Implementation Scheme of the Domestic Emission Control Areas for
Atmospheric Pollution from Vessels1
by Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China on30th Nov.2018
In order to implement the national policies on ecological civilization development,pollution prevention and control,to protect the blue skies,as well as to facilitate the green shipping development and the energy saving and emission reduction of vessels,this Implementation Scheme is formulated in accordance with the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China and the applicable international conventions,and on the basis of the Implementation Scheme of the Domestic Emission Control Areas for Vessels in the Pearl River Delta,the Yangtze River Delta and the Bohai-Rim Area(Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei) (JHF[2015]No.177).
1.Objectives
The Domestic Emission Control Areas for Atmospheric Pollution from Vessels(hereinafter referred to as“DECAs”)are designated to control and reduce emissions of atmospheric pollutants including SOx,NOx,particulate matters(PMs)and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from vessels and to improve the air quality of coastal areas and inland river port cities.
2.Principles
The DECAs are designated according to the following principles:
(i)Promoting a coordinated development of the environment quality improvement and the
shipping economy growth.
(ii)Strengthening the control of air pollution from vessels.
(iii)Complying with the international conventions and domestic laws.
(iv)Taking a phased-in approach and conducting pilot programs.
3.Scope of Application
The Scheme applies to vessels navigating,berthing and operating in the DECAs.
4.Geographic Scope of the DECAs
The DECAs referred to in the Scheme include both the coastal control area and the inland river control area.
The coastal control area covers the sea area enclosed by the60coordinates listed in Table1, and the sea area in Hainan waters is enclosed by the20coordinates listed in Table2.
The inland river control area is the navigable waters of the main stream of the Yangtze River (from Shuifu,Yunnan to the mouth of the Liuhe River,Jiangsu)and the main stream of the Xijiang River(from Nanning,Guangxi to Zhaoqing,Guangdong),the coordinates of the starting and ending points are listed in Table3.
Table1Coordinates of the Boundary Control Points in the Coastal Control Area
1This English version of Implementation Sheme for DECAs is only for refrence,whileas the documents issued by MOT should be used as the officail version.
No.Longitude Latitude No.Longitude Latitude 1124°10′06.00″39°49′41.00″31112°50′52.80″21°22′25.68″2122°57′14.40″37°22′11.64″32112°29′20.40″21°17′12.48″3122°57′00.00″37°21′29.16″33111°27′00.00″19°51′57.96″4122°48′18.00″36°53′51.36″34111°23′42.00″19°46′54.84″5122°45′14.40″36°48′25.20″35110°38′56.40″18°31′10.56″6122°40′58.80″36°44′41.28″36110°37′40.80″18°30′24.12″7122°24′36.00″36°35′08.88″37110°15′07.20″18°16′00.84″8121°03′03.60″35°44′44.16″38110°09′25.20″18°12′45.36″9120°12′57.60″34°59′27.60″39109°45′32.40″17°59′03.12″10121°32′24.00″33°28′46.20″40109°43′04.80″17°59′03.48″11121°51′14.40″33°06′19.08″41109°34′26.40″17°57′18.36″12122°26′42.00″31°32′08.52″42109°03′39.60″18°03′10.80″13123°23′31.20″30°49′15.96″43108°50′42.00″18°08′58.56″14123°24′36.00″30°45′51.84″44108°33′07.20″18°21′07.92″15123°09′28.80″30°05′43.44″45108°31′40.80″18°22′30.00″16122°28′26.40″28°47′31.56″46108°31′08.40″18°23′10.32″17122°07′30.00″28°18′58.32″47108°28′44.40″18°25′34.68″18122°06′03.60″28°17′01.68″48108°24′46.80″18°49′13.44″19121°19′12.00″27°21′30.96″49108°23′20.40″19°12′47.16″20120°42′28.80″26°17′32.64″50108°22′45″20°24′05″21120°36′10.80″26°04′01.92″51108°12′31″21°12′35″22120°06′57.60″25°18′37.08″52108°08′05″21°16′32″23119°37′26.40″24°49′31.80″53108°05′43.7″21°27′08.2″24118°23′16.80″24°00′54.00″54108°05′38.8″21°27′23.1″
25117°50′31.20″23°23′16.44″55108°05′39.9″21°27′28.2″26117°22′26.40″23°03′05.40″56108°05′51.5″21°27′39.5″27117°19′51.60″23°01′32.88″57108°05′57.7″21°27′50.1″28116°34′55.20″22°45′05.04″58108°06′01.6″21°28′01.7″29115°13′01.20″22°08′03.12″59108°06′04.3″21°28′12.5″
30114°02′09.60″21°37′02.64″60The end of the center line of the main waterway of the Beilun River toward
the sea side
Table2Coordinates of the Boundary Control Points in Hainan Waters No.Longitude Latitude No.Longitude Latitude A1108°26′24.88″19°24′06.50″33111°27′00.00″19°51′57.96″A2109°20′00″20°07′00″34111°23′42.00″19°46′54.84″A3111°00′00″20°18′32″35110°38′56.40″18°31′10.56″
36110°37′40.80″18°30′24.12″
37110°15′07.20″18°16′00.84″
38110°09′25.20″18°12′45.36″
39109°45′32.40″17°59′03.12″
40109°43′04.80″17°59′03.48″
41109°34′26.40″17°57′18.36″
42109°03′39.60″18°03′10.80″
43108°50′42.00″18°08′58.56″
44108°33′07.20″18°21′07.92″
45108°31′40.80″18°22′30.00″
46108°31′08.40″18°23′10.32″
47108°28′44.40″18°25′34.68″
48108°24′46.80″18°49′13.44″
49108°23′20.40″19°12′47.16″
Table3Coordinates of the Starting and Ending Points in the Inland River Control Area Inland
river control area Boundary
name
Name of the
location
Description of the
location
Location
No.
Longitude Latitude
Main stream of
the Yangtze River Starting
point
Shuifu
Yunnan
Xiangjiaba Bridge
B1104°24′30.60″28°38′22.38″
B2104°24′35.94″28°38′27.84″
Ending
point
Mouth of the
Liuhe river
Jiangsu
Line connecting
Liuheiwu in the lower
reaches of the mouth
of the Liuhe River and
Shixin signal pole in
the lower reaches of
the Shiqiao River
Chongming island
B3121°18′54.00″31°30′52.00″
B4121°22′30.00″31°37′34.00″
Main stream of
the Xijiang River Starting
point
Nanning
Guangxi
Minsheng Terminal of
Nanning
B5108°18′19.77″22°48′48.60″
B6108°18′26.72″22°48′39.76″
Ending
point
Zhaoqing
Guangdong
Line connecting
Tiexianjiao,Jinli and
Shangzui,Yongkou,
Wudinggang on the
trunk stream of the
Xijiang River
B7112°48′30.00″23°08′45.00″
B8112°47′19.00″23°08′01.00″
Legend
Control points of coastal control area
Control points of the Hainan Water Area
Starting and Ending Point Locations
in Inland River Control Area
Inland River DECA(Yangtze River Mainstream
Section)
Inland River DECA(Xijiang River Mainstream
Section)
Provincial administrative region
Scope of coastal control area Figure1Geographic Scope of the Emission Control Area
Legend
Control points of the Hainan Water Area
Control points of coastal control area
Provincial administrative region
Scope of coastal control area Figure2Geographic Scope of the Emission Control Area in Hainan Waters
5.Control Requirements
(i)Emission control requirements for SOx and particulate matters
.1From1January2019,the sulphur content of any fuel oil used on board sea-going vessels operating in the DECAs should not exceed0.5%m/m;the fuel oil compliant with the newly revised national standards for marine fuels should be used on board large inland waterway vessels and on board vessels engaged in direct voyages between the sea and the river;and the diesel fuel compliant with the national standards should be used on board other inland waterway vessels.From1January 2020,the sulphur content of fuel oil used on board sea-going vessels should not exceed0.1%m/m when operating in the inland river emission control area.
.2From1March2020,vessels that do not use the alternative arrangement for the control of SOx and PMs should only be loaded and use the fuel oil as required in this Scheme when operating in the DECAs.
.3From1January2022,the sulphur content of any fuel oil used on board sea-going vessels should not exceed0.1%m/m when operating in the coastal emission control area in Hainan waters.
.4The feasibility study for vessels using the fuel oil with the sulphur content not exceeding0.1%m/m should be conducted in due course,so as to inform the decision on the implementation of0.1%m/m sulphur cap for sea-going vessels when operating in the coastal emission control area on and after1January2025.
(ii)Emission control requirements for NOx
.5Each marine diesel engine with a power output of more than130kW installed on vessels engaged in international voyages constructed on and after1January2000 (according to the date that the keel is laid,similarly hereinafter)or having the marine diesel engine that undergoes a major conversion should meet the Tier I requirements in the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships(MARPOL) Annex VI.
.6Each marine diesel engine with a power output of more than130kW installed on vessels engaged in international voyages constructed on and after1January2011or having the marine diesel engine that undergoes a major conversion should meet the Tier II requirements in MARPOL Annex VI.
.7Each marine diesel engine with a power output of more than130kW installed on Chinese vessels engaged in domestic voyages constructed on and after1March2015 or having the marine diesel engine that undergoes a major conversion should meet the Tier II requirements in MARPOL Annex VI.
.8Marine diesel engines with a per cylinder displacement at or above30litres installed on Chinese vessels engaged in domestic voyages constructed on and after1 January2022or having the marine diesel engine that undergoes a major conversion should meet the Tier III requirements in MARPOL Annex VI when operating in the coastal emission control area in Hainan waters and in the inland river emission control area.
.9The application of the Tier III requirements of MARPOL Annex VI should be assessed in due course,so as to inform the decision on the implementation of the Tier III requirements for marine diesel engines with a per cylinder displacement at or
above30litres installed on Chinese vessels engaged in domestic voyages constructed on and after1January2025or having the marine diesel engine that undergoes a major conversion.
(iii)Requirements for the use of shore power for vessels at berth
.10The Chinese public service vessels,inland waterway vessels(except for tankers) and vessels engaged in direct voyages between the sea and the river constructed on and after1January2019should have onboard devices for the use of shore power.The Chinese container vessels,cruise ships,ro-ro passenger ships,passenger ships at3,000 gross tonnage and above as well as dry bulk cargo ships at50,000gross ton level and above engaged in domestic coastal voyages constructed on and after1January12020 should have onboard devices for the use of shore power.
.11From1July2019,the existing ships(except for tankers)with onboard devices for the use of shore power should use the shore power when berthing at a berth with shore power supply capabilities inside the coastal emission control area for more than3 hours,or inside the inland river emission control area for more than2hours without using other alternative or equivalent measures(including the use of clean energy,new energy,onboard UPS or auxiliary engine shutdown,similarly hereinafter).From1 January2021,cruise ships should use the shore power when berthing at a berth with shore power supply capabilities inside the DECAs for more than3hours without using other alternative or equivalent measures.
.12From1January2022,the Chinese public service vessels,inland waterway vessels (except for tankers)and Chinese container vessels,ro-ro passenger ships,passenger ships at3,000gross tonnage and above as well as dry bulk cargo ships at50,000gross ton level and above engaged in domestic coastal voyages and installed with each marine diesel engine with a power output of more than130kW that does not meet the Tier II requirements of MARPOL Annex VI should be fitted with onboard devices for the use of shore power,and such vessels should use the shore power when berthing at a berth with shore power supply capabilities inside the coastal emission control area for more than3hours,or inside the inland river emission control area for more than2 hours without using other alternative or equivalent measures.
.13The Chinese shipping companies and operators are encouraged to fit vessels other than those specified in paragraph.12above with onboard devices for the use of shore power,and the shore power should be used when such vessels are berthing at a berth with shore power supply capabilities inside the DECAs.
(iv)Others
.14The clean energy,new energy,onboard UPS and exhaust gas cleaning systems can be used by vessels as alternative methods to meet the emission control requirements.In case where the exhaust gas cleaning system is used,the discharge monitoring and control system should be installed and any wastes and discharges should be treated according to the applicable regulations.
.15The local governments are encouraged to develop requirements on fuel sulphur content for sea-going vessels when operating in inland rivers other than those specified in this Scheme,taking into account the emission control requirements in the inland river emission control areas.
.16The Chinese oil tankers at150gross tonnage and above engaged in domestic
voyages constructed on and after1January2020should meet the oil and gas recovery requirements when operating in the DECAs,and the oil and gas recovery operation should be conducted whenever the safety requirements are met.Vessels engaged in international voyages should meet the requirements on VOCs as provided in MARPOL Annex VI.
.17Vessels should strictly comply with the emission control requirements as stipulated in the existing applicable international conventions,domestic laws and regulations as well as relevant rules and standards.
6.Supporting Measures
(i)Strengthening the administration
The transport authorities at the provincial level,maritime administrations,the Yangtze River shipping authority and the Pearl River shipping authority should strengthen the administration and coordination,make detailed implementation plans and assign duties,so as to build a comprehensive supporting mechanism for the implementation of this Scheme.
The Ministry of Transport should assess the implementation results of the above emission control measures and develop amendments to the Implementation Scheme, if necessary.
(ii)Enhancing the joint supervision
The transport authorities at the provincial level and the maritime administrations should follow the“Guidance on Strengthening the Low Sulphur Marine Fuel Oil Supply and the Joint Supervision by the Ministry of Transport and other12Relevant Departments”(JHF[2017]No.163),so as to set up the joint supervision mechanism to guarantee the supply of low sulphur marine fuel oils and to enhance the supervision and management of air pollution prevention and control for vessels.
(iii)Focusing on the policy support
The transport authorities at the provincial level and the maritime administrations should coordinate with the local governments to adopt incentives and relevant measures,increase inputs in the enforcement equipment and personnel training; Subsidies and facilitation arrangement can be made to vessels using the low sulphur fuel oil,clean energies,exhaust gas cleaning systems,the oil and gas recovery,the shore power,the online monitoring as well as the phase-out of old and outdated vessels.
(iv)Application of science and technologies
The transport authorities at the provincial level,maritime administrations,the Yangtze River shipping authority and the Pearl River shipping authority should provide guidance and support to the research and development institutes,shipping and port companies and equipment manufacturers to conduct technological studies on the emission control and reduction from vessels,and to develop technical standards to promote the application of science and technologies.
空气污染 Recently, the phenomenon of air pollution has become the focus of the public concern. （分析原因）What are the reasons for the phenomenon? On my standpoint, there are several as follows. First of all, the heavy air pollution was caused by ____（原因一）. Besides, ____ （原因二）also lead to the smog in the air. In addition, ____（原因三）. In view of the seriousness of the phenomenon, effective measures should be taken. On one hand, it is high time that people all over China should ____（市民角度的应对方法）. On the other hand, the government should ____（政府角度的应对办法）. Only in these ways can we successfully solve the problem. 最近，空气污染已经成为公众关心的重点。（分析原因）空气污染的原因是什么呢？依我来看，有以下原因。 首先，严重的空气污染是因为____（原因一）。此外，____ （原因二）也会造成雾霾。再者，____（原因三）。 考虑到该现象的严重性，我们应该去采取有效的措施。一方面，全国人民是时候去____（市民角度的应对方法）。另一方面，政府应该____（政府角度的应对办法）。只有这样，我们才能成功解决这个问题。
近年来，船舶大气污染已成为社会关注的热点话题，引起了各级政府和公众的普遍关注。根据自然资源保护协会发布的《中国船舶和港口空气污染防治白皮书》数据显示：假设一艘中型到大型集装箱船使用含硫量为35 000 ppm （3.5%）的船用燃料油，并以最大功率的70%行驶时，其一天排放的PM2.5总量相当于我国50万辆国Ⅳ货车一天的排放量。这个数据的准确性很值得商榷，经笔者查阅相关资料，该文章得出上述结论的前提是重型柴油车形式里程为164千米/天，而与之对比的是船舶24小时满负荷航行，与实际情况严重不符，且计算逻辑错误，有哗众取宠之嫌。若假设该汽车速度为100千米/小时，其他条件不变，则其结论应为“其一天排放的PM2.5总量相当于我国3万辆国Ⅳ货车一天的排放量。”但即便如此，船舶大气污染也是不容忽视的，其中存在的问题仍需高度重视、深入研究、正确对待。 一、相关法律法规要求 （一）国际公约 在国际公约方面，《MARPOL73/78》附则VI 是关于防治船舶带来的空气污染的。内容包括防治船舶的SOx 和NOx 排放，并通过限制SOx 排放间接控制颗粒物的排放。SOx减排主要通过控制船用燃料油的含硫量来实现，目前的限值为35 000 ppm（3.5%）。这一限值到2020年将降低至5 000 ppm（0.5%）。此外，还可以向IMO 申请设立更严格的“排放控制区”（ECA），以加强船舶废气排放控制，自2015年1月1日起船舶燃油含硫量由原来的10 000 ppm（1%）进一步缩紧至1 000 ppm（0.1%）。 （二）国内法规 在国内法律法规方面，有关防治船舶大气污染的规定散布在《海洋环境保护法》《大气污染防治法》《防治船舶污染海洋环境管理条例》等法律法规中。我国1983 年颁布的《船舶污染物排放标准（GB 3552-83）》只针对船舶废污水和垃圾的排放和处置，未涉及船舶废气的排放标准。 二、防治船舶大气污染现状 （一）船舶燃油质量情况 目前，我国内河船舶、内燃机车、工程机械、拖拉机和发电机组等使用燃料以普通柴油为主，技术标准应符合《普通柴油》（GB252-2011），要求硫含量不大于350 ppm。但由于油品市场缺乏有效监管，实际硫含量普遍较高，平均在2 000 ppm以上。 （二）国内外防治船舶大气污染现状 目前发达国家和地区大多都采用强制或鼓励靠港船舶接岸电、强制船舶在规定水域使用低硫燃油，要求降低船舶进出港航速等措施来减少船舶大气污染。例如北美洲和美国加勒比海地区为硫氧化物和氮氧化物的排放控制区，在该水域航行只能使用低硫燃油或采取相应减排措施；美国洛杉矶、长滩港等要求船舶靠码头时接岸电，并推出自愿减速方案，规定一年中，如果一个船队有90%或更多的船舶满足减速要求，可在来年获得15%的停靠费率折扣。 （三）海事部门在船舶大气污染防治方面的工作 《MARPOL73/78》附则VI于2006年8月23日正式对我国生效（海船舶〔2006〕523号），对燃油供应和质量、港口国监督等进行了规范。中国海事局通过《关于实施<73/78防污公约>附则VI修正案的通知》（海船舶 Current situation of shipborne air pollution prevention and associated countermeasures 史湘君 33 中国海事 航运经纬Shipping Lines
工作心得：船舶大气污染防治对策（最新）随着经济发展，我国水路货物运输量和港口吞吐量连续多年稳居世界第一。近年来，船舶废气成为我国港口城市的主要大气污染源之一。为进一步提升空气质量，国家公布船舶排放控制区实施方案，控制船用燃油质量等系列措施。但对比起欧美、日韩等发达国家，我国在船舶大气污染防治工作方面起步较晚，管理经验较少，如何有效控制船舶污染物排放，形成长效的管理机制需重点关注和探讨。 一、X港船舶大气污染现状 依X港为例，X港是我国第四大港，年货物吞吐量位居世界第五位，年进出港船舶约七万艘次。根据一份《X市船舶、飞机污染现状调查及控制对策研究报告》研究显示，船舶排放已成为X市的重要污染源之一。其中，硫氧化物和氮氧化物为主要的污染物，分担率分别占总排放的14.0%和16.5%，具体数据详见下表。 通过分析发现，X港的船舶废气存在以下几方面特点：
（一）硫氧化物和氮氧化物是船舶排放的主要污染物。船舶每年排放的SOx 和NOx分别达到1.3万吨和3.8万吨，其中远洋和沿海船2舶排放SOx占船舶总排放的97.0%；而NOx则主要由内河船舶排放，占总排放70.1%； （二）船舶在不同运行模式下的的排放有明显区别，污染物大部分在停泊阶段排放，各污染物在排放阶段的排放占总排放的49%―79%。其次是慢速巡航阶段的排放，各污染物在排放阶段的排放占总排放的18%―40%。进出港阶段由于时间较短，所以排放的占比也最小，各污染物在排放阶段的排放占总排放的3%―17%。 （三）远洋和沿海船舶使用的燃料油造成的污染比内河船舶造成的污染严重很多。通过对沿海和内河船舶的燃油抽样化验结果可知，远洋船舶使用的燃油含硫率平均值为1.71%m/m，内河船舶使用的燃油平均硫含量为0.044%m/m。 二、船舶大气污染防治主要存在问题 （一）法律、标准体系不完善
中国大气污染现状与防治技术综合分析 一、大气污染的综合防治 大气的污染物，无论是颗粒状污染物或是气体状污染物，都有能够在大气中扩散、污染面广的特点，这就是说，大气污染带有区域性和整体性的特征。正因为如此，大气污染的程度要受到该地区的自然条件、能源构成、工业结构和布局、交通状况以及人口密度等多种因素的影响。在本文以后所论述的各种治理技术只是对点污染源排放的污染物进行治理，不能解决区域性的大气污染问题。对于区域性大气污染问题，必须通过采取综合防治的措施加以解决。 所谓大气污染的综合防治，就是从区域环境的整体出发，充分考虑该地区的环境特征，对所有能够影响大气质量的各项因素作全面、系统的分析，充分利用环境的自净能力，综合运用各种防治大气污染的技术措施，并在这些措施的基础上制定最佳的防治措施，以达到控制区域性大气环境质量、消除或减轻大气污染的目的。 大气污染综合防治涉及面比较广，影响因素比较复杂，一般来说，可以从下列几个方面加以考虑。 （1）全面规划，合理布局 大气污染综合防治，必须从协调地区经济发展和保护环境之间的关系出发，对该地区各污染源所排放的各类污染物质的种类、数量、时空分布作全面的调查研究，并在此基础上，制定控制污染的最佳方案。 工业生产区应设在城市主导风向的下风向。在工厂区与城市生活区之间，要有一定间隔距离，并植树造林、绿化、减轻污染危害。对已有污染重，资源浪费，治理无望的企业要实行关、停、并、转、迁等措施。 （2）改善能源结构，提高能源有效利用率 我国当前的能源结构中以煤炭为主，煤炭占商品能源消费总量的73%，在煤炭燃烧过程中放出大量的二氧化硫（SO2）、氮氧化物（NOX）、一氧化碳（CO）以及悬浮颗粒等污染物。因此，如从根本上解决大气污染问题，首先必须从改善能源结构入手，例如使用天然气及二次能源，如煤气、液化石油气、电等，还应重视太阳能、风能、地热等所谓清洁能源的利用。我国以煤炭为主的能源结构在短时间内不会有根本性的改变。对此，当前应首先推广型煤及洗选煤的生产和使用，以降低烟尘和二氧化硫的排放量。 我国能源的平均利用率仅30%，提高能源利用率的潜力很大。我国有20余万台锅炉，年耗煤2亿多吨，因此，合理选择锅炉，对低效锅炉的改造、更新、提高锅炉的热效率，能够有效地降低燃煤对大气的污染。 （3）区域集中供热 分散于千家万户的燃煤炉灶，市内密集的矮小烟囱是烟尘的主要污染源。发展区域性集中供暧供热，设立规模较大的热电厂和供热站，用以代替千家万户的炉灶，是消除烟尘的有效措施。这样还具有以下各项效益：①提高热能利用率；②便于采用高效率的除尘器；③采用高烟囱排放；④减少燃料的运输量。 （4）植树选林、绿化环境
对船舶防污染设备管理的看法 一、船舶造成的海洋污染及其危害 人类在开发利用海洋、为人类创造财富的同时，也给海洋带来了危害。这种危害，一方面是由于对海洋的渔业资源的过捕滥捞造成的；另一方面是在开发利用时对海洋造成的日益严重的污染。海洋污染的危害主要有；海生物受害、死亡；水质腐败，水体和海生物体寓集致癌物质，危及人体的健康；影响海上交通和局部水文气象；影响旅游业等。 船舶造成的海洋污染的污染源主要有：船舶正常营运中产生废弃物的污染；营运船舶因事故而造成的污染；利用船舶或其他运输工具在海上倾倒废弃物或其他物质的污染；船舶修造、打捞和拆解造成的污染等。本文主要论述防止营运船舶污染海洋环境的措施。 营运中的船舶在营运过程中，产生导致污染的操作大致有以下几种；1．石油运输过程中的装卸作业；2、散装有毒液体物质的残余物的任意排放；3、生活垃圾的倾倒；4、生活污水的排放；5、污压载水、洗舱污水、机舱污水的任意排放；6．尾轴、舵轴漏油；7．维修保养甲板机械时的漏油、滴油；8、保养甲板属具和船体时的滴油及油轮冲洗甲板；9、碰撞、搁浅、触礁、爆炸、火灾以及其他意外遇难引起的跑油、漏油及弃货；10、船舶补给燃油、装卸油、机舱驳油中的跑冒滴漏。 二、国际防止船舶造成污染的公约 海洋环境污染不仅是各沿海国家的问题，而且也是国际性问题。污染是不分国界的，沿岸和海水随时都有可能被本国领海以外的海上船舶所排放的石油等污染物污染。许多事实说明，防止航运对海洋的污染只有达成有效的和严格控制的国际协议才能解决。 IMO通过了一系列的防污公约。这些公约大致可分成两大类。第一类是防止或减少船舶排污和油污事件发生的，第二类是赔偿油污事件所引起的油污损害和清除费用的。IMO于1973年10月8日至11月2日在伦敦召开会议，讨论并通过了《1973年国际防止船舶造成海洋污染公约》（即MARPOL73）。该公约不仅对防止和控制由油类产生的海上污染作了规定，还制订了防止和控制除倾倒陆源废弃物以外的所有污染海洋的有害物质的规定。由于防污设备、接收设施及化学品舱等问题，MARPOL1973没有生效，实际上它已被MARPOL73/78所代替。1978年2月在美国的倡议下，IMO于1978年2月6日至17日在伦敦召开了“油轮安全和防止海洋污染的国际会议”，即TSPP大会。会上制定并通过的《关于1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约的1978年议定书》，或《经1978年议定书修订的1973年国际防止船舶造成污染公约》，简称73/78国际防污公约，即MARPOL73/78，它是至今防止船舶造成污染的最全面、管理最严格的国际公约。对油轮的设计和操作起了很大的作用和影响，提高了世界油轮船队的标准，大大减少了船舶对海洋的污染。 下面谈谈对船舶防止海洋污染的基本要求。 附则I防止油污规则（1983年10月2日生效）。本附则使用于所有船舶。但主要指150总吨及以上的油船和400总吨及以上的非油船。IMO将150总吨以下的油船和400总吨以下的非油船的管理机动权交给各缔约国。但基本要求相同。凡150总吨及以上的油船和400总吨及以上的非油船，都必须进行下列检验：（l）初次检验。船舶投入营运之前，或首次签发IOPP证书之前进行。包括对结构、设备、装置和材料等的全部验收，要保证符合本规则的要求。（2）年度检验。第一次发证后，每年一次。查船舶的技术状态，能否继续下去，查有关文件。技术良好的只要检视，有怀疑时再进行大检查。（3）中间检验。又叫期间检验，其间隔由主管机关规定，但其间隔自发新证后不得超过3年。在证书有效期间至少要进行一次。这种检验要保证设备和相关联的泵和管系。包括油水分离器或过滤装置、排油监控装置等要符合本规则的要求，并处于良好的工作状态。（4）定期检验。其间隔期限由主管机关决定但相隔不得超过5年。要求同初次检验，合格者换发新证。检验由主管机关委托的验船师或其他被认可的组织进行，在国际上是船级社，我国则是船舶检验局。要保证检验的全面和有效，并承担责任。船舶经检验合格后，由主管机关授权的任何人或组织签发国际防止油污证书，即IOPP证书。我国由船舶检验局签发，签发者应对证书负有全部责任。但非缔约国船舶不发此证。公约对油轮防止因海事而造成的油污染减少到最低限度提出了下列措施：（1）从船体结构上按吨位
如何减少空气污染的英语作文 空气的污染，在高中的英语写作中，以话题的形式出现在我们的面前。下面是给大家整理的如何减少空气污染的英语作文，供大家参阅! 如何减少空气污染的英语作文1 How to stop air pollution Nowadays,stopping air pollution has become the common issue that concerns the governments of many countries and people of all walks of life . Air pollution has caused a series of environment problems,such as the green house effect,damage to the ozone layer and acid rain. They all pose a threat to human living condition and health. Therefore,effective measures should be taken to stop air pollution. First,the government must make sure related laws are put into practice. Those who give off waste gases into the air directly without disposal would be punished. Second,people get education about what they could do to stop air pollution. Everyone using more public transportation and less private vehicle will reduce emission dramatically. Finally,let the forests play a positive rule. We need to plant more trees to purify the air instead of cutting them down. However, as a famous saying goes: easier said than done . Only the whole world works together and everyone takes action can human being succeed in stopping air pollution. 如何减少空气污染的英语作文2 Air pollution is one of the major problems of the modern world. A great deal of energy is needed to run the factories of modern industrial nations. Automobile, trains, planes and busses need energy, too. Nearly all of this energy is produced by burning fuels. The burning produces wastes, some of which remain in the air, causing air pollution. Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas and densely-populated cities. They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be less damaging to the environment. In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluted material. Also,
船舶防止空气污染检验要求 【摘要】随着经济的进步，开发速度的加快，船舶作业过程中产出的废气和污染物对空气质量造成了严重影响。本文主要结合国际海事组织新通过、生效的《73/ 78 防污公约》附则VI《防止船舶造成空气污染规则》里面的相关规定来具体分析了船舶防止空气污染检验要求。可供同行和研究者参考。 【关键词】船舶；空气污染；检验；要求 一、前言 近年来，环境污染问题倍受关注，国际环保组织也不断制定新的国际公约来约束世界各国的污染物排放量，严格控制污染源，以保护世界的环境。本文主要针对船舶防止空气污染检验要求进行了详细分析。 二、船舶排气的危害 随着国际贸易和船舶运输的发展，以石油产品为燃料的船舶柴油机的排放对当前的污染越来越严重。按目前水平推算，大型柴油机的NOX排放量约为20g/kW.h，而每年世界上船用柴油机燃油消耗按一亿吨算，就有1000万吨的NOX 排入大气。与此同时，为了降低营运成本，柴油机燃用非常劣质的燃料油，SOX 亦随之增加。目前船用柴油机SOX的排放量平均在12g/kW.h左右，那么每年就有大约850万吨的SOX直接排入大气。庞大的海运船队所排放的废气约占全球大气污染排放量的10%左右，可见，船舶柴油机的排放是影响全球空气质量和环境的重要因素之一。 三、船舶防止空气污染检验的要求分析 1、检验规定和证书 (一)凡400gt或以上的船舶以及所有固定式和移动式钻井平台和其他平台应进行《规则》所规定的检验,包括初次检验、定期检验、中间检验和年度检验； (二)初次检验,在船舶投入营运之前或者在首次签发《规则》所要求的国际防止空气污染证书。 (IAPP)之前进行。这种检验应保证设备、系统、装置、布置和材料完全符合《规则》中适用的要求； (三)2005年5月19日后建造的适用船舶,应完全满足《规则》中的要求,并获得国际防止空气污染证书； (四)2005年5月19日前建造的适用船舶,应在2005年5月19日后第1次坞
Although some city's air quality is improving, but it is estimated that the number of deaths due to air pollution each year up to 358000 people.[5] according to the self assessment, air quality in the recorded data of 338 cities, two-thirds is considered contaminated, two-thirds of which was rated as moderate or severe pollution.Related to air pollution in China, breathing and heart disease is the top killer.Thirty percent for acid rain place.The Chinese government's environmental regulations are thought to have 20 years behind the United States, 20 to 30 years behind that in Europe.And because of car usage increases, a true problem is worsening. Draw lessons from the Beijing Olympic Games and Shanghai world expo and the guangzhou Asian games air quality guarantee of successful experience, promote the pearl river delta regional environmental cooperation, the implementation of regional air pollution defense measures from spreading.Host during the universiade held in shenzhen air pollution index is less than 30, the air quality is superior, the successful completion of the "green universiade" air quality security tasks.
关于空气污染的英语作文 关于空气污染的英语作文范文一：空气污染 Air Pollution In the past few decades, our Earth has changed a lot, but to the bad direction. Among these changes, the air pollutions resulting from a huge number of automobiles and coal-burning is almost the severest. The severe air pollution alarms humans of the heavy load we have exerted on Earth by our insatiable production and usage of automobiles. However, with the deepening of urbanization, more cars are needed, which will make the air pollution worse. Therefore, the following actions should be taken. First, we should apply the most cutting-edge technologies in order to adopt new forms of energy as substitutes for fossil fuels. Second, try hard to develop possible transportation means, which are enviromental friendly. So that the citizens can reduce the dependence on cars. In short, our humans should take responsibilities for the air pollution and have to find ways to solve this problem. 在过去的几十年中，我们的地球发生了很大变化，但是是往坏的方向。在这些变化中，大量汽车和煤燃烧产生的空气污染是最为严重的。严重的空气污染警告人类，我们无休止的的生产和使用汽车给我们的地球带来了沉重的负荷。然而，随着城市化的加深，汽车的需求量也越大，这
附则Ⅵ《防止船舶造成空气污染规则》于2005年5月19日生效，2006年8月23日对我国生效。附则的主要内容可分为七个方面，除确定了附则的适用范围外，还提出了禁止消耗臭氧层物质的排放、限制船用柴油机氮氧化物的排放，限制琉氧化物的排放、限制发挥性有机化合物的排放，限制船上焚烧等规定，并给出了主要控制措施。 1．定义与适用范围 1）定义 （1）消耗臭氧层物质系指在应用或解释本附则时有效的1987 年消耗臭氧层物质蒙特利尔议定书中定义的并在该议定书附件中所列的受控制物质； （2）残油系指来自燃油或润滑油分离器的油泥，主机或副机的废弃润滑油，或舱底水分离器、油过滤装置或滴油盘的废油。 （3）船上焚烧系指把船舶正常作业时产生的废物或其他物质在船上进行焚烧。 （4）船上焚烧炉系指以焚烧为主要目的而设计的船上设备。 （5）SOx排放控制区系指要求对船舶SOx排放采取特殊强制措施以防止、减少和控制SOx 造成大气污染以及随之对陆地和海洋区域造成不利影响的区域。 2）适用范围 除另有规定者外，附则的规定适用于所有船舶。 2.一般免除 本附则的条款不适用于下述情况： （1）以保护船舶安全或海上救助人命为目的所必需的任何排放；或 （2）由船舶或其设备破损而引起的任何排放，只要在发生破损或发现排放后为防止或尽量减少排放已采取一切合理预防措施，但如船东或船长有意造成损坏或明知损坏可能发生仍草率行事者除外。 3.检验与发证 1）检验 凡400 总吨及以上的船舶以及所有固定式和移动式钻井平台和其他平台，应进行规定的初次检验、定期检验、中间检验，以保证设备和布置完全符合本附则的要求并且处于良好的工作状况。 2）发证 （1）船舶或平台按本附则第5条规定进行检验之后，国际防止空气污染证书（IAPP）应由主管机关或经主管机关正式授权的任何人员或组织签发。不论哪种情况，主管机关对证书负有全部责任。 （2）国际防止空气污染证书用发证国的官方文字写成。如所用文字既非英文、法文又非西班牙文，则该文本中还应包括这三种文字之一的译文。 （3）国际防止空气污染证书的有效期应由主管机关规定，自签发之日起不得超过
国际 64船舶造成的大气污染，主要是指船舶在运输生产过程中，由于燃烧性排放和操作性排放，向周围大气环境排放了诸如二氧化碳、氮氧化物、硫氧化物和烟尘等污染物，并最终造成对大气环境的物理或化学性污染。随着运输船舶量日益增加，船舶已成为大气污染的主要排放源，加强管控迫在眉睫。 船舶大气污染形势及来源分析 船舶已成为大气污染主要污染源之一，在某些港口城市其对大气污染的贡献率已与机动车相当或更甚，且日趋严重。据自然资源保护协会发布的《船舶和港口空气污染防治白皮书》，一艘使用3.5%含硫量的燃料油的中大型集装箱船，以70%最大功率的负荷行驶，一天排放的PM 2.5相当于50万辆使用国Ⅳ油品的货车。船舶的氮氧化物和二氧化硫排放量分别占全球总量的15%和4%～9%。美国数据表明，大约6辆船舶（约67兆瓦）的废气排放量等于一个发电厂的废气排放量（约377兆瓦），全美国的远洋船舶相当于529个发电厂的废气排放。 2009年，美国高速公路机动车产生的PM 2.5占排放总量的24%，远洋船舶产生的PM 2.5占17%，船用柴油机产生的PM 2.5占7%，两项占比为24%。到2030年，远洋船舶污染产生的PM 2.5占比将上升为49%，船用柴油机产生的PM 2.5占3%，即超过一半的PM 2.5污染将来自于船舶。 我国港口城市船舶污染已成为最大大气污染源。深圳海事部门统计，2012年仅进出深圳港的远洋船舶就有2.6万艘次，每年约排放1.6万吨二氧化硫，占深圳市排放总量的65.8%，是该市最大的SO x 排放源。全球十大集装箱港口中有七个在我国，海运船队运力规模达1.42亿载重吨，约占世界海运船队总运力的8%，居世界第四位。未来面临严峻挑战。 船舶造成空气污染的来源主要有以下几方面：一是船舶发动机以及锅炉等设备燃烧燃料后产生的尾气；二是船舶使用的制冷剂、灭火剂、洗涤剂、发泡剂（隔热材料）等，在船舶营运、消防、演习、检修、拆装过程中，会将一些耗损臭氧层的气体排入大气；三是液货中的烃类气化物或有 害气体。此外，焚烧船舶油渣、垃圾、生活废弃物等也可导致污染物排放。 美国船舶大气污染控制特点 美国船舶大气污染控制经过了十几年的发展历程，是随着美国大气污染防治政策的变化而逐步发展的。主要特点如下： 多部门分工协作，加强对港口及船舶大气污染的管控 美国环保局是各项管理标准的主要制定主体。在执行船舶大气污染H.R.5811法案的同时，美国环保局和海岸警卫队负责制定相关规定，来执行《国际防止船舶污染公约》附则Ⅵ（以下简称“附则Ⅵ”）。海岸警卫队依据海事保全法律，要求船旗国政府出具证书证明船舶符合国际海事法律，若没有相关证明，将被禁止或延迟进入美国港口。美国船级社配合执行附则Ⅵ的相关政策。 实施严格而灵活的船舶燃料标准与排放标准 美国没有专门针对船舶的法案，主要遵从《清洁空气法》和《国家空 ■文/李丽平 高颖楠 周婷 姜欢欢 摘 要 船舶排放已成为大气污染物的主要排放源之一。美国在船舶大气污染排放控制方面强调多部门分工协作，实施严格而灵活的船舶燃料标准与排放标准，制定排放清单，重视补贴、税收等经济激励政策运用。我国应借鉴其经验加快颁布实施船舶大气污染物排放标准、制定强制性油品标准，制定排放清单，建立港口企业定期上报清单制度，建立“国家排放控制区”。 关键词 船舶；大气污染；国家排放控制区；污染排放清单；美国 借鉴美国经验控制我国船舶大气污染 * Control on Air Pollution from Ships by Learning the American Experiences *基金项目：环境保护部国际合作履约项目成果
关于空气质量的英语专业术语 这两天大家一定都很关注空气质量情况的播报，也许你会好奇空气质量指数到底是根据哪些污染物算出来的？各种等级的污染对我们有哪些危害？下面就来为大家科普下这些基础知识吧： 【关于空气质量的术语】 环境空气ambient air 指人群、植物、动物和建筑物所暴露的室外空气 空气质量指数air quality index (AQI) 定量描述空气质量状况的无量纲指数。 空气质量分指数individual air quality index (IAQI) 单项污染物的空气质量指数。 首要污染物primary pollutant AQI大于50时IAQI最大的空气污染物。 超标污染物non-attainment pollutant 浓度超过国家环境空气质量二级标准的污染物，即IAQI大于100的污染物。 总悬浮颗粒物total suspended particle (TSP) 指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于100μm的颗粒物。 颗粒物（粒径小于等于10μm）particulate matter (PM10) 指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm的颗粒物，也称可吸入颗粒物。 颗粒物（粒径小于等于2.5μm）particulate matter (PM2.5) 指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物，也称细颗粒物。 * 此前我们国家采用的空气质量标准是API (Air Pollution Index)，也就是空气污染指数；但在2012年2月后进行了修订，改为AQI，最重要的一个变化就是加入了PM2.5的监测。 【AQI基于哪些空气污染物】 The AQI level is based on the level of 6 atmospheric pollutants: ①二氧化硫：sulfur dioxide (SO2) ②二氧化氮：nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Implementation Scheme of the Domestic Emission Control Areas for Atmospheric Pollution from Vessels1 by Ministry of Transport of the People’s Republic of China on30th Nov.2018 In order to implement the national policies on ecological civilization development,pollution prevention and control,to protect the blue skies,as well as to facilitate the green shipping development and the energy saving and emission reduction of vessels,this Implementation Scheme is formulated in accordance with the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China and the applicable international conventions,and on the basis of the Implementation Scheme of the Domestic Emission Control Areas for Vessels in the Pearl River Delta,the Yangtze River Delta and the Bohai-Rim Area(Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei) (JHF[2015]No.177). 1.Objectives The Domestic Emission Control Areas for Atmospheric Pollution from Vessels(hereinafter referred to as“DECAs”)are designated to control and reduce emissions of atmospheric pollutants including SOx,NOx,particulate matters(PMs)and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)from vessels and to improve the air quality of coastal areas and inland river port cities. 2.Principles The DECAs are designated according to the following principles: (i)Promoting a coordinated development of the environment quality improvement and the shipping economy growth. (ii)Strengthening the control of air pollution from vessels. (iii)Complying with the international conventions and domestic laws. (iv)Taking a phased-in approach and conducting pilot programs. 3.Scope of Application The Scheme applies to vessels navigating,berthing and operating in the DECAs. 4.Geographic Scope of the DECAs The DECAs referred to in the Scheme include both the coastal control area and the inland river control area. The coastal control area covers the sea area enclosed by the60coordinates listed in Table1, and the sea area in Hainan waters is enclosed by the20coordinates listed in Table2. The inland river control area is the navigable waters of the main stream of the Yangtze River (from Shuifu,Yunnan to the mouth of the Liuhe River,Jiangsu)and the main stream of the Xijiang River(from Nanning,Guangxi to Zhaoqing,Guangdong),the coordinates of the starting and ending points are listed in Table3. Table1Coordinates of the Boundary Control Points in the Coastal Control Area 1This English version of Implementation Sheme for DECAs is only for refrence,whileas the documents issued by MOT should be used as the officail version.
防止船舶垃圾污染检验指南 【发布时间】 1998 【发布部门】船级社 【生效日期】 1998－10－01 防止船舶垃圾污染检验指南 中国船级社（1998） 第1章通则 1.1 目的 1.1.1 为贯彻执行73/78防污公约附则V关于防止船舶垃圾污染的规定及其修正案特制定(防止船舶垃圾污染检验指南)(以下简称指南)。 1.1.2 本指南可作为授权或申请中国船级社进行防止船舶垃圾污染检验的指导性文件，井为船东编制船舶垃圾管理计划提供通用性的方法和指导。 1.2 适用范围 1.2.1 本指南适用于国际航行船舶。根据国际悔事组织MEP肋(37)号决议，73/78防污公约附则V的1995年修正案于1997年7月1日正式生效。因此，1997年7月1日后建造的国际航行船舶，应从1997年7月1日起符合该修正案的规定；1993年?月1日前建造的国际航行船舶，应从1998年7月1日起符合该修正案 的规定。 1.2.2 非国际航行船舶，可参照本指南的适用规定。 1.3 定义 1.3.1 本指南有关定义如下： (1) 船舶：系指在海洋环境中运行的任何类型的船舶，包括水翼船、气垫船、潜水器、浮艇和固定式或移动式平台。 (2) 垃圾：系指在船舶正常营运期间产生的并要不断地或定期地予以处理的各种食品的、生活用品的和操作用品的废弃物(不包括鲜负及其碎片)，但73/78防污公约的其他附则中定义或列举的物质(如油类生活污水或有毒液体物质)除外。
(3) 塑料制品：系指包含一种或多种合成有机高分子聚合物作为主要成份i}，并且在聚合物的制造或通过热和/或压力制成成品的过程中形成的固体物。这些塑料制品包括包装物(如防潮膜、瓶、容器、衬垫)，船舶建造物(如玻璃纤维、层状结构、板壁、管系、绝缘材料、地板、地毯、纤维织物、油漆及抛光剂、粘合剂、电气和电子元件)和一次性餐具、袋、薄膜、漂浮物、渔网、绑带、绳及线等。 (4) 漂浮物：系指可漂浮的垫舱物料、衬料及包装材料等。 (5) 食品废弃物：系指任何已变质或未变质的食物，如水果、蔬菜、奶制品、家禽、肉类制品、食物残余物及其他任何被上述废弃物污染的物质。 (6) 其他废弃物：系指纸制品、破布、玻璃、金属、瓶子、陶器、焚烧炉灰烬、货物残余及类似的废弃物。 (7) 最近陆地即“距最近陆地”：系指距按国际法划定领土所属领海的基线o (8) 特殊区域：系指这样的一个海域，在该海域内，由于其海洋学和生态学的情况以及其运输的特殊性质等公认的技术原因，需要采取防止垃圾污染海洋的特殊强制措施。特殊区域除按照73／78防污公约附则V第5条有关规定外，还应考虑船旗国划定的该国的特殊区域。 1.4 垃圾处理要求 1.4.1 根据73/78防污公约附则V的有关规定，限制排放于海洋中的船舶垃圾应符合表1.4.1的要求。 1.4.2 禁止排放于海洋中的船舶垃圾，应在船上按照本指南第3章3.2至3.5的有关规定进行分类收集、加工和储藏，以便船舶到港后，能有效地向岸上接收设备转移船舶垃圾。 1.4.3 上述1.4.1和1.4.2规定不适用于下列之一情况： (1) 处理船上产生的垃圾，其目的是为保障船舶及船上人员安全或救护海上人命； (2) 由于船舶或其设备受损而导致的垃圾逸漏，如在发生损坏以前或以后，为防止逸漏或将逸漏减至最低限度已采取了一切合理的预防措施； 合成渔网的意外失落，如为防止这种失落已采取了一切合理的预防措施。 船舶垃圾海上排放要求 垃圾种类所有船舶(平台除外) 平台③特殊区域 外 特殊区域内 1．塑料制品包括合成缆绳、合成渔网和塑料垃圾袋禁止排放禁止排放禁止排 放 2．漂浮的垫舱物料、衬料和包装材料距岸禁止排放禁止排