书中有具体说明。

④养老基金的目标：养老基金的目标取决于养老金计划的类型，养老基金一共有两种基本类型：固定缴款计划与固定收益计划。

固定缴款计划事实上就是公司为其雇员设立的可缓税退休储蓄账户，雇员们获得该计划中的所有资产收益，也承担所有风险。

⑤捐赠基金的目标：捐赠基金投资目标是在一个适度的风险下产生一个稳定的收益流，然而捐赠基金的受托人也可根据特定捐赠基金的情况确定其他目标。

⑥人寿保险公司的目标：通常人寿保险公司的投资目标是为其保单中注明的债务套期保值。

这样，有多少种不同类型的保单，就有多少种投资目标。

⑦非人寿保险公司的目标：非人寿保险公司，如财产保险、意外损失保险等，它们要将基金进行投资主要是因为它们得到客户的保费后可能会支付有根据索赔的款项。

通常，它们在看待风险的态度上趋于保守。

⑧银行的目标：作为投资者，银行的目标是将资产风险与负债的风险相匹配，同时利用贷款与借款利率之间的差额获得收益。

（2）明确限制因素①流动性：流动性指资产以公平价格售出的难易程度(速度)。

它是一个投资资产时间尺度(要用多长时间可以被处理掉)与价格尺度(在公平市场价格上打了多少折扣)之间的关系。

个人与机构投资者均应考虑自己会在短时间内处理资产的可能性，并且应该从这种可能性出发建立自己投资组合中流动性资产的最低标准。