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2018 年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● D Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. On campus B. At he dentist’sC.At the pharmacyD. In the laboratory2. A. Pain B. Weakness C. Fatigue D. Headache3. A. Their weird behavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others’.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A. John will be angry. B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.5. A. Th ey’re quite normal. B. They’re not available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.6. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.C. In the emergency room.D. On their way to the hospital8. A. Health care B. Health reformC. Health educationD. Health maintenance9. A. Learning to act intuitively.B. Learning to argue academically.C. Learning to be critical of oneself.D. Learning to think critically and reason10. A. She is a pharmacist. B. She is a medical doctor.C. She is a scientist in robotics.D. She is a pharmacologist.11. A. She’s pessimistic about the future.B. She’s pessimistic about the far future.C. She’s optimistic about the far future.D. She’s optimistic about the near future.12. A. Negligence may put a patient in danger.B. Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C. Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D. Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A. The man works at eh ER.B. The man can do nothing but wait.C. The woman’s condition is critical.D. The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A. A gynecologist. B. A psychologistC. A neurologist.D. A nephrologist.15. A. She has only one friend.B. She isolates herself from others.C. She suffers from a chronic disease.D. She is jobless and can’t find a job.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions 16-20 are based on the following dialogue.16. A. Because she couldn’t do other jobs well.B. Because it was her dream since childhood.C. Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D. Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A. The Self/Nonself Model B. The Danger ModelC. The vaccination theoryD. The immunological theory18. A. Being overactive B. Being mutantC. Being selectiveD. Being resistant19. A. It can help cure most cancers.B. It can help develop new drugs.C. It can help most genetic diseases.D. It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A. We should ignore the resistance.B. We should have the model improved.C. We should have the experiments on animals.D. We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A. The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A. Affordable costs B. Low pace of livingC. Five-star treatmentD. Enjoyable health vacation23. A. It is a$100 billion business already.B. It is growing along with medical tourism.C. Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D. It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A. To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B. To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C. To buy and affordable medical insurance.D. To explore online to get well informed.25. A. A travel brochure.B. A lecture on medical tourism.C. A chapter of a medical textbook.D. A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions 26-30 are based on the following passage.26. A. Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B. Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C. There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D. Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A. In the warmer spring B. In the hottest summerC. In the coolest autumnD. In the coldest winter28. A. Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B. Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C. Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D. Because they cannot find enough food.29. A. They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B. They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C. They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D. They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A. Body size B. Migration routeC. Food preferenceD. Population growthPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared ____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB. susceptibilityC. inclinationD. dedication32. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, oremotional_____is to ignore it, to tough it out.A. TurmoilB. rebellionC. temptationD. relaxation33. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A. put downB. shut downC. settle downD. break down34. The school board attached great emphasis to____ in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A. dilutingB. inspectingC. instillingD. disillusioning35. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A. pertinentB. permanentC. precedentD. prominent36. New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A. collaboratingB. comprehendingC. compromisingD. convincing37. We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A. intelligenceB. imitationsC. hypothesisD. precautions.38. We must____the problem____, which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A. set...backB. take...overC. pull...inD. break...down39. Asthma patient doesn’t need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A. intermittentB. precedentC. dominantD. prevalent40. It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A. conceiveB. concealC. convertD. conform Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. The truly competent physician is the one who sits down, senses the “mystery”of anotherhuman beings, and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A. imaginableB. capableC. sensibleD. humble42. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A. conservedB. theorizedC. realizedD. persisted43. Large community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A. facilitateB. intimidateC. terminateD. mediate44. Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A. definitelyB. trulyC. simplyD. solely45. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilization.A. FetusesB. descendantsC. seedsD. orphans46. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A. breachB. griefC. threatD. abuse47. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A. definitelyB. desperatelyC. intentionallyD. identically48. Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A. applyingB. relatingC. relayingD. transforming49. Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, suchas memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A. ensueB. encounterC. impedeD. induce50. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one’s view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A. insignificantB. insufficientC. substantialD. unexpectedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging, improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist’s workload, which, 51 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 52 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they’ve designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53 CT scanning. Their study was 54 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam. 55 the 38 missed cancers,15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 56 it as non cancerous) and 23 57 observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 58 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung ca ncer, it won’t replace radiologists, said Sgmuel G Armato, PhD, lead author of the study.” The computer is not perfect,”Armato said.” It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 59 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may 60 something suspicious. It’s a spell-checker of sorts, or a second opinion.51.A. in common B. in turn C. in one D. in all52.A. preliminary B. considerate C. deliberate D. ordinary53.A. being used B. to use C. using D. use54.A. investigated B. originated C. founded D. funded55.A. From B. Amid C. Of D. In56.A. disseminating B. degenerating C. dismissing D. deceiving57.A. were mistaken for B. were attributed to C. result in D. gave away to58.A. mortalities B. incidences C. images D. rates59.A. don’t B. won’t C. aren’t D. wasn’t60.A. stand for B. search for C. account for D. mistake forPart Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner, the Harvard education specialist, describes his job today, he says he’s“a translator between two hostile tribes”—the education world and the business world, the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs. Wagner’s ar gument in his book “Creating Innovations: The Making of Young People Who Wil l Change the World” is that our K-12 and college tracks are not consistently “adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in themarketplace.”This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation. Now, there is only a high-wage, high-skilled job. Every middle-class job today is being pulled up, out or down faster than ever. That is, it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever. Which is why the goal of education today, argues Wagner, should not be to make every child “college ready” but “innovation ready”—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task. I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate. “Today,” he said via e-mail,” because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device, what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know. The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than acade mic knowledge. As one executive told me, “We can teach new hires the content. And we will have to because it continues to change, but we can’t teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative.”My generation had it easy. We got to “find” a job. But, more than ever, our kids will have to “invent” a job. Sure, the lucky ones will find their first job, but, given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent, re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it.“Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,”Wagner said,” and it is the only country where students leave high school ‘innovation-ready.’ They lea rn concepts and creativity more than facts, and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day, little homework, and almost no testing. There are a growing number of “reinvented”colleges like the Olin College of Engineering, the M.I.T. Media L ab and the “D-school” Stanford where students learn to innovate.”61.In his book, Wagner argues that _____.A.the education world is hostile to our kidsB.the business world is hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world is too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62. What does the “tall task” refer to in the third paragraph?A. Sustaining the middle class.B. Saving high-wage, middle-skilled jobs.C. Shifting from “college ready” in “innovation ready.”D. Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63. What is mainly expressed in Wagner’s e-mail?A. New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B. Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C. Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D. Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64. What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A. Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B. Jobs changed slowly in the autho r’s generation.C. The author’s generation led an easier life than their kids.D. It was easy for the author’s generation to find their first job.65. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. to orient future educationB. to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC. to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD. to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country’s future, says Kent Moore, and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. “Animal behavio r can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years,” says Moore,“Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly.”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. “The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will_____.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study ____.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he says, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean bythat quick?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A. becomes more difficult than ever before.B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C. will surely lower the average world temperature.D. needs the research-based supporting information.70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_____.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B. get more data to be required for their research.C. use more novel technologies in research.D. conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed “stratified（分层的）” or “personalized” medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one’s entire genomic seq uence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine?A. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in_____.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against_____.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC. abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD. unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as “stratified” medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors’ minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don’t need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harass ment or appropriation of students’work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students’ theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but “inadequate teaching”can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student’s oral defense of their thesis, or be availa ble regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.。
2022年福建医科大学基础医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B一、判断题1、缓激肽具有疼痛、发热、扩张血管等作用。
（）2、吞噬了狠疮小体的细胞称狼疮细胞。
（）3、Bcl-2基因是重要的抑制凋亡的基因。
（）4、唐氏综合征患者有明显的智力落后、特殊面容、生长发育障碍及多发畸形。
（）5、颅内原发性恶性肿瘤常转移至颅外。
（）6、金黄色葡萄球菌感染通常引起患者的末梢血中单核细胞“核左移”。
（）7、B型慢性萎缩性胃炎常伴有恶性贫血。
（）8、慢性淋巴细胞白血病常发生于青少年。
（）9、半数以上的乳腺癌发生于外上象限。
（）10、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿是气道阻塞引起的，与吸烟无关。
（）11、细动脉硬化表现为细小动脉的玻璃样变，常见于高血压病和糖尿病。
（）12、对于年轻的高血压患者，需考虑有无内分泌系统疾病。
（）13、非放射性探针标记物有荧光素、地高辛和生物素等，具有稳定、操作简便、成本低、敏感性高和耗时短等优点。
（）14、慢性肾盂肾炎时两侧肾脏改变不对称。
（）15、中毒性细菌性痢疾肠道病变和症状轻微，主要为严重的全身中毒症状。
（）二、选择题16、血栓与血栓栓子最主要的区别是（）A.成分不一样B.大小不一样C.产生的部位不一样D.前者可被机化，后者一般不会E.前者为原位形成的血栓，后者为离位的血栓17、风湿性心内膜炎时，最常受累的心瓣膜是（）A.肺动脉瓣B.三尖瓣C.二尖瓣D.主动脉瓣E.主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣18、关于纤维素样坏死，下列说法错误的是（）A.结缔组织常见的坏死形式B.以纤维素渗出为基础C.形成颗粒状无结构物质D.常见于变态反应性疾病E.与胶原纤维肿胀崩解有关19、下列哪种细胞属于稳定细胞（）A.间皮细胞B.呼吸道黏膜上皮细胞C.淋巴造血细跑D.移行上皮细胞E.肾小管上皮细胞20、垂体催乳素细胞腺瘤可引起（）A.Cushing综合征B.溢乳.闭经综合征C.肢端肥大症D.Simmonds综合征E.Shcchan综合征21、关于子宫颈鳞癌发生发展过程正确的是（）A.上皮过度增生一原位癌一没润癌B.微小浸润癌一原位癌一浸润癌C.上皮异型增生一微小浸润癌一浸润癌D.原位癌一微小浸润癌一浸润密E.上皮异型增生一原位癌一微小浸润癌一浸润癌22、引起肾孟肾炎的最常见致病菌是（）A.绿脓杆菌B.大肠杆菌C.产气杆菌D.葡萄球菌E.链球菌23、中性粒细胞最有效的杀菌系统是（）A.活性氮B.HO，-MPO-卤素C.酸性水解酶D.防御素E.溶菌酶24、以下不属于基因芯片优点的是（）A.操作技术简单B.序列数量大C.检测效率高D.应用范围广E.成本相对高25、关于胃微小癌，诊断时主要依据是（）A.肿瘤大小B.癌细胞浸润深度C.淋巴结有无转移D.肿瘤浸润深度和大小E.有无血道转移26、分化程度高是指（）A.肿瘤周围有较多的淋巴细胞B.不容易引起器官的阻塞和破坏C.与起源组织相似程度D.有较大的异型性E.高度恶性的肿瘤27、因下列受体缺陷导致家族性高胆固醇血症的是（）A.低密度脂蛋白受体B.极低密度脂蛋白受体C.高密度脂蛋白受体D.胆固醇受体E.中密度脂蛋白受体28、患者男性，45岁，感中上腹不适。
2005一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。
2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。
3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。
2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈•国家医学考考试中心2006年病理学（博士统考题）简答1：1、goodpasture综合症，机制，特征，临床表现。
2、简述粥样硬化及其继发改变。
3、凋亡/坏死形态区别4、慢性组塞肺气肿的发病机制。
问答题：1、肿瘤转移概念，途经及特点2、细胞缺氧的损伤机制3、什么是栓塞，栓塞的后果。
4、纤维素性炎好发部位是什么，各部位基本特征及其结局多选题：肝硬化原因，造成肾小球基膜增厚的慢性肾小球肾炎的类型，混合血栓组成，慢性阻塞性肺炎特点哮喘的病理特点B型题（6题）colon病的好发位置肠结核的好发位置肠伤寒的好发位置单选题：（只记得不会的）3个胚胎层起源的是畸胎瘤2008年博士生入学考试病理学考试题（全国统考）一、选择题（每题1分，共40分）A型题1-21题1.肿瘤的淋巴道转移首先出现在2.显示淀粉样变性的特殊染色3.可导致DIC的是4.槟榔肝可发展成为5.引起脾、肾、肺梗死的常见原因6.哪个部位假膜性炎能对机体产生严重后果7.颈部淋巴结肿大，病理活检查见乳头状结构，最可能是8.诊断高分化鳞状细胞癌的主要根据9.属于恶性肿瘤的是10.狼疮性肾炎最常见组织类型11.乳房的TNM分期12.乳房橘皮样外观常见于13.子宫早期浸润癌是指14.肾细胞癌可能出现的临床表现15.甲状腺髓样癌的组织来源16.膜增生性肾小球肾炎的主要病变17.不属于乙型脑炎的病变是18.革囊胃指19-21是给病例分析是什么病A3、A4型题22-27B1型题28-35X型题36-40二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1.毛细血管再生的过程2.AIDS病程的三个阶段3.Hodgkin淋巴瘤的组织学诊断依据4.膜性肾小球肾炎的病理变化三、论述题（每题10分，共40分）1.急性炎症过程中血流动力学改变2.风湿性心内膜炎的病理变化3.葡萄胎组织学特点及临床病理联系4.消化性溃疡的好发部位，病变特点，溃疡经久不愈和患者产生疼痛的原因*这么好的东西居然没人顶，真是服了*20071、卵巢组织发生分类，各举一例2、原发综合征病变特点及预后3、炎症介质？主要功能，并各举一例4、胃溃疡病的病理变化？5、二尖瓣狭窄病因、病理变化，血流动力学及心脏变化6、慢性肾小球肾炎及慢性肾盂肾炎多尿夜尿的机理7、血栓？下肢深静脉血栓的影响？8、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿与肺心病的病变及相互关系。
《皮肤性病学》昨晚通宵的小盆友们应该很想扇自己一个大耳光吧哈哈昨晚十一点爬床是明智的虽然心里也是满满的恐惧:^) 题型如下 :单选填空简答案例。
案例考了个荨麻疹(大部分人认为是这个答案哦) 简答题好多呐带状疱疹病因临床表现治疗原则;外用药剂型选择原则;急性湿疹与急性接触性皮炎鉴别;足癣三种类型祥述浸渍糜烂型的并发症;麻风诊断依据哪一型传染性最强。
关于填空题的题目呃…有点纠结感觉模棱两可比如淋病主要通过( )传播，男性常为 ( )新生儿常为( ) 题目不难有看课本的想挂都挂不liao~ 07七年制皮肤性病学考题协和出题选择题50 名解1.薄膜现象2.药疹3.潜伏梅毒4.皮肤划痕症5.风团问答题1.银屑病的分型？寻常银屑病的临床特点？2.固定型药疹的临床特点？常见致敏药有哪些？3.梅毒的分期？一期梅毒的典型临床特征？4.带状疱疹的病因及临床表现？5.外用药治疗皮肤病的用药原则？06临床一、选择：22题二、填空：28空药疹的常见类型（10空）多形红斑的类型（3空）手足癣的类型（3空）脓疱疮的好发季节，其致病菌和诊断接触性皮炎的最简单最可靠的方法是三、简答：共五题，20分1、接触性皮炎的诊断依据2、皮肤的生理功能3、带状疱疹的治疗原则4、麻风的诊断依据四、问答30分1、外用药剂的选择和注意事项2、特殊类型荨麻疹的临床表现3、疥疮的诊断依据和治疗原则06七年制09年皮肤性病学考题选择题20题，20分填空题50空，25分问答题9题，54分1、尼氏症是什么？2、皮肤外用药物的治疗原则3、麻风的诊断标准4、接触性皮炎分为哪两种？他们各自的共同特点是什么？5、急性湿疹和急性接触性皮炎的鉴别要点6、超敏反应性药疹的特点7、带状疱疹的临床表现和治疗原则8、念珠菌的致病条件是什么？它可以损害哪些部位？9、痤疮的临床表现和治疗原则05临床2008-12-6一、选择题（22分)二、填空题（28分）三简答题：（20分）1.皮肤的生理功能2.荨麻疹的病因3.麻风的诊断标准4.疥疮的临床表现四、问答题（30分）1.带状疱疹的临床特点和治疗原则2.外用药物的剂型选择和注意事项3.慢性湿疹和单纯性苔藓的鉴别04协和临床20考试时间：2008-1-5 8：30一.选择题（25分）二.填空（20分，每空0.5分）三.名词解释：（15分）1.固定型药疹：2.硬下疳：3.双相真菌：4.皮肤划痕征：5.风团：四.问答题（40分）1.简述头癣的综合治疗：2.以湿疹为例简述外用药物的使用原则：3.药疹的诊断依据：4.寻常性银屑病的临床特征：5.急性湿疹和急性接触性皮炎的鉴别：皮肤性病学单选20分填空20分问答：外用药物剂型的选择麻风的诊断和传染性最强的是哪型超敏反应性药疹的特点急性湿疹与接触性皮炎的鉴别足藓的三型与浸滞糜烂型的并发症带状疱疹的病因、临表、治疗原则案例分析12分：急性荨麻疹50. 痤疮的炎症性皮损通常包括红色丘疹、脓疱、结节、囊肿。
植物病理专业博士生资格考试题目1.你知道爱尔兰大饥馑吗？分析其发生的原因？对我们今天植物病害的控制有哪些启示？其对人类历史的进程产生了哪些影响？2.简述利用生物技术防治植物病害的方法、途径、存在的主要问题及解决思路3.植物病害生物防治常用的微生物有哪些？生物防治的机制是什么？4.我国水稻上有哪些重要病害，目前江苏水稻最重要的病害有几种，其关键的防治技术是什么？5.植物病害诊断的原则是什么？大豆田里出现了成片的叶片黄化，如何确定原因与对策？6.简述近20年来关于基因对基因学说研究的重大进展，指出目前的重大课题与今后5年可能取得突破的领域；举例阐述你熟知的互作体系，针对某个问题，论述你的研究思路。
7.简述你所在实验室（需指出实验室真实名称）近五年的主要科研内容、主要发现及其意义，在哪那些方面需要调整或重点投入研究？8.设想今后20年植物病理学将在哪些方面取得重要进展。
9.植物与病原菌之间也进行着“军备竞赛”，谈谈你对植物与病原生物在协同进化的过程中军备竞赛的认识？10.已测序的植物病原物基因组有哪些？选择你熟悉的植物病原物基因组，简要说明其特征？病原生物基因组学的进展对你的研究有哪些帮助？11.以一个植物病原细菌的无毒基因AvrPto为例，谈谈其编码蛋白在植物和病原菌互作中的作用？12.谈谈基因沉默的原理及在植物保护上的可能应用？13.谈谈植物病毒病害传播与流行的方式？控制的一般原则？14.土传病害与气传病害的控制重点有什么差别？15.谈谈你对植物抗病反应的信号途径的了解？16.举出对我国农作物生产危害最大的五种病害？并详述其我国对其研究的成就？控制的特点等？17.谈谈你对我国植保的科研、管理、推广体系的了解？有哪些问题？改进的意见？18.对一种新的病害，如果希望通过抗病品种来进行控制，有哪些工作需要做？19.克隆植物病原物致病相关基因的分子生物学方法有哪些？选择一种说明原理。
20.病害发生流行的因素有哪些？举例说明？21.目前种植面积最大的转基因植物有哪几种？所转基因有哪些，其功能是什么？22.NPR1是一种锚蛋白，调控植物系统性获得抗病性。
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
福医实诊历年考题与复习题总结Via：zhangyu/新浪微博ID：章鱼在医大------------------------------------------------------11影像实验诊断考题很常规都在历年考题里面10影像实验诊断考题1、选择题（50题，每题一分）2、名词解释（5题，每题3分）危急值、隐血、核右移、肾性糖尿、肿瘤标志物3、问答题（35分，每题7分）1、糖化血红蛋白的临床意义。
2、管型的形成条件3、试论述CRP 检测的临床意义。
4、心肌缺血损伤的理想生物化学指标应具有以下的特点。
5、慢性粒细胞的血象和骨髓象09实验诊断学1、选择题（50题，每题1分）2、名解（5题，每题3分）①本周蛋白②易栓症③危机值④再障⑤隐血3、问答（35分，6选5，每题7分）1、大概是这样子：肌酐比白蛋白小1000多倍。
当肾功能不全时，滤过膜孔径会增大，尿中白蛋白增多，所以肌酐排出也增多，血中肌酐会减少。
是否正确？为什么？2、什么是乙肝两对半。
急慢性乙肝检查结果如何？3、肿瘤标志物的选用原则。
4、糖化血红蛋白的临床意义。
5、什么是核右移，它的临床意义？6、理想心肌损伤标志物所具备的特征。
08、实诊A卷名解1 实验诊断2 M蛋白3 肿瘤标志物4 二期止血缺陷5 同工酶问答1 常用抗凝剂、原理及其应用2 糖耐量实验的临床意义3 血钾升高的临床意义4 心肌钙蛋白的检测意义5 脑脊液检测的临床意义6 漏出液与渗出液的区别7 乙肝检测6项的临床意义B卷名解实验诊断学★1．红细胞及血红蛋白增多的临床意义有哪些？答:1.相对性增多见于严重呕吐,腹泻,大量出汗,大面积烧伤,慢性肾上线皮质功能减退,尿崩症,甲状腺功能抗进危象,糖尿病酮症酸中毒.2,绝对性增多按发病元婴可分为继发性和原发性两类,后者称为真性红细胞增多症.继发性红细胞增多症:是血中红细胞生成素增多所致.包括红细胞生成素代偿性增加和红细胞生成素非偿性增加真性红细胞增多症:是一种原因未明的红细胞增多症为主的骨髓增殖性疾病.2．简述红细胞染色反应的异常表现及临床意义。
医学博士生考试真题
下列哪种药物是常用的β受体阻滞剂，用于治疗高血压和心绞痛？
A. 硝酸甘油
B. 阿司匹林
C. 美托洛尔
D. 卡托普利
哪种病原体是引起肺炎的主要细菌之一？
A. 流感病毒
B. 结核杆菌
C. 肺炎链球菌
D. 柯萨奇病毒
关于心肌梗死，下列哪项描述是错误的？
A. 常常由于冠状动脉阻塞引起
B. 症状包括胸痛、呼吸困难等
C. 可以通过心电图和心肌酶检测诊断
D. 治疗方法主要是溶栓和手术治疗，药物治疗无效
下列哪种疾病属于自身免疫性疾病？
A. 流感
B. 疟疾
C. 糖尿病
D. 类风湿性关节炎
哪种检查是诊断肺癌常用的影像学检查方法？
A. X线胸片
B. 腹部B超
C. 血液生化检查
D. 肺部CT扫描
关于艾滋病（HIV），下列哪项是正确的？
A. 艾滋病是一种可以通过空气传播的疾病
B. 艾滋病病毒主要攻击人体的呼吸系统
C. 艾滋病病毒可以通过血液、性接触和母婴传播
D. 目前已有完全治愈艾滋病的药物
下列哪项不是抗生素的主要作用？
A. 抑制细菌生长
B. 杀灭细菌
C. 治疗病毒感染
D. 预防细菌感染
哪种药物常用于降低血脂，预防心血管疾病？
A. 利尿剂
B. 胰岛素
C. 他汀类药物
D. 抗生素。
95-考博病理试题31套本贴收到1朵鲜花95-考博病理试题31索引:1第二军医大病理学(硕士)2武汉大学医学院病理学考博试题3第四军医大学1996年招收攻读硕士硕士入学试题（病理学—1）4浙江大学医学院——病理学年博士硕士入学考试试题5国家医学考试中心病理学（博士全国统考题）6山东大学医学院—内分泌学博士硕士入学考试试题(多了一套内分泌试题,不改了)7北医考博病理试题8第四军医大学1995年博士入学考试病理学试题答题指南9第四军医大学1996年博士入学考试病理学试题10中山大学医学部博士入学考试病理学试题11中山大学医学部博士入学考试病理（专业基础）试题12中山大学医学部博士入学考试病理（专业基础）13浙江大学医学院博士入学病理试题14浙江大学医学院博士入学考试病理学试题15武汉大学医学部博士入学病理生理试题16天津医科大学博士入学病理试题17天津医科大学博士入学病理试题18上海第二医科大学博士入学考试病理学试题19华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试20华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题21华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题22华中科技大学同济医学院博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题23华中科技大学同济医学院1999年博士入学考试病理学（专业基础）试题24复旦大学医学院博士入学考试病理学试题25第四军医大学1997年博士硕士入学考试病理学试题（包括病理专业及其他专业）26 天医病理学硕士试题一.名词解释27 上海第二医科大学硕士入学考试病理试题（部分）名词解释30题28 上海交通大学考研病理试题29 复旦大学硕士硕士入学考试病理学试题30 北京大学医学部硕士硕士入学考试病理学试题31 重庆医科大学病理学（硕士）32 重庆医科大学病理学硕士入学试题试题:1第二军医大病理学(硕士)一、名词解释（30个共30分）化生，炎性假瘤，变质，变性，黏液样变，虎斑心，心衰细胞，槟榔肝，糜烂，肉芽组织，瘢痕组织，肺褐色硬化，伤寒细胞，绒毛心，恶性溃疡，桥接坏死，二、问答题：（一）1 良恶性肿瘤旳区别。
福建医科大学历年复试真题合集一、风湿免疫科（一）名词解释1.EPITOPES2.MHC3.HAPTENS4.SELECTIN5.DENDRIC CELL（二）简答题1.什么是抗原?2.试述抗体的多样性性产生机制?3.补体的生物学活性是什么?4.比较TCR和BCR的分子结构和功能?5.简述T细胞的功能?6.如何检测可疑体液免疫缺陷的病人?二、神经病学2012年福建医科大学神经内科复试真题（一）名词解释1.蛋白细胞分离2.Sturge-weber综合征（三叉神经面神经血管瘤）3.感觉性失语4.三偏综合征5.Jolly试验6.烟雾病（二）论述题1.震颤性麻痹的临床表现2.重症肌无力的诊断方法3.脑脊液的正常值及异常值见于哪些疾病4.癫痫的病因5.脑梗塞急性期治疗（三）病例分析急性脊髓炎的病例分析（四）面试题1.低钾周期性麻痹2.大脑中动脉梗塞的表现3.F波和H反射2011年福建医科大学神经内科复试真题（一）名词解释1.Shy-Drager综合征（二）简答题1.脑梗死的二级预防2.脑脊液的正常指标3.癫痫和痫性晕厥的区别（三）面试题1.一个患者右脚活动障碍考虑什么问题三、神经外科（一）简答题1.抗利尿综合征诊断标准？何谓脑耗盐综合征？2.三叉神经痛主流病因学说？治疗方法有哪些？3.听神经瘤术后并发症有哪些及处理方法？4.脑动脉瘤再出血的因素有哪些？5.脊髓损伤的分类四、肿瘤学2011年福建医科大学肿瘤学复试真题（一）名词解释1.癌2.小肝癌3.肿瘤的一级预防4.细胞因子5.Kurkenberg瘤6.细胞周期7.上腔静脉综合征8.早期胃癌（二）简答题1.左右结肠癌的区别2.癌痛三阶梯的治疗原则和代表药物3.胃窦部癌D2手术清除范围4.乳癌的治疗原则2010年福建医科大学肿瘤学复试真题（一）名词解释1.早期胃癌2.类癌综合征3.细胞周期4.前哨淋巴结5.乳腺Paget病（二）简答题1.化疗药物的近期毒副反应2.癌痛三阶段药物分类及代表药物3.乳腺癌的综合治疗措施包括什么4.恶性肿瘤的转移途径5.左半结肠癌与右半结肠癌的临床表现的区别？原因是什么五、麻醉学（一）名词解释1.mac2.低氧血症3.horner综合征4.缺血再灌注损伤（二）简答题1.低钾血症2.喉痉挛3.临床输血指征4.癌痛三阶梯（三）论述题1.局麻药毒性反应2.肾上腺素药理六、人体解剖学2018年福建医科大学人体解剖学复试真题（一）简答题1.胸骨角平面的意义2.尿道损伤特点3.手拿热水杯有关的传导通路4.椎基底动脉系统的主要分支及支配范围5.食管的毗邻及动脉供应6.手掌间隙有哪些及其境界7.胸导管的走形及支配范围七、眼科学2019广东医科大学眼科专硕复试题（一）简答题：1.原发性闭角型青光眼发病机制2.角膜炎机制3.眼外肌及神经支配4.视网膜分哪十层5.做过科研吗。
2022年福建医科大学临床医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B一、判断题1、趋化因子可以是外源性的，也可以是内源性的。
（）2、系统性硬化皮肤病变由面部开始，呈离心性发展，累及颈、肩、前臂及指端。
（）3、凋亡和坏死均有生理性和病理性之分（）4、家族性高胆固醇血症幼儿可出现心肌梗死。
（）5、脑脓肿的发病部位和数目与感染途径有关。
（）6、速发型（I型）变态反应可引起患者末梢血中嗜酸性粒细胞增多。
（）7、胆囊炎多由细菌引起，主要有大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌。
（）8、戴样肉芽肿/Sezary综合征属于T细胞性淋巴瘤。
（）9、子宫内膜浆液性癌常发生于绝经期以后的老年女性。
（）10、石棉具有明显的致癌作用，肺石棉沉着病患者常并发恶性间皮瘤。
（）11、皮肤的环形红斑及皮下结节对风湿病具有诊断意义。
（）12、甲状腺癌患者常出现严重腹泻和低血钙症，间质内常有淀粉样物质沉积的是髓样癌。
（）13、FCM的样本是单细胞悬液，可以是血液、培养细胞、新鲜实体瘤的单细胞悬液以及石蜡包埋组织的单细胞悬液。
（）14、急进性肾小球肾炎电镜检查显示电子密度较高的沉积物，通常呈驼峰状。
（）15、血吸虫的传播必须具备3个条件.即带虫卵的粪便入水，钉螺的孳生，以及人体接触疫水。
（）二、选择题16、心房附壁血栓脱落后可导致肾和脾发生A.干酪样坏死B.出血性梗死C.贫血性梗死D.败血性梗死E.坏疸17、二尖瓣关闭不全可引起心脏何种形态的改变（）A.球形心B.靴形心C.梨形心D.绒毛心E.虎斑心18、足趾严重冻伤可致（）A.调亡B.纤维素样坏死C.干性坏疸D.湿性坏疽E.气性坏疸19、下列关于肌组织再生的叙述错误的是（）A.各种肌组织的再生能力不同B.横纹肌损伤后若肌膜未破坏，可以完全再生C.骨骼肌不能完全再生D.平滑肌具有一定再生能力E.心肌缺乏再生能力，损伤后基本上是纤维性修复20、青春期后骨循已闭合，生长激素分泌过多可能引起（）A.肢端肥大症B.垂体肿瘤C.巨人症D.尿崩症E.性早熟症21、下列关于卵巢性索间质细胞肿瘤描述正确的是（）A.女性的性索间质细胞称为支持细胞和间质细胞B.男性的性索间质细胞称为颗粒细胞和卵泡膜细胞C.卵泡膜细胞瘤多发生于年轻女性，肿瘤可产生雌激素D.颗粒细胞瘤为低度恶性肿瘤E.支持间质细胞瘤主要发生在睾丸，较少发生在卵巢22、慢性肾小球肾炎大体标本的特点是（）A.双侧肾对称性缩小，表面弥漫性细颗粒B.双侧肾病变不对称，表面不规则凹陷性激痕C.肿胀充血，呈大红肾D.双侧肾肿胀对称，表面多个小脓肿E.肾盂显著扩张成囊腔，肾皮质变薄23、炎症介质的作用，不包括（）A.组织损伤B.血管破裂出血C.促进白细胞渗出D.血管通透性增加E.导致发热、疼痛24、酒精性心肌病是指以下哪种类型的心肌病（）A.肥厚性B.扩张性C.缺血性D.病毒性E.原发性25、肠黏膜呈铺路石样改变，多见于（）A.肠腺癌B.多发性肠腺瘤C.细菌性痢疾D.溃疡性结肠炎E.Corhn病26、与宫颈癌发生关系密切的病毒是（）A.人类免疫缺陷病毒B.EB病毒C.乙型肝炎病毒D.巨细胞病毒E.人乳头瘤病毒27、遗传病种类最多的是（）A.染色体显性遗传病B.单基因遗传病C.性连锁隐性遗传病D.染色体隐性遗传病E.多基因遗传病28、患者男，42岁，工人。
福建医科大学·2018年·医学分子生物学博士入学考试真题——————————————————————————————————
一、简答题（7*10分=70分）
1.请简述原核生物基因组的特点。
2.基因工程中良好的载体应具备哪些特点。
3.请列举基因工程中常用的工具酶。
4.什么是非编码RNA？它有什么生物学意义？请列举常见的非编码RNA。
5.请简述转基因动物的制备过程。
6.核酸探针的标记方法有哪些？
7.请列举研究蛋白功能基因组学的方法。
二、论述题（2*15分=30分）
1.请列出基因诊断常用的技术方法。
2.利用慢病毒系统可获得外源基因稳定表达的细胞株，请简述制备过程。
福建医科大学病理学历年真题09眼检麻病理题：一、选择30分二、名解20分1、肥肉质变2、早期肝癌3、结核球4、化生5、隐性肺癌6、肉芽组织7、槟榔肝8、原位癌9、小肝癌10、原发综合征三、问答30分1、血栓对机体影响，各举一例说明2、以胃为例，试述肿瘤的转移途径3、溃疡良恶性鉴别4、肉芽形态特点和作用10护理病生与病理名词解释，疾病，急性肾功能不全，呼吸衰竭，阴离子间隙，高排低阻休克，试述低渗性脱水对机体的影响。
dic临床表现和分期。
心功能不全的机体代偿。
小肝癌，炎症，血栓，癌前病变，肺肉质变。
用胃癌来说明肿瘤的转移途径。
列表比较良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤的区别。
病理性萎缩分类并举例说明08口腔【名解】1、坏疽2、原发性颗粒性固缩肾3、血栓形成4、炎症5、蜂窝织炎6、肿瘤7、肺肉质变8、小肝癌9、原发性综合征 10、结核球【问答】1、萎缩的名词解释？病理性萎缩有哪些常见类型？举例说明。
2、心肌梗死的好发部位，合并症？3、原发性肺结核和继发性肺结核有何不同病理变化？4、一患者肺有一个3~4cm结节，例举3个可能的疾病，描述其镜下特点。
5、简述与人类相关的病毒，它们引发怎样的肿瘤。
09级口腔病理学名解：化生、心衰细胞、趋化作用、癌前病变、结核结节、永久性细胞、风湿小体、肺心病、假小叶、炎性肉芽肿问答：1、列表，肿瘤增生与非肿瘤增生的区别2、炎症渗出液的利弊3、MI合并症4、肉芽组织成分、形态、功能5、病毒性肝炎的基本病理变化07级临床病理考题甲状腺髓样癌肺小细胞癌致癌因素与肿瘤有关的是（见白本73页）渗出液的意义转移性钙化发生部位（肾肺胃）（名解）肉芽组织风湿小体气球样性（英）新月体（英）伤寒肉芽肿（英）炎症介质肿瘤的生长分数结核球肺肉质变栓塞大题：原发性与继发性肺结核的区别举例肝占位的三种病变，述病理特点50岁男冠心病10年今早突然左心前区疼痛，cpk增高。
问患什么病？其合并症与好发部位栓子的运行途径（以上貌似白本都有类似题目）以乳腺癌为例说明恶性肿瘤的病变特点07级临床病理实验理论小测1心衰细胞（英）血栓的形成癌与肉瘤的区别2化生（英）萎缩癌与肉瘤的区别3梗死槟榔肝（英）良恶性肿瘤的区别4坏死原位癌（英）肉芽组织镜下特点5淤血坏疽蜂窝织炎与脓肿的区别6化生肉芽组织（英）癌前病变的定义，并列举6种7原位癌（英）脓毒败血症渗出液与漏出液的区别8透明血栓凋亡(英) 纤维素性炎的特点《病理学》06护理名解名词解释：1化生2虎斑心3早期胃癌4肺心病5血栓形成6假膜7瘤的异型性8交界性肿瘤9肥肉质变10假小叶11结合球12肺褐色硬化13肉芽肿14伤寒细胞问答1急性重型肝严病理变化及临床病理联系2鼻咽癌的扩散途径3高血压脑出血，个脏器有何病理变化4阑尾，肝等举例，坏死类型5肉芽组织形成和功能6举例三个肠病溃疡的特点《病理学》 06七年制考题考试时间：2009-2-12选择40题名解1白色肺炎2Metaplasia 3abscess 4acidophilic body 5慢性阻塞性肺病6MC ***斑7CIN 8crecsent问答1.举出三种与病毒有关的恶性肿瘤，并表述其肉眼分型和组织类型2.试述急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎、新月体性肾小球肾炎、弥漫性硬化性肾小球肾炎出现高血压的临床病理机制3.男，68岁，爬上五楼后胸口剧痛，持续30分钟不缓解。
