2015年南京师范大学考博英语真题--翻译

南京师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Directions:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For Questions1-5,choose the most suitable one from the list A―G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question:What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher?Probably no two people would draw up exactly the same lists.But I think the following would be generally accepted.First,1)But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy,frigid,sarcastic,cynical,frustrated,and overbearing: I would say too,that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.Secondly,2）Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not,indeed,of what is wrong,but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people,and again especially children,to make mistakes.Thirdly,3）This does not mean being a saint.It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths,and limitations,and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided.There is no contradiction in my going on to saythat a teacher should be a bit of an actor.That is part of the technique of teaching,which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act to enliven a lesson,correct a fault, or award praise.Children,especially young children,live in a world that is rather larger than life.On the other hand,4）He must be pretty resilient,teaching makes great demands on nervous energy.And he should be able to take in his stride the innumerable petty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.Finally,5）There are three principle objects of study:the subject,or subjects,which the teacher is teaching;the methods by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching;and-by far the most important-the children,young people,or adults to whom they are to be taught.The cardinal principle of British education is education of the whole person,and that it is best acquired through full and active cooperation between two persons,the teacher and the learner.[A]it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy-in the literal meaning of that word;a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.[B]a teacher must be capable of infinite patronee.This,I may say,is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training, because none of us were born like that.[C]the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live andattractive.This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly,because many such have great personal charm.[D]A teacher must remain mentally alert,He must be quick to adapt himself to any situation,however improbable(they happen!)and able to improvise,if necessary at less than a moment’s notice[E]A teacher should be humorous sometimes like a best friend sitting down across from you in your living room having a chat about what's going on in your life.[F]I think a teacher should have the kind of mind,which always wants to go on learning.Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect;there is always something more to learn about it.[G]I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest.答案及解析1）C。

2015年英语一真题翻译第一篇：2015年英语一真题翻译2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section IUse of English 尽管没有血缘关系，但朋友之间的遗传关系与第四代表亲相同，有1%的相同基因。

这是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学出版在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的研究所得出的结论。

这项研究是比较了多组无血缘关系的朋友和无血缘关系的陌生人，在1932个实验对象身上所做的基因组分析。

同一批人用在了两组样本里。

尽管这1%的相同基因可能毫无意义，但对基因学家来说却并非如此。

正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的医学基因学教授James Fowler说的：“大多数人根本不认识他们的第四代表亲，却在冥冥之中成功选择与我们血缘相近的人作朋友。

”〖HJ〗研究还发现朋友之间还有部分相同的嗅觉基因但免疫基因是不同的。

目前为止，嗅觉基因为何存在相似性很难解释。

或许，正如研究团队说的那样，相似之处把我们吸引到一个相似的环境中，而在相似的环境中有更多相似点。

有很多机制共同作用促使我们选择有着相同基因的人做朋友，而不是以“功能性亲属关系”选择能带来利益的人做朋友。

研究值得一提的一项发现是相似基因似乎比其他基因进化的要快。

研究这项发现有助于理解为何人类在过去的30000年进化速度在加快，社会环境是主要的促进因素。

研究者说这些发现不仅仅解释了人类与具有相似种族背景的人做朋友的趋势。

尽管所有研究对象都是从有欧洲血统的人中挑选，但还是要保证所有实验对象，包括朋友和陌生人都是从相同的人群中选出。

Section IIReading Comprehension Part AText 西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾说“国王不会退位，他们逝世于睡眠中”。

但是最近几次欧洲大选中，丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安·卡洛斯收回之前的言论，并被迫退位。

如此说来，西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路？是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改？西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据，也提供了反对君主制的论据。

2015年考研英语（二）翻译原文What a simple cognitive bias teaches about how to live our lives.Here’s a common experience for motorists: you are driving somewhere new and you’re late.As you drive down unfamiliar roads it seems that everything is conspiring against you: other cars, the road-layout, the traffic lights and even suicidal cyclists. You know it’s only a few more miles, but it seems to be taking for-e-e-e-e-e-ever.Psychologically there are all sorts of things going on to make the journey seem longer than it really is, but let’s just isolate one of those: the unfamiliarity of the route.Unknown routes peak our curiosity; they are filled with new names, landscapes and landmarks, all of which attract the interest. The fact that our attention is engaged with all this newness has a subtle effect on how much time we think has passed.To see why, let’s take the opposite perspective for a moment.Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home.Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to zone out from the actual (真题中改写为lose concentration on the)driving and pay little attention tothe passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.This is the well-travelled road effect: people tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.The corollary is that unfamiliar routes seem to take longer.The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly.And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey wellbecause we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was proportionately shorter.虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一门语言，除非有天生的语言天分，否则偷不得半分懒，只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。

翻译基础1．NATO2．GPS3．IMF4．PBOC5．GMT6．CBD7．APEC8．IPO9．UNESCO10．OPEC11．Break a butterfly on the wheel12．Corporate income tax13．Opportunity cost14．There is no smoke without fire15．Talk of the devil and he comes16．国内机场17．以人为本18．土豆泥19．清洁能源20．老龄化人口21．与时俱进22．军备竞赛23．国际援助24．物以类聚，人以群分25．有其父必有其子26．AA制27．航站楼28．凡人皆有得意时29．五环路30．一个中国原则Of the fruits of the year I give my vote to the orange.In the first place it is a perennial --- if not in actual fact, at least in the green grocer’s shop. On the days when dessert is a name given to a handful of chocolates and a little preserved ginger, when macedoine de fruits is the title best owed on two prunes and a piece of rhubarbs, then the orange, however sour,comes nobly to the rescue;and on those other days of plenty when cherries and strawberries and raspberries and gooseberries riot together upon the table, the orange, sweeter than ever, is still there to hold its own. Bread and butter,beef and mutton, eggs and bacon, are not more necessary to an ordered existence than the orange.It is well that the commonest fruit should be also the best. Of the virtues of the orangeI have not room fully to speak. It has properties of health giving, as that it curesinfluenza and establishes the complexion. It is clean, for whoever handles it on its way to your table, but handles its outer covering,its top coat, which is left in the hall. It is round, and forms an excellent substitute with the young for a cricket ball. The pip can be flicked at your enemies, and quite a small piece of peel makes a slide for an old gentleman.But all this would count nothing had not the orange such delightful qualities of taste. I dare not let myself go upon this subject. I am a slave to its sweetness. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orange blossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short. However, the world must go on.参考译文：说起一年当中的水果，我认为最好的是橘子。

XX师X大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试初试试题参考答案要点解析841/842英语写作与翻译你看酒杯是半满而不是半空吗？你的眼睛是关注于炸面圈而不是那个洞吗？当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的力量时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。

迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉与大约15000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。

与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以与失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。

位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。

〞“你的能力固然重要，〞匹兹堡的卡内基——梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说。

“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。

〞在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

以你的工作为例。

宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调查。

他们发现。

在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。

在新雇佣的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。

In a history that spans over 5000 years, China has contributed significantly to the progress of human civilization. But its course of national development has been an arduous one, especially in the 160 years and more since the Opium War in 1840, the Chinese people have fought courageously and unyieldingly to rid themselves of poverty and backwardness and to realize national rejuvenation, thus profoundly changing the destiny of China. 95 years ago, the Chinese people launched the Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the feudal autocracy which had ruled China for several thousand years and opened the door to China's progress. 57 years ago, the Chinese people succeeded in winning dependence and liberation after protracted and hard struggle and founded New China where people became their own masters. 28 years ago, the Chinese people embarked upon the historic drive of reform, opening-up and modernization and have made phenomenal progress through unremitting efforts. Between 1978 and 2005, China's GDP grew from ＄147.3 billion to ＄2.2257 trillion. Its import and export volumewent up from ＄20.6 billion to ＄1.4221 trillion and its foreign exchange reserve soared from ＄167 million to ＄818.9 billion. Duringthis period, the number of its poor rural population dropped from 250 million to 23 million. The above review of the profound changes in these 160 years shows one thing, namely, by carrying out persistent and hard struggle, the Chinese people have both changed their own destiny andadvanced the cause of human progress.阅读1.The definition depicts the meaning of alcoholism which is defined by the writer, therefore, it also conveys the writer’s attitude to it as well and we know it by the word “disease〞to feel the writer’s thoughts of it.As for the writer’s attitude, after a long detailed narration of alcoholism in the first paragraph, he points out that alcoholism is not only harmful to physical and mental health of the alcoholic but also to the alcoholic’s family, which has already express the writer’s attitude. Through the whole essay, we can further believe that the writer think alcoholism is very dangerous and harmful to everyone and he is full of hatred for alcoholism by his own experience.2.The introduction mainly talks about alcoholism and concludes the side effect of it by the last line, which just extracts his experience and feeling about it without abruption. The body paragraph develops smoothly on the basis of the introduction, especially the conclusion.3.The essay first introduces alcoholism by a large words. Then it draws forth his own experience and at last he realized that his father was in facta human persecuted by alcoholism. From the sequence, we can see that the essay goes forward gradually and it seems to develop by psychological time and logic sequence.4. From the whole essay, we can know that the writer hated alcoholism very much because his father was lost to alcoholism. Once his father drank, he could turn into a monster that the writer was hateful and scared. However, the writer seemed to understand his father’s sufferings and forgive him. He realized his father was also a victim of alcoholism. The writer’s thoughts changed as he became more mature. Here we see the end is actually the writer’s thoughts on his father from hatred to understanding. The end is full of narration and also expresses his emotion for his father.作文Reactions to DisappointmentAs we all know, not everything is going smoothly and everyone has undergone something bad to disappoint themselves. Different people have different reactions to disappointment. The optimistic will not be discouraged and fight again and again.Firstly, let’s see the reactions to disappointment from the point ofoptimists. We have to admit people’s first action to disappointment is always escaping including optimists. However, optimists will change their attitude and mind quickly so that nobody can notice it . For example, when the optimist can’t find a job they may firstly think of the reason why they can’t be employed and then adjust themselves to fight. They may believe that they are luck to be unemployed because there will be a good and suitable job for them. Optimists always keep their spirit high even they will sometimes doubt but they are still full of hope for life.However, pessimists show different way. They are subordinate to their instinct faced with the disappointment without fighting and than lose themselves to the irresistible pain. For instance, the story I have heard recently was about a person who had a chance to deliver a speech and he was excited and nervous all the times, especially on the stage. He made some mistakes and people present laughed again and again. Although he finally finished his speech, it was his first and last speech. It was not lack of chance to make a speech but it was he who can’t stand on the stage with courage. He was just beaten. His action to the disappoint of his first speech is only to escape and be addicted to his failure. Pessimists concentrate on disappointment just like a crown, only escaping and not recovering again.To conclude, people handle it with different actions, optimistic or pessimistic. However, disappointment is an experience that everyonemust undergo and the best way to face it is to smile and be optimistic.。

2015年南京师范大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(总分：16.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.美国当地时间17日上午，非营利组织“大学生公平录取”向马萨诸塞州联邦巡回法庭提起诉讼，指控全球著名学府哈佛大学的录取政策存在“种族歧视”。

美国另一所知名大学北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校也因此被告上法庭。

该组织在起诉声明中称，哈佛大学录取新生时，通过人为限制亚裔学生的人数，提高其他族裔申请者录取率。

白人、拉丁裔和非洲裔申请者得到人为照顾，而许多更优秀的亚裔学生被拒之门外。

该行为违反最高法院 2013年的规定：终止“种族倾向”录取政策。

原告“大学生公平录取”组织还将这种“令人讨厌”的行为与20世纪初美国大学对犹太人的歧视进行类比。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.我这次访问澳大利亚还有一个重要日程，就是出席在布里斯班举行的二十国集团领导人第九次峰会。

这个11月，中国和澳大利亚都是国际社会关注的焦点。

在亚太经合组织第二十二次领导人非正式会议期间，中国同澳大利亚及其他成员经济体一道，围绕“共建面向未来的亚太伙伴关系”主题，在推动区域经济一体化，促进经济创新发展、改革、增长，加强全方位基础设施和互联互通建设等方面取得积极成果。

（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.值此全球孔子学院建立10周年之际，我收到来自90个国家和地区286名孔子学院校长、院长的来信，并得知首个全球“孔子学院日”将在五大洲同时举行，感到非常高兴。

我谨向你们和孔子学院全体师生，表示热烈的祝贺和诚挚的问候!你们在来信中谈到，孔子学院是中国为世界和平与国际合作而不懈努力的象征，是连接中国人民和世界人民的纽带，并对孔子学院的光明未来充满信心。

2015南京师范大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练Every living thing has an inner biological clock that controls behavior.The clock works all the time;even when there are no outside signs to mark the passing of time.The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoon and fly a way.And it tells animals when to eat，sleep and wake.It controls body temperature，the release of some hormones and even dreams.These natural daily events are circadian rhythms.Man has known about them for thousands of years.But the first scientific observation of circadian rhythms was not made until1729. In that year French astronomer，Jean-Jacques d“Ortous de Mairan，noted that one of his plants opened it s leaves at the same time every morning，and closed them at the same time every night.The plant did this even when he kept it in a dark place all the ter scientists wondered about circadian rhythms in humans.They learned that man”s biological clock actually keeps time with a day of a little less than 25hours instead of the24hours on a man-made clock.About four years ago an American doctor，Eliot Weitzman，established a laboratory to study how our biological clock works.The people in his experiments are shut off from the outside world.They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.Dr.Weitzman hopes his research will lead to effective treatments for common sleep problems and sleep disorders caused by ageing and mental illness.The laboratory is inthe Monteflore Hospital in New York City.It has two living areas with three small rooms in each.The windows are covered，so no sunlight o r moonlight comes in.There are no radios or television receivers. There is a control room between the living areas.It contains computers，one-way cameras and other electronic devices for observing the person in the living area.The instruments measure heartbeat，body temperature，hormones in the blood，other substances in the urine and brain waves during sleep.A doctor or medical technician is on duty in the control room24hours a day during an experiment.They do not work the same time each day and are not permitted to wear watches，so the person in the experiment has no idea what time it is.In the first four years of research，Dr Weitzman and his assistant have observed16men between the ages of21and80. The men remained in the laboratory for as long as six st month，a science reporter for“The New York Times”newspaper，Dava Sobol，became the first woman to take part in the experiment.She entered the laboratory on June13th and stayed for25days.Miss Sobol wrote reports about the experiment during that time，which were published in the newspaper.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1、The biological clock is believed to play an essential role in ____.A、the regulation of body temperatureB、the secretion of hormonesC、animal reproductionD、many aspects of plant and animal physiology2、In his observation，the French scientist noticed that the leaves of a certain plant maintained its opening-and-closing cycles ____.A、even when it was kept in a murky place all dayB、even if it was placed in the moonlightC、even when he was observing it from a dark placeD、even during the night time3、The sentence“They are free to listen to and live by their circadian rhythms.”(In Paragraph4)probably means____.A、They can lead their daily lives according to their biological clocks，without referring to a man-made clock.B、They can listen to the wonderful rhythms of the biological clock and live close to them.C、They can live by regulating their own circadian rhythms.D、They are free from the annoying rhythms of everyday life.4、In the experiment conducted by Mr.Weitzman，the doctor who is on duty does not work the same time each day____.A、insgroupsto observe the abnormal behavior of the people at different timesB、so as not to be recognized by the peopleC、so as to avoid indicating to the people what time it is whenhe starts workD、so as to leave the people“s circadian rhythms in disorder5、Miss Sobol left the laboratory____.A、on June13thB、on June25thC、at the end of JuneD、on July7thKeys to PassageD A A C D本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

南师大考博英语Here is an essay on the topic "Nanjing Normal University Entrance Exam for Postgraduate Studies in English" with over 1000 words, written entirely in English without any additional title or punctuation marks in the main body.Nanjing Normal University, a renowned institution of higher education in China, has long been recognized for its academic excellence and commitment to nurturing talented individuals. The university's postgraduate entrance exam, particularly in the field of English, has become a coveted milestone for aspiring scholars and researchers. This examination not only tests the depth of one's knowledge but also evaluates the breadth of their linguistic abilities, making it a true testament to the aspirant's academic prowess.The Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is a comprehensive assessment that covers a wide range of topics ranging from literature and linguistics to translation and pedagogy. Candidates are required to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the English language, its historical development, and its diverse applications in various academic and professional domains. The exam typically consists of multiple-choice questions,essay writing, and a rigorous oral interview, all designed to gauge the applicant's critical thinking skills, research potential, and communication proficiency.One of the key aspects of the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is the emphasis on literary analysis and interpretation. Candidates are often presented with excerpts from classic English literature and are expected to dissect the nuances of the text, identify the underlying themes, and articulate their interpretations with clarity and coherence. This component not only assesses the applicant's familiarity with the literary canon but also their ability to engage in close reading and analytical reasoning.In addition to literary analysis, the exam also delves into the realm of linguistics, testing the candidate's understanding of the structural, phonological, and semantic aspects of the English language. This section may include questions on language acquisition, sociolinguistics, and the evolution of the English language, challenging the applicants to demonstrate their theoretical knowledge and its practical applications.Another crucial aspect of the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is the translation component. Candidates are often required to translate passages from Chinese toEnglish and vice versa, showcasing their mastery of both languages and their ability to convey meaning accurately and idiomatically. This task not only evaluates the applicant's linguistic proficiency but also their cultural awareness and sensitivity, as effective translation requires a deep understanding of the nuances and conventions of both languages.The oral interview component of the exam is designed to assess the candidate's communication skills, their ability to articulate their ideas, and their overall academic potential. Applicants are typically asked to engage in discussions on a wide range of topics, from their research interests and academic experiences to their future goals and aspirations. This interaction allows the examination panel to gauge the applicant's critical thinking abilities, their ability to think on their feet, and their potential to contribute to the academic community at Nanjing Normal University.Preparing for the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. Candidates must not only have a strong command of the English language but also a deep understanding of the academic and research landscape in their chosen field of study. This involves extensive reading, research, and practice in areas such as literary analysis, linguistic theory, translation techniques, and effective communication.Many aspiring scholars seek out specialized coaching and tutoring services to enhance their chances of success in this highly competitive examination. These support systems often provide targeted guidance on exam strategies, practice materials, and feedback on the candidate's performance, helping them to identify and address their weaknesses.Ultimately, the Nanjing Normal University postgraduate entrance exam in English is a testament to the university's commitment to excellence and its desire to attract the brightest minds to its academic community. For those who are successful in this rigorous examination, the rewards are manifold – the opportunity to pursue advanced studies at a prestigious institution, the chance to collaborate with renowned scholars and researchers, and the potential to make meaningful contributions to their respective fields of study.As the competition for postgraduate programs continues to intensify, the Nanjing Normal University entrance exam in English remains a coveted milestone for aspiring scholars and researchers. By demonstrating their mastery of the English language, their analytical prowess, and their research potential, candidates can unlock the doors to a world of academic and professional opportunities, pavingthe way for their future success and the advancement of knowledge in their chosen fields.。

2015年Passage oneThe American society of clinical oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. 美国临床肿瘤协会于本周召开年会，大会讨论像往年一样提议了一些药物，能够提高疗效以及延长那些已确诊的不治之症患者的寿命，但深挖美联社报道中文章，发现一个有前景的标题，值得我们进一步了解，其中一个治疗研究，明确所有患者经过治疗后有一半患者肿瘤消失。

First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. 首先，制药公司从主要以效益一刀切发展模式向药物研发和接受长期癌症治疗，以及针对一小部分患者且成效显著的药物研发。

2015年南京师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．NATO正确答案：北大西洋公约组织(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)2．GPS正确答案：全球定位系统(Global Positioning System)3．IMF正确答案：国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)4．PBOC正确答案：中国人民银行(People’s Bank of China，常缩写为PBC)5．GMT正确答案：格林尼治标准时间(Greenwich Mean Time)6．CBD正确答案：中央商务区(Central Business District)7．APEC正确答案：亚太经济合作组织(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)8．IPO正确答案：首次公开募股(Initial Public Offering)9．UNESCO正确答案：联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational，Scientific andCultural Organization)10．OPEC正确答案：石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 11．break a butterfly on the wheel正确答案：小题大做，杀鸡用牛刀12．corporate income tax正确答案：企业所得税13．opportunity cost正确答案：机会成本14．There is no smoke without fire.正确答案：无风不起浪15．Talk of the devil and he comes.正确答案：说曹操，曹操到。

汉译英16．国内市场正确答案：domestic markets17．以人为本正确答案：people foremost/people-oriented18．土豆泥正确答案：mashed potato19．清洁能源正确答案：clean energy20．老龄化人口正确答案：aging population21．与时俱进正确答案：advance with the times22．军备竞赛正确答案：arms race23．国际援助正确答案：international aid/international assistance 24．物以类聚，人以群分。

2015年考博英语语法真题重点整理（3）—动词的句型1、常见的动词句型（1）在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。

例如： She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。

I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他们排演戏。

I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。

（2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。

例如：I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。

If she catches me reading her diary，she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。

We found him waiting to receive us．我们发现他正等着接待我们。

（3)go +现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。

go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。

如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling 打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。

I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露营。

I’ll go shopping．我去商店。

Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗?（4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。

南京师范大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析1.Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement：before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.(3+)在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称(asymmetry)特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。

需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

难句类型：倒装、省略解释：本句的倒装本质上与我们早就的一种倒装结构是一样的，即形容词放在句首时，主语和谓语倒装。

本句的主干的正常语序应该是：Eye placement is most striking;倒装后成了Most striking is eye placement。

但是这种倒装在GRE考试中出现，又有了新的特色，被提到句首的Most striking被长长的状语among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish与后面的主语和表语分开，造成阅读困难。

意群训练：Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement：before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.2.Its subject(to use Maynard Mack’s categories)is"life-as-spectacle，"for readers，diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without;the tragic Iliad，however，presents"life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identifywith the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.(5)其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。

博士入学考试汉译英10、正如人们经常指出的那样，电视使人么更好地了解正在发生的事情，随时知道在政治、科学方面的最新动态，并提供给人们无数有意义和有趣的节目。

人们坐在自己的房间里，就能看到最遥远的国家，最奇异的风俗习惯，和最诱人的自然景色。

11、正如他们所指出的，实行安乐死，对病人、对家属都有好处。

对一个日日夜夜在剧痛中挣扎的癌症晚期病人，或植物人，让他没有痛苦地结束生命是一个很好的解脱。

对其家属，考虑到维持他的生命所要承受的经济和感情上的压力，让他这样死去也是如释重负。

12、如果法律上容许安乐死的话也会带给我们社会以前没有碰到过的问题。

例如，让一个不愿死的病人为继续活下去而感到内疚，这样做是不是人道？因为误诊为不治之症而活活杀死一个病人，这样做又是不是明智？利用安乐死来达到其它目的，甚至是犯罪的目的，这种事有没有可能？13、人们对民工的心情是复杂的。

没有人否认民工对城市发展所做出的重大贡献。

他们都在重工业厂、建筑工地和其它城市居民不愿去的地方干着最脏、最危险、工资待遇最低的工作。

他们已成为城市生活不可缺少的一部分，是城市这部大机器运转中不可缺少的齿轮，虽然小而不引人注意。

14、燃放鞭炮，作为一种传统的庆贺新年活动，理所当然地受到大多数中国人的欢迎。

因为放鞭炮能增添节日的气氛，能发泄人们欢乐兴奋之情。

而且，据说放鞭炮还能为人们在新的一年里带来好运气。

然而这些所谓的好处往往被鞭炮产生的不良后果抵消了。

15、在过去几年中，有不少男男女女宁肯不要高工资可能为他们带来的舒服、安逸的生活，而选择去做竞争不大的工作。

他们害怕工作的紧张和压力使他们无法得到享受和幸福，会损害他们的身体和精神。

然而，事实上，压力并不像人们所认为的那样是一件坏事。

16、经过二十年的生育高峰，中国在70年代初期，一对夫妻生育一个孩子，成了流行的做法。

考虑到因人口迅速增长中国所面临的巨大压力，这个政策是完全必要的。

17、智力的高低还取决于良好的营养，良好的教育和良好的家庭环境。

【真题】2015南师MTI翻译基础短语互译1.OPEC,2.GPS 3.APEC,4.GMT,5.PBOC 6.IMF,7.UNESCO,8.corporate income tax, 9.break a fly upon a wheel, 10.opportunity cost 11.清洁能源，12.杀鸡用牛刀，13.物以类聚人以群分，14.虎父无犬子，15.航站楼，16.凡人自有风光时，17.军备竞赛，18.aa制，19.土豆泥，20.一个中国原则英译汉及答案The OrangeOf the fruits of the year I give my vote to the orange.在一年四级的水果当中，我最喜爱的就是橙子In the first place it is perennial—if not in actual fact, at least in the greengrocer’s shop. On the days when dessert is a name given to a handful of chocolates and a little preserved ginger, when macedoine de fruits(果蔬拼盘) is the title bestowed on two prunes and a piece of rhubarbs, then the orange, however sour, comes nobly to the rescue; and on those other days of when cherries and strawberries and raspberries and gooseberries riot together upon the table, the orange, sweeter than ever, is still there to hold its own. Bread and butter, beef and mutton, eggs and bacon,橙子是四季不断的（至少在蔬菜水果零售店是这样的）。

南京师范大学考博英语备考必读短文我至今怀念与同事大个子汤姆一起的时光，他身体强壮却从不盛气凌人，有时候冒出的奇特想法让人莫名其妙却又无法拒绝。

然而，一次随意的决定使他遭受了生命危险……需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

Of all the males in our company’s dormitory,I felt the most affection for Tom.He was a genius,I thought,but the other guys took him for a nut.He came from far away,and at first had a strong Spanish accent.Now,after a year with the company,he spoke English very well. But his English accent had an exaggerated precision that the other guys didn’t like.In the crude environment of the dormitory,Tom’s accent seemed artificial.But he was a big man,a giant,and strong as an ox,and the others feared him and left him alone.I on the other hand had a weak constitution.I couldn’t digest any real food and lived on little more than coffee.My arms and legs were as thin as stems.And what work did I do there,you may well ask.I was chief garbage man for the dormitory.Our company had a big project to build a reinforced concrete reservoir out in a suburb surrounded by hills.At night a portion of the project was closed to us by means of a big square gate made of brass.One cold evening I was depositing the garbage from supper behind our dormitory when I saw a torch and the shape of a man passing through the grass gate.I walked over.“I knew it was you,”I said to Tom.“It’s open,”he said.“Shall we go in?”“Don’t you know we shouldn’t?”I said.“You still haven’t adjusted to the company.”“Adjust?”he said.“I’d rather e.What are you afraid of?Don’t you want to investigate this portion?”He knew I did. Already it seemed inevitable that I would to with him.I only feared that the torch would be noticeable on the TV monitor of the chief watchman.“Turn off the torch,”I said,and we walked through the brass square gate.Tom and I penetrated all the way to the crane,and no watchman had yet pursued us.This giant crane was used for moving and placing the reinforced concrete blocks.In the dark we recognized it by its shape—an immense pillar of zigzag rods.At the top of it,we knew,at the peak,would be the flag.And far over our heads,up in the dark sky,would be the crane’s giant arm.On the arm was the banner that we saw everyday,with the letters ABC,the initial letters of our company’s name.We had ABC written on our shirts,too,and on the chairs and beds with which our dormitory was furnished.“Let’s go up!”said Tom.I laughed—but Tome had spoken in earnest.Strong as he was,he really had no concept of authority.“Tom,you are a nut!”I said,wanting to show him that I was reluctant.But in the end he convinced me,and we mounted the ladder to the lift.There were two buttons,a red one and a green one.Ipressed the latter,just to see if the lift might be operational.It was.I pressed the red button and stopped it.Tome got in.I pressed the green one again and we rose and rose and finally reached the top. We were at the peak of the pillar,just underneath the flag.Even in the dark we were close enough to see it.Before us the crane’s giant arm led of like a road into the night.Its rods and all zigzag,made me feel that over there would be,I saw,a square gate,some garbage and a dormitory.But no.Off the end of that zigzag road really would be nothing but dark night.The geometry of the crane scared me.“Let’s walk out to the banner!”To the banner?Oh,no.This was too much.“I want to see the ABC!”said Tome.“Come on!”why was his voice so urgent?What did the want that ABC banner for?“Tom,you are too bold,”I said.“You really have no concept…..”But he had set off.I was very scared,but somehow rose to the challenge and went with him.It became a contest:who would be the first one to touch the long banner?I was halfway along the arm when I heard the water of the reservoir,far underneath us.It was then that I remembered that the chief crane operator,before stopping his work for the day,would always swing the giant arm so that it projected out over the water.Now I was really scared.I held on to a rod.I could feel the coffee I had drunk could and undigested inside me.I did not have Tom’s ox-like constitution.“Tom!”I said.I did not possess hi boldness,and not hisurgency.“You can’t quit now!”Said Tom.But I could not move.I was trapped.Tom had reached the banner.He was a dark shape,loosening the knots that held the banner to the rods.“I possess the ABC!”he said,in that precise English of his. The dark shape on the arm put a thumb up to show me that he had got what he wanted.He put his other hand on what he thought was a rod, but it was the wire that would shock him.They said later that the nuts on the box that surrounded the wire were loose and had come unscrewed(螺丝钉旋松的).The box had fallen away,and the wire was exposed.Tome never panicked.He looked at me as if I were far away.But his legs would not hold him up.Wrapped in the banner,he fell,like a baby bird from a nest.It was I who panicked,when I heard him hit and vanish underneath the water of the reservoir.Maybe his fall had not been fatal,but would my beloved Tom now drown?It was possible.I began to cal for help.We spent an anxious fortnight in the dormitory.While the others would talk about his vitality(生命力),I stared at jeans and socks of the vanishing nut.The dorm was a different place without his precise English.An X-ray scan had revealed that he would need an operation.And of course the big ox had to recover from the exposure to the cold water.There was a mention in the media of Tom’s shockand fall,and the TV guys were going to come and see what we were doing at the reservoir project,until their investigation was canceled.But the authorities did investigate our company.Their investigation revealed that the square gate had been left open,and the box surrounding the wire had come off.The company reinforced the square gate with more brass,and put a new box back onto the arm,screwing its nuts tightly.They tightened up the knots of the new banner,and even put anew banner all down the crane’s pillar,this latter one having not only the initials ABC but all the letters of the name of the suburb.And they put a bigger flag on the crane.The company enhanced the authority of the chief watchman.Now we had to sign in when were came back to the dormitory,and sign out. Even when I took out the garbage in the evening,I had to sign in and out!Besides,they furnish their chief garbage man with a torch in case I should see any shapes of people.本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。

2015年江苏南京大学考博英语真题及答案题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and Vocabulary1． The ambassador was accused of having______on domestic affairs.A．trespassedB．encroachedC．entrenchedD．invaded正确答案：B解析：近义词词义辨析。

encroach，invade，trespass这三个词均指损害他人权利，侵占其财产或侵犯别国的领土。

encroach通常指蚕食，即逐渐地、不声不响或偷偷摸摸地进入别国的领土，或攫取别人的财物，侵犯他人的权利，常与介词on或upon连用。

invade 暗示着明目张胆、凶残与暴行，常用来指一国武装侵略另一国。

也可用来指疾病、虫害的侵袭。

trespass是个法律用语，指未经许可进入私人土地，或非法侵入，常与on或upon连用。

句中提及侵犯他国内政，encroach更加符合语境。

entrench与on搭配使用时表示挖掘壕沟，与题意不符。

故答案为B。

2． The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste______the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.A．in terms ofB．in favor ofC．in spite ofD．in place of正确答案：D解析：介词词组辨析。

句中crops，weeds，animal waste与petroleum“石油”对比可知，这两组是性质不同的能源，由此可知空格处的词组应为“取代”的意思，选项中只有D 表示“取代，替换”的意思。