工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? T est. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. /doc/f51636438.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This iswhat companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine whichdirection goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it wouldinitially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. T o do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries.New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。

英文原文:Design for Modularity: Product Design for Decomposition and IntegrationABSTRACTIn the last few years, corporation has engaged in studies to improve their design processes, ranging from marketing to support. Recent government, academic and industrial sector initiatives have sought advance technologies for developing and managing product development environment. Many companies have established a concurrent design process for their product development and have recognized a need for tools in evaluating the level of decomposition and integration, while analyzing the impact on the final design. This article will propose a three-phase methodology for design of products while considering modularity, assembly and manufacture.KEYWORDSModularity, Group technology, Optimization, Decomposition, Classification1. IntroductionModular design is a design technique that can be used to develop complex products using similar components . Components used in a modular product must have features that enable them to be coupled together to form a complex product. Modular design can be also viewed as the process of producing units that perform discrete functions, and then the units are connected together to provide a variety of functions. Modular design emphasizes the minimization of interactions between components, which will enable components to bedesigned and produced independently from each other. Each component, designed for modularity, is supposed to support one or more function. When components are structured together, to form a product, they will support a larger or general function. This shows the importance of analyzing the product function and decomposing it into sub-functions that can be satisfied by different functional modules. Modularity can be applied in the product design, design problems, production systems, or all three. It is preferable to use the modular design in all three types at the same time.Modular products refer to products that fulfill various overall functions through the combination of distinct building blocks or modules. In the sense that the overall function, performed by the product, can be divided into sub functions that can be implemented by different modules or components. An important aspect of modular products is the creation of a basic core unit to which different elements (modules) can be fitted, thus enabling a variety of versions of the same module to be produced. The core should have sufficient capacity to cope with all expected variations in performance and usage.Most design problems can be broken down into a set of easy to manage simpler sub-problems. Sometimes complex problems are reduced into easier sub-problems, where a small change in the solution of one sub-problem can lead to a change in other sub-problems’ solutions. T his means that the decomposition has resulted in functionally dependent sub-problems. Modularity focuses on decomposing the overall problem into functionally independent sub-problems, in which interaction or interdependence between sub-problems is minimized. Thus, a change in the solution of one problem may lead to a minor modification in other problems, or it may have no effect on other sub-problems.Modularity in production systems aims at building production systems from standardized modular machines. The fact that a wide diversity of production requirements exists has led to the introduction of a variety of production machinery, and a lack of agreement on what the building blocks should be. This means that there are no standards for modular machinery. In order to build a modular production system, production machinery must be classified into functional groups from which a selection of a modularproduction system can be made to respond to different production requirements. Rogers classified production mach inery into four basic groups of “primitive” production elements. These are process machine primitives, motion units, modular fixtures, and configurable control units. It is argued that if a selection is made from these four categories, it will be possible to build a diverse range of efficient, automated and integrated production system.2．Overview of Product DevelopmentProduct development is a necessary and important part of the activities performed by a manufacturing firm. Due to changes in manufacturing technology, consumer preferences, and government regulations (to name a few influences), existing products will become less profitable over time. The sales volume of a typical product starts slowly, accelerates, becomes flat, and then steadily declines. Although there may be a few products that remain profitable for many years, firms continually develop new products that will generate more profits. Product development determines what the firm will manufacture and sell. That is, it attempts to design products that customers will buy and to design manufacturing processes that meet customer demand profitably. Poor decisions during product development lead to products that no one wants to buy and products that are expensive to manufacture in sufficient quantity.A product development process is the set of activities needed to bring a new product to market. A product development organization includes the engineers, managers, and other personnel who make process and product engineering decisions and perform these activities. (Note that, in this paper, the term new product covers the redesign of an existing product as well.)Because making good decisions requires expertise and an organization of people can be experts in only a few things, a manufacturing firm specializes in a certain class of products. It focuses its attention on the market for that class of products, the technologies available to produce that class, and the regulations relevant to that class.Like other parts of the business, a product development organization seeks tomaximize the profit of the manufacturing firm subject to the relevant regulatory and ethical constraints and other conditions that the firm’s owners impose based on their values. A product development organization does this by regularly introducing new products that the firm can manufacture, market, and sell. Fundamentally, then, a product development organization transforms information about the world (e.g., technology, preferences, and regulations) into information about products and processes that will generate profits for the firm. It performs this transformation through decision-making (Herrmann and Schmidt, 2002). Because the design problem is highly complex, product development teams decompose the problem into a product development process, which provides the mechanisms for linking a series of design decisions that do not explicitly consider profit.The following nine steps are the primary activities that many product development processes accomplish (Schmidt et al., 2002):Step 1. Identify the customer needs.Step 2. Establish the product specification.Step 3. Define alternative concepts for a design that meets the specification.Step 4. Select the most suitable concept.Step 5. Design the subsystems and integrate them.Step 6. Build and test a prototype; modify the design as required.Step 7. Design and build the tooling for production.Step 8. Produce and distribute the product.Step 9. Track the product during its life cycle to determine its strengths and weaknesses.This list (or any other description that uses a different number of steps) is an extremely simple depiction that not only conveys the scope of the process but also highlights the inherent (but unquestioned) decomposition. There are many other ways to represent product development processes and the component tasks, including the use of schedules or a design structure matrix (Smith and Eppinger, 2001).Manufacturing firms understand that design decisions (though made early in theproduct life cycle) have an excessive impact on the profitability of a product over its entire life cycle. Consequently, product development organizations have created and used concurrent engineering practices for many years (Smith, 1997, provides a historical view). Many types of tools and methods (such as cross-functional product development teams and design for manufacturing guidelines) have been created, adopted, and implemented to improve decision-making. Cooper (1994) identifies three generations of formal approaches to product development, all of which involve decomposition.It should be noted, however, that decomposition is not the only way to describe product development. As an alternative to decomposing a system design problem into subproblems, Hazelrigg (1996) proposes creating and refining system design models to express how detailed design variables affect the overall system performance. This approach suggests that a product development process would end with using the model to find the optimal design. Hazelrigg (1998) encourages this type of optimization but does not discuss the process of generating the profit maximization model.3. A Methodology for Design for ModularityA three-phase methodology is proposed for the development of complex products using the modularity concept [1,2]. The proposed methodology matches the criteria set by the design for functionality, assembly and manufacture. Some of the major benefits associated with this methodology include:·Increased design accuracy, efficiency, and the reuse of existing design for new programs.·Potential for integration of the developed methodology and technology into the engineering design activities.·Modular product design and the process of planning the production are integrated in one overall engineering process in which product features are mapped into their feasible process(es) in a one to one correspondence.In order to implement this concept successfully, the manner in which the modules areselected is critical. By establishing simple interfaces within the modules, the numbers of interactions are then reduced. The steps associated with this methodology include: Phase I - Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and Classification1. Product and problem decomposition.2. Structural and modular decomposition.3. Associativity analysis between the components and specification.4. Application of group technology classification system.5. Construction of the associativity measure matrix.6. Optimum selection of modules.Phase II - Product Analysis: Design for Assembly and Functionality Analysis1. Identify the components that could be produced and assembled separately.2. Determine of the order of disassembly and assembly for each sub-component module.3. Establish the interfaces based on the analysis of the design features.4. Determine of the order, which the sub-assemblies are assembled to produce the final product.Phase III - Process Analysis: Design for Manufacture1. Family identification and template retrieval.2. Determination of the logical order of GT codes for the process of modules.3. Machine and process parameter calculation.4. Variant process planning.4. Decomposition Analysis: Design for Modularity and ClassificationPhase I of the methodology further specifications associated with this phase are illustrated as follows:4.1. Needs AnalysisThe design engineer is usually given an ill-defined problem. In many situations, the designer has to respond to the mere suggestion that there is a need for a product to performa certain function. One of the main tasks is to find out precisely what are the needs and what do customers really want. An important step in the design is to describe the product fully in terms of functional needs and physical limitations. These functional needs and physical limitations will form the product specifications. Surveying prospective purchasers or customers could collect information required to identify customer needs. Conducting a marketing study that begins by establishing target markets and customers can do this. Then customers’ wants and needs could be obtained by using several methods such as interviews and questionnaires. Also, similar products (competitive products) are investigated to find possible improvement opportunities by focusing on weakness points and desired features by customers. Next, customer wants and needs are arranged into groups and prioritized according to their importance. Needs analysis usually results in a statement of recognized needs and the expected manner in which that need should be met.4.2. Product Requirements AnalysisResults of the needs analysis step are used to identify the product requirements. The development group begins by preparing a list of functional objectives needed to meet the customer’s primary needs. Further analysis of customer needs reveals operational functional requirements that impose both functional and physical constraints on the design. Secondary customer requirements will be categorized as general functional requirements; they are ranked secondary because they will not affect the main function of the product. That is, a product may lack one or more general functional requirement and still be considered as a functional product that meets the intended function. General functional requirements should be weighted with respect to their importance.4.3. Product Concept AnalysisProduct/concept analysis is the decomposition of the product into its basic functional and physical elements. These elements must be capable of achieving the product’s functions. Functional elements are defined as the individual operations and transformations that contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical elements are defined as the parts, components, and subassemblies that ultimately implement the product’s function.Product concept analysis consists of product physical decomposition and product functional decomposition. In product physical decomposition, the product is decomposed into its basic physical components which, when assembled together, will accomplish the product function. Physical decomposition should result in the identification of basic components that must be designed or selected to perform the product function. Product functional decomposition describes the products overall functions and identifies components functions. Also, the interfaces between functional components are identified.4.4. Product/Concept IntegrationBasic components resulting from the decomposition process should be arranged in modules and integrated into a functional system. The manner by which components are arranged in modules will affect the product design. The resulting modules can be used to structure the development teams needed. System level specifications are the oneto- one relationship between components with respect to their functional and physical characteristics. Functional characteristics are a result of the operations and transformations that components perform in order to contribute to the overall performance of the product. Physical characteristics are a result of the components’ arrangements,assemblies, and geometry that implement the product function. Physical and functional characteristics, forming the system level specifications, are arranged into a hierarchy of descriptions that begins by the component at the top level and ends with the detailed descriptions at the bottom level.Bottom level descriptions (detailed descriptions) are used to determine the relationships between components, 1 if the relationship exists and 0 otherwise. This binary relationship between components is arranged in a vector form, “System Level Specifications Vector”(SLSV). System level specifi cations identified in the previous step affects the general functional requirements in the sense that some specifications may help satisfy some general functional requirements, while other specifications might prevent the implementation of some desired general functional requirements. The impact of the SLS on GFR’s should be clearly identified which will help in developing products that willmeet, up to a satisfactory degree, the general functional requirements stated earlier. The impact will be determined based on –1 as negative impact, 0 as no impact, and 1 as positive impact. A negative impact represents an undesired effect on the general functional requirements such as limiting the degree to which the product will meet the general requirement, or preventing the product from implementing the general requirement. While a positive impact represents a desired effect that the SLS will have on the general requirements, such SLS will ensure that the product will satisfy the requirements and result in customer satisfaction. An SLS is said to have no impact if it neither prevents the implementation of the GFR, nor helps satisfying the GFR.The degree of association between components should be measured and used in grouping components into modules. Incorporating the general functional requirement weights can do this, in addition to the system level specifications vectors and their impacts on the general functional requirements to provide a similarity index between components.The similarity indices associated with components are arranged in a component vs. component matrix. Components with high degree of association should be grouped together in design modules. This can be accomplished by using an optimization model that maximizes the sum of the similarities. The optimization model will identify independent modules that can be designed simultaneously. Several models are available for optimization analysis of this model.5．Types of DecompositionA product development process follows a decomposition scheme that reflects the experience of the organization and the individuals that inhabit the organization. This relationship explains the design of many organizations and business processes, of course, and obviously applies to product development processes as performed in the real-world. (The study of contingency theory has explored the relationship of organization structure to the organization’s goals and environment.) The evolut ion of the product development process is influenced by exceptional events (such as disasters that cause managers toimplement controls or regulations designed to ensure that “it never happens again”), by executives and managers who participated in or observed different processes used by other organizations, and by natural processes of continuous improvement. These influences are resisted by the inertia of individuals in the organization (“that’s not the way we do it here”), and the implemention of innovations may fail for other reasons. Klein and Sorra (1996) argue that the implementation effectiveness depends upon implementation climate and implementation policies and practices.Holt et al. (1960) mention a three-stage process for the evolution of a decision-making system. In the first stage, when an organization is small, skilled managers make decisions as situations arise. In the second stage, the complexity of the operations increases, and the firm installs a system of decisionmaking. For routine decisions, heuristics or simple rules guide decision-making. In the third stage, the firm seeks to improve decision-making by implementing decision support tools. Often these tools help decision-makers treat problems in a more integrated fashion.In conclusion, rarely are product development processes explicitly designed to optimize profitability. Still, the never-ending quest to improve processes leads managers to change them, first hoping to improve this metric, then hoping to improve another, always seeking changes that improve all metrics simultaneously. Because different firms find themselves in different positions, they seek different things from their processes. More precisely, there exist a large set of objectives, and each organization prioritizes these objectives differently. Thus, each firm finds a different process most desirable for itself, in the same way that different families looking at the houses for sale in the same city choose different houses based on their own priorities on location, price, number of bedrooms, and so forth.Being unique, each product development organization has a unique product development process that embodies a unique decomposition. If each process has changed over time due to many different reasons, it may seem unreasonable to describe the forces that shape specific product development processes. Indeed, Blanchard and Fabrycky (1998)state that a development process is a generic template that must be “tailored” to a specific project’s need. They describe three common processe s: the waterfall model, the spiral model, and the V model. They observe that preferences among these models are subjective and that careful study is needed to select the best model for a specific project.Still, some authors have described some of the factors that make certain types of processes more or less successful. For instance, Loch and Terwiesch (1998) use an analytical model of concurrent engineering to show how uncertainty (and the speed of uncertainty reduction) affects the optimal amount to overlap activities and the optimal frequency of meetings used to coordinate the concurrent activities. More generally, Pich, Loch, and De Meyer (2002) identify three project management strategies (instructionism, learning, and selectionism) that handle uncertainty in different ways. Accordingly, project managers must determine the adequacy of what is known about the world and the effects of different actions and must determine whether any inadequacy is due to ambiguity or complexity. The paper proposes some simple rules suggesting when to use each strategy.6. Summary and ConclusionsThis article has presented a new methodology for modular design. The complete process is a three-phase process, but only phase I of the methodology is presented. The method illustrates the significance of the group technology coding and classification and the optimization in modular design.This synthesis contributes to a theory of design describes how design happens in practice and explains this behavior. The fundamental axioms include the profit maximization objective, bounded rationality (including limited time and resources available for product development), and the presence of uncertainty.Extending this theory of design will require better understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of different decompositions. Also useful will be understanding the relationship between the effort spent to solve a design subproblem and the quality of the resulting solution.It will be interesting to see how improvements in information technology and decision support systems increase the amount of information that one decision-maker can process and how these improvements change the balance between decomposition and integration. 中文翻译：模块化设计：产品设计的分解与整合摘要:在过去的几年里，公司进行了研究，以改善他们的设计流程，从市场营销支持。

外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Germany Bauhaus design and Future Design TrendAbstractGerman Bauhaus had a significant influence on the modern design education, meanwhile, it established the foundation of the leading position in the world for German industrial design. Through analyzing on current industrial design conditions from different countries, art design is considered as the main part of industrial design. This paper reviewed the last 10 years’ development of industrial design program in Zhejiang University of Science and Technology. The industrial design program have taken considerable achievements in many fields, such as the practice of Germany model, disciplines construction, teaching reform, manufactures & college cooperation, project teaching and design competitions. And Y ou cannot ignore the industrial design ten trend Keywords: Bauhaus, industrial design, project teaching, practice , 10 Industrial Design Trends1. German Bauhaus and industrial designGerman Bauhaus Design and Future Design TrendsAbstractGerman Bauhaus has a significant influence. At the same time, modern design education laid the foundation for the world's leading German industrial design. By analyzing the current industrial design conditions in different countries, artistic design is considered as the main industrial design. This article reviews the process of developing industrial designs in the last 10 years. Industrial design programs have taken considerable success in many areas such as the German practice model, professional construction, teaching reform, collaboration between production and engineering colleges, teaching and design competitions and ten trends in industrial design that you cannot ignore.Key words: ten trends of Bauhaus, industrial design, project teaching, practice, industrial design1. German Bauhaus and Industrial DesignIn 1919, the school had built Bauhaus Weimar, Germany. This is known as the “cradle of world industrial design” and the history of this milestone art design. Bauhaus believes that the most important thing is to allow students to explore their own ways of designing, rather than teaching their teachers; to cultivate students' ability to think independently and critically, instead of putting certain design styles on them. Compared with other schools with similar design education, Bauhaus philosophy has a unique philosophy of education. It took a thorough reform of the traditional art design education system andestablished art design as a new professional discipline. At the same time, Walter Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus, put forward the "unified art and technology" as the leading design philosophy of education.One of Bauhaus's works is a general industrial product that actively purifies the form. Bauhaus stressed that the design of the product's shape should be based on basic geometric models such as cubes, squares, and circles. The form of the product, and outlined should be simple and varied in different ways and follow abstract forms of principles and aesthetics. Because of Bauhaus's bravery and active exploration and reform, he took a major influence on the formation of the modernist artistic style and enabled Bauhaus to design a world-class reputation. Therefore Bauhaus became a milestone in the history of modern design art.The American artist Jose Sinel first mentioned the industrial design of the term in 1919. However, in China, until 1983, the Ministry of Education had met the industrial design disciplines and sample major ordinary universities. The original name was "The main product formation was" students for the arts. In 1998, the national priority category was adjusted to be integrated into international conventions. The “major” product formation has long since focused on the human-product-environment relationship in the field of product morphology and other research. This name has replaced "industrial design" and some of the major schools for engineering and art education.Bauhaus has many top European artists during this time, such as Kandinsky and Kerry. They are famous abstract painters. Their teaching trains students and leads to Bauhaus's 20th-century art design. The most famous industrial designers such as Philip Starck behar Marc Newson and Maca graduated from the School of Art Design. Their success proves that industrial design education in art design education is effective. The product form design is still an important aspect. Industrial design in undergraduate industrial design research is currently an important part of the famous Art Design School.The Academy of Art and Design of the Norwegian Royal Academy of Arts, the University Politecnico Duisburg-Esse Milan, the applied sciences and arts of Hannover University (Hanover Industrial Design Division), all of whom belong to the School of Art and Design.According to a survey: the American Association of Industrial Designers (IDSA organized by the United States) in 1998, there are 49 colleges, which have industrial design undergraduate or graduate programs registered on the IDSA-sponsored list. Typical industrial design students are usually set up in art schools and can obtain bachelor degree or above, fine arts or related majors. Most people are accredited to the school NASAD (National Association of Arts and Design). Only 15 - schools are not certified. After five years o f IDSA’s announcement, only registered industrial design students can be recognized. Among them are37 industrial design majors in universities, 6 in design colleges, and 4 in art schools. This situation has not changed in the current year.Asia: In Japan, industrial design majors also set in art schools or independent industrial design faculties, such as Tokyo Zokei University, Musashino Art University, Tama Art University, and University of Tsukuba etc. In Hongkong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has famous industrial design programs. In Taiwan, Shih Chien University, National Cheng Kung University, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology have famous industrial design programs. In mainland of China, Jiangnan University, Tsinghua University, Hunan University, Tongji University and the Guangzhou academic of fine arts all have their industrial design departments in the art design schools or departments.2 10 Industrial Design Trends Y ou Can't Ignore2.1 Design For A CauseCompanies including Herman Miller and American Apparel are promoting their ideals through design. Y ves Béhar's leaf lamp for Herman Miller (shown) uses a biomorphic grid of LEDs, which consume 40% percent less energy than fluorescent lights and last for 100,000 hours. And Nike plans to make its entire footwear line out of sustainable materials by 2010.2.2 SimplexitySteve McCallion, executive creative director of Portland, Ore.-basedindustrial design firm Ziba Design, says there's a trend toward "simplexity," products that have many functions but are approachable, ergonomically correct and easy to use--like Apple's iPhone. The baby boomers have also propelled simplexity; as the generation ages, the need for easy-to-use, at-home medical equipment becomes greater. Ami V erhalen, director of industrial design at Madison, Wis.-based Design Concepts, says that in-home health care will be a huge driver for product innovation in the upcoming decade.2.3 PersonalizationFrom Nike ID shoes to Build-a-Bear teddies, retailers are adding a "build your own" element to brands. Do it yourself--or DIY--serves as an important element of this trend. Publications like Ready Made magazine and books like designer Wendy Mullin's Sew U encourage consumers to put their own spin on things.2.4 GlobalizationLike other industries, outsourcing has affected international design. Today a designer in Delhi might be working with a manufacturer in Columbus. Steve McCallion says that the globalization of product design has created Internet communities that enable more people to participate in the design process. Companies like Kid Robot can employ toy designers from Tokyo to Tucson with greater ease than ever.2.5 OrnamentationIn fashion design, we're seeing a return to minimalism, but in home decor, ornate details are in fashion. For the first time in decades, wallpaper is in fashion, and the details are rich--brocades, velvets and jewel-tone colors. Long-forgotten textile designers like Florence Broadhurst and V era Neumann are receiving attention from a new generation of design-savvy consumers.2.6 Polarization Of DesignBig-box or luxury retailer? Many experts say that design has been polarized, with innovative products available at both the very high end (Neiman Marcus, Moss) and the very low end (Target, Ikea). Meanwhile, midrange retailers like Macy's suffer from lack of fresh, on-trend ideas. That isolates the huge chunk of the population that can afford something higher-end than the $200 Malm bed at Ikea but scoff at the price of a $16,000 Hastens mattress.2.7 Pink DesignGadgets are a guy's game, right? Not if you consider the latest products with feminine mystique. Motorola released a lipstick pink Razr cellphone, and more recently, LG released a Prada phone. More and more manufacturers are creating sleeker, feminized versions of their clunky, chunky products, and both men and women are biting. Want proof of the feminization of product design? Just check out , which rates several items a day as "Geek chic" or "Just Plain Geeky."2.8 Mass ImperfectionSome designers are creating intentionally flawed pieces, like designer Jason Miller's duct tape chair or Bodum's Pavina glassware collection, which uses mouth-blown double-walled glass, giving each piece a slight variation in height, thickness and weight. Whiskered and weathered textiles--on denim as well as furniture and tapestries--are more recognizable examples of intentional imperfection in production.2.9 CraftAs mass retailers like Target become more design-focused, there's a countertrend of independent manufacturers and designers creating one-off, heirloom pieces. Where to find these limited-edition treasures? Artisan e-commerce sites like , classical craft companies like Heath Ceramics and modernist design houses such as Design Within Reach.2.10 Focus On The Other 90%Anthony Pannozzo, vice president of design strategy at Waltham, Mass.-based firm Herbst LaZar Bell, says that well-designed products are available to only 10% of the world's population. However, more and more designers are starting to cater to consumers in Africa, Asia and Latin America.中文译文德国包豪斯设计与未来设计趋势摘要德国包豪斯有显著的影响, 与此同时, 现代设计教育奠定了基础, 它处于世界领先地位的德国工业设计。

中文译文产品设计，语义和情绪反应摘要本文探讨了人体工程学理论与语义和情感内容的设计问题。

其目的是要找到以下问题的答案：如何设计产品引发人心中的幸福；怎样的产品属性能够帮助你们沟通积极的情绪，最后，如何通过产品唤起某种情绪。

换言之，这是对“意义”——可以成为一个产品，旨在与用户在情感层面上进行“沟通”的调查。

1、介绍当代生活是促进社会和技术变革的代名词。

同样，产品设计通过材料技术，生产技术，信息处理技术等工序的发展而正在迅速转变。

在技术方面正在发生变化的速度和规模超出任何期望。

数字革命的对象是逐步转向与我们互动成更小，更聪明的黑盒子，使我们很难理解这一机制或工作方法（博尔茨2000年）。

因此，在设计时比以前不同的框架，参照社会变革，资源和能源节约，新出现的环境问题，以及客户导向的趋势（大平1995年，琼斯1997年）。

因此，无论是通过广告和营销推动战略，或潮流，时尚和社会活动，从消费产品的用户的期望也已改变。

功能性，吸引力，易于被使用中，可负担性，可回收性和安全性，预计所有已经存在于一个产品属性。

用户希望有更多的日常用品。

最近设计的趋势表明了用户对激励对象的倾向，提高他们的生活，帮助触发情绪，甚至唤起梦想（詹森1999年，阿莱西2000年）。

詹森预计，梦会快到了，下面的数据为基础的社会，所谓的信息社会（1999年）。

他还说，作为信息和智力正成为电脑和高科技，社会领域将放在一个人的能力还没有被自动然而新的价值：情绪。

功能是越来越多的产品中理所当然的，同时用户也可以实现在寻找一个完全不同的欣赏水平。

想象，神话和仪式（即情感的语言）会对我们的行为产生影响，从我们的购买决定，我们与他人（詹森1999年）的沟通。

此外，哈立德（2001：196）指出这是决定购买，可瞬间的，因此客户的需求可以被创建，速度非常快，而其他需要长期建立了'。

因此，情感和'影响'一般，都收到了最后一个（Velásquez1998）几年越来越多的关注。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes productlooking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas and coal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun short wave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and portswill be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the whole international aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lake acid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated the consumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals and values that people should follow. Its essence lies infully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious development between human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunptionof substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products and parts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization ofenvironmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%ofoutput of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people's demand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.译文：设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。

（6)·（Twentieth—century··industrial nations）20世纪意大利设计仅仅是意大利当代文化、政治、社会和经济事物的一个方面。

流行的大批生产的家具、装饰性的家用品、家用电器、办公设备、汽车以及后来的时装设计及服饰使得意大利在当代物质文化世界中获得如此重要的地位,从本质上来讲，这些事物是意大利寻求现代化以及力争在本世纪使自己现代化工业国家之一的反映。

（9)·（Markers and colored pencils ideal ··any drawing surface）马克笔和彩铅既是设计过程中最理想的工具，又是最终表现效果中最理想的工具。

由于很多的草图是画在薄的描图纸上的，在上面涂以水彩和加以蛋黄的颜料是不合适的，因为它们会使纸张弯曲变形。

马克笔能过迅速风干，并且它不会使纸张变形。

马克笔可以和彩铅一起快速的使用于任何图画的表现。

·（Neither extensive practice··as casein and tempera）有了这两种上色工具，既不需要过多的练习,也不需要高超的技巧，这两种方法简单明了.通过对这两种方法的熟悉，你的工作速度或许能得到很大的提高。

这种上色的方法比排刷的上色方法以及大多数学生和专业人士在某种程度上都熟悉的上色方法来说要更快更容易掌握。

水彩以及其他排刷的优点以及精细程度是用马克笔和彩铅也能够实现的。

水彩的混合和叠加以及喷绘技术是可以被模仿的，就好像诸如使用酪蛋白或加蛋黄的颜料也可以获得高光效果一样。

·（Markers and colored pencils are readily··and watercolor）马克笔可以很容易的买到,并且如今在专业的设计事务所里它大概是应用最为广泛的上色工具-—比加蛋黄的颜料的画法和水彩应用更为广泛。

The vacuum cleaner technology and historyVacuum cleaner - classificationVacuum cleaner species more, according to the structure points are mainly：1, vertical：a bucket or square round the majority，points on, under two parts，the upper part．is powered with motor，the lower for dust collection box．2, horizontal: rectangular or models shape，have two parts，front before for dust collection box，rear part for the motor．3 and portable，it usually has four kinds of form - shoulder type：smaller，when using back on his shoulders，smaller power；Pole type：shape like rod，handles，and on the top is for suction nozzle below，smaller power；Portable:smaller，which can be directly used in hand grip, smaller power；Mini type：multi-purpose battery-powered，smaller，more for clean clothes, instruments，smaller power．According to the drive motors to pointsvacuum cleaner and can be divided into the following categories: ac vacuum cleaners, dc cleaner and ac/dc amphibious vacuum cleaner．Vacuum cleaner - working principleCleaner mainly by up dust，vacuuming，blow 3 parts，generally includes string-excited motor, centrifugal blower KSF, blow device (bags) and vacuuming accessories. KSF string-excited motor speed up more than 20000r/min (mini vacuum cleaner analyzed．combined by micro，rated voltage dc machines for 3 ~ 6V). Blow is usually adopts mesh，flannelette or filter materials. General cleaner power for 400 ~ 1000W or higher，portable vacuum cleaner power generally lower than 250W．Cleaner principle of work is as follows：motor high-speed drive their impeller rotation, make air high-speed eduction, and the air blower front-end vacuuming cottrell constantly supply，make aspiration to fan cottrell，thus produced with outside the instantaneous vacuum forming negative pressure differential pressure，on the pressure difference，under the action of inhaled air，the dust scurf，ejecting purity is filtered air cleaner air．The greater the air pressure difference，the greater the greater ability，aspiration．A vacuum cleaner，commonly referred to as a vacuum is a device that uses an air pump to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from floors. The dirt is collected by either a dust bag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homesas well an in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models: from small battery-operated hand-held devices to huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litters of dust before being emptied.TechnologyA vacuum's suction is caused by a difference in air pressure. An electric fan reduces the pressure inside the machine. Atmospheric pressure then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle, and so the dust is literally pushed into the bag.Tests have shown that vacuuming can kill 100% of young fleas and 96% of adult fleas.A British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling Technology which instead of using a vacuum uses an air stream to collect dust from the carpet. This technology was tested by the Market Transformation Programmer (MTP) and shown to be more energy efficient than the vacuum method. Although working prototypes exist Air Recycling Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner.Exhaust filtrationVacuums by their nature cause dust to become airborne, by exhausting air that is not completely filtered. This can cause health problems since the operator ends up inhaling this dust. There are several methods manufacturers are using to solve this problem. Some methods may be combined together in a single vacuum. Typically the filter is positioned so that the incoming air passes through it before it reaches the motor. Typically, the filtered air then passes through the motor for cooling purposes.HistoryThe vacuum cleaner evolved from the carpet sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners. The first manual models, using bellows, came in the 1869s, and first motorised models came in the beginning of the 20th century.Daniel HessDaniel Hess of West Union, Lowe, USA invented a vacuum cleaner in 1860.Calling it a carpet sweeper instead of a vacuum cleaner, his machine did, in fact, have a rotating brush like a traditional vacuum cleaner, which also possessed an elaborate bellows mechanism on top of the body to generate suction of dust and dirt. Hess received a patent (U.S.No.29.077) for his invention of the vacuum cleaner on July 10, 1860.Elves W. Mc GaffeThe first manually-powered cleaner using vacuum principles was the “Whirlwind,”invented in Chicago, USA in 1868 by elves W. Mc Gaffe The machine was lightweight and compact, but was difficult to operate because of the need to turn a hand crank at the same time as pushing it across the floor. Mc Gaffe enlisted the help of The American Carpet Cleaning Co. of Boston to market it to the pubic. It was sold for$25. It is hard to determine how successful the Whirlwind was, as most of them were sold in Chicago and Boston, and it is likely that many were lost in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Only two are known to have survived, one of which can be found in the Hoover Historical Center.Mc Gaffney was but one of many 19th-century inventors in the United States and Europe who devised manual vacuum cleaners. He obtained a patent (U.S.No.91,145) on June 8,1869. Melville BissellIn 1876, Melville Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA created a vacuum cleaner for his wife, Anna, to clean up sawdust in carpeting. Shortly after, Bissell Carpet Sweepers were born. After Melville died unexpectedly in 1889, Anna took control of the company and was one of the most powerful businesswomen of the day.John S. ThurmanOn November 14,1898, John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Submitted for patent (U.S.No.634,042)a “pneumatic carpet renovator”. It was issued on October3, 1899. Thurman created a gasoline powered carpet cleaner for the General Compressed Air Company. In a newspaper advertisement from the St. Louis Dispatch, Thurman offered his invention of the horse drawn (which went door to door) motorized cleaning system in St. Louis. Louis. He offered cleaning services at $4 per visit. By 1906, Thurman was offering built-in central cleaning systems that used compressed air, yet featured n dust collection. Thurman’s machine is sometimes considered the first vacuum cleaner. However, the dust was blown into a receptacle rather than being sucked in, an in the machine now used . In later patent litigation, Judge Augustus Hand ruled that Thurman “does not appear to have attempted to design a vacuum cleaner or to have understood the process of vacuum cleaning.”H. Cecil BoothHubert Cecil Booth has the strongest claim to inventing the motorized vacuum cleaner in 1901. As Booth recalled decades later, in 1901 he attended “a demonstration of an American machine by its inventor” at the Empire Music Hall in London. The inventor is not named, but Booth’s description of the machine conforms fairly closely to Thurman’s design, as modified in later patents. Booth watched a demonstration of the device which blew dust off the chairs, and thought it would be much more useful to have one that sucked dust. He tested the idea by laying a handkerchief on the seat of a restaurant chair, putting his mouth to the handkerchief, and then trying to suck up as much dust as he could onto the handkerchief. Upon seeing the dust and dirt collected on the underside of the handkerchief he realized the idea could work. Booth created a large device, driven first by an oil engine, and later by an electric motor electric. Nicknamed the "Puffing Billy", Booth's petrol-powered, horse-drawn vacuum cleaner relied upon air drawn through a cloth filter. Gaining the royal seal of approval, Booth's motorized vacuum cleaner was used to clean the carpets of Westminster Abbey prior to Edward VII’s coronation in 1901. Booth received his first patents on February 18 and August 30, 1901David T. KenneyNine patents granted to the New Jersey, USA inventor David T. Kenney between 1903 and 1913 established the foundation for the American vacuum cleaner industry. Membership in the Vacuum Cleaner Manufacturers’ Associatio, formed in 1919, was limited to licensees under his patents.Walter GriffithsIn 1905 "Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets" was another manually operated cleaner, patented by Walter Griffiths Manufacturer, Birmingham, England. was portable, easy to store, and powered by "any one person (such as the ordinary domestic servant he task of compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through a removable, flexible pipe, to which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached. This was arguably the first domestic vacuum-cleaning device to resemble the modern vacuum cleaner. Hermann BogenschildGerman immigrant engineer Hermann Bogenschild filed a patent in 1906 for a mechanical 'dust removing apparatus.' Emigrating from Berlin to Milwaukee in 1892, Bogenschild's device was mounted on wheels for portability and its motor was connected to a hose and filter system.James Murray SpanglerIn 1907, James Murray Spangler, a janitor Canton, Ohio, practical, portable vacuumcleaner. Crucially, in addition to suction that used an electric fan, a box, and one of his wife's pillowcases, Spangler's design incorporated a rotating brush to loosen debris. Unable to produce the design himself due to lack of funding, he sold the patent in 1908 to William Henry Hoover who had Spangler's machine redesigned with a steel casing, casters, and attachments. Subsequent innovations included the first disposal filter bags in the 1920s and the first upright vacuum cleaner in 1926.HooverSpangler patented his rotating-brush design June 2, 1908, and eventually sold the idea to his cousin's husband, Hoover. He was looking for a new product to sell, as the leather goods produced by his 'Hoover Harness and Leather Goods' company were becoming obsolete, because of the invention of the automobile. In the United States, Hoover remains one of the leading manufacturers of household goods, including vacuum cleaners; and Hoover became very wealthy from the invention. Indeed, in Britain the name Hoover became synonymous with the vacuum cleaner so much so that one "hovers one's carpets". Initially called 'The Electric Suction Sweeper Company', their first vacuum was the 1908 Model O, which sold for $60.NilfiskIn 1910, P.A. Frisker patented a vacuum cleaner using a name based on the company’s telegram address—Nilfisk. It was the first electric vacuum cleaner in Europe. His design weighed just 17.5 kg and could be operated by a single person. The company Frisker and Nielsen was formed just a few years before. Today the Nilfisk vacuums are delivered by Nilfisk-Advance.Electrolux Model VThe first vacuum cleaners were bulky stand-up units and not easily portable. But in 1921 Electrolux launched the Model V that was designed to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners. This innovation, conceived by Electrolux founder Axel Wenner-Gren, became a standard feature on generations of future vacuum cleaners.There is a recorded example of a 1930s Electrolux vacuum cleaner surviving in use for over 70 years, finally breaking in 2008.Post-World War IIFor many years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury item; but after World War II they became common among the middle classes. They tend to be more common in Western countries because, in most parts of the world, wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily swept, wiped, or mopped.Vacuum cleaners working on the cyclone principle became popular in the 1990s, although some companies (notably Filter Queen and Regina) have been making vacuum cleaners with cyclonic action since 1928. Modern cyclonic cleaners were adapted from industrial cyclonic separators by British designer James Dyson in 1985. He launched his cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the 1980s at a cost of about US$1,800 and later the Dyson DC01 upright in the UK in 1993 for £200. It was expected that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner at twice the price of a normal cleaner, but it later became the most popular cleaner in the UK.Cyclonic cleaners do not use bags instead; the dust collects in a detachable, cylindrical collection vessel. Air and dust are blown at high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel wall, creating a vortex. The dust particles and other debris move to the outside of the vessel by centrifugal force, where they fall due to gravity, and clean air from the center of the vortex is expelled from the machine after passing through a number of successively finer filters at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the subsequent filters that remove fine dust particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently. Since Dyson, several other companies have introduced cyclone models, including Hoover, Bissell, Eureka, Electrolux, etc and the cheapest models are no more expensive than a conventional cleaner.In early 2000 several companies developed robotic vacuum cleaners. Some examples are Roman, Robomaxx, Intellibot, Trilobite and Floor Bot. These machines propel themselves in patterns across a floor, cleaning surface dust and debris into their dustbin. They usually can navigate around furniture and find their recharging stations. Most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for home use, although there are more capable models for operation in offices, hotels, hospitals, etc. Some such as the Roman are equipped with an impeller motor to create an actual vacuum. By the end of 2003 about 570,000 units were sold worldwide.In 2004 a British company released Airider, a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion of air. It has claimed to be light weight and easier to maneuver (compared to using wheels), although it is not the first vacuum cleaner to do this—the Hoover Constellation predated it by at least 35 years.吸尘器的技术与历史吸尘器的种类较多，按结构分主要有：1、立式。

Germany Bauhaus design and Future Design Trend【Abstract】German Bauhaus had a significant influence on the modern design education, meanwhile, it established the foundation of the leading position in the world for German industrial design. Through analyzing on current industrial design conditions from different countries, art design is considered as the main part of industrial design. This paper reviewed the last 10 years’ development of industrial design program in Zhejiang University of Science and Technology. The industrial design program have taken considerable achievements in many fields, such as the practice of Germany model, disciplines construction, teaching reform, manufactures & college cooperation, project teaching and design competitions. And You cannot ignore the industrial design ten trend 【Keywords】Bauhaus, industrial design, project teaching, practice ，10 Industrial Design Trends1. German Bauhaus and industrial designIn 1919, the Bauhaus school had been built in Weimar, Germany. This have been called the “cradle of world industrial design”, the milestone in the art design history. Bauhaus believed that the foremost thing is letting the students explore their own design ways, rather than just teaching them the teachers’ ways; developing students’ independent and critical thinking ability rather than imposing certain design styles on them. Compared with other design schools that had similar education philosophies, Bauhaus had distinctive education philosophy. It took thorough reform on the traditional art design education system and established art design as a new professional discipline. Meanwhile, Walter Gropius, the founder of Bauhaus made “Unity of art and technology” as the dominant design education philosophy.One of Bauhaus initiative works is purifying the forms of general industrial products. Bauhaus stressed that the product forms should be designed based on basic geometric patterns such as cubes, squares and circles. The product forms and outlines should be simple and varied in di fferent ways and follow abstract form principles and aesthetics. Because Bauhaus’s brave and aggressive exploring and reform, it took significant key influence on the forming of Modernism Art Style and made the Bauhaus design a world-wide reputation. Therefore Bauhaus became themilestone of modern art design history.American artist Joseph Sinel first mentioned the term of Industrial design in 1919. However in China, until 1983, the Ministry of Education had conformed industrial design discipline as the s ample major of general colleges. The original name of the major is “Product Forming” for art students. In 1998 the national major category had been adjusted to be integrated into the international conventions. The “Product forming” major had removed the fo cus from the product forms to the area of researching the human-product-environment relationships. The name had been replaced by “Industrial design” and the major had been set for both engineering and art education schools.Bauhaus had many top European artists at that time, such as Itten, Kandinsky, and Klee etc. They are famous abstract painters. Their teaching cultivated the Bauhaus students and contributed to the 20’s century art design. Most of famous industrial designers such as Philippe Starck, Marc Newson and yves béhar are graduated from the art design schools. Their success proved that the art design education is effective for industrial design education. The product form design is still an important aspect in undergraduate industrial design studies and the industrial design is an important component of current famous art design schools.Royal College of Art Norwegian Institute of Art and Design University of Duisburg-Essen, Politecnico di Milano, Hannover University of Applied Sciences and Arts (FH Hannover), their industrial design departments are belong to art and design schools.America: According to a survey of IDSA (The Industrial Designers Society of America) in 1998, there are 49 institutes that have industrial design undergraduate or graduate programs registered in IDSA list. Typical industrial design majors usually are set in art schools, which can grant bachelor degree in fine arts or science. Most of them got the certification of NASAD (National Association of Schools of Art and Design). Only 15 in the 49 schools did not get the certification. IDSA declared that 5 years later, only the certified the industrial design majors can get be recognized. There are 37 industrial design majors in universities, 6 in design colleges, 4 in art schools. This situation did not vary in current years.Asia: In Japan, industrial design majors also set in art schools or independent industrial design faculties, such as Tokyo Zokei University, Musashino Art University, Tama Art University, and University of Tsukuba etc. In Hongkong, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has famousindustrial design programs. In Taiwan, Shih Chien University, National Cheng Kung University, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology have famous industrial design programs. In mainland of China, Jiangnan University, Tsinghua University, Hunan University, Tongji University and the Guangzhou academic of fine arts all have their industrial design departments in the art design schools or departments.2 .10 Industrial Design Trends You Can't Ignore2.1Design For A CauseCompanies including Herman Miller and American Apparel are promoting their ideals through design. Yves Béhar's leaf lamp for Herman Miller (shown) uses a biomorphic grid of LEDs, which consume 40% percent less energy than fluorescent lights and last for 100,000 hours. And Nike plans to make its entire footwear line out of sustainable materials by 2010.2.2SimplexitySteve McCallion, executive creative director of Portland, Ore.-based industrial design firm Ziba Design, says there's a trend toward "simplexity," products that have many functions but are approachable, ergonomically correct and easy to use--like Apple's iPhone. The baby boomers have also propelled simplexity; as the generation ages, the need for easy-to-use, at-home medical equipment becomes greater. Ami Verhalen, director of industrial design at Madison, Wis.-basedDesign Concepts, says that in-home health care will be a huge driver for product innovation in the upcoming decade.2.3PersonalizationFrom Nike ID shoes to Build-a-Bear teddies, retailers are adding a "build your own" element to brands. Do it yourself--or DIY--serves as an important element of this trend. Publications like Ready Made magazine and books like designer Wendy Mullin's Sew U encourage consumers to put their own spin on things.2.4GlobalizationLike other industries, outsourcing has affected international design. Today a designer in Delhi might be working with a manufacturer in Columbus. Steve McCallion says that the globalization of product design has created Internet communities that enable more people to participate in the design process. Companies like Kid Robot can employ toy designers from Tokyo to Tucson with greater ease than ever.2.5OrnamentationIn fashion design, we're seeing a return to minimalism, but in home decor, ornate details are in fashion. For the first time in decades, wallpaper is in fashion, and the details are rich--brocades, velvets and jewel-tone colors. Long-forgotten textile designers like Florence Broadhurst and Vera Neumann are receiving attention from a new generation of design-savvy consumers.2.6Polarization Of DesignBig-box or luxury retailer? Many experts say that design has been polarized, with innovative products available at both the very high end (Neiman Marcus, Moss) and the very low end (Target, Ikea). Meanwhile, midrange retailers like Macy's suffer from lack of fresh, on-trend ideas. That isolates the huge chunk of the population that can afford something higher-end than the $200 Malm bed at Ikea but scoff at the price of a $16,000 Hastens mattress.2.7Pink DesignGadgets are a guy's game, right? Not if you consider the latest products with feminine mystique. Motorola released a lipstick pink Razr cellphone, and more recently, LG released a Prada phone. More and more manufacturers are creating sleeker, feminized versions of their clunky, chunky products, and both men and women are biting. Want proof of the feminization of product design? Just check out , which rates several items a day as "Geek chic" or "Just Plain Geeky."2.8Mass ImperfectionSome designers are creating intentionally flawed pieces, like designer Jason Miller's duct tape chair or Bodum's Pavina glassware collection, which uses mouth-blown double-walled glass, giving each piece a slight variation in height, thickness and weight. Whiskered and weathered textiles--on denim as well as furniture and tapestries--are more recognizable examples of intentional imperfection in production.2.9CraftAs mass retailers like Target become more design-focused, there's a countertrend of independent manufacturers and designers creating one-off, heirloom pieces. Where to find these limited-edition treasures? Artisan e-commerce sites like , classical craft companies like Heath Ceramics and modernist design houses such as Design Within Reach.2.10Focus On The Other 90%Anthony Pannozzo, vice president of design strategy at Waltham, Mass.-based firm Herbst LaZar Bell, says that well-designed products are available to only 10% of the world's population. However, more and more designers are starting to cater to consumers in Africa, Asia and Latin America.【References】[1] S Z Wang. “A History of Modern Design”, China Youth Press, Beijing, 2002[2] D.S. Yang. “A Discussion of The Differences in Industrial Design Education between China and Germ any from the Workshop Project Practice”, Journal of Hefei University (Natural Sciences), 2006:21-22[3] Rosson M.B, J.M.Carroll. “Usability Engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human-Computer Interaction”, San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann, 2002[4] Ke vin N. Otto, Kristin L Wood. “Product Design: Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Development”, Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, 2003[5]《industrial design history》Herenke Beijing Institute of Technology Press[6]《The modern history of design》Wangshouzhi China Youth Press[7]《Product System Design》Wuxiang China Light Industry Press[8]《Design of products》magazine[9] L. Axon, K. Garry etc.，An Evaluation of CFD for Modeling the Flow Around Stationary and Rotating Isolated Wheel, SAE 980034[10] N. Horinouchi, Y. Kato etc., Numerical Investigation of V ehicle Aerodynamics with Overlaid Grid System, SAE 950628[11] U. B. Mehta, Some Aspects of Uncertainty in Computational Fluid Dynamics Results, Journal of Fluids Engineering Transactions of the ASME, Dec. 1991, V ol. 113, pp538 - 543[12] STAR-CD User Guide Version 3.10, Computational Dynamics Limited 1999[13] STAR-CD Tutorial Manual V ol. 1 Tutorial 1 ~ Tutorial 7 Version 3.10, Computational Dynamics【中文翻译】德国包豪斯设计与未来设计趋势摘要德国包豪斯有显著的影响,与此同时,现代设计教育奠定了基础,它处于世界领先地位的德国工业设计。

工业设计英文文献Design is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities, which includes all man-made goods in the formation process.Industrial design concepts: the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition: "the mass production of industrial products, by virtue of training, technical know-how , Experience and feelings and give visual materials, structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications, called industrial design. "1. Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution, to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop. At that time, a large number of industrial products ugly, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a change in the situation at the time the inevitable means boarded the historical stage. The traditional industrial design refers to the means of production of industrial products conducted by the planning and design, so that with the use of achieving the best possible match between the creative activities. From this concept of the nature of industrial design: first, industrial design aims to obtain a product with the best match between people. This match, not only to meet the demand for use, but also with the physical, psychological and other areas to demand the right match, which precisely reflects the people-oriented design ideas. Second, the industrial design is a must? Quot; creative activities. "Industrialdesign of nature that it is a very broad coverage of the cross-integrate the science, get involved in the many areas of research disciplines, like the industrial society of the adhesive, so that the original Isolated disciplines such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., mutual contact and mutual exchanges, the form of organic unity. Realization of the objective to reveal the natural The laws of science and subjective, dynamic and creative activities for the arts once again joined hands.2. Modern Industrial DesignTraditional industrial design is the core product design. Accompanied by a history of the development, design content also tends to the development of more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered a modern industrial society, brought about by the design of the material achievements of human existence and its status and way of life is affected by the past can not compare any era, modern industrial design, the concept of this came into being . Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: general industrial design and narrow industrial design.General Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design)Means to achieve a particular purpose, from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, with clear and that by means of a series of acts. It contains all the use of modern means of production and services in the design process.Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)Referring only to product design, that is, against man and nature in the relevance of the tools and equipment made by the response to the demand. In order to survive, including life and to maintain and develop the necessary such as tools, equipmentand products, and other material and equipment carried out by design. Product design is the core of products on the user's body, the heart has a good affinity with the match.Narrow the definition of industrial design and industrial design of the traditional definition is the same. As industrial design since have always been based on product design, product design often referred to as industrial design. Industrial Design CategoryAs the field of industrial design increasingly expanding, and in different areas but also has their own characteristics, we can from different angles on the field of industrial design division:1. The existence of art as a form of classification:One-dimensional design, refers only to the design time for the variable;two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is targeted at the plane change the subject, such as graphics, text, trademarks, advertising design. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as product, packaging, construction and the environment; four-dimensional design, is accompanied by one-dimensional three-dimensional space time (that is, in the form of 3 +1) the design, such as stage design.2. From the human, natural and social correspondence between starting, in accordance with the disciplines form the essence of the meaning of Category: Human, natural, social composition of the most basic relations between the circles and classification of the relationship generally is:◆product design: the equivalent narrow indust rial design, 3D design is based;◆environmental design: including all types of building design, urban and regional planning, construction plans, environmentalengineering, etc.;◆spread to the design of the language, text or graphics as the media and achieve the transfer activities carried out by design. According to the different media Kegui Wei two categories: the text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio media for dissemination of the hearing.3. In accordance with the concept of industrial design and to define Category:With the development of technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and process design of the boundaries are becoming blurred mouth benefits, some of the original Arts and Crafts design of the design activities of both the industrial design features, such as furniture design and fashion design . Industrial design as a connecting bridge between technology and the market, the rapid expansion of commercial areas in all its aspects:◆advert ising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.;◆display design: including the pavement, Showcase, Showcase, signs, exhibitions, advertising tower;◆packaging design: including wrapping paper, packaging, labelling and packaging of goods;◆binding design: including magazines, books, artwork, cartoons and layout design.Even in Zichengtiji in the field of construction, industrial design also play an increasingly important role.The content of Industrial DesignIndustrial design in the enterprise has broad application of space. Therefore, enterprises in the industrial design from thelevel of demand for industrial design point of view of the contents of the enterprises make better use of industrial design, to create greater value, will provide great convenience.1. Product DesignProduct Design industrial design is the core of enterprise application design is the key link, it will achieve a change in the form of raw materials for a more valuable form. Industrial designers of the people through the physical, psychological, living habits, and so on all the natural attributes of the cognitive and social attributes, product features, performance, form, price, location of the use of the environment, with materials, technology, structure, technology , Shape, color, surface treatment and decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view of creative design, production and management in enterprises in achieving design quality assurance, under the premise that the product is a product enterprises, market Of goods, but also the ordinary people of supplies to customer needs and business benefits of perfect unity.2. Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to CIS) Enterprise recognition system from a unified corporate philosophy, standardize enterprise behavior and consistent posed by the visual image. Through theCIS design, so that enterprises have the visual impact can be clearly shows that corporate personality, strength and confidence in enterprises is a manifestation. A successful business must be a cohesive internal and external consumers can trust and identity, thereby enhancing corporate reputation, and corporate management objectives and development goals.3. Environmental Design (and the interface between thehardware design) Industrial design as a communication and the environment (construction, transportation, room, shopping malls, streets……) between the interface language to intervene in environmental design. Through the different acts, objectives and the needs of awareness, to object to the design - kind of language, people and the environment for the financial - physical, to give a cordial and convenient, comfortable feeling. Focus on solving urban environmental design of human interface between the building and all the problems, such as: information, signal systems, environmental protection programmes, so as to also participate in solving the social life of the major issues.4. Design Management (Des; 8n Mana8ement, referred to DM)Design activities soon as the operation of enterprises in important part in project management, interface management, design management systems, such as the development of product line management, be good at using design tools, and implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and with the strategy or technological achievements Into a product or service process. Design management into the enterprise is an indispensable element for the success of enterprises to follow the design principles and strategies in the development of enterprises in production and business activities of various departments for guidance, to achieve the design objective, value-added products. Successful use of design management, will enable enterprises in the strategic planning stage to contain the operating strategy, strategic advantages for products and enterprises in the competition-set a good foundation.The ultimate aim of industrial design is to meet the physical and psychological needs of many of the largest. Industrialproducts, arts and crafts people is to meet production and daily needs, no doubt for the industrial design is modern services, to meet the demands of modern people. Therefore, it is first necessary to meet people's physical needs - product features. 1 cup must be able to drink water, a pen must be able to write, a bike must be able to travel, a truck must be able to load and so on. The first industrial design is aimed through the rational planning of products due to people more easily use them to better play its effectiveness. In research on the basis of product performance, industrial design also adopted a reasonable shape means so that products can have very spirit of the times, in line with performance, andcoordination of environmental products form so that people can have the enjoyment of the United States.Industrial design and industrial modernization is the inevitable product of market competition, designed to target the mass production methods of industrialized products, industrial design of modern human life has a huge impact, but also constrained by the realities of production and living standards. Industrial design companies in the position and role: Design is a bridge between enterprises and the market: On the one hand, production and technology into the market demand for products, on the one hand the market feedback to promote the development of enterprises enterprises.design is a means of value-added products: the biggest role in the enterprise is to raise the value-added products. The value of this additional material is not visible presence, more of the performance of the invisible. Appearance, product image Design is an important enterprise resources: good design enterprises will have a better reputation, making enterprisesmore dynamic, a company's development toolsdesign integrity of the enterprise is to establish a means of visual images: the visual image of business is to establish the appearance of the best brand image, which is the company a unique style.Industrial design creativity is a good product design the most important prerequisite for simplicity is an important indicator of good design, product design is a measure of applicability of another important criterion, a reasonable man-machine relations, human-computer interface harmony, their own language products should be good at self - Notes, and carefully handle every detail, emphasis on regional ethnic characteristics, contains cultural identity, attention to ecological balance, beneficial to the protection of the environment, product design of the eternal.Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; principles of market demand; principle of giving priority to the user; business goals principle easy to grasp the principle of aesthetic principles, protection of ecological environment principles.Industrial design related to psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color science, methodology and design of the three constitute a basis for Into the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries for industrial design and industrial design definition of the development processU.S. industrial design information ageThe United States is the first country to enter the information age, information technology is the most developed countries. Whether in the computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology in all aspects of the world'sleading status. In particular, the popularity of the Internet, so that the United States more fully into society by the information industry as a leader of the new era. In the new economic, cultural background, the United States of industrial design from the beginning of the end of the 20th Century 80, great changes have taken place.At the same time, to Rowe as the representative of the U.S. pioneer in the design has passed away, despite their name to the design of some companies still exist, but these masters of the location of a number of new independent replaced by a design firm. The new design firm in terms of knowledge structure, services or design with the traditional means in the clear very different firms, because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, design and rapid expansion of business, established in the industrial sector Good reputation, the U.S. business magazine called American industry a new generation of heroes. The new design consulting company no longer well-known designer for the signs, but in a "design" the name of the word named, stressed that the design is a team event rather than individual work, such as the New York Smart Design, Chicago Design Logic, such as California's Lunar Design. In many cases, the person in charge of these companies are the first generation or second generation of European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign is originally a German company, the new generation of designers to more European concept to the United States, which will U.S. advanced technology and the European deep historical and cultural traditions closer together so that the design of the United States in the information age has made a great leap forward. This is in California, particularly Silicon Valley, particularly conspicuous in this regard because there are manyEuropeans settled here, on the other hand is also here because of the emerging high-tech industry and the United States earlier in the design of machines predecessors did not have much contact. Here, the design of many new companies have been for Apple, and other high-tech companies.With the traditional industrial design firms to provide industrial products mainly different designs, the new design companies to be able to provide more comprehensive services, they can not only provide product design and engineering design of appearance, can also provide market research, consumer Investigation, human-computer research, public relations and corporate planning site design and maintenance, and other aspects of the services, and global activities. In fact, some new design company has established a global network of services to meet the increasing globalization ofworld economic trends. Industrial design such a change reflects the changes in the management of enterprises, more and more enterprises in the futurein-house research organizations to reduce, instead of social cooperation, not only to reduce expenditure, but also the wider community to seek professional Resources cooperation. In addition, many enterprises to upgrade design as a business quality and to stimulate creative strategic management tool, not only confined to a single product design development activities, thereby greatly expanded the scope of application of industrial design. Given the design of a greater range of needs, design company personnel are not limited to design, but more professional cooperation. In addition, the design company's design also means a lot because of a computer-aided design and revolutionary changes have taken place, SGI (Silicon Graphic)graphics workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer, such as industrial design software to design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself so And the high-tech.U.S. industrial design in the 1990s Another major change is the high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, and so became the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design in the high-tech humanity, in the process of commercialization has played an important role as a bridge. It is the efforts of designers, the previously daunting become high-tech day-to-day work and life indispensable partners.Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Ziba (ZIBA) design companies is considered the best international design companies. Ziba's design philosophy is simple to win, and stressed that the products of the plane, the company's product design is the attention to detail, the "God in the details of." At the same time, Ziba also designed the pursuit of fun and harmony through color, shape, details and graphic design products so that a cordial and pleasant and cute humor to Yasugongshang. Ziba companies in recent years with Microsoft, HP, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, the company developed for Microsoft's "natural" keyboard of its ease of use, human-computer interface comfortable, unique and novel shape Users are welcome. Ziba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment, the design of such products by more concise and bright pieces of modeling to facilitate the operation and cleaning, and trying to make previously complex and daunting process of becoming a medical simple and easy. Ziba Design of the hemodialysis machines with clear, concise touch screen has replaced the previous complexcontrols and switches, automatic control and install the software, so that medical personnel can easily facilitate the operation, addition, since the use of a modular design, can also Easy entry, to provide on-site services。

The impact of “3r” principles to industrial design•“3r”原则对工业设计的影响Abstract：While industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” principle，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industrial design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．摘要：虽然工业设计创造了现代的生活并为人们提供了适合的生活环境，但也加快了对自然资源和能源资源的消耗。

The impact of “3r” principles to industrial designAbstractWhile industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” prin ciple，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industria l design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．Key words3 R principle；industrial design；recycling economy；Redesign1 IntroductionIndustrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines，it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized：First，it services for industrial mass production，making industrial products enhance the value and value-added. Second，It leads the fashion，to effectively stimulate consumption，so that consumers not only use the product at the same time，but also enjoy the new technology and material；Third，it puts technology to link up with the market，making products enhance competitiveness；Last but not the least，it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore，the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However，along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What is more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit，the implementation of "merchandise has plans to abolish the system"without taking into account production，use，process waste，such as the environment，the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomes essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume，which is countered to the essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development，in the 20th century，people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ，the principle of circular economy is “3r” (i.e. Reduce，Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability，sustainable development Against this background，the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design，based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3r” principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role，and attempts to explore the “3r” principles of industrial design at the extension.2 Cycle economic model and the principle of “3r”Economy is engaged in production，consumption and reproduction activities，which is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy，the agricultural economy，industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy，with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship. Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production，resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns，also known as eco-economy，green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model，environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system；on the other hand，it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited，even though it must have the ability to purify，however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy，this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste，as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources，one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process，this closed loop system，can maintain economic production of low，high-quality，low-waste，which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle“3r” principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，and its specific contents are as follows："Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source of control method，which requires the source of economic activity - the design stage，pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas，usually the energy-saving production processes，materials and conservation of resources，the products of small size and lightweight，and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions；In the consumer area，reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy，that is，process control methods，with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency，it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design，to the use ofstandard-sized parts，repair and upgrade in order to replace，thus prolonging the service life of products；In the consumer area，to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods，to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is，terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated，through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the originaland secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products，sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design“3r” principle is not only on products from the design，production，sales，use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect，but also on the industrial design itself，a more extensive and profound changes：3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy，the product design is often to serve the people，just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point，and do not consider the follow-up products，use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design，while respecting the needs of people，but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept，put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place，the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at the beginning of themacro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here，the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points，through the design，efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production，use，recycling process，such as the adverse impact of the environment. So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature，the principle of human - machine system one considers the environment，a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style，popular in the 20th century，in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people，then in the recycling economy mode，the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials，the mostbeautiful modeling，the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design，sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. “3r” Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific，practical significance.First，the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled，such as biological materials，so less material on refined，appropriate；Second，to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"，the lightweight and pleasant form of products. Third，the design features of the object collation，evaluation，definition，must always focus on the merger，to simplify，optimize，and makes the core functions briefly products；Fourth，the product is intended to be simple and clear language；Fifth，the structure of simple，easy to create；Sixth，the choice of degradable material，the structure of easy solutions，such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the “3r” principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are：modular design，removable design，recyclable design，long-life design.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance，different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules，through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design：First，make products with good performance Recycling demolition，settled design different types of products and waste of resources；Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery，enhance the versatility of the components，once the end-of-life products，they can re-use or recycling；Third，improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage，so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials. The demolition of the design requirements，Product First，connect the various parts and components，as far as possible the use of detachable connection，such as threaded connections，unified type fasteners，reducing the number of fasteners，try not to use welding，riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection；Second，in the selection and processing of raw materials，the demolition of the connection；to use and reuse of recyclable materials，the types of materials，such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design，to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling，recovery treatment，recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials and reducing waste，minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products，value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following：First，improving product reliability and durability；Second，products are easy to repair and maintenance；Third，using standard，modular product structure3.4 The impact of design material“3r” principle in guidance and norms，product design，material selection should be taken into consideration：First of all，minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products；the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big，look for the corresponding sound material substitution；Reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly，the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material，after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material，preferred low power，low cost，low-polluting materials，preferred easy processing，and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials，preferred materials recycling. Finally，to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials；maintain original material，as far as possible the use of simple materials，the use of alloy materials，to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment；Marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recycling and so on.4. From “3r” to 4RIn the recycling economy mode，the product life cycle from the previous end-of-life for the end product，after the extension to the end-of-life recycling. It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them，so that the product design is no longer a product before，but the other products. Therefore，the design process we will call it "re-engineering (Redesign)"4.1 The concept of re-engineeringThe so-called re-engineering，that is，through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources. Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as："Materials by Product，the structure of ameaningful way to re-use，in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise，to extend the product life cycle，and tap the potential ecological value of the design method." In short，the product re-engineering refers to the product life cycle after the re-use design.Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend，or the design of a self-activity changes，which are related to the sustainable development strategy in line belong to the scope of green design. If it is said that green design is usually considered the entire product life-cycle environmental impact，and re-design considerations are at the end of product life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem，it is the “3r” principle in the extension of the field of industrial design. Therefore，the re-engineering in conjunction with the “3r” principle，as a mode of circular economy 4R principles of industrial design.4.2 The form of re-engineeringProduct re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials. Product re-engineering have a variety of forms，for the same product re-engineering can have a variety of forms，can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering.Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products，have been recycling their own re-engineering of the parts not changed before and after. For example，before the re-design car audio，re-engineering the home was converted into sound.Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-design before and after are different products，re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation. For example，re-engineering before the cell phone components，into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineering of an important part of；In another example，the re-engineering of old jeans before，byre-engineering can be turned into shorts，vest and so on.5. ConclusionsCircular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model，“3r” principle is the core substance of the economic cycle，the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression. "Re-design" are able to make the best of “3r” in the extension of the field of industrial design and development，is a matter of deep study and practice the new task，it should be，together with the “3r” principle，become a model of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of design.As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design，Mr. Peter said "the design of human development as an important factor，with the exception ofself-destruction might be the ruin of mankind，human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today，in the framework of national sustainable development strategies，the role of industrial design is changing，and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role. Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our country economic.“3r”原则对的工业设计的影响摘要在工业设计为人类创造了现代生活和生活环境的同时，也进一步加速自然资源和能源资源的消耗。

工业设计中英文词汇Industrial design工业设计Conspectus design 设计概论Aesthetics of design 设计美学Principle of design 设计原理History of design 设计历史Criticism of design 设计批评Environmental design 环境设计Function 功能Form 形式Model造型，模型Creativity 创造性Theory on design 设计理论Procedure of product design 产品设计程序Human requirement 人的需要Redesign from original product 从产品入手开展重新设计developmental design开发性设计Design language 设计语言Perceptual 感性的Lifeblood 生命力的Design comment 设计评价Design culture 设计文化Color material surface 色彩材料表面肌理Texture 材质、肌理Drawing 制图Orientation 定位Design history 设计史Craftsman 工匠Decorate 装饰Symbol 符号Ergonomics 人机工程学Product semantics 产品语义学Human-machine interface 人机界面Methodology 方法论Handicraft 手工艺的Metallic 金属性的style 风格Streamline 流线型Clay 油泥sterling character 品位Consumption 消费A generalized design 通用设计“off –line”machine非通用设计Sketch草图draft out起草Foam泡沫材料Tendency 趋势Standard 标准Accessory 附件Part零件Finished product 成品Design requirement设计需求Conception 概念conceptual design 概念设计Product property analysis 产品属性分析People using analysis 使用分析System design 系统设计Design target 设计目标Function definition 功能定义Function analysis 功能分析Principle of formal aesthetics 形式美学的原则VI(visual identity) 视觉识别Communication 传播、信息传播Hearing design 听觉传播Comformity design 整合传播Design exploitation 设计开发Produce manufacture 生产制造Sale 销售Reclaim 回收Recycle重复利用constituent element要素Environment analysis 环境形式系统分析Total value 整体价值Man-machine system analysis 人机系统分析Marketing 市场营销传播Mass design 大众传播Visual design 视觉传达Design conception 设计理念Communication design 传播设计Intelligent 智能性Interactive 交互性Symbol 符号性Systematization 系统性Modular design 模块化设计Ecosystem design 生态系统设计Virtual design 虚拟设计Environment value analysis 环境价值系统分析Use value 使用价值spirit value 精神价值Digital age 数字化时代Information Industry(IT) 信息产业Informationism 信息论Analysis 分析Benefit-cost Analysis 效益- 成本分析Business Analysis商业分析Requirement Analysis 需求分析Sales Analysis 销售分析Shape Analysis 形式分析Statistical Analysis 统计分析Value Analysis 价值分析Synthesized Analysis 综合分析Decision Analysis 决策分析Demand Analysis 需求分析Design Analysis 设计分析Detailed Analysis 详细分析Dynamic Analysis 动态分析Factor Analysis 动态分析Feasibility Analysis 可行性分析Financial Analysis 财务分析Market Analysis 市场分析System Analysis 系统分析Predictive Analysis 预测分析Price Analysis 价格分析Procedure Analysis 过程分析Product Analysis 产品分析Quantitative Analysis 定量分析Gerrit Thomas Rietreid格里特托马斯里特维尔德Walter Gropius 沃尔特格罗皮乌斯Ramona loewy雷蒙罗维Poul HenningSen 保罗汉宁森Luigi Colani卢吉科拉尼Robert Venturi 罗伯特文丘里Arne Jacobsen 阿纳雅各布森John Ruskin 约翰拉斯金Michael Graves 米歇尔格雷夫斯Aesthetic 美学的Brands and marks商标与标志Configuration 结构Structuralism 结构主义Deconstruction解构主义Design management 设计管理GUI(Graphic User Interface)图形用户界面Context语境semiotics符号学ＰＯＰ（Point of purchase）促销海报。

工业设计专业英文文献及翻译'Green design' and emotional return'Green design' is a late 20th century, there at the moment 80 international design trends. As early as the late 20th century, 60 well-known industrial designer and educator-dimensional multi-Peipanike on the publication aroused strong repercussions in the design world works 'is designed for real-life', presented in the book and the public at the time different points of view, he considered that the things around us are created by designers, designers in the Marketingand customer satisfaction is not only just play 'beautify' the role of the designer should also be emphasized that the social and moral ethics Worth . Far-reaching impact of this book has continued to this day.Into the 21st century, because of the world's governments on environmental issues seriously. The establishment of laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, competition among enterprises, making with the idealism of 'green design' step by step with the trend of practical significance. Based on the attention and understanding of environmental issues, people from the 20th century,60's too radical a 'green movement', developed to present a relatively mature 'green consumption' behavior, which is 'green design' has brought new opportunities.The main planning as a product designer and creator of the productat all stages of the environmental issues will have a direct andindirect effects. In particular,often by their decision to use the product key materials, products, how to make? Adopt in a special surface treatment method to achieve the final surface effect? Products How to use? How to deal with the waste after use? Whether to use recyclable or re-use of materials? design players a decisive role in many issues.More importantly, designers connecting link between the product and people. They can lead and change the way people use products, while responsible for these products and services.Designed to influencepeople's lifestyles and sociol-cultural changes. It has gradually grown accustomed through the design to reflect their social status and personal taste. Design is 'consumerism' of the promoter of products from style 'planned obsolescence', speed up the pace of product replacement. Design is also involved in advertising activities, thus further boosting consumer spending. Is designed to make social and cultural changes took place, while the majority of them represents a certain lifestyle, so in theory, 'green lifestyle' could also be that people praise and follow, this lifestyle is not unusual to be frugal, but is to promote a low-key and simple way of life as much as possible.The commercial value of Industrial Design increasingly recognized and valued by anumber of manufacturers, designers in a number of the company's R& D department has been entrusted with the task, all this allowsdesigners to have the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to deal with environmental issues, as well as environmental issues, ethical a sense of responsibility.'Green design' from the scope of non-mainstream areas to expand into the mainstream.With the 'Green Design' approach and the associated name of the many people in this article follow the common concepts, collectively referred to as the design from an environmental point of view of the design method for 'green design'. 'Green design' focuses on the impact of nature and the resolution of certain individual issues, such as resource andenergy efficiency, reducing waste through recycling and so on. In some developed countries, abandoned most of metals and plastics can now be sorted and recycled, or re-use of the sorting carried out. To enhance household garbage sorting and 'emerged' in the product design, waste management has become one of the hot contemporary industrial design.Eco-design, also known as life cycle design, namely the use of ecological thinking, in the product life cycle, to give priority products environmental attributes, in addition to considering the product performance, quality and cost, but also take into account the product recovery and processing. The product must also take into account the economic, functional and aesthetic factors.Product eco-design its basic theoretical foundation of industrial ecology in the theory of industrial metabolism and life cycle assessment.Sustainable design is a broader design approach than the earlier ones. Involved in more aspects, such as the nation's future development phase and the sharing of resources in the development of future generations, how to ensure the functionality of the product at the same time, reducing the burden on the entire planet. A typical theory is to improve the efficiency of products, while promoting the services associated with development of the system: To study the products of the necessary functions for the user to extend the life of the product; for product development of the sustainability of the overall system design, rather than just the design of the product itself is more important.The focus of sustainable product design, product life-cycle impact of external factors analysis.In addition, there is other product design optimization method. Such as environmentalmaterials (recyclable and recycled materials) use. Studies have shown that, in order to change the impact on the environment of the wasteful consumption of the status quot to the earth's resources for sustainable development in the consumption level of development, our long-term goal should be to strive to build stronger long-term with the product links. For these originally, in the development of environmentally friendly products to extend the life of the product is more important than other strategies, while also encouraging consumers to form sustainable, long-term consumption patterns.Designer is also the founder of design style and taste, the product of the visual image of environmental protection will also have an indirect impact.Is mainly reflected in the product lifetime of two aspects of the relative choice of materials. Because people in the past way of life caused by a large number of product varieties obsolete, and the frequent replacement of the speed of products for environmental protection had a bad effect, if they can extend the product life time, we can reduce the unnecessary waste of resources. Studies have shownthat in promoting existing products obsolete, consumers of psychological factors and materials play an important role. Relative prosperity in the material economy of today, often likes and dislikes of consumers for some products directly to determine the 'life'.In some point of view, 'green design' cannot be seen as a style of performance.The success of 'green design' products from the designer a high degree of awareness of environmental issues, and in the design and development process, designers and relevant organizations to use the experience, knowledge and creativity of crystallization. At present there are several general design themes and trends:1) The use of natural materials in order to 'raw' form of furniture products, building materials and fabrics to be reflected and utilized.2) The nostalgia of the simple style, well into the 'high tech' factor, allowing users to find product is amiable, warm.3) Utility and energy conservation.4) Emphasized the use of the material economy, get rid of useless features and purely decorative style, and create vivid shape and return to the classic simplicity.5) The multi-purpose product design, changes can increase the fun by design, to avoid boredom and replacement needs; it can upgrade, update, by as little as possible to use other materials to extend the life; the use of 'add-on smart' or dismantling components.6) The products and services, the non-materialistic.7) The combination of design and cycle schemes.We do not simply believe in a clear recyclable materials, theproduct will certainly be a 'green product', because the product recyclability of products may become obsolete to accelerate the speed of an excuse, people have recognized the appearance of recyclable materials, the degree may also be would have an impact on product sales.When the'Green Design' gradual integration into the mainstream product design, designers face is not only a small number of 'green fanatics', but ordinary consumers. If you only focus on the design functionality, while the neglect of the aesthetic needs of the user, you cannot extend the product life.People-oriented design ideas from the European Renaissance of the humanitarian ideology. To promote care of people pay attention to people, people-centered world view. In terms of modern product design, human-centered thinking that is the core of the design process, the coordination of product - social - environment relationships betweenthese three. Of human knowledge and transform the nature, purpose is simply to create a good human being living conditions and environmentfor development. However, this simple truth, have repeatedly been vague and misinterpreted. In the past quite a long period of time, people's respect through a variety of activities are acts of science and technology as a means to conquer nature for the purpose, to growth of material wealth as the driving force of the traditional development model, to a certain extent, the destruction of human Lai basis in order to survive, people at the same time trying to conquer nature, often become the object of being a natural punishment. Large industrial era machinery of industrial product is a very typical example, their presence to meet people's material needs, can bring with it more of an emotional loss and the living environment of the hit. Repeatedly by natural warnings, people began to realize that the essence of people-oriented is a real concern of humanity, people started digging people and the harmonious relationship between society and nature. The product design, product-oriented pursuit of emotional and humane products emphasize the purpose of people-oriented under the natural. And people - society - environment, harmonious relations in product design can also be understood as personal qualities - products - emotional harmony. Materials, environmental protection, technology is simple, beautiful shape, making excellent products is the people really psychologically acceptable.Second, the values of stress also contributed to people foremotional awareness. In the past quite a long period of time, the design process is seen as an artistic process, the artist's aesthetic choices to replace the more often the user can only be passively accepted. Such an outcome, making the distance between the product and the user has become increasinglyalienated, people even do not feel the product, with any function other than to enjoy. The feelings of the people and therefore become numb up. As the market changes in the mode of operation, the user's thinking of a more active participation in the design process, the designer is no longer an artist, a professional designer should be to reconcile a variety of design factors. The pursuit of good design is the recognition of values, ideas of resonance, emotional touch. Thoughts on design-related emotions also were born in the fertile soil where the values set.In addition, the design of the regional culture and promote the protection of people also reflects the concern for the feelings. Design is no longer the pursuit of volume, standardization brought about by a single aesthetic, but to diversify into account. The emotional needs of the design was gradually realized that it was multi-directional. Regional differences in the deposition as well as the name of ethnic culture, customs and practices which are in the design to be discussed and explored. In the end, be able to reflect the name of ethnic identity and personality of the product is designed for success stories. This isthe design of emotion-oriented evidence. Of modern product design, product and make people aware of the relationship between communication, the design also focused on how to locate the user object's emotional needs and how to express such feelings, the design of various forms of emotional factors for considerations change is more comprehensive than ever.If the design theory for the design of the improvement means that people re-think, then the birth of a new design type is the mostrealistic and practical needs and the most direct response is all about. More and more on the emotional issues were referred to the process of designing for, so people were the design, interface design, interaction design, accessible design, and so a series of related to the design of communication and emotional way of thinking has been more and more to attention and research, and ultimately applied to the design and production process. Product design and all kinds of psychology,sociology and other disciplines related to human characteristics of the study of collaborative research between the guidance has become an important part of the design.ConclusionWhether the product design and development from the vertical profile view, or from the horizontal status of a modern product design, look at the relationship between the various disciplines, Emotional Design has undoubtedly become a contemporary design, one of the most popular topics. People gradually realize that product design process, designers of theproduct of the soul to give the process is essential. Here the soul refers to the expressed product, and can communicate with the user-generated emotions. In other words, modern product design should be a planning activities related to emotion, early stage of development is no longer a simple physical modeling process. Its entire design process, a certain sense, is a physical emotional process. Contemporary designers should also be taken fully into account in the design of emotional factors, grasp the emotional positioning, designed to communicate with the real products. Such a materialistic in the modern information era of rapid change, due to the severe lack of emotional feeling, it is the demand for the emotional satisfaction of a period of time than ever before are obviously urgent. Designers will face more challenges and responsibilities of a good design to meet the function, on the basis of serving other, and more are expected to return is the emotional.The requirements of sustainable development of society indicatesthat 'green design' remains will be the 21st century, one of the hot industrial design. In order to reduce environmental problems, designers should be the product environmental performance improvement, environmental issues and want to have a good understanding of their impact; this was in science and Technology than ever before to learn more about, and needs tocreativity, new thinking and imaginative. 'Green design' to the Industrial Design has broughtadditional challenges, it also brings more opportunities.The impact of "3r" principles to industrial design 1. Introduction Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closelyrelated to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized: First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrialproducts enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion， to effectivelystimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， butalso enjoy the new technology and material; Third， it puts technology to link up with themarket， making products enhance competitiveness; Last but not the least， it can bringthe innovation into the enterprise. Therefore， the economic development needs industrialdesign which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds upthe consumption of resources and energy. What's more ，it dose harm to the ecologicalbalance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans toabolish the system" without taking into account production， use，process waste， suchas the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomesessential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to theessence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20thcentury， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry outa profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ， the principle of circular economy is "3r" (is Reduce， Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the conceptof sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design， based on this ongoing exploration and practice. "3r" principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts toexplore the "3r" principles of industrial design at the extension.2. Cycle economic model and the principle of "3r"Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， whichis to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after thetime of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is different between theresources and environment relationship.Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterizedeco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy，green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment.On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system; on the other hand， itbears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify， howeverit is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has ledto a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of theecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loop system， can maintain economic production of low，high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity ofnatural resources andenvironmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode "3r" principle"3r" principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，and its specificcontents are as follows:"Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source ofcontrol method， which requires the source of economic activity -the design stage， payattention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials andconservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy andsimple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions;In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principleof a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with theaim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design toinitial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace， thusprolonging the service life of products; In the consumer area， to promote the purchase ofdurable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-salesservice by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is， terminalcontrol method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， throughthe "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste ofresources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the "3r" principle of to industrial design"3r" principle is not only on products from the design，production， sales， use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on theindustrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes:3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people， justfrom the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do notconsider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissionson the environment and other ecological problems. "3r" principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept， putpeople and nature live in harmony and common development in thefirst place， the use ofsystems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at thebeginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products inthe production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment.So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human -machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of theindustrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people， then in therecycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity ofproduct design， sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. "3r" Productsdoctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific， practicalsignificance.First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate;Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasantform of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation，definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify，optimize， and makes thecore functions briefly products; Fourth， the product is intended to be simple and clearlanguage; Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create; Sixth，the choice ofdegradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the "3r" principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are: modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-lifedesign.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination ofmodules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design: First，make products with good performance Recyclingdemolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources; Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhancethe versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products，they can re-use orrecycling; Third， improve the repair of products can extend thelife of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has agood performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials . The demolition of the design requirements，Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified typefasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection; Second， in the selection andprocessing of raw materials， the demolition of the connection; to use and reuse ofrecyclable materials， the types of materials， such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the variousmaterials Product components the possibility of recycling， recovery treatment， recyclingand product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials andreducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following: First， improving product reliability and durability;Second， products are easy to repair and maintenance; Third，using standard， modularproduct structure.3.4 The impact of design material。

英文原文Modern product design---Foreign language translation original textWith the growing of economices and the developing of technologies, the essential definition of Industral Design has been deepening while its extension meaning enlarging,which resulted in the transformation and renovation of some original design theories and concepts.In the new IT epoch, the contents, methodologies, concepts etc. of design have taken a great change from what they were before.However,the method of comparison and analysis is always playing a plvotal role, during the whole process of maintaining the traditional quintessence and innovating novel conceptions.1.1 Traditional DesignTraditional industrial design and product development mainly involved to three fields,vis.Art, Engineering and Marketing. The designers, who worked in the art field, always had outstanding basic art skills and visual sketching expression capacity as well as plentiful knowledge on ergonomics and aesthetics . So they could easily solve the problems of products about art . Works in the area of the project engineer with strong technical background, they used the method of logical analysis, you can design a detailed, in line with the requirements of the drawings of a total production, manufacture use. They can you good solution to the technical aspects of products. However, they often overlook the aesthetics of products that do not pay attention to fashion and cost-effective products in the market. In the field of commercial marketing staff proficient in the knowledge economy, will use marketing theory to predict customer behavior, they focus on products in the market development trends, but do not understand aesthetic and technical aspects of the problem.In a traditional industrial product design process, the three areas of general staff in their respective areas of independent work. Product engineers solve the technical problems so that products with the necessary functional and capable of producing manufactured, the product is "useful." Designers are using aesthetics,ergonomics and other subjects in the form of product design, product with a reasonable visual, tactile, and other effects, and we look forward to products "useful." The marketing staff is the product marketing and user comments, and to forecast the future market feedback to the above-mentioned two groups of designers, so that they understand product popularity, prompted designers to improve or update the design, so that users " Want to use "designed products.In this process, is often a certain area of personnel in their own fields of expertise in the work done after the exchange and other fields. Due to lack of overall management of the unified design, will be out of line and the link between the crux of the design cycle, the product can not be truly useful and attractive products.1.2 Modern DesignWith the social and economic development, human standard of living continues to increase. People no longer meet the low-level way of life, the requirements of the product greatly improved as the "globalization" of the emergence of various regional economic development imbalances brought about by various contradictions, but also increasingly reflected in the product design and development In the other hand, with the rapid development of science and technology, not only to "tangible" products with a more technical content, but also the software such as the "invisible" products. These changes primarily reflected in the following areas.(1) the diversification of productsIn order to improve their people's living tastes, the more value products "personality", making earlier to meet the most basic requirements of life designed to mass production of products, changes to the current level to meet the different needs of the people's lives Smaller mass-produced products. Therefore the market needs more of a wide range of products. This requires a more flexible product design, shorter design cycle.Early industrial design and product comparison, the current products include the technical content greatly improved, it may not just rely on its outstanding visual effects impressed, and may also rely on hearing, smell, touch and even taste, and so combined effect of people moved .With the computer and network technology to the development andpopularization, is still a wide variety of software products and network products, these new "invisible" products regardless of its form or design products with the traditional "physical" Products are quite different.(2) design innovation and changeIn increasing economic development, product greatly enriched, material needs of people unlimited increase in the new era. A lot of design work alone designer personal talent is very difficult to complete. If an industrial design work is the perfect visual form, to a "combination of technology and the arts", but it was the low level of market acceptance, then to the present point of view, it is not successful design products, it may only Pieces of art.If the team to organize the development of new products, you can designers, engineers and marketing staff to work together, the three professional staff play to their respective expertise, common exchanges, discussions, it is possible to prevent this from happening.I n addition, because people's social awareness, cultural awareness and The new product of the information age - the emergence of software, the team can better embody necessary. People in the use of software products in the course of time to have two types: one is the interface of the visual effects are good, but you use to process and not very Shunshou to show the various menus, logo at a loss; And a software design is very standardized, with the professionals use logic, but the interface of the visual effects but it is not satisfactory. The reasons for this situation is: a program design engineers do not understand interface design to visual design of the interface designers do not understand procedures for structural design. Only two will combine to work to make the process engineers and designers fully exchange interface, will it be possible to design a "useful" software products.continuously enhance environmental awareness, to design a product may not be a simple and specific forms of visual introduction, but in a product or project works the way there, which means "product" The extension had been expanded. An alcohol can become a world famous brands of goods, some with their well-brewing technology, form a perfect bottle design and successful market strategies are closely related. To the modern designers, as the end product design, product contains the meaning is no longer just a form of the bottle, but winebottles, a collection of marketing strategies. Another example: the flow of people to solve the short-term or temporary accommodation designed Jianyi Fang or horizontal cylinder, is not a simple design, but of social, cultural, environmental and other issues of the integrated projects. So, with the "product" extension of the expansion, the need for more staff into the field of design teams, and in the design process through the integration, exchange, completion of innovative product design.(3) the role of the modern designerIn the modern product development process, if the designer has only limited to the traditional fields of expertise in specific focus on the visual performance of rain forms of work, then it will be very difficult to design a ground-breaking products. This is because the community to raise the requirements of the products, to expand the content of the product, compared to the designer's personal knowledge on the capacity can not satisfy the requirements. However, if we can, through effective means to mobilize the relevant field staff to work together, you can make the design capacity of the greatly expanded.If the traditional sense of product designers focused on the visual manifestations of design, then, designers are using modern designers, engineers and other staff of marketing the ability to jointly complete the full development of new products design.Modern designers no longer just the implementation of its mandate, is designed to planners, organizers. Modern designers should have a higher level of awareness on the nature of the design, operation of the quality of the design process. Designers need to use a unique system of thinking to comprehensive analysis, problem-solving abilities, not just the use of visual skills to express themselves is not yet mature enough decorative design.This requires designers with a more complete knowledge of the structure. In addition to good aesthetic quality, but also should have sociology, economics, management science and engineering and technical aspects of the basic knowledge, resume systematic, engineering way of thinking in order to carry out scientific work and effective orga nization design.The task of the modern designer 1.3The explosion in information society, individuals have the knowledge andcapability is very weak. Therefore the use of modern designers should have the wisdom related fields, the expansion of its design capacity. His task is to seize the new opportunities for product development, design has a good user market innovative products.As a modern designer, it is important to fully understand the professional design teams in the field of creative thinking, make full use of the members of the professional competence. Marketing is the background knowledge can design a scientific and feasible programme of research and analysis of the conclusions drawn for policy makers and designers; In addition, the staff can also meet the market well-developed marketing strategy, product successfully pushed To the market. Engineers had "sensitive technology", can make good use of the master design and manufacturing knowledge, to use a certain product features. And a "beauty of art," the designer, you can use the aesthetic qualities and good ergonomics, and other aspects of expertise, to complete the product interface design.Modern designers is to understand and through the effective means to mobilize members of the Organization's ability to enable all areas of professional staff to work together so that information-sharing, complementary advantages, so that the outstanding products as soon as possible into a successful programme of goods.1.4 modern design of new issuesModern design is the design team conducted in a way, modern designers have the ability to handle the design of several new issues:Sensitive to new product development opportunities, this is a new product design, may also be of their products have improved design;So that the different fields of expertise of the staff of a harmonious and efficient work. Eliminate the barriers between different professionals, the other with the design for the common goal to work hard;Construction of a full product development process. This team will be planned for phase, the design work;④ better understanding of the products extracted from a potential consumer of information, so that the design team that truly master users of modeling, and technical characteristics of the most profound impression, and so on;⑤successful consumer products often have been recognized form of attributes and characteristics of the design staff to in-depth analysis and enhance these attributes, and applied to product design.1.5 Design Education ReformIn order to meet the needs of the development of modern design, design education must also be a corresponding change.(1) design of the general education and design for the improvement of water Raising the level of design and design of the general education and promotion are inseparable. The manual from kindergarten classes, involving the design of early education: how to use certain materials to create good-looking, fun things. With the age of growth and the accumulation of knowledge the children produced by the object more complex, more sophisticated. To the secondary school stage, is likely to require students to mix with people working to complete the design of more complex tasks, each member of this period we should play to their respective expertise, to find, to exchange, to express to the production. In primary stage (can be extended to pre-school stage), you can practice by designing courses, guide the students to establish a "design" concept. To the higher education stage, is to ask students from theory to a high degree of awareness, understanding, "Design", which can make comprehensive use of the theory to guide the "design."Universal primary education in the stage, designed to promote education, students in higher education stage will be able to better grasp of modern design theory and methods. This is to raise the level of a country's overall design an effective means and in the United Kingdom and other countries has been very good proof of this.(2) the expansion of educational contentUnlike the artistic performance of specific techniques or structural design professional, modern design is a philosophy, is a way. Design of the contents is based on modern design has the knowledge and skills identified. Therefore, the arts, technology, engineering, economics, management, humanities, social sciences and other fields content should be included in this category.Of course, in today's knowledge explosion, students can not be limited in thelearning of the practice of so many, but through science curriculum of theory and practice of organic integration, it can enable students to master the basic and necessary knowledge. For example, the U.S. card-resistant ˙ ˙ Mellon University School of Design students to jointly complete the design project. Students in the design process of practice field staff understand the relevant way of thinking, make up the relevant professional knowledge, learning team's working methods. To the modern designers, the completeness of the knowledge structure and rationality of need than proficient in a particular profession is even more important..中文译文现代产品设计随着经济的增长和技术的发展，当工业设计的引申意义别不断的扩大时，一些对于工业设计最基本的定义也在逐渐的深化，这就导致了一些原本设计理论和内容的转变和整修。

工业产品设计外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Design Without DesignersI will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design.I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?"That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger.Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test.This procedure is hardly unique to Google. has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise.Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data?Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New ConceptsIn design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is incremental improvement. In the manufacturing of products, companies assume that unit costs will continually decrease through continual, incremental improvements. A steady chain of incremental innovation enhances operations, the sourcing of parts and supply-chain management. The product design is continually tinkered with, adjusting the interface, adding new features, changing small things here and there. New products are announced yearly that are simply small modifications to the existing platform by a different constellation of features. Sometimes features are removed to enable a new, low-cost line. Sometimes features are enhanced or added. In incremental improvement, the basic platform is unchanged. Incremental design and innovation is less glamorous than the development of new concepts and ideas, but it is both far more frequent and far more important. Most of these innovations are small, but most are quite successful. This is what companies call "their cash cow": a product line that requires very little new development cost while being profitable year after year.The second form of design is what is generally taught in design, engineering and MBA courses on "breakthrough product innovation." Here is where new concepts get invented, new products defined, and new businesses formed. This is the fun part of innovation. As a result, it is the arena that most designers and inventors wish to inhabit. But the risks are great: most new innovations fail. Successful innovations can take decades to become accepted. As a result, the people who create the innovation are not necessarily the people who profit from it.In my Apple example, the designers were devising a new conception. In the case of Google and Amazon, the companies are practicing incremental enhancement. They are two different activities. Note that the Apple product, like most new innovations, failed. Why? I return to this example later.Both forms of innovation are necessary. The fight over data-driven design is misleading in that it uses the power of one method to deny the importance of the second. Data-driven design through testing is indeed effective at improving existing products. But where did the idea for the product come from in the first place? From someone's creative mind. Testing is effective at enhancing an idea, but creative designers and inventors are required to come up with the idea.Why Testing Is Both Essential and IncompleteData-driven design is "hill-climbing," a well-known algorithm for optimization. Imagine standing in the dark in an unknown, hilly terrain. How do you get to the top of the hill when you can't see? Test the immediate surroundings to determine which direction goes up the most steeply and take a step that way. Repeat until every direction leads to a lower level.But what if the terrain has many hills? How would you know whether you are on the highest? Answer: you can't know. This is called the "local maximum" problem: you can't tell if you are on highest hill (a global maximum) or just at the top of a small one.When a computer does hill climbing on a mathematical space, it tries to avoid the problem of local maxima by initiating climbs from numerous, different parts of the space being explored, selecting the highest of the separate attempts. This doesn't guarantee the very highest peak, but it can avoid being stuck on a low-ranking one. This strategy is seldom available to a designer: it is difficult enough to come up with a single starting point, let alone multiple, different ones. So, refinement through testing in the world of design is usually only capable of reaching the local maximum. Is there a far better solution (that is, is there a different hill which yields far superior results)? Testing will never tell us.Here is where creative people come in. Breakthroughs occur when a person restructures the problem, thereby recognizing that one is exploring the wrong space. This is the creative side of design and invention. Incremental enhancements will not get us there.Barriers to Great InnovationDramatic new innovation has some fundamental characteristics that make it inappropriate for judgment through testing. People resist novelty. Behavior tends to be conservative. New technologies and new methods of doing things usually take decades to be accepted - sometimes multiple decades. But the testing methods allassume that one can make a change, try it out, and immediately determine if it is better than what is currently available.There is no known way to tell if a radical new idea will eventually be successful. Here is where great leadership and courage is required. History tells us of many people who persevered for long periods in the face of repeated rejection before their idea was accepted, often to the point that after success, people could not imagine how they got along without it before. History also tells us of many people who persevered yet never were able to succeed. It is proper to be skeptical of radical new ideas.In the early years of an idea, it might not be accepted because the technology isn't ready, or because there is a lot more optimization still to be done, or because the audience isn't ready. Or because it is a bad idea. It is difficult to determine which of those reasons dominates. The task only becomes easy in hindsight, long after it becomes established.These long periods between formation and initial implementation of a novel idea and its eventual determination of success or failure in the marketplace is what defeats those who wish to use evidence as a decision criterion for following a new direction. Even if a superior way of doing something has been found, the automated test process will probably reject it, not because the idea is inferior, but because it cannot wait decades for the answer. Those who look only at test results will miss the large payoff.Of course there are sound business reasons why ignoring potentially superior approaches might be a wise decision. After all, if the audience is not ready for the new approach, it would initially fail in the marketplace. That is true, in the short run. But to prosper in the future, the best approach would be to develop and commercialize the new idea to get marketplace experience, to begin the optimization process, and to develop the customer base. At the same time one is preparing the company for the day when the method takes off. Sure, keep doing the old, but get ready for the new. If the company fails to recognize the newly emerging method, its competitors will take over. Quite often these competitors will be a startup that existing companies ignored because what they were doing was not well accepted, and in any event did not appear to challenge the existing business: see "The innovator's dilemma."Gestural, multi-touch interfaces for screen-driven devices and computer games are good examples. Are these a brilliant new innovation? Brilliant? Yes. New? Absolutely not. Multi-touch devices were in research labs for almost three decades before the first successful mass-produced products. I saw gestures demonstrated over two decades ago. New ideas take considerable time to reach success in the marketplace. If an idea is commercialized too soon, the result is usually failure (and a large loss of money).This is precisely what the Apple designer of my opening paragraph had done. What I was shown was a portable computer designed for schoolchildren with a form factor unlike anything I had ever seen before. It was wonderful, and even to my normally critical eye, it looked like a perfect fit for the purpose and audience. Alas, the product got caught in a political fight between warring Apple divisions. Although it was eventually released into the marketplace, the fight crippled its integrity and it was badly executed, badly supported, and badly marketed.The resistance of a company to new innovations is well founded. It is expensive to develop a new product line with unknown profitability. Moreover, existing product divisions will be concerned that the new product will disrupt existing sales (this is called "cannibalization"). These fears are often correct. This is a classic case of what is good for the company being bad for an existing division, which means bad for the promotion and reward opportunities for the existing division. Is it a wonder companies resist? The data clearly show that although a few new innovations are dramatically successful, most fail, often at great expense. It is no wonder that companies are hesitant - resistant - to innovation no matter what their press releases and annual reports claim. To be conservative is to be sensible.The FutureAutomated data-driven processes will slowly make more and more inroads into the space now occupied by human designers. New approaches to computer-generated creativity such as genetic algorithms, knowledge-intensive systems, and others will start taking over the creative aspect of design. This is happening in many other fields, whether it be medical diagnosis or engineering design.We will get more design without designers, but primarily of the enhancement, refinement, and optimization of existing concepts. Even where new creative artificial systems are developed, whether by neural networks, genetic algorithms, or some yet undiscovered method, any new concept will still face the hurdle of overcoming the slow adoption rate of people and of overcoming the complex psychological, social, and political needs of people. To do this, we need creative designers, creative business people, and risk takers willing to push the boundaries. New ideas will be resisted. Great innovations will come at the cost of multiple great failures.Design without designers? Those who dislike the ambiguity and uncertainty of human judgments, with its uncertain track record and contradictory statements will try to abolish the human element in favor of the certainty that numbers and data appear to offer. But those who want the big gains that creative judgment can produce will follow their own judgment. The first case will bring about the small, continual improvements that have contributed greatly to the increased productivity and lowering of costs of our technologies. The second case will be rewarded with greatfailures and occasional great success. But those great successes will transform the world.不需要设计师的设计唐·诺曼我永远也不会忘记我第一次向人们介绍优秀产品设计的魅力的经历，那时候我刚刚到苹果公司，还在逐渐的学习工作上的事务。

How Much Do We Need? ——Materials KnowledgeThe information superhighway has paved the way to a wealth of information for designers. Computerized databases, the Internet and the availability of“virtual libraries”on-line provide resources once available to only the largest corporations.But while technology has changed the way designers work, many still rely on old habits; especially in the selection of materials and processing technology. Material specifications are almost an afterthought or“someone else’s task,”in part because we prefer to work on the intangible qualities of a product.The marketplace demands more. Today, the material often becomes the product. We know that materials can help to differentiate our product’s character, add value, enhance performance and make the difference between success and failure. In a world where new processes and new materials keep appearing in a sea of acronyms coined to define endless combinations, we need to constantly challenge ourselves. We need to take more risks, do more research, explore more alternatives and learn how to optimize our selections.We know what we want, we just have trouble asking the right questions to find the correct answers and resources. Take the following examples:“What’s so great about this material, and why is it so gummy?”I remember an industrial designer asking this question as he proceeded to explain that he required a material that was both stiff and flexible in certain circumstances.“Can you help specify a material without modifying our design?”A well-known design company insisted on modeling a computer housing with zero draft on all four sides, regardless of cost. Needless to say, the manufacturer eventually discontinued the project because of its bad economics.“We need a material that has a medium to high level of comfort.”This request came from a furniture designer for a new office chair. The project required categorizing levels of comfort“by the seat”of this designer’s parts.The role of education in this“knowledge gap”cannot be discounted. Design curricula have dome little to foster the exploration of materials and production methods. On a recent tour of the Bayer facility, a design student asked me the difference between a polymer and a monomer. Although this and similar questions reflect an appalling ignorance of materials, they also show an encouraging interest among students as well as professionals.To address this interest, IDSA has created a Materials and Processes Special Interest Section. Our goals are to spark and nurture the natural curiosity of designers with regard to manufacturing processes; cultivate a better understanding of the differences, and demonstrate how we can apply them to the success of our products. We strongly believe that a basic understanding of materials and processes should be a fundamental part of a designer’s entry-level education, and we will work with IDSA’s Eudcation Committee to define the minimum requirements of such know-how a design student should possess upon graduation.The section also has formalized an alliance with the Society of the Plastics Industry(SPI)Structural Plastics Division(SPD) to share communication and programs. To that end, we’ve agreed to host our spring meeting at the annual SPI conference, scheduled for Atlanta thisyear. We have expanded our activity there to include a full day’s preconference. We’re also working similar relationships with the Society of Plastics Engineers’Product Design and Development Division and the American and Iron and Steel Institute.Within IDSA, the section has established a strong working relationship with the Environmental Responsibility Section including archiving speaker presentations on video as a resource for IDSA members and benefit for those not able to attend, We will host a section Web page at the IDSA Chicago Chapter site and enhance our communication by posting section activities, reference information and a list of member“key contacts”and their field of expertise.Many section members share an enthusiasm for materials and production methods and feel a sense of responsibility to share their expertise. With this type of networking members of IDSA gain not only resource recommendations, but also the benefit of another member’s experience in that area. It’s designers talking with other designers to find the solutions.Today, we do not need a vast working knowledge of material and processes. All we need is to know how to find that knowledge. And most of it exists within the framework of IDSA, through the experiences of its members, their personal contacts and resources. The networking, programs and education of IDSA’s special Interest Section on Materials and Processed tap this knowledge base and put the information we need literally at our fingertips.我们需要多少钱？——材料知识信息高速公路为设计师提供了丰富的信息。