Rapid and briefcommunication

Technology has been a driving force in shaping the modern world.It has brought about significant changes in various aspects of life,including communication, transportation,healthcare,and education.Here are some key points to consider when discussing the impact of technological advancements in an English essay:munication:The advent of the internet and social media platforms has revolutionized the way we communicate.People can now connect with others across the globe instantly,sharing ideas and information at unprecedented speeds.2.Transportation:Technological innovations have transformed transportation systems. Highspeed trains,electric cars,and autonomous vehicles are becoming more common, reducing travel times and promoting energy efficiency.3.Healthcare:Medical technology has advanced rapidly,leading to better diagnostic tools,treatments,and surgical procedures.Telemedicine and AIpowered diagnostics are making healthcare more accessible and personalized.cation:Technology has transformed education by offering online learning platforms,virtual classrooms,and digital resources.This has made education more flexible and accessible to a wider audience.5.Work and Economy:Automation and AI are changing the job market,creating new opportunities while also posing challenges for traditional employment.The gig economy and remote work have become more prevalent.6.Environment:Technology plays a crucial role in addressing environmental issues. Renewable energy technologies,such as solar and wind power,are becoming more efficient and affordable,helping to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.7.Cultural Impact:The digital age has also influenced culture,with the creation of new art forms,such as digital art,and the preservation of cultural heritage through digital archives.8.Challenges:While technology offers many benefits,it also presents challenges,such as privacy concerns,the digital divide,and the potential for job displacement due to automation.9.Future Prospects:Looking ahead,technology is expected to continue its rapid pace of development,with advancements in areas such as quantum computing,biotechnology, and space exploration.10.Ethical Considerations:As technology progresses,ethical considerations become increasingly important.Issues such as data privacy,algorithmic bias,and the responsible use of AI must be addressed.When writing an essay on the topic of technological development,its important to provide examples and evidence to support your points,and to consider both the positive and negative aspects of technologys impact on society.Additionally,reflecting on the future implications of current trends can offer a comprehensive view of the subject.。

传播学英文单词Communication is a very broad concept. It involves the transfer of information from one entity to another. This can be between people, such as in face - to - face conversations or through phone calls.Mass communication is also an important part of it. It refers to the dissemination of information to a large number of people at the same time. Media like television, radio and newspapers play a crucial role in mass communication.Another aspect is interpersonal communication. It focuses on the communication between individuals. Non - verbal cues, like body language and facial expressions, are very important in interpersonal communication.The study of communication also includes media studies. It looks at how different media platforms operate and their impact on society. For example, how social media has changed the way people communicate and interact.In the field of communication, there is also the concept of communication channels. These are the means through which information is transmitted, such as the Internet, cables or airwaves.Effective communication is what everyone aims for. It means that the message sent is accurately received and understood by the recipient. This requires clear language, proper organization of thoughts and good listening skills.Communication theories are used to explain how communication works. For instance, the Shannon - Weaver model which describes communication as a process of encoding, transmitting, decoding and providing feedback.Cultural factors also influence communication. Different cultures may have different ways of expressing ideas, values and emotions. So when communicating across cultures, one needs to be aware of these differences.New media has emerged in recent years. It includes digital platforms like podcasts, blogs and video - sharing websites. These new forms of media are changing the communication landscape rapidly.。

数字沟通的利与弊英语作文Title: Pros and Cons of Digital Communication。

In today's digital age, communication has undergone a profound transformation. The advent of digital technology has revolutionized how we interact, bringing both advantages and disadvantages. In this essay, we willexplore the benefits and drawbacks of digital communication.Firstly, let's delve into the advantages. One of the most significant benefits of digital communication is its speed and efficiency. With just a few clicks or taps, wecan instantly connect with anyone, regardless of their location. This rapid exchange of information has greatly enhanced productivity in various sectors, from business to education.Moreover, digital communication offers unparalleled convenience. Gone are the days of waiting for letters to arrive or scheduling face-to-face meetings. Now, we cancommunicate on the go, thanks to smartphones and other mobile devices. Whether it's through email, instant messaging, or social media platforms, staying in touch has never been easier.Furthermore, digital communication facilitates collaboration and teamwork. Through online tools and platforms, individuals can collaborate in real-time, irrespective of geographical barriers. This has revolutionized how teams work together, allowing for seamless cooperation even across different time zones.Additionally, digital communication enables greater access to information and resources. Through the internet, we have a wealth of knowledge at our fingertips. Whether it's educational materials, news updates, or research papers, information is readily available, empowering individuals to learn and grow.However, alongside these benefits, digital communication also presents certain challenges. One of the primary concerns is the erosion of face-to-facecommunication skills. With the prevalence of texting and social media, many people have become accustomed to communicating in brief, fragmented messages, often lacking the nuances of in-person interaction.Moreover, the digital landscape is fraught with distractions. With notifications constantly vying for our attention, it's easy to become overwhelmed and lose focus. This can impede productivity and hinder meaningful communication, as individuals struggle to maintain concentration amidst the digital noise.Furthermore, there are concerns regarding privacy and security in digital communication. As we share more personal information online, there is a heightened risk of data breaches and privacy infringements. Cybersecurity threats, such as hacking and identity theft, pose significant risks to individuals and organizations alike.Additionally, the impersonal nature of digital communication can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Without the benefit of tone of voice orbody language, messages can be easily misconstrued, leading to conflicts and breakdowns in communication.In conclusion, digital communication offers numerous benefits, including speed, convenience, and access to information. However, it also presents challenges such as the erosion of face-to-face communication skills, distractions, privacy concerns, and the risk of misunderstandings. As we navigate the digital landscape,it's essential to strike a balance, leveraging the advantages while mitigating the drawbacks, to ensure effective and meaningful communication in the digital age.。

传播Communication内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication人际传播Interpersonal Communication群体传播Group Communication组织传播Organization Communication大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media新媒介New Media新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value传播者Communicator主动传播者Active Communicator受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience受众兴趣Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity信息Information信号Signal讯息Message信息熵Entropy冗余/冗余信息Redundancy传播单位Communication Unit奥斯古德模式Osgood Model编码Encoding解码Decoding信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model口传系统System of Oral Communication地球村Global Village内爆Implosion全球化Globalization本土化Localization电子空间Cyber Space数字化Digitalization文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism守门人Gatekeeper新闻采集者News Gatherers新闻加工者News Processors模式Model有线效果模式Limited Effects Model适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model劝服传播Persuasive Communication议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan时间跨度Time Span公众舆论Public Opinion选择性接触Selective Exposure选择性注意Selective Attention选择性理解Selective Perception选择性记忆Selective Retention可信性提示Credibility Heuristic喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic市场驱动新闻学the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态Ideology霸权Hegemony权力话语Power Discourse视觉文本Visual Text文本Text超级文本Hypertext结构主义Constructionism解构主义Deconstructionism文化工业Culture Industry大众文化Mass Culture文化研究Cultural Studies批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory法兰克福学派Frankfurt School女权主义/女性主义Feminism符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign能指与所指Signified/Signifier非语言符号Nonverbal Sign意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse文化期待Culture Expectations文化批判Culture Criticizing范式Paradigm叙事范式Narrative Paradigm强语境High Context弱语境Low Context功能理论Functionalism话语分析Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式the Commodity Forms of Communication 受众商品Audience Commodity商品化Commodification空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy媒介竞争Media Competition受众分割Audience Segmentation媒介资本Media Capital传播政治经济学Political Economy of Communication传播研究Communication Research抽样Sampling调查研究方法Survey Research内容分析法Content Analysis实验分析法Experimental Research定性研究法Qualitative Research Methods个案研究法Case Study效度与信度Validity/Reliability变量Variables实地观察法Field Observation虚拟社群Virtual Community扩散研究Diffusion Research媒介事件Media Events民族志Ethnography传播生态Ecology of Communication真实/虚构Reality/Fiction拟态环境Pseudo-Environment刻板成见Stereotyping晕轮效应Halo Effects二元价值评判Two-Valued Evaluation公共关系Public Relation阐释理论Interpretive Theory第二部分：新闻采编相关词汇daily 日报morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper 高级报纸popular paper 大众报纸evening paper 晚报government organ 官报part organ 党报trade paper 商界报纸vernacular paper 本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page 头版,第一版bulldog edition 晨版article 记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline 标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻hot news 最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop 特讯feature 特写,花絮criticism 评论editorial 社论review, comment 时评book review 书评topicality 时事问题city news 社会新闻column 栏letters 读者投书栏general news column 一般消息栏cartoon, comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice 讣闻public notice 公告advertisement 广告calssified ad 分类广告flash-news 大新闻extra 号外the sports page 运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday features 周日特刊newsbeat 记者采访地区news blackout 新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet 低俗新闻tabloid 图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher 发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief, copy chief 总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist 新闻记者cub reporter 初任记者reporter 采访记者war correspondent, campaign badge 随军记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter 一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign 新闻战free-lancer writer 自由招待会press box 记者席news conference, press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行circulation 发行份数newsstand, kiosk 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy 报童subscription (rate) 报费newsprint 新闻用纸Fleet Street 舰队街accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻anecdote n．趣闻轶事assignment n．采写任务attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news 小道消息backgrounding 新闻背景Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。

SOCIAL SCIENCES CITATION INDEX - COMMUNICATION 社会科学引文索引（SSCI）——国外主要传播学刊1. AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION 强调与另类传播Quarterly2. COMMUNICATION MONOGRAPHS传播专论Quarterly3. COMMUNICATION RESEARCH传播研究Bimonthly4. COMMUNICATION THEORY传播理论Quarterly5. CRITICAL STUDIES IN MEDIA COMMUNICATION媒介传播批评研究Bimonthly6. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIOR心理与行为Bimonthly7. DISCOURSE & SOCIETY言论与社会Bimonthly8. DISCOURSE STUDIES言论研究Quarterly9. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION欧洲传播期刊Quarterly10. HARVARD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRESS-POLITICS 哈佛国际媒介政治学期刊Quarterly11. HEALTH COMMUNICATION健康传播Quarterly12. HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH人类传播研究Quarterly13. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION 专业传播电器和电子工程师协会学报Quarterly14. INTERACTION STUDIES互动研究Tri-annual15. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING国际广告期刊Quarterly16. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT冲突管理国际期刊Quarterly17. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS语言与传播失调国际期刊Quarterly18. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC OPINION RESEARCH公众舆论研究国际期刊Quarterly19. JAVNOST-THE PUBLIC公众Quarterly20. JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING广告学期刊Quarterly21. JOURNAL OF ADVERTISING RESEARCH广告学研究期刊Bimonthly22. JOURNAL OF APPLIED COMMUNICATION RESEARCH应用传播学研究期刊Quarterly23. JOURNAL OF BROADCASTING & ELECTRONIC MEDIA广播与电子媒介Quarterly24. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION 商业与技术传播Quarterly25. JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION传播学期刊Quarterly26. JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION计算机媒介传播期刊Quarterly27. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION健康传播期刊Quarterly28. JOURNAL OF MEDIA ECONOMICS媒介经济学期刊Quarterly29. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS社会与人际关系期刊Bimonthly30. JOURNALISM & MASS COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY 新闻学与大众传播季刊Quarterly31. LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION语言与传播Quarterly32. LEARNED PUBLISHING学术出版Quarterly33. MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION QUARTERLY管理传播季刊Quarterly34. MEDIA CULTURE & SOCIETY媒介文化与社会Bimonthly35. MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY媒介心理Quarterly36. NARRATIVE INQUIRY叙述调查Semiannual37. NEW MEDIA & SOCIETY新媒介与社会Quarterly38. POLITICAL COMMUNICATION政治传播Quarterly39. PUBLIC CULTURE大众文化Tri-annual40. PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY舆论季刊Quarterly41. PUBLIC RELATIONS REVIEW公关评论Bimonthly42. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE 公众科学理解（科普）Quarterly43. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH演讲季刊Quarterly44. RESEARCH ON LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL INTERACTION 语言与社会交往研究Quarterly45. SCIENCE COMMUNICATION科学传播Quarterly46. TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION技术传播QuarterlyISSN: 0049-315547. TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY电信政策MonthlyISSN: 0308-596148. TEXT & TALK文本与对话Bimonthly49. TRANSLATOR翻译者SemiannualISSN: 1355-650950. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION书写传播Quarterly。

COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURES Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics跨文化交际----翻译理论与对比篇章语言学Basil Hatim出版前言这是一部将对比语言学、篇章语言学和翻译理论结合起来研究跨文化交际的学术专著。

作者巴兹尔•哈蒂姆是英国爱丁堡赫利奥特----沃特(Heriot-Watt)大学阿拉伯语研究中心主任，篇章语言学界的权威人士、著名理论家，一直走在该研究领域的前列。

本书是他长达10年的科研成果。

针对目前翻译理论、对比语言学、话语分析三个学科自成一体的学术局面，作者试图将三者融会贯通，明确提出在跨语言、跨文化的交际过程中，如果将母语语言、修辞的习惯表达应用与篇章转化，比如翻译实践当中，并在另一语言体系寻求对应表现法，其结果将是大有裨益的。

本专著共分17章。

全书说理透彻，脉络清晰。

首先，作者简单介绍了对比语言理论应用于翻译过程的可行性，即句法与语义性质等语言结构的重要意义，指出文本类型是进行上下文分析研究的中心课题，篇章才是有效信息交流的根本单位；进而，作者从功能语言学的角度，对修辞、文本风格、语域等因素进行了深入讨论。

由于阿拉伯语具有悠久独特的修辞风格，作者通过现在篇章语言学以及传统的阿拉伯语修辞学在语言研究分析中的有利地位，对篇章类型提出了自己的见解。

除此以外，作者还就文本类型、礼貌表达、交际文化、文学作品中的意识形态的分析与翻译、非小说类的散文文学中反语用法的翻译以及口译研究等问题从对比篇章语言学的角度进行了系统化的分析探讨。

本书贯穿书中的指导思想，就是将语篇分析的理论模型应用于笔译、口译及语言教学实践之中，并通过这些目标在实际中的结合来证明翻译的介绍可以加大对比语言学和语篇分析研究的广度和深度。

总之，本书论述系统全面，资料翔实，从理论到实践环环相扣，是一部侧重语言实际运用的学术著作，对于从事语言学、文学理论、话语分析、翻译以及文化等学科研究的人员提供了建设性的知道，是一本不可多得的好书。

Chapter 1Why study Intercultural communications?Four trends of the modern world make intercultural communication inevitable:1. Technological development2. Globalization of the economy3. Widespread population migrations4. Development of multiculturalismOnly through the understanding of intercultural communication can people develop a global mind-set in the global village that is our world today and live more harmoniously with one another.The field of intercultural communication has developed both theoretical and applied perspectives.1. Theoretically, the study focuses on more or less purposive interaction between people of different cultures and different racial and ethnic groups.2. Practically, intercultural communication is applied in different kinds of intercultural and interethnic training programs to help people of different backgrounds understand and accept each other in academic, business, government, and other settings.Chapter 2The relationship between Culture and Communication:Culture and communication act on each other. As the carrier of culture, commnunication influences the structure of a culture, and culture is necessarily manifested in our communication patterrns by teaching us how we should talk and behave.Communication:Communication is defined as an interdetermining process in which we develop a mutually dependent relationship by exchanging symbols.Communication has four characteristics:(1) Communication as a holistic phenomenon(2) Communicaiton as a social reality(3) Communicaiton as a developmental process(4) Communication as an orderly processCulture:Culture is defined as a negotiated set of shared symbolic systems that guide individuals’ behaviors and incline them to function as a group.Culture has four characteristics:(1) Culture is holistic(2) Culture is learned(3) Culture is dynamic(4) Culture is pervasiveCulture has two functions:(1) It provides a context in which three aspects of human society are embedded: linguistic, physical, psychological.(2) It functions to provide the structure, stability, and security that are required for the group and its members to maintain themselves as a healthy system.Intercultural communication:Intercultural communication is communication among people from two or more cultures.Successful intercultural communication is based on the positive feeling and beliefs we bring to the intercultural encounter and on the behavioral skills we possess.Three forms of intercultural communication based on the interactants’ intentions:Self-centered dialogue, Dominant dialogue, Equal dialogue.Chapter 3Perception:Perception is a process by which we turn external stimuli into meaningful experiences. The process of perception includes three stages: Selection, Organization, Interpretaion. Because perception is selective, we can only partially perceive the things that surround us, it usually follows three steps: Selective exposure, Selective attention, Selective retention. Organization refers to the way we arrange what we perceive into meaningful patterns, based on their shape, color, texture, size, and intensity. Interpretation is the process whereby we assign meanings to what we perceive.Culture has a major impact on the perception process: It not only provides the foundation for the meanings we assign to our perceptions, it also determines how we choose to expose ourselves to and direct our attention toward specific kinds of messages and events.The influence of culture on perception is often reflected in the attributional process. Attr ibution involves interpreting the meaning of others’ behaviors based on our past experience or history. Culture provides an environment that allows us to develop all the meanings we possess. Thus, people from different cultures will perceive and interpret others’ behaviors in different ways.The subjective nature of the perceptual framework arising from our culture indicates that our perception is often partial and inaccurate. The insufficiency manifests as stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.Stereotypes are those overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs we use to categorize a group of people.Prejudice is a regid attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions. Discrimination is the acting out of prejudicial attitudes.Stereotypes an prejudice do not suddenly appear when we are born, they are gradually developed from the process of learning and socialization, and from exposure to mass media images. To solvethe problems of stereotypes and prejudice the most important communication skill we should learn is empathy.Values:A value can be defined as a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action. Values are guiding forces of human behavior.Culture value orientation is the concept used to study the relationship between cultural values and communications behaviors, it refers to the means society uses to solve the universal problems of daily life.Power distance specifies to what extent a culture adapts to inequalities of power distribution in relationships and organizations.High-power-distance culture tend to orient to authoritarianism, which dictates a hierarchical or vertical structure of social relationships.Low-power-distance cultures are more horizontal in terms of social relationships.Chapter 4Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It consists of five areas of study: Morphology, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics. Semantics and pragmatics directly affect the process of intercultural communication.Human language has four characteristics: (1)It’s symbolic; (2)It’s rule-governed; (3)It’s subjective; (4)It often shows change and variation.Language is a bridge people can use to learn or understand cultural values, and it’s necessary to comprehend cultural values to acquire the language used to portray them. In other words, to be competent in intercultural communication we need to be aware of both the cultural values and the language expressions of our cultural counterparts.Chapter 5Verbal and nonverbal communication form the two main contexts of human communication.Nonverbal communication is different from verbal communication in five respects:1. It’s not consciously controllable2. It can indicate multiple events simultaneously3. It can be used as an intercultural or international language4. It’s learned earlier in our life.5. It’s more emotional in expressionFive functions of nonverbal communication: repetition, replacement, emphasis, contradiction, regulation.Characteristics of nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication is less systemized and more culturally bound, and its meanings are always ambiguous.The structure of nonverbal communication is comprised of four areas of study:1. Kinesics is the study of body movements such as facial expressions, eye contact, hand gestures, and touch.2. Proxemics is the study of how human beings and animals use space in communication.3. Paralanguage refers to how we use voice dimensions: voice quality, vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers, and vocal segregates.4. Chronemics is the study of how we perceive the concept of time and how that affects our communication.Nonverbal communication and culture are closely interrelated in two ways:First, our nonverbal behaviors are dictated by our culture;Second, culture determines when it’s appropriate time for us to display nonverbal behaviors.We can improve our intercultural skills in nonverbal communication by following Ricard’s five-step model for the development of nonverbal skills:1. Assess our learning needs2. Observe similar situations3. Use appropriate resources4. Reach tentative conclusions5. Reevaluate our conclusions as necessary.Chapter 6We develop relationships to meet the social needs of inclusion, control, and affection. Human relationship has five characteristics:1. It’s dynamic2. It’s hierarchical3. It’s reciprocal4. It’s unique5. It’s interdependent and irreplaceableTheories of relationship development:1. Social Exchange Theory: Social interaction relationship initiates after measuring the difference between reward and costs.2. Social Penetration Theory: The development of human relationships is determined by the information we disclose to our partner.3. Uncertainty Reduction Theory: This theory posits that interpersonal relationships develop and progress when we are able to reduce our uncertainty about each other.4. Communication Accommodation Theory: It combines propositions from speech accommodation theory and ethnolinguistic identity theory to examine the communicative moves interactants make in social and psychological contexts and how it’s related to personal characteristics.Yum’s five categories of relationship are used to illus trate the impact of culutral variability on relationship development. The five categories areparticularism/universalism, long-term/short-term, ingroup/outgroup, formal/informal, and personal/public relationships. The inluence of cultural value differences are also discussed from the following perspectives: verbal/nonverbal differences, background and attitude information, and the degree of self-disclosure.Third-Culture-Building: five phases of third-culture building are explicated: intrapersonal intracultural communication, interpersonal intercultural communication, rhetorical intercultural communication, metacultural communication, and intracultural commmunication.Chapter 7Conflicts are inevitable in the process of intercultural communication. To have unpleasant feelings during conflict is universal. Conflicts can be considered as seveal levels: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intergroup conflict, and interorganizational conflict.The impact of culture on conflict and conlict management are discussed from three perspectives: 1. Thinking patterns; 2. Language barriers; 3. Cultural context.The factors that affect our reactions and decisions in a conflict situation are delineated: face, interrelation, favor, seniority, status, power, credibility, interest, severity of the conflict, and gender.Two methods for the effective management of intercultural conflicts are suggested.The first method is based on Harris and Moran’s model of conflict management, which includes five steps: 1.Describe the conflict in a way understood in both cultures;2,Analyze the conflict from both cultural perspectives; 3.Identify the basis for the conflict from two culural viewpoints; 4.Solve the conflict through synergistic strategies;5.Determine if the solution is working interculturally.The second method is based on Ting-Toomey’s suggestions for handling conflicts in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.Chapter 8Increasing contact among people from different cultures around the globle demands understanding of the process of intercultural adaptation. Intercultural adaptation refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet the demands of a new cultural environment. It deals with how sojourners or new immigrants experience the distress caused by mismatches or incompatibility between the host culture and the culture of birth. In other words, intercultural adaptation is a process of dealing with maladjustment within a host culture.What’s Culture shock?Brief introduction: It’s the reaction of sojourners to problems encountered in the dealings with the host members or culture. It results from the processing of stressful situaions, especially attempts to establish and maintain a relationship with those of the host culture.Six aspects of Culture shock:1. A feeling of strain that comes from our attempts at psychological adjustments2. A feeling of loss regarding friends and family, social status, and possessions3. A feeling of being rejected by or rejecting the host nationals4. A feeling of confusion in beliefs, values, and role expectations5. A generalized feeling of anxiety, disgust, or surprise in the face of cultural differences6. A feeling of importance for being unable to cope with aspects of the new environment. Forms of culture shock:Language shock, role shock, transition shock, culture shock, culture fatigue, education shock, adjustment stress, and culture distance.Symptoms of culture shock:Depression, helplessness, hostility to the host country, feelings of anxiety, overidentification with our home country, feelings of withdrawal, homesickness, loneliness, paranoid feelings, preoccupation with cleanliness, irritablity, confusion, disorientation, isolation, tension, need to establish continuty, defensiveness, intolerance of ambiguity, and impatience.Positive effects of culture shock:1. It provides a learning opportunity that demands new responses from sojourners in coping with a constantly changing environment.2. It can creat an environment and serve as a motivational force for us to move to new levels of self-actualization.3. It can give sojourners a welcome sense of challenge and achievement as a result of dealing with people from very different backgrounds.4. The amount of learning increases when the level of personal anxiety is aroused to a certain degree.5. The experience from culture shock produces new ideas6. This practice helps us to deal with cultures that we have not yet experienced.Negative effects of culture shock:1. Affectively, culture shock constitutes an imbalancing experience2. Cognitively and perceptually, a set of desirable or proper behaviors in one culture might be considered strange in another.U-curve pattern of intercultural adaptation is comprised of four stages: 1.Honeymoon period; 2.Crisis period; 3.Adjustment period; 4.Biculturalism period.W-curve pattern is also used to explicate the reentry adapation process.A dialectical model:1. Intercultural adaptation is a motivated, goal-oriented process2.The intercultural adapation and learning processes are reciprocal and interdependent3.Intercultural adapation implies a stranger-host relationship4,Intercultural adapation is a cyclical, continuous, and interactive process5.Intercultural adaptation is ongoing6.Intercultural adapattion implies personal development.A transformative learning model: It consists of three dimensions: the precondition to change, the process, and the outcome.Chapter 10Intercultural understanding is absolutely vital for people to lead harmonious and meaningful lives together in a culturally pluralistic world.Four strategies of diversity management for organizations:1.Managing and rewarding performance based on the foundation of diversity2.Matching people and jobs3.Keeping employees informed and involved4.Supporting diverse work styles and life needs.Four significant issues regarding multicultural education are considered:1.Exposure to multicultural perspectives2.Maintaining cultural indentity3.Developing intercultural communication skills4.Diversifying the curriculumSeven stages of the process of multiculturalism:1.Monoculturalism2.Cross-cultural contact3.Cultural conflictcational interventions5.Disequilibrium6.Awareness7.MulticulturalismIntercultural sensitivity is a dynamic and a multidimensional concept describing individual’s active desire to motivate themselves to understand, appreciate, and accept differences among cultures.The effective way to develop intercultural sensitivity is to take intercultural training process. It aims to develop an appreciation and understanding of cross-cultural differences and to some of the necessary abilities.Components of Intercultural sensitivity: Ethnorelativism, respect for cultural differences, adaptablity, perspective-taking, open-mindedness, and acknowledgment of other’s needs.Chapter 11Only with mastery of intercultural communication competence can persons from different cultures communicate effectively and appropriately.What’s competence?Competence is defined as an organization’s capacity to interact effectively with its environment or as the acquired ability to interact effectively.Communication competence is comprised of two elements: effectiveness and appropriateness.Intercultural communication competence is defined as the ability to effectively and appropriately execute communication behaviors to elicit a desired response in a specific environment.Intercultural communication competence has four dimensions:1.Personality attributes: Including self-concept, self-disclosure, self-awareness, social relaxationmunication skills: message siklls, behavioral flexibility, interaction management, social skills3.Psychological adjustment: it refers to the ability to acclimate to a new culture4.Cultural awareness: refers to understanding the conventions of the host culture that affect how people think and behave.Chapter 12Goals of intercultural training: We must develop the ability to expand our worldviewby increasing our understanding of culture and its impact on communication behaviors; enhance our ability to recognize and appreciate cultural similarities and differences; and further improve our skills of intercultural communication. Only through the process of intercultural training can we effectively achieve these goals.Six training models: the classroom model, the simulation model, the self-awareness model, the cultural awareness model, the behavioral model, the interactional model. Five common techniques used in the trainning models: role playing, case studies, critical incidents, cultural assimilators, simulations, examines the procedures used to evaluate intercultural training programs.Chapter 13Ethics can be defined as the science of judging human ends and the relationship of means to those ends, and the art of controlling means so that they will serve specially human ends.Theories of Ethical study:Universalism vs. Relativism, Objectivism vs. Subjectivism, Attitudinalism vs. Consequentialism, Deontologism vs. Teleologism.Principles of ethical intercultural communication:Mutuality, Nonjudgmentalism, Honesty, Respect.Ethical rules for intercultural communication:1.Promote voluntary participation in the interaction2.Seek individual focus prior to cultural focus3.Maintain the right to freedom from harm4.Accept the right to privacy of thought and action5.Avoid imposing personal biasesThe discussion of the future of intercultural communication is divided into three parts.1.Increasing or decreasing intercultural communication is discussed from domestic and international perspectives.2.Unity versus division is discussed from two angles: ethnocentrism and gender impact.3.The future study of intercultural communication is explained from three perspectives: education, business, and research中文版本，帮助理解：第一章．为什么要学习跨文化交流？学习跨文化的四个原因〔四个趋向〕1.科技开展2.世界经济全球化3.大规模人口迁移4.多元文化主义的开展面对新的国际形势，研究跨文化交际活动，可以让社会更加和谐的开展，让人能够与更好的与其他文化的人进行交往。

传播学英语专业词汇传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴趣Audience Interest受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information 信号Signal 讯息Message信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encode 解码Decode 信源Source传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication传播效果Effects知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization本土化Localization 数字化Digitalization 电子空间Cyber Space文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism 跨文化传播Intercultural Communication守门人Gatekeeper 新闻采集者News Gatherers 新闻加工者News Processors模式Model 有线效果模式Limited Effects Model适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model 强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model子弹论Bullet Theory两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model 多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model 劝服传播Persuasive Communication议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model 时滞Time Lag最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan 时间跨度Time Span 公众舆论Public Opinion 选择性接触Selective Exposure 选择性注意Selective Attention选择性理解Selective Perception 选择性记忆Selective Retention可信性提示Credibility Heuristic 喜爱提示Liking Heuristic共识提示Consensus Heuristic 意识形态Ideology 霸权Hegemony权力话语Power Discourse 视觉文本Visual Text 文本Text超级文本Hypertext 结构主义Constructionism 解构主义Deconstructionism 文化工业Culture Industry 大众文化Mass Culture 文化研究Cultural Studies 符号学Semiotics/Semiology符号Sign 能指与所指Signified/Signifier 非语言符号Nonverbal Sign非语言传播Nonverbal Communication 意指Signification话语理论Theories of Discourse文化期待Culture Expectations 文化批判Culture Criticizing 范式Paradigm叙事范式Narrative Paradigm 强语境High Context 弱语境Low Context功能理论Functionalism 话语分析Discourse Analysis传播的商品形式the Commodity Forms of Communication 受众商品Audience Commodity 商品化Commodification 空间化Spatialization结构化Structuration媒介集中化Media Conglomeration 传媒产业Media Industry注意力经济Attention Economy 媒介竞争Media Competition传媒英语专业词汇accredited journalist n. 特派记者advertisement n．广告．advance n．预发消息；预写消息affair n．桃色新闻；绯闻attribution n. 消息出处，消息来源back alley news n. 小道消息back grounding n．新闻背景body n. 新闻正文boil vt．压缩(篇幅) box n. 花边新闻brief n. 简讯bulletin n．新闻简报byline n. 署名文章contribution n．(投给报刊的)稿件;投稿contributor n．投稿人copy desk n．新闻编辑部correspondent n.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者cover vt．采访;采写covert coverage 隐性采访;秘密采访daily n．日报dateline n．新闻电头deadline n．截稿时间dig vt．深入采访；追踪(新闻线索)；“挖”(新闻) digest n．文摘。