Avalanche使用方法

APD探测器在物理实验中的使用方法与优劣评估引言：在现代科学中，物理实验是探索自然世界和验证理论的重要手段。

为了获取准确而可靠的结果，使用高质量的探测器至关重要。

APD（Avalanche Photodiode，雪崩光电二极管）作为一种高增益、高灵敏度的光电探测器，在物理实验中得到广泛应用。

本文将介绍APD探测器的使用方法，并对其优劣进行评估。

一、APD探测器的使用方法1. 工作原理APD探测器利用内部雪崩增益效应来增强光信号的强度。

它由在PN结中注入高能电子形成的电子-空穴对引发的雪崩效应而得名。

该效应使得APD能够检测弱光信号，并将其转化为电流信号输出。

2. 电路连接接入APD探测器的电路需要考虑到其特殊性，确保电压稳定、恰当地设置放大器增益。

在实验中，我们通常使用电流控制模式，即将APD探测器置于反向偏置下，并通过电流输出进行信号读取。

3. 实验准备在进行物理实验之前，必须进行一些准备工作。

首先，要确保APD探测器表面的光窗干净，避免杂质对探测性能的影响。

其次，应在实验室合适的环境中操作，以减少外部光源对实验结果的干扰。

二、APD探测器的优劣评估1. 优点（1）高增益：APD探测器的增益可达到传统光电二极管的几个数量级。

这使得APD能够检测到微弱的光信号，提高了实验的精确性和可靠性。

（2）高灵敏度：由于其高增益特性，APD可以在较低的光功率下工作，从而减少实验所需的光源能量。

这对于一些对光源条件要求较高的实验非常有利。

（3）快速响应：APD对光信号的响应速度非常快，通常在纳秒级别。

这使得它适用于需要高速数据获取的实验，例如荧光衰减实验等。

2. 缺点（1）噪声：APD探测器存在一定的噪声，主要源自热噪声和暗电流。

这些噪声会导致实验结果的一定误差，需要通过调整电路参数等方法进行补偿。

（2）温度依赖性：APD探测器的性能与温度密切相关，温度的变化会影响其增益和响应速度。

因此，在实验中需要对温度进行控制，以确保测量结果的准确性和稳定性。

登山攀岩常用英文术语解释Aaid climbing 器械攀登。

在攀爬过程中使用的器械不仅仅用作保护,而且借助向上。

aider 绳梯。

在器械攀登中使用。

Adze 冰镐的铲型头aid route 使用器械攀登技术上升的路线Alove 原:阳台．有遮掩的地形．浅的大洞alpine style 阿尔卑斯风格，一鼓作气上去，不事前建营地或储备点AMS 急性的高山病Anchor 固定点，指段间belay用的保护点.Arete 山的刃脊Ascender 上升器ATC Black Diamond 生产的一种保护器械。

(Air Trafic Controller)Avalanche 雪崩BBail 由于任何原因中途放弃攀登Barn door 转门．手脚支点在同一直线，而且重心不在此线下方．身体不可控制地以此线为轴象栅栏门那样转下来BC (Base camp) 大本营Beer Liquid consumed in large quantities after climbing .(我喜欢！)Belay 保护Belay station 有现成的装置用来作段间保护的地方（比如有铁链的双岩栓）Belayer 给攀登者保护的保护者."Belay on" 保护者为攀登者做好了保护准备（美）（英:Climb when ready）"Below”当东西(如石头等)从上面坠落下时发出的警告（英）。

（美:Rock）。

(攀冰时-"ice!")Beta 关于未攀登过路线的一些资料。

Beta flash 知道了一些Beta 后的一次先锋到顶，不掉下来。

Big wall 要持续几天的岩石攀登。

器材多到非要用副绳拉．要在壁上过夜。

Binner Karabiner; 铁锁Birdbeak A5 制造的一种很小的岩钉。

Black ice 在极冷的温度下，脏的存在了长久的黑色冰．很硬。

Blue ice 蓝冰，一般比白冰脆。

使用avalanche测试SIP流量石雪姣2014-1-17 1、SIP协议简介SIP是IETF标准进程的一部分，它是在诸如SMTP（简单邮件传送协议）和HTTP（超文本传送协议）基础之上建立起来的，是一个基于文本的应用层控制协议，独立于底层传输协议TCP/UDP/SCTP，用于建立、修改和终止IP网上的双方或多方多媒体会话。

支持语音、视频、数据、E-mail、状态、IM、聊天、游戏等。

SIP协议可在TCP或UDP之上传送，由于SIP 本身具有握手机制，可首选UDP。

SIP中有两个要素。

SIP用户代理和SIP网络服务器（SIP服务器一般会结合注册服务器一起使用，注册服务器接受终端的Register请求,纪录终端的SIP地址(SIP URL)和IP 地址,并对定位服务器进行添加、修改、查询等操作）。

用户代理是呼叫的终端系统元素，而SIP服务器是处理与多个呼叫相关联信令的网络设备。

用户代理本身具有一客户机元素（用户代理客户机UAC）和一服务器元素（用户代理服务器UAS）。

客户机元素初始呼叫而服务器元素应答呼叫。

这允许点到点的呼叫通过客户机-服务器协议来完成。

有两大类服务器形式存在于网络中--代理服务器和重定向服务器，其中代理服务器用于转发入请求，以及回送的响应和它转送的出请求；而重定向服务器，不是将这些请求传递给下一服务器而是向呼叫者发送响应以指示被呼叫用户的地址。

这使得呼叫者可以直接联系在下一服务器上被呼叫方的地址。

SIP的几种不同拓扑下的SIP呼叫流程1、无代理服务器的SIP呼叫2、存在SIP代理服务器的SIP呼叫3、存在重定向服务器的SIP呼叫2、使用方法【客户端SIP请求命令】SIPNG://phonebook=phonebook_name参数说明：Phonebook_name对应client-action-phonebook中phonebook中添加的SIP规则的名字在phonebook规则中定义UAS（服务器元素的用户代理，对于avalanche来说也就是server 端的IP地址）的IP地址，端口号等参数Phonebook设定方法A、新建相应的phone bookB、添加phone book记录C、根据具体的测试需求设置记录中的具体参数IP address：对端UA（UAS，也就是server）的起始IP地址IP Number：对端UA以及本地UA的IP总数，默认为1Port：默认值为5060，为SIP协议端口号Caller：呼叫者的“号码”，其格式为AAA@BBBB，其中AAA，为呼叫者的编号（如电话号1001），BBBB代表呼叫者的域（与服务器的域对应）Callee:被呼叫者的“号码”，格式与caller一致Media：指定传输的音频，该参数值在client-profile配置页面中设置。

Avalanche Sapee测试Customer Support ServiceHotline: +86 400-810-9529Email: support@目录0修订信息 (1)1SAPEE功能概述 (2)2SAPEE支持的报文文件 (3)3使用向导建立SAPEE测试 (4)4修改SAPEE配置 (6)5常见问题 (10)0修订信息编号修改时间说明STC-L47-330-0406-03-CN 2010年1月初稿by YSHEN1Sapee功能概述Avalanche Sapee功能为客户提供TCP、UDP流的回放测试方法。

Avalanche Sapee能同时回放多条TCP、UDP流。

Avalanche的客户端和服务端均支持独立使用Sapee。

但是大多数情况下，我们的测试需要客户端和服务端成对使用。

Avalanche Sapee客户端和服务端支持IPV4、IPV6。

Avalanche Sapee需要购买使用许可。

2Sapee支持的报文文件Sapee支持以下2种报文格式：¾TCPDUMP或者Wireshark生成的PCAP文件。

¾Sniffer 2.00x生成的CAP文件。

如果你使用的文件不是以上格式，可以使用工具打开该文件，另存为libpcap-compatible 格式。

3使用向导建立Sapee测试在本例中，假设我们已经有一个包，名为：mix.pcap，包含3条流：¾HTTP流，192.168.42.2访问192.168.1.1，包含1条TCP¾被动模式的FTP流，192.168.42.3访问192.168.1.2，包含2条TCP¾DNS流，192.168.42.4访问192.168.1.3，包含1条UDP。

（1） 建立新的Project “Sapee1”和测试“Test1”。

（2） 为客户端和服务端添加测试端口。

（3） ToolsÆImport PCAP file（4） 选中需要导入的文件。

关于Avalanche使用问题汇总
2012-11-8
Q1. 软件光盘中的Avalanche_Virtual_Software是什么作用，如何使用？
Q2. 如何配合Smartbits6000将Avalanche3100仿真业务所捕获的流量抓取下来，需要观察实际回放流量是怎么样的？
Q3. 如何使用Avalanche3100的抓包、回放功能？抓包回放client-action具体怎样设置，结果是只有日志显示？如何手工编写Client-Action以满足我们仿真业务的需要？
目前Avalanche回放功能（使用了PCAP包）按照help里的提示跑了一遍，生成了测试报告，如何查看、分析报告有待学习了解。

使用步骤方面还需要确认下是否正确。

TCP、UDP，
Q4.Avalanche3100如何配制IPv6地址，IPv6除了支持原生V6外，是否支持隧道模式？
Q5 .Client Server的IP地址到底是怎样定义？
Q6.怎么设置、测试或者查看仪表工作时的网络流量？
Q7.对于测试结果报告应该怎样阅读？
Q8. 如何保持测试脚本和测试记录，以便对设备后期进行反复测试？如何对测试报告中人为设定测试判别标准？
ContentFile/SAPEE files
Q9.基于本系统原有的Smartbits6000是否也可以参与到TestCenter中？
Q10.如何正常操作仪表？例如关机、指示屏幕的显示？
Q11.是否支持IP碎片
支持Subnet、可以任意
可以按照业务分配Payload配置。

Steam Cleaning System. You may need to use paper towels or a rag to remove dirt particles that are dislodged by the steam.First, let’s talk about the few things you should NOT use steam cleaning on. Basically heat sensitive materials should be avoided. That would include silks, such as clothing and rugs that have silk in them, velour and also the outside painted finish on your car. If in doubt, test in an inconspicuous area before proceeding to clean a large area.Now let’s move on to the longer list of what your Vapamore Steam Cleaning System can be used for.Cleaning bathroom tiles, floors, shower and tub surrounds, toilet interiors, shower curtains and shower doors. All areas of the bathroom that encourage the growth of bacteria, germs, viruses, mold, mildew and related odors. Not only will you clean and sanitize, you will deodorize in one easy step.Kill dust mites in your bedding , upholstery, and carpets. You can do this simply with the power of steam using no harmful chemicals and leaving no chemical residue. Think about repeating the steam cleaning of your mattress and pillows monthly.Kill mold with the power of steam. Use it anywhere you have mold such as bathrooms, basements and damp areas where mold tends to grow. If mold is deeply imbedded in tile grout, you may need to use chemical cleaning to remove it and then you can do your total upkeep with the Vapamore after that.Use it to clean and disinfect pet bedding and cat litter pans and areas that have pet odor. It cleans, disinfects and sanitizes without chemicals and no you can’t use it on your pet! You can also use it to easily clean birdcages without the chemicals that they are so sensitive to.Use on ceramic tile, vinyl, marble and concrete for dirt and grout cleaning. Heavily soiled grout will clean more easily with the application of a quality all-purpose cleaner. Let it sit on the area to be cleaned for 10 – 15 minutes and then go in with the steam to clean it deep down and quickly.Carpets. We’re not recommending that you clean your entire carpet with the Vapamore System, but for spills, pet accidents, etc it is fantastic. Pre-spot with a natural carpet cleaner of your choice and then clean with the steam. Once carpet is totally dry, vacuum to remove any additional soiling that has been loosened by the steam.Sliding glass doors and window tracks. Steam and wipe to remove built up dirt and oily residue.Duct work and vents. These hold dirt, pet and human hair and dust. Kitchen: grease and grime on stove tops, cook tops, vents, vent filters and oven interiors. Accumulated soiling and food spillage in refrigerators. Use it on the bottom of greasy dirty pots and pans too.Bathroom, kitchen sinks and faucets. You won’t believe the dirt lurking there. Use the steam and the wire brush attachment for the best job.Nursery. Clean and disinfect the hard surfaces that harbor germs in your baby’s room.Barbecue grills can be cleaned in just a few minutes with the wire brush attachment and steam. Keep the grill rack clean and sanitary for cooking.Decks and outdoor furniture. Not only removes dirt, but also mold and mildew. Use on your sports equipment such as golf clubs for a quick cleaning.Use on RV’s and boat and sport equipment trim (not on the painted surfaces).Vertical and horizontal blinds and shades.Windows and mirrors. Clean using no smeary chemicals.Detail your car interior including the carpet, upholstery, child safety seats, engine, wheels etc. Do not use on body work.Freshen clothes between dry cleanings. Remove wrinkles and odors.Freshen and sanitize children’s stuffed toys.Treat yourself to fantastic jewelry cleaning. It will sparkle like it is new. Remember, do not add any chemicals in the tank of your Vapamore Steam Cleaning System. Use only water. If using any cleaning products, apply them to the area you are going to clean and then apply the steam.With the Vapamore Steam Cleaning System, there is no more scrubbing, no buckets of dirty water and no harsh chemicals. The Vapamore Steam Cleaning System lets you clean smarter, not harder. Vapor steam is cleaner, more effective and faster than any kind of regular cleaning. The Vapamore also sanitizes in one easy process and leaves no dangerous residue from chemical cleaning.Now is the time to take your Vapamore Steam Cleaning System for a test drive. You have purchased the Cadillac of residential steam cleaners. It has many of the features of a high priced commercial steam cleaner, but is now quick and easy for you to use at home. Let your mind wander to those cleaning jobs you hate and put off, those are the places where the Vapamore shines. One of the things that I found about cleaning with the Vapamore is that it made cleaning fun, the entire family may welcome the chance to clean. Happy cleaning with your Vapamore. What does Vapamore mean? Vapor Love and you will love it!Linda Cobb, The Queen of Clean®Application GuideAPPLICATION STEAMVOLUMEATTACHMENT TECHNIQUEFLOORS:Vinyl Tile Or Vinyl Sheet Medium Floor Cleaning Head +Cotton Cover + ExtensionTubes + Nylon Brush.Sweep or vacuum area. Use the floor cleaninghead and cotton cover. Corners and baseboardswith nylon brush.Stone Tile, Slate, Ceramic Tile, Grout Medium - High Floor Cleaning Head +Cotton Cover + ExtensionTubes + Nylon Brush + JetNozzleSweep or vacuum first. Steam mop with floorcleaning head, heavy stains use without cottoncover. Corners and baseboards with nylon brush.Grout lines use nylon brush and / or jet nozzle .Finish with floor cleaning head with cotton cover.Smooth Surface Concrete Medium - High Floor Cleaning Head +Cotton Cover + ExtensionTubes + Nylon Brush + JetNozzleSweep or vacuum first. Steam mop with floorcleaning head, heavy stains use without cottoncover. Corners and baseboards with nylon brush.Joint lines use nylon brush and / or jet nozzle .Finish with floor cleaning head with cotton cover.Hardwood Low Floor Cleaning Head +Cotton Cover + ExtensionTubesSweep or vacuum first. Steam mop with floorcleaning head and cotton cover.CARPETS:Wall To Wall, Rugs, Spot Care High Nylon Brush + Jet Nozzle +Paper Or White CottonTowelVacuum area first then steam using brush or jet.Use towels to blot stain away. Chemical cleanercan be used prior to steam treatment.WALLS & CEILINGS:Painted, Wood Paneling, Wallpaper Low Nylon Brush, ExtensionTubes, White Cotton TowelPainted, wood paneling, wallpaper walls are heatsensitive. Always test small area first and becareful not to over heat finish. Use a cotton coveror cotton towel between wall and nylon brush tobuffer steam.Wallpaper Removal High Nylon Brush, Jet Nozzle,Extension TubesUse at full power to soften glue and removewallpaper. Wallpaper stripper can be appliedfirst.Air Vents Medium -High Nylon Brush, Jet Nozzle,Extension Tubes, CottonTowelClean using brush and jet tip. Wipe down withclean cotton towel.UPHOLSTERY:Vinyl, Synthetic, Cotton Medium Nylon Brush, Jet Nozzle,Clothes Steamer, CottonCover, Cotton TowelTest a small area first - some materials may nothandle high heat. Use nylon brush with softpressure for larger stains and jet tip for smallstains. Blot with cotton towel. Use clothessteamer with cotton cloth to go over all surfacesto kill dust mites.Leather Low Clothes Steamer, CottonCover, Cotton TowelTest a small area first. Steam over stained areaand then blot with cotton towel. Use clothessteamer with cotton cloth to go over all surfacesto kill dust mites.WINDOW BLINDS:Levolor, Venetian, Horizontal, Vertical Low-Medium Nylon Brush, Jet Nozzle,Detail Nozzle, ExtensionTubes, Cotton TowelDust area first. Thin plastic blinds may not beable to handle heat from the steam. Test a smallarea first. Use jet or detail nozzle from 4'' away.Wipe off with cotton towel.GLASS:Windows, Mirrors Medium 2 In One Window Cleaner,Extension Tubes, NylonBrush, Paper TowelsPer-steam glass from 6'' away to heat glass. Usebrush for edges and bases. Finish with windowcleaner squeegee. Do not use if temperature isunder 32 degrees to prevent cracking.Window Screens, Window Frames Medium -High Detail Nozzle, Nylon Brush,Extension TubesSteam area with detail nozzle. Use brush foredges and corners.KITCHENS:Stove Tops, Ovens Medium - High Nylon Brush, Brass Brush,Extension Tubes, PapertowelsUse nylon brush over all surfaces and brassbrush for interior oven grates. Wipe down withpaper towelsSmall Appliances Medium Nylon Brush, Detail Nozzle,Paper towelsUse brush over all areas and detail nozzle forsmall corners and seems. Wipe down with papertowels.Sinks, Faucets, Drains Medium - High Nylon Brush, Detail Nozzle,Paper towelsUse brush over all areas and detail nozzle forsmall corners and seems. Wipe down with papertowels.Counter Tops, Cabinets Low- Medium Nylon Brush, Detail Nozzle,Paper towelsUse brush over all areas and detail nozzle forsmall corners and seems. Wipe down with papertowels. Cabinets use steam gun from 6'' awayand wipe down with paper or cotton towel.BATHROOM:Tile, Grout Medium - High Floor Cleaning Head +Cotton Cover + ExtensionTubes + Nylon Brush + JetNozzleSweep or vacuum first. Steam mop with floorcleaning head, heavy stains use without cottoncover. Corners and baseboards with nylon brush.Grout lines use nylon brush and / or jet nozzle .Finish with floor cleaning head with cotton cover.Porcelain Toilets, Chrome Fixtures Medium - High Nylon Brush, Detail Nozzle,Paper towelsUse brush over all areas and detail nozzle forsmall corners, hinges, and seems. Wipe downwith paper towels.Shower, Tubs, Doors Medium Nylon Brush, Detail Nozzle,Extension Tubes, PapertowelsUse brush over all areas and detail nozzle forsmall corners and seems. Wipe down with papertowels.AUTO, MOTORCYCLE, MARINE:Interior Areas Medium - High Nylon Brush, Jet Nozzle,Clothes Steamer, CottonCover, Cotton TowelTest a small area first. Some synthetic materialswill not handle high heat. Use nylon brush withsoft pressure for larger stains and jet tip for smallstains. Blot with cotton towel.Detailing, Exterior, Engine Medium - High Nylon Brush, Detail Nozzle,Jet NozzleUse brush over all areas and detail nozzle forsmall detail areas.OTHER USES:Steam Clean Jewelry, Yard Equipment, Tools, Sports Gear, Outdoor Furniture, Remove Stickers And Decals, Unclog Drains, Defrost Freezers, Remove And Kill Dust Mites, Algae On Deck And Pools, Deodorize Fabrics, And More....。

Avalanche测试仪使用指导---IPSEC性能测试1.IPSEC VPN测试指标1.IPSEC最大隧道数2.IPSEC并发隧道数3.单隧道最大吞吐量2.测试配置过程1.IPSEC最大隧道数测试，测试的拓扑图如下TC（port9-Client）-----------DUT-----------TC(port11-server)10.0.0.0/8(模拟分支组) 192.168.1.0/24（总部服务器）2.打开TC【Spirent TestCenter Application 4.40】，选中【Tools】--【Firewire Management】,将测试使用的port更改为4|7，作为avalanche使用。

3.打开【Spirent TestCenter Layer 4-7 Application4.40】，选择【Administration】--【Spirent TestCenter Chassis|C1.xxx】,添加测试端口。

4.配置IPSEC测试参数，在default中添加【new project】--【new test】。

添加【New Test】5.配置IPSEC客户端，与DUT建立3000条IPSEC为例配置分支组。

先配置IPSEC的subnets，采用【Policy generator】配置向导配置1000条隧道（3000隧道建议采用CM-1G的板卡，配置三个1000条隧道的策略会自动分配到该卡接口的三个CPU处理）确定以后生成IPSEC客户端的相关配置6.以相同的方法配置另外两个IPSEC客户端组的策略7.添加TC的测试PORT8.配置IPSEC建立以后流量通信配置，以发送http流量为例配置loads模板Specification----Simuser 发送流量的用户---- Connections/s 每秒发送连接数----Transactions 发送的数据吞吐值0阶段延迟发送数据，TC与DUT之间建立通信链路1阶段（绿色框出部分），在30秒内由0用户增加到1000用户发送流量2阶段（绿色框出部分），在10秒内以每次200Simuser10次增长到3000用户同时在线3阶段以最高性能状态运行300秒，测试出设备承受的最大IPSEC隧道数量，如果设备的性能很高，如为10000条，调节IPSEC隧道数量即可4阶段运行结束时间，通过60秒时间逐步减少流量至0，结束测试9.配置发送流量类型actions，以http流量为例。