武汉大学——比较文学与世界文学专题2001年博士研究生入学考试试题一。
20分。
AB任选A。
莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态“外化”为舞台形象的？表现主义文学（如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》）又是如何系统的运用这类“外化”手法的？B。
以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例，谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的见解。
（说明：不限于戏剧，也可以举小说等为例。
）二。
30分。
在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中，你对哪一部印象最深？描述你阅读它事的初始感受，然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思，剖析和评价。
三。
20分。
CD任选C。
结合具体的作家和作品，论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征。
D。
从T。
S。
艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学“总体论”出发，结合其他西方学者的相关理论，论述民族文学，总体文学与比较文学的相互关系。
四。
30分。
古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了“迷狂说”。
中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧浪诗话。
诗辨》中提出了“妙悟说”。
结合他们的具体论述，以“迷狂说与妙悟说”为题，从学说产生的时代与社会环境，诗任的创作过程，艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨析一，选择10个。
魏晋南北朝之前的较多（《诗经》成书方式、三曹、陆机文风、西晋文风等各一个），宋人词集题一个，元杂剧一个，“前四史”一个……二，词语解释1 游仙诗2 苏门四学士3 台阁体4 南洪北孔5 西曲6 北地三才7 《录鬼簿》还有一个，却暂时记不起了。
三，简答1 《七发》在赋史的影响及地位2 《桃花扇》是否优秀历史剧？为什么？3 李煜词的艺术特点四，论述（3选2）National English Admission Test for Medical Doctoral StudentsPAPER ONEPart I ListeningSection A ºDirections: In this section of the test, you will hear 15 short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations a nd questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from th e four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For Example: A B D1. A. John is good at painting.B. John’s sister’s son is good at painting.C. The woman suggest the man take up painting.D. The woman is making fun of the man.2. A. He has a fried who majored in economics.B. He hasn’t taken mo re than one economics course.C. He’s been learning a lot this year, too.D. He couldn’t make any sense out of his course.3. A. Check the price of calculators. B. Finish his statistics homework.C. Look for a job in mathematics.D. Use a smaller calculator.4. A. Because the police stopped him. B. Because the driver charged too much.C. Because he had been robbed.D. For no good reason.5. A. Take some more vegetables. B. Pass the woman the meat.C. Avoid taking any more food.D. Help to prepare the potatoes.6. A. In her office. B. In the library.C. In the laboratory.D. In the conference room.7. A. Professor Miller offered more help than he had expected.B. Professor Miller will not discuss the topic with him.C. He asked Professor Miller for some books.D. Professor Miller gave him more books than he had requested.8. A. She thinks the explanations are difficult.B. The explanations will be added in a later edition.C. She thinks the book should include more information.D. The book includes an explanation of all the answers.9. A. He probably supports nuclear power plants.B. He probably opposes nuclear power plants.C. He probably no opinion on this topic.D. He probably tries to understand both sides.10. A. Use every minute of their time wisely.B. Live there until the final time.C. Finish their assignments early if possible.D. Save the lab samples.11. A. She is dependable. B. She is hard-working.C. She is kind.D. She is helpful.12. A. It made her ill.B. She believes the refreshments could have been better.C. She feels regret about the lack of success.D. She felt that her clothes were inappropriate.13. A. She likes to get E-mails.B. She hasn’t seen her friends just lately.C. She lives in the same house with the man and woman are talking.D. She is their best friend.14. A. He doesn’t need a green pen.B. He never bought a green pen.C. He never returned the woman’s green pen to her.D. He doesn’t have a green pen with him.15. A. Bill will buy the car as soon as he gets the money.B. Bill’s friend is buying the car from him.C. Bill can’t afford to buy a new car.D. Bill has already made the down payment on the car.Section B ºDirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are fiv e questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For Example: A B DTalk One16. A. A nutritionist. B. A professor.C. A dining hall manager.D. A doctor.17. A. A note for his doctor. B. A dining hall pass.C. A list of restaurants.D. A food chart.18. A. He’s an athlete. B. He has high blood pressure.C. He has a high cholesterol level.D. He’s overweight.19. A. In the hospital cafeteria. B. In his room.C. In restaurants.D. In the dining hall.20. A. Angry. B. Hungry.C. Relieved.D. Tired.Talk Two21. A. Fire prevention. B. Pest control.C. House construction.D. Toxic chemicals.22. A. It’s cheaper. B. It’s safer.C. It’s quicker.D. It’s readily available.23. A. To keep the heat inside.B. To prevent insects from escaping.C. To reduce the risk of fire.D. To keep the wood dry.24. A. To show that the treatment will not cause fire.B. To emphasize the dangers of the old method.C. To explain a step in the new technique.D. To illustrate a compromise between old and new systems.25. A. Above 125 degrees Centigrade. B. About 50 degrees Centigrade.C. Around 65 degrees Centigrade.D. At 80 degrees Centigrade.Talk Three26. A. Read and commented on the proposed topics.B. Had conferences with some students.C. Returned the topic papers to her students.D. Realized their research papers are due in six weeks.27. A. A recent textbook assignment. B. Requirements for the final examination.C. Choosing research topics.D. Preparing an outline for a paper.28. A. Immediately. B. The following week.C. In two weeks.D. At the end of the semester.29. A. To present final papers. B. To give a model of outline style.C. To discuss the preliminary outline.D. To discuss final grades.30. A. With a thesis statement. B. With a list of references.C. With a summary of the conference.D. With the student’s name.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The fact is, doctor, I just can't _____ this dreadful cough.A. get out ofB. get rid ofC. get down toD. get round to32. After eight hours at the wheel of the lorry, the driver was beginning to feel the _______.A. nervousnessB. tensionC. strainD. extension33. The Chinese government is determined to ____ the established policy of developing agriculture.A. go afterB. go byC. go aheadD. go on34. The Manager has asked to see the sales _____ resulting from our recent advertising campaign.A. numbersB. figuresC. amountsD. quantities35. The local medical officer reported a serious _____ of food-poisoning.A. stateB. incidentC. outbreakD. event36. They didn’t know how to put in a central-heating system, but they managed it by trial and ___ __.A. blunderB. slipC. errorD. mistake37.I was going to say something about the matter; but _____ I gave it up.A. on second thoughtsB. on the wholeC. at the thought ofD. on second thought38. Even if it is a cold day, I think cool water looks _______.A. invitingB. distastefulC. disgustingD. repulsive39. The man’s face was _______ from his infected tooth despite his visit to the dentist.A. bulgingB. swollenC. dilatedD. expanded40. Similar ethical questions ______ as advances are made in such areas as organ transplant andfetal in utero surgery.A. appealB. ariseC. arouseD. abuseSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the me aning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. Many people came to donate blood of their own accord.A. willinglyB. for their own sakeC. of their ownD. without the help of others42. When natural gas burns, the hydrocarbon molecules break up into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.A. contractB. vaporizeC. collideD. separate43. The outlook for the patient will be further aggravated by any associated hypertensive process.A. destroyedB. worsenedC. aggrievedD. complicated44. In the system of ethics known as utilitarianism, the rightness or wrongness of an action is judged by its consequences.A. costB. necessityC. resultsD. relevance45. The pilot made one last frantic distress call before he bailed out.A. littleB. desperateC. routineD. futile46. At the magnificent banquet a new intoxicating drink was introduced which aroused great inter est among the guests.A. appetizingB. coolingC. warmingD. stimulating47. The number of hours that have intervened between the accident and operation is a crucial facto r.A. interferedB. interlacedC. interposedD. interlinked48. “Suffocation” dreams are concerned with the breathing difficulties of a heavy cold.A. suffusingB. sufferingC. cutting offD. choking49. We hope this radio will help overcome the tedium felt during your stay in the hospital.A. painB. lonelinessC. boredomD. nervousness50. He is not yet well enough to dispense wi th the doctor’s services.A. give heed toB. pay no attention toC. do away withD. do withoutPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D listed below. Choose the correct answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.In former times, doctors in Taiwan, who were considered saviors, were greatly admired. This is not only because they were able to 51 sick people of their pain and save their lives, but also b ecause they demonstrated an 52 willingness to help the sick. However, now in this industrial wor ld, people are 53 to chase material possessions. This is true 54 doctors, too. The high income of doctors is the 55 of other people. Many high school graduates are eager to get into medical colleges, and countless girls consider doctors to be their best choice of husbands. For many years the public has 56 that doctors in public hospitals demand money from inpatients. The amount of money the patients give determines the kind of 57 they receive. It has also been said that a lar ge pharmaceutical factory set up by U.S. investors declared that it would stop giving kickbacks（回扣）to doctors 58 the factory has spent too much money 59 sales over the years. This declarati on has caused quite a stir in our society. We wonder 60 the officials who have denied the dealin gs mentioned above will say about this.51.A.releaseB.relieveC.depriveD.reduce52A. admirableB.advis ableC. appreciableD. acceptable53.A.tendedB.opposedC.inclinedD.persuaded54.A.withB.forC.toD.of55.A. rmationB.treatmentC.a dviceD.interpreta- tion58.A.ifB.asC.thoughD.when59.A.promotingB.contributingC.manipulatingD.induci ng60.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whetherPart IV. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part of the test there are six passages. Following each passage there are fiv e questions with four choices. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneCells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark th e boundaries of effective functioning. Enzyme (酶) systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37ºC; a depar ture of a few degrees from this value seriously im pairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily tempera ture.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate a nd meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into “warm-blood ed’ and “cold-blooded” species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds, whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this clas sification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana (鬣蜥)—each cold-blooded—usually ha s a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold. Therefore the n ext distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homothe rms（同温动物）, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilothe rms(变温动物). But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are man y that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates(无脊椎动物) that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water, an d their body temperatures remain constant.The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by interna l metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by, and who get most of their heat from, the environment. The former are called endotherms (恒温动物), and the latter are called ecto therms (外温动物). Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature, and they do so mainly by lo comoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat. Endotherms (mainly mammals and birds) also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments, but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.61. The passage mainly discusses _______.A. body temperatures of various animalsB. the newest research on measuring temperatureC. methods of temperature reductionD. the classification of animals by temperature regulation62. Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A. Warm-blooded.B. Ectothermic.C. Cold-blooded.D. Poikilothermic63. In general, the temperature of endotherms is regulated _______.A. consciouslyB. internallyC. inadequatelyD. environmentally64. According to the passage, the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by _______.A. seeking out appropriate locationsB. hibernating part of the yearC. staying in deep waterD. triggering certain metabolic processes65. According to the passage, human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by _______.A. choosing favorable environmentsB. internal metabolic processesC. eating more foodD. doing physical exercisesPassage TwoThe narrow passage ended in a round arch fringed with ivy and creepers. The children passed throu gh the arch into a narrow ravine whose banks were of stone, moss-covered. Trees growing on the top of the bank arched across and the sunlight came through in changing patches of brightness. The pa th, which was of greeny-grey stones where heaps of leaves had drifted, sloped steeply down, and at the end of it was another round arch, quite dark inside, above which were rose rocks and grass an d bushes.“It’s like the outside of a railway tunnel,” said Jimmy.“It might be the entrance to an enchanted castle,” said Kathleen.Under the drifted damp leaves the path was firm and stony. At the dark arch they stopped.“There are steps down,” said Gerald.Very slowly and carefully they went down the steps. Gerald struck a match when the last step was found to have no edge and to be in fact the beginning of a passage turning to the left.“This,” said Jimmy, “might take us back to the road.”“Or under it,” said Gerald, “we’ve come down eleven steps.”They went on, following Gerald, who went very slowly for fear, as he explained, of steps. The pas sage was very dark.Then came a glimmer of daylight that grew and grew and presently ended in another arch that looke d out over a scene so like a picture out of a book about Italy that everyone’s breath was taken a way, and they simply walked forward silent and staring. A short avenue of cypresses led, winding a s it went, to a marble terrace that lay broad and white in the sunlight. The children, blinking, l eaned their arms on the flat balustrade (栏杆) and gazed.Immediately below them was a lake with swans and an island with willow trees, and among the trees gleamed the white figures of statues. Against a hill to the left was a round white building with pillars and to the right a waterfall came tumbling down among mossy stones to splash into the lake. Steps went from the terrace to the water and other steps to the green lawns beside it. Away acros s the grassy slopes deer were feeding and in the distance was an enormous house of grey stone, lik e nothing the children had ever seen before.“It is an enchanted castle,” said Gerald.“There aren’t any enchanted castles,” said Jimmy, “you ought to know that.”“Well, anyway, I’m going to explore,” said Gerald. “You needn’t come if you don’t want to.” The others followed. There never was such a garden—out of a picture or a fairy tale. They passed quite close to the deer, who only raised their heads to look and did not seem startled at all. Af ter a long stretch of grass, they passed under an avenue of lime trees and came into a rose garden bordered with thick hedges.“I know we shall meet a gardener in a minute and he’ll ask what we’re doing here, and then wha t shall we say?” Kathleen asked.“We’ll say we’ve lost our way, and it will be quite true,” said Gerald.66. When they came out of the last arch the children were silent because _______.A. they were out of breathB. they were amazed at what they sawC. the light hurt their eyesD. they saw an Italian picture67. From the terrace the children were able to see _______.A. a lake with trees growing in itB. some swans among the trees on an islandC. a lake just behind themD. some statues on an island in the lake68. How was it possible to reach the lake from the terrace?A. There were some steps leading down.B. There were some steps leading right.C. There was a waterfall going down to the lake.D. There were steps to some stones.69. Kathleen thought that if they met a gardener _______.A. he would think they had lost their wayB. he would know why they were thereC. they would ask him why they were thereD. he would ask them why they were there70. The story suggests that the children _______.A. had been told about the castle beforeB. had seen pictures of the castle in a bookC. had no idea what they were going to seeD. knew they were going to see something wonderfulPassage ThreeThere is a new type of small advertisement becoming increasingly common in newspapers classified columns. It is sometimes placed among “situations vacant”, although it does not offer anyone a j ob, and sometimes it appears among “situations wanted”, although it is not placed by someone loo king for a job either. What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.“Contact us before writing your application,” or “Make use of our long experience in preparing your resume or job history”, is how it is usually expressed. The growth and appa rent success of s uch a specialised service is, of course, a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment. It is also an indication of the growing importance of the resume (or job history), with the sugges tion that it may now qualify as an art form in its own right.There was a time when job seekers simply wrote letters of application. “Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams”, was about the average level of advice offere d to young people applying for their first jobs when they left school. The letter was really just for openers, it was explained, everything else could and should be saved for the interview. And in those days of full employment the technique worked. The letter proved that you could write and we re available for work. Your eager face and intelligent replies did the rest.Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advi ce then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest. It might be the aggressive approach. “Your search is over. I am the person you are looking for”, was a widel y used trick that occasionally succeeded. Or it might be some special feature specially designed f or the job in view.There is no doubt, however, that it is the increasing number of applicants with university educat ion at all points in the process of engaging staff that has led to the greater importance of the r esume.71. According to the passage, the new type of advertisements _____.A. informs job hunters of the chances availableB. promises useful advice to job-huntersC. divides available jobs into various typesD. informs employers that people are available for work72. Now a demand for this type of service has been created because _____.A. there is a lack of jobs available for artistic peopleB. there are so many top-level jobs availableC. there are so many people out of workD. the job history is considered to be a work of art73. It the past it was expected that first-job hunters would _____.A. write an initial letter giving their life historyB. pass some exams before applying for a jobC. have no qualifications other than being able to read and writeD. keep any detailed information until they obtained an interview74. When applying for more important jobs, one had better include in the letter _____.A. something attractive in one's applicationB. a personal opinion about the organisation one wanted to joinC. something that would offend its readerD. a lie that one could easily get away with telling75. The resume has become so important because _____.A. of an increase in the number of jobs advertisedB. of an increase in the number of applicants which degreesC. of much more complicatedness of jobs todayD. it is less complicated than other application processesPassage FourThe newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed (纯粹的), unslanted (不偏不倚的), objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more, it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting Ameri can journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the p ossible exception of such scribblings (胡乱拼凑的文章) as society and club news) as “local” news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic s train, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering rough and dangerous waters, the swirling (令人头晕脑胀的) tides of opinion. This is nonsense. The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to th e “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts eno ugh?As to the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter co llects, say, fifty facts, out of these fifty, his space allocation being necessarily restricted, h e selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment No.1. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. This is Judgment No.2. Th en the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on twenty-four where it has little. Judgment No.3.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgm ents are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in w hich reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and the ir “news neutralism,” arrive at a concl usion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those fac ts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story-promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.76. The most appropriate title for the passage would be _______.A. Everything CountsB. Three JudgmentsC. Interpreting the NewsD. Choosing Facts77. A reporter selects ten out of fifty available facts because _______.A. his editor is prejudicedB. space is limitedC. he wants to simplify a complex storyD. the subject is not important78. It can be inferred that the author thinks, in writing a factual story, the writer _______.A. must use judgmentB. should limit himself to the factsC. should make the story interestingD. should slant (歪曲) the story79. The least effective w ay of “slanting” news is by _______.A. selectionB. ignoring itC. focusing on local newsD. interpretation80. Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control its ....A. impactB. accuracyC. relative importanceD. neutralismPassage FiveUntil a few years ago most experts believed that young children couldn’t lie. The late developme ntal psychologist Jean Piaget believed that children under 7 had trouble distinguishing between fa ntasy and reality and couldn’t b e held accountable for untruths. But recent research indicates th at children as young as 4 are quite capable of telling a deliberate lie to get out of trouble. Res earchers believe the fear of a parent’s disapproval discourages a very young child from lying. Bu t by the age of 8 disapproval is not enough. A child should understand the consequences of the lie and the ways in which it destroys trust.A child who lies a lot may be asking for help. Recent research suggests that kids who are being t reated for psychological problems lie almost three times as much as well-adjusted kids. A study in England in the early 1970s showed that one third of the children identified as chronic liars by t heir parents ended up being convicted of theft later on. Other studies indicate that children who have manipulative personalities are skilled at telling lies to get what they want. Two decades ago researchers devised a morality test called a Mach scale. They found that kids who scored high in Mach characteristics-cynicism, desire for power-often lied to achieve their goals.How should honesty be taught? It seems that harsh punishment, thought by many parents to discoura ge lying, may actually increase it. “It creates a fear of punishment, rather than an internalized belief in mor al behavior,” psychologist Paul Ekman says. To help a child realize the damage lying does, a parent might use tales like “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” for younger children and draw objec t lessons from the news as the kids grow older.Just because parents learn why lies occur doesn’t mean they should accept them. Psychologists en。
