SHELL防污染手册(中文版)

Shell（也称为命令行解释器）是一种用于与操作系统进行交互的用户界面。

它允许用户通过键入命令来执行操作系统的功能。

下面是一些常见的shell语法：
1. 命令行结构：一般来说，命令行由命令和选项组成。

命令是要执行的操作，而选项用于指定命令的不同行为。

命令和选项之间通常用空格分隔。

2. 文件路径：在shell中，文件路径用于指定文件或目录的位置。

绝对路径从根目录开始，而相对路径从当前工作目录开始。

3. 通配符：通配符是用于匹配文件名模式的特殊字符。

例如，*表示零个或多个字符，而?表示一个字符。

4. 管道：管道是一种将一个命令的输出作为另一个命令的输入的方法。

它使用竖线符号（|）来连接两个命令。

5. 重定向：重定向用于将命令的输入或输出从标准位置（通常是终端）重定向到文件或另一个命令。

>用于将输出重定向到文件，而<用于将输入重定向到命令。

6. 变量：在shell中，变量用于存储数据并在命令中使用。

变量名通常以美元符号（$）开头。

以上是一些常见的shell语法，它们可以帮助用户更有效地使用命令行界面来执行操作系统的功能。

壳牌得力士S2 M 46 1.1版生效日期30.09.2011 材料安全数据表1。

物质制剂企业标识材料名称 : 壳牌得力士S2 M 46使用：液压油2。

成分的组成/信息准备说明：高度精炼的矿物油和添加剂。

其他信息 : 高度精炼的矿物油含<3％（w / w）DMSO- 提取。

3。

危害辨识EC分类：不列为危险EC标准。

对健康的危害：是一种健康的危害，在正常使用时条件。

长期或反复接触皮肤，而不当的清洗可以堵塞毛孔的皮肤造成紊乱油脂性粉刺/毛囊炎等。

高压下注射皮肤有可能造成严重的损害，包括局部坏死。

使用油可能含有对人体有害的杂质。

症状和体征可能包括：油脂性粉刺/毛囊炎的症状和体征暴露部位的皮肤上的黑色脓包及斑点。

是局部坏死的延迟发作的痛苦和组织伤害于注射后数小时。

摄入可能导致恶心，呕吐和/或腹泻。

安全危害：未被评为可燃物，但会燃烧。

环境危害：不归类为危险的环境中。

4。

急救措施一般资料：是一种健康的危害，在正常使用时条件。

吸入 : 没有治疗的必要，在正常情况下使用。

如果症状持续，寻求医生的意见。

皮肤接触：脱去污染衣物,与水冲洗暴露的部位并遵循用肥皂洗手,如果有的话持续刺激时，获得医疗照顾。

当使用高压力设备，注塑产品的皮肤下发生。

如果发生高压创伤，死亡人数应该是立即发送到医院,不要等到症状发展,即使在没有获得医疗照顾明显的伤口。

眼睛接触：用大量的水冲洗眼睛。

如果持续刺激时，获得医疗照顾。

食入：一般情况下不治疗是必要的，除非大量被吞噬，然而，医生的意见。

给医生的建议：对症治疗。

高压注入伤害需要及时手术干预，可能是类固醇治疗，尽量减少组织损伤和丧失功能。

由于进入伤口较小，并不能反映的严重性，潜在的损伤，手术探查确定的参与程度可能是必要的。

局部麻醉或热浸，应避免使用，因为它们可以有助于肿胀，血管痉挛，缺血。

及时手术外部减压，清创和疏散材料应全身麻醉的情况下进行的，并广泛的探索是必不可少的。

5。

消防措施特定的危险 : 有害燃烧产物可能包括：复杂空气中的固体和液体微粒及气体混合物的（烟）。

密级：受控状态：发放号：Intewell TTOS SHELL参考手册（V1.0）拟制：审核：批准：科东（广州）软件科技有限公司年月日修订历史记录目录1范围 (1)1.1标识 (1)1.2系统概述 (1)1.3文档概述 (2)2引用文档 (2)3shell连接 (3)3.1通过telnet连接至shell (3)3.2通过串口连接至shell (3)4shell命令 (4)4.1任务 (4)4.2设备管理 (9)4.3网络 (10)4.4文件系统 (13)4.5内存 (16)4.6misc (18)4.7时间 (21)4.8调度 (22)4.9ethercat (22)1 范围1.1 标识软件名称：Intewell虚拟化操作系统软件简称：Intewell软件版本：1.01.2 系统概述Intewell是一款硬实时操作系统，为应用程序运行提供资源管理和任务调度能力。

Intewell运行环境如图1所示：图1 Intewell运行环境(1) 虚拟机应用开发采用交叉开发环境，集成开发环境Intewell Developer运行于宿主机操作系统windows 7/10之上，是科东（广州）软件科技自主可控的产品。

用于项目的创建、编辑、编译和调试。

(2) Intewell运行于目标机（龙芯2k、x86或arm），微内核和各虚拟机分别生成不同的映像。

虚拟机运行于用户态，微内核运行于核心态。

基本服务、系统服务和运行时环境在虚拟机内。

(3) Intewell在硬件资源允许情况下，最多可支持63个虚拟机。

虚拟机间时空隔离、中断故障隔离。

1.3 文档概述本文档描述Intewell提供的shell命令帮助手册，主要包括命令描述、示例等，其目的在于指导开发人员如何使用shell命令。

2 引用文档本章节所列文件中的条款通过本文档的引用而成为本文档的条款。

凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单(不包括勘误的内容)或修订版均不适用于本文档。

shell手册Shell手册旨在为Shell的使用者提供详细的指导和参考，帮助他们更好地理解和使用Shell。

以下是Shell手册的主要内容：一、介绍Shell是操作系统的一部分，负责解释和执行用户输入的命令。

在Linux和Unix系统中，常见的Shell有Bash、Csh、Ksh等。

Shell通过调用操作系统提供的函数和工具，执行各种操作，如文件管理、进程控制、环境变量设置等。

二、Shell的基础知识1. 命令行语法：介绍Shell的命令行语法，包括命令的格式、参数传递、输入输出重定向等。

2. 变量和环境变量：介绍如何在Shell中定义和使用变量，以及如何设置和获取环境变量。

3. 命令和函数：介绍如何在Shell中定义和使用命令和函数，以及如何编写可重用的代码块。

4. 流程控制：介绍如何在Shell中进行条件判断和循环控制，包括if语句、while循环、for循环等。

5. 文件和目录操作：介绍如何在Shell中进行文件和目录的操作，包括文件的创建、删除、移动、复制等，以及目录的创建、删除、查找等。

6. 进程管理：介绍如何在Shell中管理进程，包括进程的创建、停止、查看等。

7. 调试和错误处理：介绍如何在Shell中进行调试和错误处理，包括使用echo、trap等命令进行调试，以及使用try/catch/finally进行错误处理。

三、Shell的高级特性1. 通配符和正则表达式：介绍如何在Shell中使用通配符和正则表达式进行模式匹配和文本处理。

2. 参数扩展：介绍如何在Shell中进行参数扩展，包括字符串操作、数组操作、数字计算等。

3. 输入输出重定向和管道：介绍如何在Shell中进行输入输出重定向和管道操作，包括将输出重定向到文件或设备，将输入从文件或设备读取等。

4. 命令行选项和参数：介绍如何在Shell中定义和使用命令行选项和参数，以及如何解析和处理选项和参数。

5. 用户交互和菜单驱动程序：介绍如何在Shell中实现用户交互和菜单驱动程序，包括使用read命令获取用户输入，使用case语句实现菜单选择等。

Shell环境变量关于Shell为了能对shell能够有整体的认识，我们需要先简单介绍下Linux系统。

Linux系统Linux系统主要分四部分：1.Linux内核2.GNU工具3.图形桌面化环境4.应用软件Linux内核Linux内核主要负责以下四种功能：•系统内存管理：物理内存、虚拟内存•软件程序管理：Linux操作系统将运行中的程序称为进程。

内核控制着Linux系统如何管理运行在系统上的所有进程。

内核创建了第一个进程(称为init进程)来启动系统上所有其他进程，Linux使用一个表来管理在系统开机时要自动启动的进程。

Linux操作系统的init系统采用了运行级。

运行级决定了init进程运行/etc/inittab文件或 /etc/rcX.d目录中定义好的一些特定类型的进程（X代表运行级）。

Linux操作系统有5个启动运行级。

每个启动运行级便是一种启动模式。

•硬件设备管理：内核的另一职责是管理硬件设备。

任何Linux系统需要与之通信的设备，都需要在内核代码中加入其驱动程序代码。

驱动程序代码相当于应用程序和硬件设备的中间人，允许内核与设备之间交换数据。

•文件系统管理：不同于其他一些操作系统，Linux内核支持通过不同类型的文件系统从硬盘中读写数据。

GNU操作系统用以执行一些标准功能，比如控制文件和程序的工具。

Linus在创建Linux系统内核时，没有可用的系统工具。

GNU是由GNU组织(GNU是GNU’s Not Unix的缩写)开发了一套完整的Unix工具，是开源的，但没有运行它们的内核系统。

于是将Linus的Linux内核和GNU操作系统工具整合起来，就产生了一款完整的、功能丰富的免费操作系统：GNU/Linux系统（为了感谢GNU组织）也称：Linux系统。

GNU分两部分，一部分为核心GNU工具（core utilities），由处理文件、操作文本、管理进程三部分工具包组成；另一部分便是Shell。

shell 中文参数Shell中文参数的运用在Shell编程中，中文参数的使用是非常重要的。

它可以帮助我们更好地理解和使用Shell命令，提高编程效率。

本文将介绍一些常见的Shell中文参数，并说明它们的用法和作用。

一、文件操作命令1.创建目录：使用"创建目录"命令可以在当前目录下创建一个新的目录。

例如，我们可以使用"创建目录演示"命令创建一个名为"演示"的目录。

2.复制文件：使用"复制文件"命令可以将一个文件复制到指定的目录下。

例如，我们可以使用"复制文件文件1 目录1"命令将文件1复制到目录1中。

3.移动文件：使用"移动文件"命令可以将一个文件移动到指定的目录下。

例如，我们可以使用"移动文件文件1 目录1"命令将文件1移动到目录1中。

4.删除文件：使用"删除文件"命令可以删除指定的文件。

例如，我们可以使用"删除文件文件1"命令删除文件1。

二、系统管理命令1.查看系统信息：使用"查看系统信息"命令可以查看当前系统的一些基本信息。

例如，我们可以使用"查看系统信息"命令查看系统的版本、内核版本等信息。

2.查看磁盘使用情况：使用"查看磁盘使用情况"命令可以查看当前系统磁盘的使用情况。

例如，我们可以使用"查看磁盘使用情况"命令查看磁盘的总容量、已使用容量等信息。

3.查看内存使用情况：使用"查看内存使用情况"命令可以查看当前系统内存的使用情况。

例如，我们可以使用"查看内存使用情况"命令查看内存的总容量、已使用容量等信息。

三、网络管理命令1.查看网络连接状态：使用"查看网络连接状态"命令可以查看当前系统的网络连接状态。

HSSE in SHEllPeople who work for Shell drive nearly 1.5 billion kilometres a year to deliver fuel and other products. They build new plants in extreme conditions, work on remote offshore platforms, and run refineries and chemical plants.Keeping people safe is our top priority. We aim to have zero fatalities and no incidents that harm people. We aim to make sure our operations are safe and reduce our impact on the environment and our neighbours.To achieve continuous performance improvement Shell companies manage health, safety, security, environment and social performance in a systematic way.At Shell, we aim to help meet the energy needs of society in ways that are economically, environmentally and socially responsible. To manage the impact of our operations and projects on the environment and society we have a comprehensive set of business principles and rigorousstandards covering health, safety, security, environment (HSSE) and social performance (SP).Our business principles provide high-level guidance and the Commitment and Policy on HSSE & SP reflects our aims on how we operate and involve communities close to our operations. Those aims include:n do no harm to people;n protect the environment; andncomply with all HSSE laws and regulations.All Shell companies, contractors and joint ventures under our operational control must manage HSSE and social performance in line with the Commitment and Policy, local laws and the terms of relevant permits and approvals. To help our staff and contractors to put the Commitment and Policy into practice we launched the Shell HSSE & SP Control Framework in 2009. It includes a set of mandatory standards and manuals covering areas such as managing greenhouse gas emissions, impacts on biodiversity, road safety and security.We also include requirements for integrating environmental and social factors into the way we plan, design and take investment decisions on new projects. /standards/safetyHSSE & SP Control FrameworkMANAGING HSSEWe identify the HSSE risks associated with our business activities and work to reduce these risks through mitigating controls.We work to reduce the HSSE risks associated with our business activities.Business managers in Shell are accountable for identifying HSSE hazards, assessing and documenting their potential impact, and reducing or eliminating risks using controls and recovery measures.We audit our businesses and seek assurance that HSSE & SP requirements have been implemented and are effective.The heads of our businesses and functions are required to report to the Chief Executive at the end of each year on how they have applied our business principles and standards, and the effectiveness of the controls in place. Shell Internal Audit investigates fraud, compliance and other control incidents. We report on our HSSE policies and performance to the Executive Committee and the Board of Royal Dutch Shell plc. Our process safety specialists do conduct dedicated safety audits.All our major plants are externally certified to international environmental standards, including ISO 14001. External panels and observers help us monitor environmental and social performance.HSSE rISKS ANd ASSurANCEThe ‘Bow Tie’ ModelWe are building a strong safety culture. We put extra focus on managing the most critical HSSE risks. We work to mitigate these risks by enforcing compliance with vital controls, and effectively checking that controls are in place at all times.Over the last five years Shell has significantly improved itsHSSE performance. Our major construction projects have been setting safety records and we saw our lowest-ever rate of injuries across the company in 2009. To keep our employees and contractors safe we are focusing on improving compliance with HSSE rules.We launched our mandatory 12 Life-Saving Rules in 2009 as a way to increase the focus on critical safety risks within Shell. The rules prescribe what employees and contractors must know and do to prevent serious injury or fatality, for example: wear seat belts and do not speed or use mobile phones – evenhands-free – while driving. If rules are broken, employees face disciplinary action up to termination of employment, whilecontractors can be removed from the site and barred from future work from Shell.We also simplified our safety requirements when we launched the Shell HSSE & SP Control Framework in 2009 (see page 2). It is a single, mandatory source for rules covering critical risk areas such as process and road safety, occupational health and working at height or in confined spaces. While the Control Framework was launched in 2009, its standards and manuals include all of the HSSE requirements we have followed in thepast, such as our industry-first biodiversity standard.CoMPlyING WITH HSSE rulESInjuries -Total recordable Case FrequencyWe provide ongoing training to ensure that our commitment to excellence in HSSE management is reflected throughout Shell. Health, safety, security and environmental performance are key factors in evaluating and in selecting contractors.Strong HSSE performance depends on a competent workforce. We want individuals carrying out tasks to be trained, medically fit and sufficiently rested and alert.Shell’s HSSE competence requirements are based on legislation and industry standards, and are specified in the Shell HSSE & SP Control Framework.We check that everyone responsible for tasks with a significant HSSE risk has the necessary training and skills. This includes people responsible for frontline operational HSSE critical activities, those planning and supervising HSSE criticalactivities, HSSE professionals and those in leadership positions.HSSE Leadership by Shell employees and contractors at every level contributes to strong HSSE performance. We measure HSSE leadership through the annual appraisal process and assurance system.Training is provided through the Shell Open University to develop staff skills in HSSE. Comprehensive programmes are also in place tailored for specific activities, for exampleworking offshore, and for high-risk areas such as road safety.HSSE CoMPETENCyPeter Voser at Pernis refinery, Netherlands 2009Cautionary noteThe companies in which Royal Dutch Shell plc directly and indirectly owns investments are separate entities. In this publication “Shell”, “Shell group” and “Royal Dutch Shell” are sometimes used for convenience where references are made to Royal Dutch Shell plc and its subsidiaries in general. Likewise, the words “we”, “us” and “our” are also used to refer to subsidiaries in general or to those who work for them. These expressions are also used where no useful purpose is served by identifying the particular company or companies. ‘‘Subsidiaries’’, “Shell subsidiaries” and “Shell companies” as used in this publication refer to companies in which Royal Dutch Shell either directly or indirectly has control, by having either a majority of the voting rights or the right to exercise a controlling influence. The companies in which Shell has significant influence but not control are referred to as “associated companies” or “associates” and companies in which Shell has joint control are referred to as “jointly controlled entities”.In this publication, associates and jointly controlled entities are also referred to as“equity-accounted investments”. The term “Shell interest” is used for convenience to indicatethe direct and/or indirect (for example, through our 34% shareholding in Woodside Petroleum Ltd.) ownership interest held by Shell in a venture, partnership or company, after exclusion ofall third-party interest.This publication contains forward-looking statements concerning the financial condition, results of operations and businesses of Royal Dutch Shell. All statements other than statements of historical fact are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements of future expectations that are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements concerning the potential exposure of Royal Dutch Shell to market risks and statements expressing management’s expectations, beliefs, estimates, forecasts, projections and assumptions. These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases such as ‘‘anticipate’’, ‘‘believe’’, ‘‘could’’, ‘‘estimate’’, ‘‘expect’’, ‘‘intend’’, ‘‘may’’, ‘‘plan’’, ‘‘objectives’’, ‘‘outlook’’, ‘‘probably’’, ‘‘project’’, ‘‘will’’, ‘‘seek’’, ‘‘target’’, ‘‘risks’’, ‘‘goals’’, ‘‘should’’ and similar terms and phrases. There are a number of factors that could affect the future operations of Royal Dutch Shell and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements included in this publication, including (without limitation): (a) price fluctuations in crude oil and natural gas; (b) changes in demand for the Shell’s products; (c) currency fluctuations; (d) drilling and production results; (e) reserve estimates; (f) loss of market share and industry competition; (g) environmental and physical risks; (h) risks associated with the identification of suitable potential acquisition properties and targets, and successful negotiation and completion of such transactions; (i) the risk of doing business in developing countries and countries subject to international sanctions; (j) legislative, fiscal and regulatory developments including regulatory measures addressing climate change; (k) economic and financial market conditions in various countries and regions; (l) political risks, including the risks of expropriation and renegotiation of the terms of contracts with governmental entities, delays or advancements in the approval of projects and delays in the reimbursement for shared costs; and (m) changes in trading conditions. All forward-looking statements contained in this publication are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Additional factors that may affect future results are contained in Royal Dutch Shell’s 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2009 (available at /investor and ). These factors also should be considered by the reader. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of this publication, June 2010. Neither Royal Dutch Shell nor any of its subsidiaries undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or other information. In light of these risks, results could differ materially from those stated, implied or inferred from the forward-looking statements contained in this publication.The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) permits oil and gas companies, in their filings with the SEC, to disclose only proved reserves that a company has demonstrated by actual production or conclusive formation tests to be economically and legally producible under existing economic and operating conditions. We may have used certain terms in this publication that SEC’s guidelines strictly prohibit us from including in filings with the SEC. U.S. Investors are urged to consider closely the disclosure in our Form 20-F, File No 1-32575, available on the SEC website . You can also obtain these forms from the SEC by calling 1-800-SEC-0330.Published June 2010For further information visit /safety Design and layout by Creative Services The Hague。

linux shell手册Linux Shell 手册I. 简介Linux Shell 是一种用户界面，用于与操作系统进行交互。

它是一种命令行解释器，可执行用户输入的命令，并将其转化为操作系统可以理解的指令。

II. Shell 基本命令1. 目录操作指令- ls：列出当前目录下的文件和子目录- cd：切换当前工作目录- mkdir：创建新目录- rmdir：删除空目录- pwd：显示当前工作目录的路径2. 文件操作指令- touch：创建新文件- cp：复制文件或目录- mv：移动或重命名文件或目录- rm：删除文件或目录- cat：显示文件内容- less：分页显示文件内容- head：显示文件开头部分- tail：显示文件末尾部分3. 权限管理指令- chmod：修改文件或目录的权限- chown：修改文件或目录的所有者- chgrp：修改文件或目录的所属用户组4. 进程管理指令- ps：列出当前运行的进程- kill：终止指定的进程- bg：将进程置于后台运行- fg：将后台运行的进程切换到前台5. 网络指令- ping：测试网络连接- ifconfig：显示或配置网络接口信息 - ssh：通过安全的shell连接远程主机- scp：在本地主机与远程主机之间复制文件6. 常用工具指令- grep：在文件中搜索指定的模式- sed：对文件进行流式文本编辑- awk：对文本进行处理和分析- tar：打包和解包文件- find：搜索指定目录下的文件或目录III. Shell 编程1. Shell 脚本基础Shell 脚本是一系列 Shell 命令的集合，可用于自动化执行任务。

它由一系列命令和控制结构组成，可以利用变量、循环和条件语句实现复杂的逻辑。

2. 脚本编写规范- 指定 Shell 解释器：脚本开头需声明使用的 Shell 解释器，如#!/bin/bash- 注释：使用注释来解释代码的作用和逻辑，以提高代码可读性 - 变量：使用变量存储数据，在脚本中使用时需加上$符号- 条件判断：使用if语句执行条件判断，并根据结果执行相应的命令- 循环：使用for或while循环执行重复的操作3. 实例下面是一个简单的 Shell 脚本例子，用于统计当前目录下的文件数量：```bash#!/bin/bashcount=0for file in $(ls)doif [ -f $file ]thencount=$((count+1))fidoneecho "当前目录下的文件数量为：$count"```IV. Shell 环境变量1. 系统环境变量系统环境变量是全局可用的变量，用于配置整个系统的行为。

材料安全数据表（MSDS）混合芳烃版本：第1.5版出具日期：2015年9月16日1. 化学品及企业鉴定1.1. 产品鉴定标识材料名称：混合芳烃化学名称：Naphtha (petroleum), catalytic reformed石脑油（石油）催化重组油化学物质（CAS）登记号：68955-35-1同义字（词）：Light Reformate, Heavy Reformate, Reformat, Platformat Combine, Reformat, / Platformat, Reformaat, LPF(Light Powerformate), HPF(Heavy Powerformate)。

轻重整油、重重整油、重整油、高辛烷值汽油整合油等1.2.相关化学物质或混合物鉴别用途和用途建议主要用途分类：工业用途、专业用途特殊用途：燃料、燃料组分、化工原料、其他：见本材料安全数据表后附列表1.3. 本材料安全数据表制造商/供应商信息公司：Shell Eastern Trading (Pte) Ltd（壳牌东方贸易私人有限公司）地址：09 NORTH BUONA VISTA DRIVE#07-01 TOWER 1, THE METROPOLISSINGAPORE, 138588 SINGAPORE电话：+65 6384 80001.4. 紧急联系电话紧急联系电话：+44(0) 151 350 45952. 危害鉴别2.1. 化学物质/混合物分级2.1.1. 根据Regulation（EU）1272/2008分类CLP等级：根据Regulation（EC）1272/2008，该产品被分类为危险品。

Flam. Liq. 1：H224Skin Irrit. 2：H315Muta. 1B：H340Carc. 1B：H350Repr. 2：H361fdSTOT SE 3：H336Asp. Tox. 1：H304Aquatic Chronic 2：H4112.2. 标签元素2.2.1. 根据Regulation（EC）1272/2008标记危险图示：信号词：Danger（危险）危险说明：H224-极易燃液体和蒸汽。