考研英语新题型历年真题大纲样题

英语一历年新题型英语一历年新题型如下：1. 2010年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

2. 2011年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

3. 2012年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

4. 2013年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

5. 2014年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

6. 2015年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

7. 2016年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

要求考生在阅读后根据文章内容和左侧一栏中提供的信息从右侧一栏中的7个选项中选出对应的5项相关信息。

8. 2017年：段落排序：本部分为7段或8段文章的段落的排序题。

要求考生根据文章的内在逻辑关系、文章的总体思路或理解主旨对各段落进行排序。

9. 2018年：多项对应：本部分为一篇长度为450~550词的文章，试题内容分为左右两栏，左侧一栏为5道题目，右侧一栏为7个选项。

考研英语（二）新题型大纲样题Sample 1（多项对应）Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1The world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004. These food-price increases combing with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist, bu t we’ll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries, caused by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow.So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a global disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawi’s harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10billion in all. Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and malaria is controlling those diseases.Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents per gal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods-tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood products-but there’s no case for doling out subsidies to put the world’s dinner into the gas tank. Third, we urgently need to weatherproof the world’s crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond-which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell- can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet upon the promise.Key Answer: F G E C ASample 2（小标题）Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.A: Follow on linesB: Whisper: Keep It to YourselfC: Word of Experience: Stick to ItD: Code of Success: Freed and TargetedE: Efficient Work to Promote Efficient WorkersF: Recipe: Simplicity Means EverythingG: Efficiency Comes from OrdersEvery decade has its defining self-help business book. In the 1940s it was How to Win Friends and Influence People, in the 1990s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People. These days we’re worried about something much simpler: Getting Things Done41__________________________________That’s the title of productivity guru David Allen’ pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently, which continues to resonate in this decade’ overworked, overwhelmed, overteched workplace. Allen hasn’t just sold 500,000 copies of his book. He has preached his message of focus, disci pline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S. Air Force. He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload. He ministers to some clients with an intensive, two-day, $6,000 private session in which he and his team organize their lives from top to bottom. And he has won the devotions of acolytes who document on their blogs how his Getting Things Done (GTO) program has changed their lives.42.______________________________________Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense. Free your mind, and productivity will follow. Break down projects and goals into discrete, definable actions, and you won’t be bothered by all those loose threads pulling at your attention. First make decisions about what needs to get done, and then fashion a plan for doing it. If you’ve catalogued everything you have to do and all your long-term goals, Allen says, you’re less likely to wake up at 3 a.m. worrying about whether you’ve forgotten something: “Most people haven’t realized how out of control their head is when they get 300 e-mails a day and each of them has potential meaning.”43. _____________________________________________________When e-mails, phones calls and to-to lists are truly under control, Allen says, the real change begins. You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy your life rather than just occupy it with all the things you’ve got to do. Allen himself, despite running a $5.5 million consulting practice, travel ing 200 days a year and juggling a business that’s growing 40% every years, finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpt bonsai plants. Oh, and he had earned his black belt in karate.44.__________________________________________Few companies have embraced Allen’s philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills, the Minnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucky Charms. Allen began at the company with a couple of private coaching sessions for top executives, who raved about his guidance. Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year. The company has already put more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company-wide. “Fads come and go,” says Kevin Wilde, General Mills’ CEO, “but this continuous to work.”45.___________________________________________________________The most fevered followers of Allen’s organizational methodology gather online. Websites like gtdindex, marvelz, corn parse. Allen’s every utterance. The 43 Folders blog ran an eight-partpod-cast interview with him. GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen, on whatsthenextaction. Com gather best practice techniques for implementing the book’s ideas. More than 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allen’s system.Key Answer: E D G C ASample 3（判断正误）Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by deciding each of the statements after the text is True or False. Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1A Tree Project Helps the Genes of Champions Live OnAs an eagle wheels overhead against a crystalline blue sky, Martin Flanagan walks toward a grove of towering cottonwood trees beside the Yellowstone River, which is the color of chocolate milk due to the spring rain.As Mr. Flanagan leaves the glaring sun of the prairie and enters the shady grove, his eyes search for specific tree. As he reaches a narrow-leaf cottonwood, a towering giant, he cranes his neck to look at the top, “This is the one I plan to nominate for state champion,” he says, petting the bark with his hand. “It’s a beauty, isn’t?”When Europeans first came to North America, one of the largest primeval forests in the world covered much of the continent. Experts say a squirrel could have traveled from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River without touching the ground. But only about 3 percent of America’s native old-growth forest remains, and many of the trees they hold are those that were not big enough to attract a logger’s eye. The result is a generation of trees that barely resemble the native forests that once covered the country.That makes some scientists suspect that the surviving forests have lost much of their genetic quality, the molecular muscle that made them dominate the landscape. When the loggers swept through, these scientists say, only poor specimens were left to reproduce. Other researchers wonder whether environmental factors or just plain luck may explain a good part of the supertrees’ success.To answer those questions, the mightiest trees of their types, or genetically identical offspring, must be preserved for study, and that is what is being done by a handful of enthusiasts, including Mr. Flanagan and David Milarch, a nurseryman Copemish, Michigan. They are searching out the largest tree of each species and taking cuttings of new growth to make copies of genetic clones of the giants. With tissue culture and grafting, they have reproduced 52 of the 827 living giants andare planting the offspring in what they call “living libraries.” More than 20,000 offspring have been planted.The work is part of the Champion Tree Project, which began in 1996 with financial help from the National Tree Trust, a nonprofit group in Washington.“Those big trees are the last links to the boreal forests,” Mr. Milarch, presidents of the champion Tree Project, said.State and federal agencies and private organizations have been keeping track of the largest trees in each state for some time. The largest effort is the National Register of Big Trees, run by American Forests, a 125-year-old nonprofit group based in Washington. But the Champion Tree Project takes things a step further by making it possible for the largest trees to live on.Eventually the Champion Tree Project hopes to reproduce enough genetically superior trees for a nationwide reforestation project. The offspring of the native trees, should they prove genetically superior, could be especially valuable in urban settings, where the average tree lives just 7 to 10 years. But things like soil conditions, moisture and other environmental factors can also affect the success of the trees.41. Water in the Yellowstone River turned dark brown because of the spring rain.42. The cottonwood tree Mr. Flanagan found was an extremely tall tree with broad leaves.43. In the days when Europeans first came to America, it had one of the largest primeval forests in the world.44. Some scientists have the suspicion that the surviving forests have lost much of their genetic quality because they were the offspring of poor specimens.45. The offspring of the super trees have proved to be genetically superior to those of the average trees.Key Answer: T F T T F。

2017考研英语一新题型历年所有题型及大纲样题全精讲编讲商志主讲介绍：★直取本质，彻底破解，主讲的考研英语传奇系列课程成为了考研界无人能够企及的巅峰之作；★考研英语辅导史上划时代的传奇名师，其课堂批量制造高分，被称为“高分梦工厂”、“牛人集中营”；★教育部考试中心首席专家，高等教育出版社考研英语高分系列图书主编，“考研路上最不可错过的一位英语老师”★考研英语应试教学法第一人,传奇考研英语写作创始人,考研英语辅导神话的缔造者,全国一线城市考研英语首席主讲拨开考研迷雾打破英语瓶颈揭示致命误区铺就高分坦途阅读理解B部分是在2005年才设置的，之前在考研英语试卷上没有这种题型，所以这种题型被称为新题型。

也就是说，迄今为止，新题型一共只考过12年。

其中英语一共考过12次（2005年到2016年）、英语二共考过7次（2010年到2016年）。

一、大纲对阅读理解B部分的要求本部分1篇500---600词左右的文章，共5题,10分。

主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的总体结构和微观结构。

实际上就是《大纲》对考生提出的阅读理解八项技能要求中的第六项“(考生应能)理解文章的整体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系”的具体体现。

本部分有5种备选题型，实际考试时将从中仅选择一种进行命题。

需要注意的是：英语一只考前3种。

而英语二只考其中的后2种。

题型一：试题内容是一篇文章中有5个空白处。

每个空白处本应有一个或一组句子。

文章后面有6-7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6-7段文字中选出能放进文章中每个空白处的一段文字，使上下文连贯、一致。

英语一的12年真题中有7年考了这种题型，分别是05、06、08、09、12、13以及2015年。

题型二：在一篇长度约500-600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。

要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(6--7个)重新排序，其中1-2个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

目录1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (2)1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (3)1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (4)1989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (5)1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (6)1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (7)1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (8)1993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (9)1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (10)1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (11)1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (12)1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (13)1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (14)1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (15)2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (16)2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (17)2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (18)2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (19)2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (20)2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (21)2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (22)2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (23)2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (23)2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (25)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (26)2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (27)答案 (28)1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. For an hour or __16__ she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here and there, and __17__ a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. And then, with all the things she needed __18__ she would leave the market for the streets of the town to spend another hour __19__ she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a notice inviting anyone to walk in and look __20__ without feeling they had to buy something. Annie hesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped __21__ before a green armchair. There was a card on the chair which said: “This fine chair is yours __22__ less than a pound a week,” and very small at the bottom, “Cash price eighty-nine pounds fifty.” A p ound a week... __23__, she could almost pay that out of her housekeeping money and never miss it! A voice at her shoulder made her __24__. “Can I help you, Madam?” She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her __25__.“Oh, well, no,” she said. “I was just looking.” “We’ve chairs of all kinds in the showroom. If you’ll just come up, you will find something to suit you.”Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn’t need, left the shop hurriedly.16. [A] so[B] more[C] else[D] another17. [A] taking[B] making[C] fixing[D] keeping18. [A] buy[B] bought [C] buying[D] to have bought19. [A] in a way[B] by the way[C] in the way[D] on the way20. [A] behind[B] round[C] back[D] on21. [A] doubted[B] wondered[C] puzzled[D] delighted22. [A] at[B] for[C] with[D] in23. [A] Why[B] When[C] How[D] What24. [A] jump[B] leap[C] laugh[D] wonder25. [A] place[B] back[C] side[D] front1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Cheques have __36__ replaced money as a means of exchange for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves. A shop-keeper always runs a certain __37__ when he accepts a cheques and he is quite __38__ his rights if on occasion, he refuses to do so.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called __39__. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience. He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large __40__ of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques. The assistant said that this was quite __41__ but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them with a worthless Cheque not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay __42__ the wanted to get into serious trouble. __43__, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the __44__, but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note __45__: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” Fortunately, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s. He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the string of pearls with him.36. [A] exactly[B] really[C] largely[D] thoroughly37. [A] danger[B] chance[C] risk[D] opportunity38. [A] within[B] beyond [C] without[D] out of39. [A] in difficulty[B] in doubt[C] in earnest[D] in question40. [A] amount[B] stock[C] number[D] store41. [A] in order[B] in need[C] in use[D] in common42. [A] whether[B] if[C] otherwise[D] unless43. [A] Really[B] Sure enough[C] Certainly[D] However44. [A] treatment[B] manner[C] inconvenience[D] behaviour45. [A] read[B] told[C] wrote[D] informed1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World. The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia. Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims. They were looking for a place where they could worship God __26__. Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its __27__. The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620. It was the middle of the stern northern winter. __28__ months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them. Only the strongest of the pilgrims __29__ that winter. Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves. Living __30__ began to improve in the spring of 1621. There were wild vegetables. There were berries and fruit. Fish and game were plentiful. Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing. The colonists’ health __31__ with the warm weather and their better diet.In the fall, they look back __32__ the past year. They were both regretful and thankful. Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained. The price in human life and tragedy had been great. On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future. A splendid harvest was __33__ them. They were ready for the second winter with confidence. They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter. Seven were for families, and four were for communal use. __34__, they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.The woods and forests became safe. When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists __35__. At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday. It was their first Thanks giving Day.26. [A] in their own style[B] in their own way[C] on their own[D] of their own27. [A] course[B] route[C] passage[D] channel28. [A] Uncomfortable[B] Bad [C] Unfavourable[D] Terrible29. [A] passed[B] sustained[C] survived[D] spent30. [A] situations[B] environments[C] conditions[D] circumstances31. [A] strengthened[B] regained[C] recovered[D] improved32. [A] in[B] of[C] over[D] at33. [A] on[B] behind[C] for[D] beyond34. [A] Best of all[B] For the best[C] To their best[D] All in all35. [A] ashore[B] around[C] about[D] aboard1989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题One day drought may be a thing of the past at least in coastal cities. Vast areas of desert throughout the world may for the first time __26__ and provide millions of hectares of land where now nothing grows.By the end of this century this may not be mere __27__. Scientists are already looking into the possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. In these regions there are vast ice-caps formed by snow that has fallen over the past 50,000 years. Layer __28__ layer of deep snow means that, when melted, the snow water would be pure, not salty as sea-ice would be. There is so much __29__ pure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turn much of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland. And what useful packages it would come in! It should be possible to cut off a bit of ice and transport it! Alternatively perhaps a passing iceberg could be __30__. They are always breaking away from the main caps and floating around, pushed by currents, until they eventually melt and are wasted.Many icebergs are, of course, far too small to be towed __31__ distance, and would melt before they reached a country that needed them anywhere. It would be necessary to locate one that was __32__ and that was big enough to provide a good supply of ice when it reached us. Engineers think that an iceberg up to seven miles long and one and a half miles wide could be transported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker! Even then they would cover only twenty miles every day. However, __33__ the iceberg was at its destination, more that 7,000 million cubic metres of water could be taken from it! That would probably be more than enough for any medium-sized city even in the hottest summer! But no doubt a use could be found for it. __34__, scientist say, there would not be too much wastage in such a journey. The larger the iceberg, the slower it melts, even if it is towed through the tropics. This is because when the sun has a bigger area to warm __35__, less heat actually gets into the iceberg. The vast frozen centre would be unaffected.26. [A] come to life[B] come into existence[C] come into activity[D] come round27. [A] speculation[B] imagination[C] computation[D] expectation28. [A] above[B] of [C] upon[D] over29. [A] essential[B] potential[C] claimable[D] obtainable30. [A] seized[B] snatched[C] grabbed[D] captured31. [A] much[B] any[C] some[D] certain32. [A] manageable[B] manipulative[C] operable[D] controllable33. [A] after[B] while[C] since[D] once34. [A] Apparently[B] Noticeably[C] Distinctly[D] Notably35. [A] round[B] over[C] up[D] through1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001. Many books have been written __26__ the future. But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest __27__ of the word. In his fantastic novels “A Trip to the Moon” and “80 Days Around the World,” he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter. These novels still have a great attraction __28__ young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy.Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a __29__ writer.In 2001, in the home, cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch.Television will provide information on prices at the __30__ shops as well as news and entertainment. Videophones will bring pictures as well as __31__ to telephone conversations.Machines will control temperature, lighting, entertainment, security alarms, laundry and gardening.Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.At work, robots will take __32__ most jobs in the manufacturing industries. Working hours will fall to under 30 hours a week. Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normal annual holiday. Men and women will retire at the same age.Our leisure will be different too. The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games. More people will eat out in restaurants __33__ they do today; also they will have a much wider variety of food available. There will be a change of taste towards a more savoury-flavored menu. New synthetic foods will form a __34__ part of people’s diets.Foreign travel will __35__; winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones.Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and much cheaper. Education will become increasingly more important than ever before.26. [A] in[B] of[C] about[D] for27. [A] sense[B] meaning[C] detail[D] implication28. [A] for[B] of [C] on[D] towards29. [A] today[B] nowadays[C] present-day[D] present30. [A] near[B] nearby[C] nearly[D] nearer31. [A] noise[B] sound[C] tone[D] tune32. [A] to[B] away[C] off[D] over33. [A] than[B] as[C] when[D] while34. [A] usual[B] popular[C] daily[D] regular35. [A] add[B] increase[C] raise[D] arise1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working __47__ radio, for example, they had become __48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. __50__ all, he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the __53__ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is __54__ different. He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him __56__ on particular things, and to __57__ the images on the television screen. __58__ his radio colleague, he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art [D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] as1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S. space shuttle. __46__ it, astronauts will acquire a workhouse vehicle __47__ of flying into space and returning many times. __48__ by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65, 000 pounds, the shuttle will carry devices for scientific inquiry, as __49__ as a variety of military hardware. __50__ more significantly, it will __51__ materials and machines into space for industrial purposes __52__ two decades ago when “sputnik” (artificial satellite) was __53__ to vocabulary. In short, the __54__ importance of the shuttle lies in its __55__ as an economic tool.What makes the space shuttle __56__ is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like an airplane. __57__, when it has accomplished its __58__, it can be ready for __59__ trip in about two weeks.The space shuttle, the world’s first true spaceship, is a magnificent step __60__ making the impossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.46. [A] In[B] On[C] By[D] With47. [A] capable[B] suitable[C] efficient[D] fit48. [A] Served[B] Powered[C] Forced[D] Reinforced49. [A] far[B] well[C] much [D] long.50. [A] Then[B] Or[C] But[D] So51. [A] supply[B] introduce[C] deliver[D] transfer52. [A] unimagined[B] unsettled[C] uncovered[D] unsolved53. [A] attributed[B] contributed[C] applied[D] added54. [A] general[B] essential[C] prevailing[D] ultimate55. [A] promise[B] prosperity[C] popularity[D] priority56. [A] exceptional[B] strange[C] unique[D] rare57. [A] Thus[B] Whereas[C] Nevertheless[D] Yet58. [A] venture[B] mission[C] commission[D] responsibility59. [A] new[B] another[C] certain[D] subsequent60. [A] for[B] by[C] in[D] through1993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because of the many functions that might be __46__ in a single large building.The importance of interior design becomes __47__ when we realize how much time we __48__ surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be __49__ attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect __50__ place to be appropriate to its use. You would be __51__ if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look __52__ the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn’t feel __53__ in a business office that has the appearance of a school.It soon becomes clear that the interior designer’s most important basic __54__ is the function of the particular __55__. For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping qualities, and __56__ few entries and exits will not work for __57__ purpose, no matter how beautifully it might be __58__. Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designer has to make many of the same kind of __59__. He or she must coordinate the shapes, lighting and decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. __60__ addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.46. [A] consisted[B] contained[C] composed[D] comprised47. [A] obscure[B] attractive[C] appropriate[D] evident48. [A] spend[B] require[C] settle[D] retain49. [A] so[B] as[C] thus [D] such50. [A] some[B] any[C] this[D] each51. [A] amused[B] interested[C] shocked[D] frightened52. [A] like[B] for[C] at[D] into53. [A] correct[B] proper[C] right[D] suitable54. [A] care[B] concern[C] attention[D] intention55. [A] circumstance[B] environment[C] surroundings[D] space56. [A] too[B] quite[C] a[D] far57. [A] their[B] its[C] those[D] that58. [A] painted[B] covered[C] ornamented[D] decorated59. [A] solutions[B] conclusions[C] decisions[D] determinations60. [A] For[B] In[C] As[D] With1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is __41__ the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of __42__ breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __43__ a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may __44__ unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__ interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.__46__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make __47__ difficult for the listener to understand the __48__ which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be __49__ to explain or describe in a __50__ that can be understood by his listeners.41. [A] of[B] at[C] for[D] on42. [A] inaccessible[B] timely[C] likely[D] invalid43. [A] encourages[B] prevents [C] destroys[D] offers44. [A] pass out[B] take away[C] back up[D] stir up45. [A] who[B] as[C] which[D] what46. [A] Moreover[B] However[C] Preliminarily[D] Unexpectedly47. [A] that[B] It[C] so[D] this48. [A] speech[B] sense[C] message[D] meaning49. [A] obscure[B] difficult[C] impossible[D] unable50. [A] case[B] means[C] method[D] way1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. __41__ kind of sleep is at all well understood, but REM sleep is __42__ to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more __43__. The new experiments, such as these __44__ for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations __45__ of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep __46__ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, __47__ examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now __48__ the mystery of why the animals die. The rats __49__ bacterial infections of the blood, __50__ their immune systems -- the self-protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious [C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49. [A] develop[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] if[B] as if[C] only if[D] if only1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, __41__ do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for __42__ foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if __43__ is missing a deficiency disease becomes __44__.Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements -- usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and __45__ nitrogen. They are different __46__ their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin __47__ one or more specific functions in the body.__48__ enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for __49__ vitamins. Many people, __50__, believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.41. [A] either[B] so[C] nor[D] never42. [A] shifting[B] transferring[C] altering[D] transforming43. [A] any[B] some [C] anything[D] something44. [A] serious[B] apparent[C] severe[D] fatal45. [A] mostly[B] partially[C] sometimes[D] rarely46. [A] in that[B] so that[C] such that[D] except that47. [A] undertakes[B] holds[C] plays[D] performs48. [A] Supplying[B] Getting[C] Providing[D] Furnishing49. [A] exceptional[B] exceeding[C] excess[D] external50. [A] nevertheless[B] therefore[C] moreover[D] meanwhile1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world’s largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people __41__ into the offices and factories of America, s eeking a day’s work for a day’s pay. One day at a time. __42__ industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive __43__ reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.__44__ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This __45__ work force is the most important __46__ in American business today, and it is __47__ changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive __48__ avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens __49__ by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of __50__ that came from being a loyal employee.41. [A] swarm[B] stride[C] separate[D] slip42. [A] For[B] Because[C] As[D] Since43. [A] from[B] in [C] on[D] by44. [A] Even though[B] Now that[C] If only[D] Provided that45. [A] durable[B] disposable[C] available[D] transferable46. [A] approach[B] flow[C] fashion[D] trend47. [A] instantly[B] reversely[C] fundamentally[D] sufficiently48. [A] but[B] while[C] and[D] whereas49. [A] imposed[B] restricted[C] illustrated[D] confined50. [A] excitement[B] conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importance1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They __41__ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__ man. But they insisted that its __43__ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the __44__ of the English population. __45__ contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a __46__ agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, __47__, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists __48__ history and economics, have __49__ two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was __50__ by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42. [A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43. [A] momentary[B] prompt [C] instant[D] immediate44. [A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45. [A] On[B] With[C] For[D] By46. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47. [A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48. [A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49. [A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50. [A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] marked1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies __41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them __42__ and active. When the work is well done, a __43__ of accident-free operations is established __44__ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may __45__ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by __46__ rules or regulations. __47__ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial stand-point alone, safety __48__. The fewer the injury __49__, the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at __50__ or at a loss.41. [A] at[B] in[C] on[D] with42. [A] alive[B] vivid[C] mobile[D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate [C] circumstance[D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what[D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift[D] distinguish46. [A] constituting[B] aggravating[C] observing[D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even[D] Still48. [A] comes off[B] turns up[C] pays off[D] holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations[D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B] a benefit[C] an interest[D] a profit。

2012年考研英语二新题型大纲样题Sample （1）多项对应Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column thatcorresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices inthe right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004. These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing wo es do exist, but we’ll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries, caused by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow.So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potentialfor a global disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawi’s harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10 billion in all. Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria is controlling those diseases.Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion offood into biofuels. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents pergal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be acase for biofuelsproduced on lands that do not produce foods tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood productsbu t there’s no case for doling out subsidies to put the world’s crops as soon and as effectively aspossible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.[A] poor countries41. Anti-hunger campaigns are successful in [B] all the world42. Production of biofuels are subsidized in [C] the Climate Adaptation Fund43. Protest riots occurred in [D] the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB andMalaria44. The efforts were not so successful with [E] Bangladesh45. Food shortage becomes more serious in [F] Malawi[G] the U.S. and EuropeSample （2）小标题对应Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts orparagraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A] Follow Onlines[B] Whisper: Keep It to Yourself[C] Word of Experience: Stick to It[D] Code of Success: Freed and Targeted[E] Efficient Work to Promote Efficient Workers[F] Recipe: Simplicity Means Everything[G] Efficiency Comes from OrderEvery decade has its defining self-help business book. In the 1940s it was How to WinFriends and Influence People, in the 1990s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People. Thesedays we’re worried about something much simpler: Getting Things Done.41._________________________________That’s the title of productivity guru David Allen’ pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently,which continues to resonate in this decade’s overworked, overwhelmed, overteched wo rkplace.Allen hasn’t just sold 500,000 copies of his book. He has preached his message of focus, discipline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S. Air Force. He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload. He ministers to some clients with an intensive, two-day, $6,000 private session in which he and his team organize their lives from top to bottom. And he has won the devotion of acolytes who document on their blogs how his Getting Things Done (GTD) program has changed their lives.42._________________________________Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense. Free your mind, and productivity will follow. Break down projects and goals into discrete, definable actions, and you won’ be bothered by all those loose threads pulling at your attention. First make decisions about what needs to get done, and then fashion a plan for doing it. If you’ve cataloged everything you have to do and all your long-term goals, Allen says, you’re less likely to wake up at 3 a.m. worrying about whether you’ve forgotten something: “Most people haven’t realized how out of control their head is when they get 300 e-mails a day and each of them has potential meaning.”43.When e-mails, phone calls and to-do lists are truly under control, Allen says, the real changebegins. You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy your life ratherthan just occupy it with all the things you’ve got to do. Allen himself, despite running a $ 5.5million consulting practice, traveling 200 days a year and juggling a business that’s growing 40%every year, finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpt bonsai plants. Oh, and he has earned his black belt in karate.44._________________________________Few companies have embraced ‘Allen’s philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills, the Minnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucky Charms. Allen began at the company with a couple of private coaching sessions for top executives, who raved about his guidance. Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year. The company has already put more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company-wide. “Fads come and go,”says Kevin Wilde, General Mills’C EO, “but this continues to work.”45. _________________________________The most fevered followers of Allen’s organizational methodology gather online. Websites like gtdindex, marvelz. com parse Allen’s every utterance. The 43Folders blog ran an eight-part pod-cast interview with him. GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen, on whatsthenextaction. com gather best practice techniques forimplementing the book’s ideas. More than 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allen’s system.Sample (3) 正误判断Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by deciding each of the statements after the text isTrue or False. Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A Tree Project Helps the Genes of Champions Live OnAs an eagle wheels overhead against a crystalline blue sky, Martin Flanagan walks toward agrove of towering cottonwood trees beside the Yellowstone River, which is the color of chocolatemilk due to the spring rain.As Mr. Flanagan leaves the glaring sun of the prairie and enters the shady grove, his eyes search for a specific tree. As he reaches a narrow-leaf cottonwood, a towering giant, he cranes hisneck to look at the top, “This is the one I plan to nominate for state champion,” he says, petting the bark with his hand. “It’s a beauty, isn’t?”When Europeans first came to North America, one of the largest primeval forests in the world covered much of the continent. Experts say a squirrel could have traveled from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River without touching the ground. But only about 3 percent of America’s native old-growth forest remains, and many of the trees they hold are those that were not big enough to attract a logger’s e ye. The result is a generation of trees that barely resemble the native forests that once covered the country.That make some scientists suspect that the surviving forests have lost much of their genetic quality, the molecular muscle that made them dominate the landscape. When the loggers swept through, these scientists say, only poor specimens were left to reproduce. Other researchers wonder whether environmental factors or just plain luck may explain a good part of the supertrees’ success.To answer those questions, the mightiest trees of their types, or genetically identical offspring, must be preserved for study, and that is what is being done by a handful of enthusiasts, including Mr. Flanagan and David Milarch, a nurseryman from Copemish, Michigan. They are searching out the largest tree of each species and taking cuttings of new growth to make copies of genetic clones of the giants. With tissue culture and grafting, they have reproduced 52 of the 827 living giants and are planting the offspring in what they call “living libraries.” More than20,000 offspring have been planted.The work is part of the Champion Tree Project, which began in 1996 with financial help from the National Tree Trust, a nonprofit group in Washington.“Those big trees are the last links to the boreal forests,” Mr. Milarch, president of theChampion Tree Project, said.State and federal agencies and private organizations have been keeping track of the largest trees in each state for some time. The largest effort is the National Register of Big Trees, run by American Forests, a 125-year-old nonprofit group based in Washington. But the Champion Tree Project takes things a step further by making it possible for the largest trees to live on.Eventually the Champion Tree Project hopes to reproduce enough genetically superior trees for a project. The offspring of the native trees, should they prove genetically superior, could be especially valuable in urban settings, where the average tree lives just 7 to 10 years. But things like soil conditions, moisture and other environmental factors can also affect the success of the trees.41. Water in the Yellowstone River turned dark brown because of the spring rain.42. The cottonwood tree Mr. Flanagan found was an extremely tall tree with broad leaves.43. In the days when Europeans first came to America, it had one of the largest primeval forests in the world.44. Some scientists have the suspicion that the surviving forests have lost much of their genetic quality because they were the offspring of poor specimens.45. The offspring of the supertrees have proved to be genetically superior to those of the average trees.答案：Sample 1: 41. F 42. G 43.E 44. C 45. ASample 2: 41. E 42. D 43.G 44. C 45. ASample 3: 41. T 42. F 43.T 44. T 45. F大纲样题解析Sample （1）多项对应【文章注解】做多项对应这类考题应先通观全文，用略读法弄清文章的大意，勿在细枝末节上浪费时间；留意体现逻辑关系的特征词，例如 first, finally, of cource, however 等。

考研英语(一）阅读新题型全真试题（2005-2014）Type One Blank-filling （完形填句）2005Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of thefirst advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of suchan agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drugcosts have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds oftreatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fromone province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drugon its list, the pressure will cause others to incl ude it on theirs. They wouldn’tlike a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years ofgambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l ur e” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gambler s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and usedhis Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And inwhat sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back toeven, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a socialpolicy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in Americais government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generationsexplained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how tomove against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2008Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write. (41) __________. Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ________Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ________ .These printouts also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The students who wrote “ The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) ________Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times “and then again” working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences withineach paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A)To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between linesso that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onlyone side of the paper.B)After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’sprobably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely whatyou are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attentionbecause they leave the reader with a final impression.C)It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off aprinter may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writingthat have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks andprint their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any materialbecause of power failures or other problems.D)It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes anbegin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.E)Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbedresponse to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” heenforces.F)In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P”, thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to hisrefusal to accept store policies.G)By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover orderingprinciples as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draftthe first time around.2009Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencerargued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different timesin many parts of the world.2012Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requiresgreat skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.2013Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41) . Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42) . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) .When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate —varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Type Two Sequencing （排序题）2010Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service ope rators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Ove rall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France,。

考研英语二新题型真题及答案解析考研英语二新题型真题Part BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately， life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover， we are grieving various kinds of loss：a friendship， a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time， but you should remember that they wont last forever.When our time of mourning is over， we press forward， stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore， these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths Ive learned along the way.41.______Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately， people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said，“Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42.______If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past， try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past，but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past， but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43.______Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44.______No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is， you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life， especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor，help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives， try to participate in several online communities， full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.______Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin， think your own thoughts， have your own values and make your own choices.41. 42. 43. 44. 45.考研英语二新题型真题参考答案：41.D 42.E 43.G 44.A 45.C【试题点评】新题型要求考生从整体上把握*的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。

考研英语一历年新题型Many students are preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination, commonly known as the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (NPEE) or the "GaoKao" for postgraduates. One of the important components of the NPEE is the English section, which assesses the listening, reading comprehension, and writing skills of the candidates. Over the years, NPEE has introduced new question types to evaluate the students' abilities more comprehensively.One of the new question types introduced in recent years is the Multiple Choice Cloze (MCC). This question type assesses a candidate's ability to understand the context and use appropriate language to complete a passage. Candidates are provided with a passage containing several gaps, and they are required to choose the correct option from the given alternatives to fill in the gaps. This question type not only tests the candidates' reading comprehension but also their vocabulary and grammar skills.Another newly added question type is the Sentence Translation (ST). In this type of question, a sentence in Chinese is provided, and candidates need to translate it into English. This question assesses the candidates' translation skills as well as their understanding of English grammar and vocabulary. It requires the candidates to have a good command of both languages and the ability to accurately convey the meaning of the original sentence.Furthermore, a new type of question called Critical Reading and Thinking (CRT) has been introduced to evaluate the candidates' analytical and reasoning abilities. In this question type, candidates are presented with a short passage or an argument, followed by several statements. Candidates need to analyze the passage and determine whether each statement is true, false, or cannot be determined based on the information provided. This question type tests the candidates' ability to comprehend and evaluate complex information, make logical inferences, and identify relevant details. Additionally, the NPEE has included a new writing task called Argumentative Essay (AE). Candidates are given a topic or a statement and are required to write an essay expressing their opinion and supporting it with relevant arguments and evidence. This question type tests the candidates' ability to organize their thoughts, construct coherent arguments, and express themselves effectively in writing.These new question types in the NPEE have been introduced to assess a wider range of skills and abilities of the candidates. They require not only good reading comprehension and vocabulary, but also critical thinking, analytical skills, translation abilities, and effective written communication. Therefore, candidates need to prepare themselves thoroughly in all these aspects to excel in the English section of the NPEE. Continuous practice, extensive reading, and familiarization with the format and requirements of each question type are crucial for success in this section and ultimately achieving a high score in the NPEE.。

新题型（英语二）2011-20182011年 (1)2012年 (3)2013年 (6)2016年 (13)2017年 (17)2018年 (21)Part BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer onANSWER SHEET1.（10points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose“fat taxes”on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary,Andrew Lansley,who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat,salt or sugar,and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald’s.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity,diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson,president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.“Thirty years ago,it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs,and yet that is what we have now.Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity?I would suggest that we should be,”said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead.He said that manufacturers of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign,the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness.He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver’s high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how“lecturing”people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stphenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat,salt or sugar before9pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas,“If we were really bold,we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising,product placement and sponsorship of sports events,”he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s,which sponsors the youth coaching run by the Football Association.Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements”such as toys,cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers,Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra,president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists,said:“If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth,and that somethings can harm,at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose“fast-food-free zones”around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said:“We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer.This includes creating a new‘responsibility deal’with publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves,especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.[A]“fat taxes”should be imposed onfast-food producers such as McDonald’s.41.Andrew Lansley held that[B]the government should ban fast-foodoutlets in the neighborhood of schools.42.Terence Stephenson agreed that[C]“lecturing”was an effective way toimprove school lunches in England.43.Jamic Oliver seemed to believe that [D]cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet.44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that[E]the producers of crisps and candiescould contribute significantly to theChange4Life campaign.45.A Department of Health spokeperson proposed that [F]parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home.[G]the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses.41．E。

考研英语二新题型真题及答案考研英语二新题型真题Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C]Express your emotions[D]Dont overthink it[E]Be easily pleased[F]Notice things[G]Ask for helpAs adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they dont need self-help books or therapy.instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps its time to learn a few lessons from them.41._______C_______What does a child do when hes sadHe cries.When hes angryHe shouts.ScaredProbably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and dont dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.thats about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately,and then-again.like children-move.42.______E_______A couple of Christmases ago,my youngest stepdaughter,who was nine years old at the time ,got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed,and couldnt stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.instead,being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43._________A_____________Have you ever noticed how much children laughIf we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling,we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies increase good hormones like endorphins,improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection.All of which,of course,have a positive effect on happiness levels.44.________B___________The problem with being a grown up is that theres an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and its important that we schedule in time toenjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room,anyone)——it doesnt matter,so long as theyre enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if youre on a tight budget.45.________D___________Having said all of the above,its important to add that we shouldnt try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:“Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.”And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whomhappiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.考研英语二新题型真题答案及解析：解析：*主要讲的是成年人不断追求幸福，但是结果往往是不清楚。

历年考研英语真题完形填空及新题型部分1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Manpower Inc.,with560,000workers,is the world’s largest temporary employment agency.Every morning,its people__41__into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day’s work for a day’s pay.One day at a time.__42__industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive__43__reducing the number of employees, Manpower,based in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,is booming.__44__its economy continues to recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers.This__45__work force is the most important __46__in American business today,and it is__47__changing the relationship between people and their jobs.The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive__48__avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens__49__ by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans.For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of__50__that came from being a loyal employee.41.[A]swarm[B]stride[C]separate（A）[D]slip42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As（C）[D]Since43.[A]from[B]in[C]on（D）[D]by44.[A]Even though[B]Now that[C]If only（A）[D]Provided that45.[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available（B）[D]transferable46.[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion（D）[D]trend47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally（C）[D]sufficiently48.[A]but[B]while[C]and（B）[D]whereas49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated（A）[D]confined50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm（D）[D]importance1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Cloze TestUntil recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.They __41__that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__man.But they insisted that its__43__results during the period from1750to 1850were widespread poverty and misery for the__44__of the English population. __45__contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650to1750,when England was still a__46__agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,__47__,is generally thought to be wrong.Specialists__48__history and economics,have__49__two things:that the period from1650to1750was__50__by great poverty,and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed（A）[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean（B）[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant（D）[D]immediate44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross（A）[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For（D）[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally（D）[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore（A）[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about（B）[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown（C）[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled（D）[D]marked1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II:Cloze TestIndustrial safety does not just panies__41__low accident rates plan their safety programs,work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them __42__and active.When the work is well done,a__43__of accident-free operations is established__44__time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may__45__greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding.Others stress safe work practices by__46__rules or regulations.__47__others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker.But,there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program.From a financial stand-point alone,safety__48__.The fewer the injury__49__,the better the workman’s insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at__50__or at a loss.41.[A]at[B]in[C]on（D）[D]with42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile（A）[D]diverse43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance（B）[D]requirement44.[A]where[B]how[C]what（A）[D]unless45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift（B）[D]distinguish46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing（C）[D]justifying47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even（D）[D]Still48.[A]comes off[B]turns up[C]pays off（C）[D]holds up49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations（A）[D]proclamations 50.[A]an advantage[B]a benefit[C]an interest（D）[D]a profit2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Cloze TestIf a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.He must store a large quantity of grain__41__consuming all his grain immediately.He can continue to support himself and his family__42__he produces a surplus.He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance__43__the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to__44__old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to__45__the soil.He may also need money to construct irrigation__46__and improve his farm in other ways.If no surplus is available,a farmer cannot be__47__.He must either sell some of his property or__48__extra funds in the form of loans.Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low__49__of interest,but loans of this kind are not __50__obtainable.41.[A]other than[B]as well as[C]instead of（C）[D]more than42.[A]only if[B]much as[C]long before（A）[D]ever since43.[A]for[B]against[C]supplement（B）[D]dispose44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement（A）[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed（C）[D]raise46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths（D）[D]channels47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied（B）[D]self-restrained48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer（D）[D]seek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate（C）[D]ratio50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably（D）[D]frequently2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Cloze TestThe government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases__31__the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant__32__of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a__33__bill that will propose making payments to witnesses__34__and will strictly control the amount of__35__that can be given to a case__36__a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman,chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee,Lord Irvine said he__37__with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not__38__sufficient control.__39__of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a__40__of media protest when he said the__41__of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges__42__to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which__43__the European Convention on Human Rights legally__44__in Britain,laid down that everybody was__45__to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands__46__our British judges,”he said.Witness payments became an__47__after West was sentenced to10life sentences in 1995.Up to19witnesses were__48__to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.Concerns were raised__49__witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to__50__guilty verdicts.31.[A]as to[B]for instance[C]in particular（D）[D]such as32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing（A）[D]fastening33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary（D）[D]draft34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable（B）[D]improper35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity（A）[D]peculiarity36.[A]since[B]if[C]before（C）[D]as37.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied（D）[D]agreed38.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest（B）[D]indicate39.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing（B）[D]Exposure40.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare（A）[D]flash41.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition（B）[D]demonstration42.[A]better than[B]other than[C]rather than（C）[D]sooner than43.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets（B）[D]turns44.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining（A）[D]sustaining45.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled（C）[D]qualified46.[A]with[B]to[C]from（A）[D]by47.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference（D）[D]issue48.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said（C）[D]told49.[A]what[B]when[C]which（D）[D]that50.[A]assure[B]confide[C]ensure（C）[D]guarantee2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Use of EnglishComparisons were drawn between the development of television in the20th century and the diffusion of printing in the15th and16th centuries.Yet much had happened__21__.As was discussed before,it was not__22__the19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic__23__,following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the__24__of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution__25__up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading__26__through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures__27__ the20th-century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that process in__28__.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,__29__,that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,__30__by the invention of the integrated circuit during the1960s, radically changed the process,__31__its impact on the media was not immediately __32__.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became“personal”too,as well as__33__,with display becoming sharper and storage __34__increasing.They were thought of,like people,__35__generations,with the distance between generations much__36__.It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the__37__within which we now live.The communications revolution has__38__both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been__39__view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.“Benefits”have been weighed__40__“harmful”outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.21.[A]between[B]before[C]since（A）[D]later22.[A]after[B]by[C]during（D）[D]until23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium（C）[D]measure24.[A]process[B]company[C]light（B）[D]form25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked（B）[D]picked26.[A]on[B]out[C]over（A）[D]off27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond（D）[D]into28.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect（D）[D]perspective29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however（C）[D]therefore30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated（B）[D]characterized31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest（D）[D]although32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative（A）[D]plausible33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental（A）[D]instrumental34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity（C）[D]faculty35.[A]by means of[B]in terms of[C]with regard to（B）[D]in line with36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer（D）[D]smaller37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope（A）[D]territory38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced（C）[D]effected39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting（B）[D]irrational40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against（C）[D]with2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Use of EnglishTeachers need to be aware of the emotional,intellectual,and physical changes that young adults experience.And they also need to give serious__21__to how they can be best__22__such changes.Growing bodies need movement and__23__,but not just in ways that emphasize competition.__24__they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the__25__that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are__26__by others.However,the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be__27__to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,__28__,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,__29__student artwork,and sponsoring book discussion clubs.A variety of small clubs can provide__30__opportunities for leadership,as well as for practice in successful__31__dynamics.Making friends is extremely important to teenagers,and many shy students need the__32__of some kind of organization with a supportive adult__33__visible in the background.In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have__34__ attention spans.A variety of activities should be organized__35__participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to__36__else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants__37__.This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.__38__they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by __39__for roles that are within their__40__and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.21.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion（A）[D]advice22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate（B）[D]enhance23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise（C）[D]leisure24.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas（D）[D]Because25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence（C）[D]tolerance26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored（B）[D]surpassed27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair（D）[D]wise28.[A]in effect[B]as a result[C]for example（C）[D]in a sense 29.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating（A）[D]exchanging30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus（D）[D]multiple31.[A]groups[B]individual[C]personnel（A）[D]corporation32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission（D）[D]security33.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely（B）[D]rarely34.[A]similar[B]long[C]different（D）[D]short35.[A]if only[B]now that[C]so that（C）[D]even if36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing（D）[D]something37.[A]off[B]down[C]out（B）[D]alone38.[A]On the contrary[B]On the average[C]On the whole（A）[D]On the other hand39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning（C）[D]taking40.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency（A）[D]efficiency2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Use of EnglishMany theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency(crimes committed by young people)focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.Theories__21__on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior__22__they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through__23__with others.Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in__24__to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,__25__as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,__26__the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.The latter may commit crimes__27__lack of adequate parental control.All theories, however,are tentative and are__28__to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly__29__juvenile crime rates.For example, changes in the economy that__30__to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment__31__make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.The resulting discontent may in__32__lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also__33__changes these years.More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;__34__,children are likely to have less supervision at home__35__was common in the traditional family__36__.This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.Other__37__causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school,the increased__38__of drugs and alcohol,and the growing__39__of child abuse and child neglect.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,__40__a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering（C）[D]cementing22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until（D）[D]because23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation（A）[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference（D）[D]response25.[A]or[B]but rather[C]but（A）[D]or else26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting（B）[D]discarding27.[A]on[B]in[C]for（C）[D]with28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive（D）[D]subject29.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock（A）[D]reflect30.[A]point[B]lead[C]come（B）[D]amount31.[A]in general[B]on average[C]by contrast（A）[D]at length32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn（C）[D]essence33.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken（D）[D]experienced34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly（B）[D]simultaneously35.[A]than[B]that[C]which（A）[D]as36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept（B）[D]heritage37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible（B）[D]incredible38.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation（D）[D]availability39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure（A）[D]popularity40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although（C）[D]supposing2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Use of EnglishThe human nose is an underrated tool.Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals,__1__this is largely because,__2__animals,we stand upright.This means that our noses are__3__to perceiving those smells which float through the air,__4__the majority of smells which stick to surfaces.In fact,__5__,we are extremely sensitive to smells,__6__we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of__7__human smells even when these are__8__to far below one part in one million.Strangely,some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate__10__smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send__11__to the brain.However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell__12__can suddenlybecome sensitive to it when__13__to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it__14__to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can__15__new receptors if necessary.This may__16__explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be.We are not__17__of the usual smell of our own house but we__18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s.The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__for unfamiliar and emergency signals__20__the smell of smoke,which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but（C）[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding（B）[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated（A）[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing（C）[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead（B）[D]therefore6.[A]even if[B]if only[C]only if（A）[D]as if7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining（D）[D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining（A）[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for（D）[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique（B）[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages（C）[D]impulses12.[A]at first[B]at all[C]at large（A）[D]at times13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn（D）[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient（C）[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger（D）[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise（B）[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware（C）[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect（D）[D]notice19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable（A）[D]suitable20.[A]similar to[B]such as[C]along with（B）[D]aside fromPart BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered blank there are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)Canada’s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41.____[E]According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drug costs have risen since1997at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.____ What to do?Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care--to say nothing of reports from other experts--recommended the creation of a national drug agency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources,work with Ottawa,and create a national institution.42.____[C]What does“national”mean?Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.____But“national”doesn’t have to mean that.“National”could mean interprovincial--provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way,one benefit of a“national”organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible,with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one province--or a series of hospitals within a province--negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf31million people.Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.43.____[G]Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream.They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way.They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another.They can hope that,if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs.They wouldn’t like a national agency,but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.____A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces.Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included.Predictably,and regrettably,Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They(particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if any, strings attached.That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44.____[F]So,if the provinces want to run the health-care show,they should prove they can run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs,prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.____Premiers love to quote Mr.Romanow’s report selectively,especially the parts about more federal money.Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45.____[B]Or they could read Mr.Kirby’s report:“the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”____So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A]Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology.One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from14.3per cent to26.8per cent![B]Or they could read Mr.Kirby’s report:“the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C]What does“national”mean?Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D]The problem is simple and stark:health-care costs have been,are,and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.[E]According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drug costs have risen since1997at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F]So,if the provinces want to run the health-care show,they should prove they can run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,save administrative costs,prevent one province from being played off against another,and bargain for better drug prices.[G]Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream.They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way.They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another.They can hope that,if one province includes a drug on its list,the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs.They wouldn’t like a national agency,but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Use of EnglishThe homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.__1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly__2__. To help homeless people__3__independence,the federal government must support job training programs,__4__the minimum wage,and fund more low-cost housing.__5__everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless.Estimates __6__anywhere from600,000to3million.__7__the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter:that the number of the homeless is__8__.One of the federal government’s studies__9__that the number of the homeless will reach nearly19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to__10__this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.__11__when homeless individuals manage to find a__12__that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__the street.Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.Many others,__14__not addicted or mentally ill,simply lack the everyday__15__skills need to turn their lives__16__.Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are__17__programs that address the many needs of the homeless.__18__Edward Blotkowsk,director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,__19__it,“There has to be __20__of programs.What we need is a package deal.”1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore（A）[D]Furthermore2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve（B）[D]retain3.[A]in[B]for[C]with（D）[D]toward4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take（A）[D]keep5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly（D）[D]not6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range（C）[D]differ7.[A]Now that[B]Although[C]Provided（B）[D]Except that8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing（C）[D]extending9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves（A）[D]discovers10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain（A）[D]dismiss11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even（C）[D]Only12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling（B）[D]house13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding（D）[D]wandering14.[A]when[B]once[C]while（C）[D]whereas15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival（C）[D]maintenance16.[A]around[B]over[C]on（A）[D]up17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary（B）[D]compensating18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As（C）[D]Thus19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes（A）[D]makes20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation（D）[D]coordinationPart BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville,Ind.,home of David Williams,52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played.During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000a year,lost approximately$175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20worth of gambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20and left.On his second visit he lost$800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a Fun Card,which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.For Williams,these activities become what he calls electronic morphine. (41)________.In1997he lost$21,000to one slot machine in two days.In March1997 he lost$72,186.He sometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat locked at5a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at9a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March1998,a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a“cease admissions”letter.Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has20signs warning:“Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head,not over it.”Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was“helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to“lure”him to“engage in conduct against his will.”Well.(43)________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)says“pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44)________.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)________.Forty-four states have lotteries,29have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on--you might say addicted to--revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in1995,competition for gamblers’dollars has become intense.The Oct.28issue of Newsweek reported that2million gamblers patronize1,800virtual casinos every week.With$3.5billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A]Although no such evidence was presented,the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings.And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required,given his compulsive behavior.And in what sense was his will operative?[C]By the time he had lost$5,000he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit.One night he won$5,500,but he did not quit.[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever,but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin,or a social disease.Now it is a social policy:the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.[E]David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation.But don’t bet on it.[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G]The anonymous,lonely,undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior.But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling,what would be its grounds for doing so?2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Use of EnglishBy1830the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly20million_____1_____of these nations looked______2_____to the future.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism,many of the leaders of independence____3_____the ideals of representative government,careers ____4____to talent,freedom of commerce and trade,the______5____to private property,and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.____6___there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a_____7______set of laws.On the issue of______8_____of religion and the position of the Church, ____9_____,there was less agreement_____10____the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one_____11___by the Spanish crown. ______12______most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism_____13_____the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the______14_____of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying___15_____for the conservative forces. The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian,valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had____16_____in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s____17_____colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much___18___because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies___19____.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was____20____self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[A]puzzled by[B]hostile to[C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)[A]Set a Good Example for Your Kids[B]Build Your Kids’Work Skills[C]Place Time Limits on Leisure Activities[D]Talk about the Future on a Regular Basis[E]Help Kids Develop Coping Strategies[F]Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They Are[G]Build Your Kids’Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kid. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content,the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from my book Ready or。

2012年考研英语二新题型大纲样题Sample （1）多项对应Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column thatcorresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices inthe right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004. These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing wo es do exist, but we’ll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries, caused by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow.So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potentialfor a global disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawi’s harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10 billion in all. Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria is controlling those diseases.Second, the U.S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion offood into biofuels. The U.S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents pergal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be acase for biofuelsproduced on lands that do not produce foods tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood productsbu t there’s no case for doling out subsidies to put the world’s crops as soon and as effectively aspossible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet acted upon the promise.[A] poor countries41. Anti-hunger campaigns are successful in [B] all the world42. Production of biofuels are subsidized in [C] the Climate Adaptation Fund43. Protest riots occurred in [D] the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB andMalaria44. The efforts were not so successful with [E] Bangladesh45. Food shortage becomes more serious in [F] Malawi[G] the U.S. and EuropeSample （2）小标题对应Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts orparagraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A] Follow Onlines[B] Whisper: Keep It to Yourself[C] Word of Experience: Stick to It[D] Code of Success: Freed and Targeted[E] Efficient Work to Promote Efficient Workers[F] Recipe: Simplicity Means Everything[G] Efficiency Comes from OrderEvery decade has its defining self-help business book. In the 1940s it was How to WinFriends and Influence People, in the 1990s The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People. Thesedays we’re worried about something much simpler: Getting Things Done.41._________________________________That’s the title of productivity guru David Allen’ pithy 2001 treatise on working efficiently,which continues to resonate in this decade’s overworked, overwhelmed, overteched wo rkplace.Allen hasn’t just sold 500,000 copies of his book. He has preached his message of focus, discipline and creativity everywhere from Sony and Novartis to the World Bank and the U.S. Air Force. He counsels swamped chief executives on coping with information overload. He ministers to some clients with an intensive, two-day, $6,000 private session in which he and his team organize their lives from top to bottom. And he has won the devotion of acolytes who document on their blogs how his Getting Things Done (GTD) program has changed their lives.42._________________________________Allen admits that much of his basic recipe is common sense. Free your mind, and productivity will follow. Break down projects and goals into discrete, definable actions, and you won’ be bothered by all those loose threads pulling at your attention. First make decisions about what needs to get done, and then fashion a plan for doing it. If you’ve cataloged everything you have to do and all your long-term goals, Allen says, you’re less likely to wake up at 3 a.m. worrying about whether you’ve forgotten something: “Most people haven’t realized how out of control their head is when they get 300 e-mails a day and each of them has potential meaning.”43.When e-mails, phone calls and to-do lists are truly under control, Allen says, the real changebegins. You will finally be able to use your mind to dream up great ideas and enjoy your life ratherthan just occupy it with all the things you’ve got to do. Allen himself, despite running a $ 5.5million consulting practice, traveling 200 days a year and juggling a business that’s growing 40%every year, finds time to joyride in his Mini Cooper and sculpt bonsai plants. Oh, and he has earned his black belt in karate.44._________________________________Few companies have embraced ‘Allen’s philosophy as thoroughly as General Mills, the Minnesota-based maker of Cheerios and Lucky Charms. Allen began at the company with a couple of private coaching sessions for top executives, who raved about his guidance. Allen and his staff now hold six to eight two-day training sessions a year. The company has already put more than 2,000 employees through GTD training and plans to expand it company-wide. “Fads come and go,”says Kevin Wilde, General Mills’C EO, “but this continues to work.”45. _________________________________The most fevered followers of Allen’s organizational methodology gather online. Websites like gtdindex, marvelz. com parse Allen’s every utterance. The 43Folders blog ran an eight-part pod-cast interview with him. GTD enthusiasts like Frank Meeuwsen, on whatsthenextaction. com gather best practice techniques forimplementing the book’s ideas. More than 60 software tools have been built specifically to supplement Allen’s system.Sample (3) 正误判断Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by deciding each of the statements after the text isTrue or False. Choose T if the statement is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A Tree Project Helps the Genes of Champions Live OnAs an eagle wheels overhead against a crystalline blue sky, Martin Flanagan walks toward agrove of towering cottonwood trees beside the Yellowstone River, which is the color of chocolatemilk due to the spring rain.As Mr. Flanagan leaves the glaring sun of the prairie and enters the shady grove, his eyes search for a specific tree. As he reaches a narrow-leaf cottonwood, a towering giant, he cranes hisneck to look at the top, “This is the one I plan to nominate for state champion,” he says, petting the bark with his hand. “It’s a beauty, isn’t?”When Europeans first came to North America, one of the largest primeval forests in the world covered much of the continent. Experts say a squirrel could have traveled from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River without touching the ground. But only about 3 percent of America’s native old-growth forest remains, and many of the trees they hold are those that were not big enough to attract a logger’s e ye. The result is a generation of trees that barely resemble the native forests that once covered the country.That make some scientists suspect that the surviving forests have lost much of their genetic quality, the molecular muscle that made them dominate the landscape. When the loggers swept through, these scientists say, only poor specimens were left to reproduce. Other researchers wonder whether environmental factors or just plain luck may explain a good part of the supertrees’ success.To answer those questions, the mightiest trees of their types, or genetically identical offspring, must be preserved for study, and that is what is being done by a handful of enthusiasts, including Mr. Flanagan and David Milarch, a nurseryman from Copemish, Michigan. They are searching out the largest tree of each species and taking cuttings of new growth to make copies of genetic clones of the giants. With tissue culture and grafting, they have reproduced 52 of the 827 living giants and are planting the offspring in what they call “living libraries.” More than20,000 offspring have been planted.The work is part of the Champion Tree Project, which began in 1996 with financial help from the National Tree Trust, a nonprofit group in Washington.“Those big trees are the last links to the boreal forests,” Mr. Milarch, president of theChampion Tree Project, said.State and federal agencies and private organizations have been keeping track of the largest trees in each state for some time. The largest effort is the National Register of Big Trees, run by American Forests, a 125-year-old nonprofit group based in Washington. But the Champion Tree Project takes things a step further by making it possible for the largest trees to live on.Eventually the Champion Tree Project hopes to reproduce enough genetically superior trees for a project. The offspring of the native trees, should they prove genetically superior, could be especially valuable in urban settings, where the average tree lives just 7 to 10 years. But things like soil conditions, moisture and other environmental factors can also affect the success of the trees.41. Water in the Yellowstone River turned dark brown because of the spring rain.42. The cottonwood tree Mr. Flanagan found was an extremely tall tree with broad leaves.43. In the days when Europeans first came to America, it had one of the largest primeval forests in the world.44. Some scientists have the suspicion that the surviving forests have lost much of their genetic quality because they were the offspring of poor specimens.45. The offspring of the supertrees have proved to be genetically superior to those of the average trees.答案：Sample 1: 41. F 42. G 43.E 44. C 45. ASample 2: 41. E 42. D 43.G 44. C 45. ASample 3: 41. T 42. F 43.T 44. T 45. F大纲样题解析Sample （1）多项对应【文章注解】做多项对应这类考题应先通观全文，用略读法弄清文章的大意，勿在细枝末节上浪费时间；留意体现逻辑关系的特征词，例如 first, finally, of cource, however 等。

2005年考研英语一新题型真题Canada’s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-carecosts.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.(41)What to do?Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care–to say nothing of reports from other experts–recommended the creation of a national drug agency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources, work with Ottawa,and create a national institution.(42)But“national”doesn’t have to mean that.“National”could mean interprovincial–provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way,one benefit of a“national”organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible,with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one province–or a series of hospitals within a province–negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of31million people.Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.(43)A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces.Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included.Predictably,and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They (particularly Quebec and Alberta)just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if any,strings attached.That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere,while drug costs keep rising fast.(44)Premiers love to quote Mr.Romanow’s report selectively,especially the parts about more federal money.Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs：“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to try to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”(45)So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A]Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology.One of the firstadvocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from14.3per cent to26.8per cent![B]Or they could read Mr.Kirby’s report:“The substantial buying power ofsuch an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C]What does“national”mean?Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D]The problem is simple and stark:health-care costs have been,are,and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E]According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information,prescription drugcosts have risen since1997at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments.Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F]So,if the provinces want to run the health-care show,they should prove they canrun it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication,save administrative costs,prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G]Of course,the pharmaceutical companies will scream.They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way.They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another.They can hope that,if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs.They wouldn’t like a national agency,but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006年考研英语一新题型真题On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville,Ind.,home of David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino(a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning $35,000a year,lost approximately$175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20worth of gambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20and left.On his second visit he lost$800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a“Fun Card,”which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities.For Williams,those activities became what he calls“electronic heroin.”(41)In1997he lost$21,000to one slot machine in two days.In March1997he lost$72,186.He sometimes played two slot machines at a time,all night,until the boat docked at5a.m.,then went back aboard when the casino opened at9a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March1998,a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem.The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a“cease admissions”letter.Noting the “medical/psychological”nature of problem gambling behavior,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has24signs warning:“Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head,not over it.”Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino,knowing he was“helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to“lure”him to“engage in conduct against his will.”Well.(43)The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says“pathological gambling”involves persistent,recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44)Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)Forty-four states have lotteries,29have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on–you might say addicted to–revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in1995,competition for gamblers’dollars has become intense.The Oct.28issue of Newsweek reported that2 million gamblers patronize1,800virtual casinos every week.With$3.5billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A]Although no such evidence was presented,the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings.And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without beingdetected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required,given his compulsive behavior.And in what sense was his will operative?[C]By the time he had lost$5,000he said to himself that if he could get back to even,he would quit.One night he won$5,500,but he did not quit.[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever,but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin,or a social disease.Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E]David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation.But don’t bet onit.[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier,sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G]The anonymous,lonely,undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconducive to compulsive behavior.But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling,what would be its grounds for doing so?2007年考研英语一新题型真题A.Set a Good Example for YourKidsB.Build Your Kids’WorkSkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who TheyAreG.Build Your Kids’Sense ofResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content,the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from my book Ready or Not,Here Life Comes,that parents can take to prevent what I call“work-life unreadiness”:You can start this process when they are11or12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to,as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.Kids need a range of authentic role models–as opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future.When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying“I have no idea.”They can change their minds200times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn;parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the houseand make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time,listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically.Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday lifesituations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child.They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.2008年考研英语一新题型真题The time for sharpening pencils,arranging your desk,and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended.The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,stand up,or lie down to write.(41)Be flexible.Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you.If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now,work it into the draft.(42)Grammar,punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise.Concentrate on what you are saying.Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43)Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere,you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor,you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands.Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in yourwriting.(44)These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work onrevisions.Once you have a first draft on paper,you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote“The A&P as a State of Mind”wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women.(45)Remember that your initial draft is only that.You should go through the paper many times–and then again–w orking to substantiate and clarify your ideas.You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper.Rewrite.The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A]To make revising easier,leave wide margins and extra space between lines sothat you can easily add words,sentences,and corrections.Write on only one side of the paper.[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper,payparticular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs.It’s probably best to write the introduction last,after you know precisely what you are introducing.Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C]It’s worth remembering,however,that though a clean copy fresh off a printer maylook terrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it.Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D]It makes no difference how you write,just so you do.Now that you have developeda topic into a tentative thesis,you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh outwhatever outline you have made.[E]Although this is an interesting issue,it has nothing to do with the thesis,whichexplains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P“policy”he enforces.[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in“A&P,”the studentbrings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G]By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,youwill very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write.Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.2009年考研英语一新题型真题Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the1860s,British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena,including human societies,changed over time, advancing toward perfection.(41)American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late1800s.Morgan helped found modern anthropology–the scientific study of human societies,customs and beliefs–thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists.In his work,he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.(42)In the early1900s in North America,German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism,which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures,gave new direction to anthropology.(43)Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.(44)Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology,largely through the influence of many students of Boas.But a number of anthropologists in the early1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures.(45)Also in the early1900s,French sociologistÉmile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology.Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European,and especially British,anthropology.[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations,such as inventions,hada single origin and passed from society to society.This theory was known asdiffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,he became skilledin linguistics,the study of languages,and in physical anthropology,the study of human biology and anatomy.[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the“survival of the fittest,”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger,more advanced races and societies.[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s socialstructure,such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E]Thus,in his view,diverse aspects of culture,such as the structure of families,forms of marriage,categories of kinship,ownership of property,forms of government,technology,and systems of food production,all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts thatwork together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example,British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J.Perryincorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information,that farming, pottery making,and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.In fact,all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.112005年新题型真题答案41.E 42.C 43.G 44.F45.B 2006年新题型真题答案41.C 42.A 43.B 44.F45.D 2007年新题型真题答案41.F 42.D 43.B 44.C45.E 2008年新题型真题答案41.D 42.G 43.A 44.C45.E 2009年新题型真题答案41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B45.G。

2017考研英语一新题型历年所有题型及大纲样题全精讲编讲商志主讲介绍：★直取本质，彻底破解，主讲的考研英语传奇系列课程成为了考研界无人能够企及的巅峰之作；★考研英语辅导史上划时代的传奇名师，其课堂批量制造高分，被称为“高分梦工厂”、“牛人集中营”；★教育部考试中心首席专家，高等教育出版社考研英语高分系列图书主编，“考研路上最不可错过的一位英语老师”★考研英语应试教学法第一人,传奇考研英语写作创始人,考研英语辅导神话的缔造者,全国一线城市考研英语首席主讲拨开考研迷雾打破英语瓶颈揭示致命误区铺就高分坦途阅读理解B部分是在2005年才设置的，之前在考研英语试卷上没有这种题型，所以这种题型被称为新题型。

也就是说，迄今为止，新题型一共只考过12年。

其中英语一共考过12次（2005年到2016年）、英语二共考过7次（2010年到2016年）。

一、大纲对阅读理解B部分的要求本部分1篇500---600词左右的文章，共5题,10分。

主要考察考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的总体结构和微观结构。

实际上就是《大纲》对考生提出的阅读理解八项技能要求中的第六项“(考生应能)理解文章的整体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系”的具体体现。

本部分有5种备选题型，实际考试时将从中仅选择一种进行命题。

需要注意的是：英语一只考前3种。

而英语二只考其中的后2种。

题型一：试题内容是一篇文章中有5个空白处。

每个空白处本应有一个或一组句子。

文章后面有6-7段文字，要求考生根据文章内容从这6-7段文字中选出能放进文章中每个空白处的一段文字，使上下文连贯、一致。

英语一的12年真题中有7年考了这种题型，分别是05、06、08、09、12、13以及2015年。

题型二：在一篇长度约500-600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。

要求考生根据文章内容和结构将所列段落(6--7个)重新排序，其中1-2个段落在文章中的位置已给出。

考研英语新题型全真试题（2005-2008）2005Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the partsabout more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of thefirst advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of suchan agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drugcosts have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds oftreatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fromone province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drugon its list, the p ressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’tlike a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l ur e” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gambler s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and usedhis Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And inwhat sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back toeven, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a socialpolicy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in Americais government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generationsexplained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how tomove against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2007Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what call “work-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the houseand make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feeling of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.2008Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write. (41) __________. Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ________Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ________ .These printouts also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The students who wrote “ The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) ________Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times “and then again” working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A)To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between linesso that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onlyone side of the paper.B)After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’sprobably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely whatyou are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attentionbecause they leave the reader with a final impression.C)It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off aprinter may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writingthat have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.D)It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes an begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.E)Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.F)In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P”, thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept store policies.G)By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.2009Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s ent rance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.2010Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink isgrowing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 →42→43→44→E→452011Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have beenread”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study anon-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acqui re a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Othe rwise, academics will。

2023年考研英语二大纲样题
一、大纲样题概述
2023年考研英语二大纲样题是为了帮助考生了解考试形式和内容而提供的模拟试题。

该样题紧扣考试大纲，难度适中，旨在检验考生的实际英语水平。

二、阅读理解
阅读理解部分包含四篇阅读文章，涉及主题多样，包括社会、科技、文化等。

文章长度及难度均与考研英语二实际考试一致。

三、翻译
翻译部分包含一段英文，要求考生将其准确翻译成中文。

该段落涵盖了多种句型和词汇，反映了考研英语二的翻译特点。

四、写作
写作部分包含两道题目，供考生选择其中一道完成。

一道为图表作文，要求考生根据给出的图表进行描述和分析；另一道为议论文，要求考生根据给定的主题发表观点。

两道题目均旨在测试考生的实际写作能力。

五、答案及解析
提供了详细的答案及解析，帮助考生理解每一道题的解题思路和要点，以更好地掌握答题技巧。