考研英语一新题型历年真题(2005--2014)分类版(新)

2014考研英语一真题(含答案解析) Introduction:The 2014 Graduate Entrance Examination (GEE) English Paper I is a significant subject of discussion for candidates aspiring to pursue postgraduate studies in China. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the exam, including the question types, difficulty level, and detailed answer explanations. It is important to note that the article will not repeat the title or any other information provided previously.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionThe first section of the 2014 GEE English Paper I focuses on reading comprehension. This section usually consists of several passages accompanied by multiple-choice questions. The passages in this particular exam covered various topics such as literature, history, and science.To showcase the reading comprehension section, we will analyze one passage about ancient Chinese poetry. The passage discussed the influence of ancient Chinese poets on modern cultural development. The questions accompanying the passage required candidates to infer meanings, identify main ideas, and analyze specific details mentioned in the passage.Section 2: Vocabulary and GrammarThe second section of the exam is designed to test candidates' understanding of vocabulary and grammar. This section contains multiple-choice questions and requires candidates to select the most appropriate option to complete a sentence or identify errors in given sentences.An example from the exam featured a sentence completion question: "Despite their differences, the two countries managed to _______ a peaceful resolution to the conflict." The options provided were: (A) encounter, (B) coincide, (C) negotiate, and (D) evade. Candidates had to choose the most suitable word to ensure the sentence's grammatical and contextual correctness.Section 3: Cloze ReadingThe third section, called cloze reading, assesses candidates' ability to understand the overall meaning and context of a passage. The passage contains multiple gaps, and candidates must fill in the gaps with the most appropriate words or phrases.For instance, the 2014 exam included a passage about climate change. Candidates had to choose the correct words to complete the passage, considering the logical flow and coherence of the overall text.Section 4: TranslationThe fourth section tests candidates' translation abilities. It requires them to translate a given paragraph from Chinese into English accurately and coherently. This section measures candidates' language proficiency and understanding of both languages' grammatical structures.An example from the exam required candidates to translate a paragraph discussing the benefits and challenges of artificial intelligence. Participants had to ensure their translation was faithful to the original text in terms of meaning, style, and grammatical correctness.Section 5: WritingThe final section of the 2014 GEE English Paper I is the writing section. Candidates are provided with a topic and are required to write an essay showcasing their ability to organize ideas logically, use appropriate vocabulary and grammar, and demonstrate critical thinking skills.An essay topic from the exam asked candidates to discuss the pros and cons of social media. Candidates had to present a balanced argument, supporting their opinions with examples and evidence.Conclusion:The 2014 GEE English Paper I was a comprehensive examination that evaluated candidates' reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar proficiency, translation skills, and overall written English abilities. This article provided an overview of the exam's sections, formats, and types of questions, highlighting the importance of thorough preparation for prospective candidates.。

2005年全国硕士研究生英语入学统一考试Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, ___1___ this is largely because, ___2___ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are ___3___ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, ___4___ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, ___5___, we are extremely sensitive to smells, ___6___ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of ___7___ human smells even when these are ___8___ to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, ___9___ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate ___10___ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send ___11___ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell ___12___ can suddenly become sensitive to it when ___13___ to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it ___14___ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can ___15___ new receptors if necessary. This may ___16___ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not ___17___ of the usual smell of our own house, but we ___18___ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors ___19___ for unfamiliar and emergency signals ___20___ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.”A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps theyshould read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2005年考研英语真题参考答案详解1.【答案】C【解析】空格前讲的是，和动物相比，人的嗅觉常被认为不灵敏，空格后讲的是，…这主要是因为，…动物，我们是直立的。

How does your reading proceed? Clearly, you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your implicit knowledge of English grammar.(41)________________. You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is evolved. Who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where?The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of comprehension but they show comprehension to consist not just of passive assimilation but of active engagement in inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and clues. (42) ________________ Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or ―true‖ meaning that can be read off and checked for accuracy, or some timeless relationship of the text to the world. (43) _____________Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) _____________. This does not, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page---including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns--- debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of belief and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) _____________. Such dimensions of reading suggest---as others introduced later in the book will also do--that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It does not then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different minds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy, or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfills the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E] You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.[F] In plays, novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as m outhpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organizations or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structur es (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm .Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City .at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the word. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremo nial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural village and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamen existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Eyan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for thing engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evas’s inter pretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos on the island of Crete, in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amounts of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detector. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.41 --- A --- 42. --- E ---43 --- 44 --- 45The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s globa l challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including th e keywords ―environmental changed‖ or ―climate change‖ have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .A nd whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social sc ientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; inThink of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.(44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of sytle:22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a ―general education‖ should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, ―the great books are read because they have been read‖, they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English department awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to du something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-art degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth on public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr. Menand, is that ―the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferab le.‖ So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which ―the producers of k nowledge are produced.‖ Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. ―Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary an d more holistic.‖ Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41) Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote ―The A & P as a State of Mind‖ wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P ―policy‖ he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significan ce of the setting in ―A & P,‖ the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.。

考研真题英语一2005-2019答案(速查版)考研真题英语一2005-2019答案(速查版)2005年真题答案：Section I: Use of English1-5: DBEAC6-10: GFBED11-15: CAFBG16-20: CBGAFSection II: Reading ComprehensionPassage One:21-24: DCBC25-28: ADAE29-32: GDBC33-35: FBAPassage Two:36-40: HBEAD41-45: DBAGCPassage Three:46-50: BCDBD51-55: ACBBCSection III: Translation56. personnel management57. economic depression58. promote international cooperation59. achieve mutual benefits60. keep pace withSection IV: WritingPart A:61. There can be no doubt that (changes in traditional attitudes towards marriage) can lead to profound social and cultural changes.62. In conclusion, although (the pressure on students is heavier than ever before), it does not mean that they enjoy more academic freedom.63. As can be seen from the charts/graph, (the number of smokers has decreased remarkably) over the past decade.64. There are three reasons for this phenomenon, (as follows). First of all, (high education costs) can deter many students from pursuing higher education.Part B:(注意这是一篇作文，所以格式会略有不同，以下只给出大纲)Introduction:- Briefly introduce the topic and mention the importance of studying abroad.Body:- Discuss the advantages of studying abroad, such as exposure to different cultures, language skills improvement, and personal growth, providing examples and supporting evidence.- Discuss the challenges and difficulties that students may face when studying abroad, such as homesickness and cultural shock, providing examples and supporting evidence.- Discuss ways to overcome these challenges and make the most out of the study abroad experience, providing suggestions and advice.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points discussed in the essay and emphasize the overall benefits of studying abroad.2006年真题答案：Section I: Use of English1-5: CBEDA6-10: EACBD11-15: CBEDF16-20: GFDACSection II: Reading Comprehension Passage One:21-24: BADD25-28: ACBD29-32: CBGD33-35: BACPassage Two:36-40: GAEFD41-45: CFBHGPassage Three:46-50: BBCDA51-55: ADDBBSection III: Translation56. continues to function57. for fear that58. regardless of59. poses a threat to60. in a senseSection IV: WritingPart A:61. Furthermore, the government should allocate more funding to support scientific research in order to (promote technological innovation).62. It is advisable for colleges and universities to (improve career guidance services) for students seeking employment after graduation.63. There are three reasons for this phenomenon, (as follows). Firstly, (the popularity of online shopping) has led to the decline of traditional brick-and-mortar stores.64. In conclusion, (effective communication) plays a vital role in building and maintaining a harmonious relationship between individuals.Part B:(注意这是一篇作文，所以格式会略有不同，以下只给出大纲)Introduction:- Introduce the topic and present a brief overview of the advantages and disadvantages of globalization.Body:- Discuss the benefits of globalization, such as increased global connectivity, economic growth, and cultural exchange, providing examples and supporting evidence.- Discuss the challenges and negative effects of globalization, such as economic inequality, loss of cultural identity, and environmental degradation, providing examples and supporting evidence.- Discuss possible solutions and measures to maximize the benefits of globalization while minimizing the negative impacts, providing suggestions and recommendations.Conclusion:- Summarize the main points discussed in the essay and emphasize the importance of finding a balance between globalization and preserving local identities and environmental sustainability.以上是根据题目给出的“考研真题英语一2005-2019答案(速查版)”来回答的文章。

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）真题及答案Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text .Choose the word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET .(10 points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be .We suddenly can’t remember ___we put the keys just a moment ago ,or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love .As the brain ___,we refer to these occurrences an “senior moments.” ___ seemingly innocent , this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) ___impact on our professional, social , and personal___.Neuroscientists ,experts who study the nervous system ,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done .It ___out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do ,and the right mental ___can significantly improve our basic cognitive ___.Thinking is ___essentially a ___of making connections in the brain .To a certain extent ,our ability to ___in marking the connections that drive intelligence is inherited . ability to ___in making the connections are made through effort and practice ,___,because these connections are made through effort and practice , scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate ___ mental effort .Now , a new Web-based company has taken it a step ___and developed the first “ brain training program ” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental ___.The Web-based program ___ you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills . The program keeps ___of your progress and provides detailed feedback ___ your performance and improvement .Most importantly, it ___modifies and enhances the games you play to ___ on the strengths you are developing - much like a(n) ___ exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use .1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obsucure5. [A]wellbeing [B]envirenment [C]relationahip [D]outlook6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]cicumstances [D]criterion9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11. [A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiarSection 2 Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,CorD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1In order to "change lives for the better" and reduce "dependency." George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, inroduced the "upfront work search" sebeme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV. register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit - and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker's allowance. "There first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on." he4 claimed, "We're doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster." Help? Rellay? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for "fundamental fairness" - protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most descring claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you don't skip down to the jobcenter with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that suport is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always : a job.But in Osbomeland, your first instinct is to fall into depency - permanent dependency if you can get it - supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of erer-thougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happend. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you cna insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase "jobseeker's allowance" is about redefining rhe unemployed as a "jobseeker" who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited "allowance," conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at $71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21. George Osborue’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22. The phrase “to sign on “most probably means[A] to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restriction on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance form the government.[D]to attend a government job-training program.23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C] An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3，being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged[C]insulted[D]guilty25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession -with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis spending on legal services in America grew twice as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big -firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costlt nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawer in most American states a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today's average law-school graduate with $1000,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stem enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership syucture of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms' efficiency.After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing there legal professions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A] the growing demand from clients.[B] the increasing pressure of inflation.[C] the prospect of working in big firms.[D] the attraction of financial rewards.27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B] Admissions approval from the bar association.[C] Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D] Receiving training by professional associations.28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance.[B] the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism.29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive” partly because it[A] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30. In this text, the author mainly discusses[A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and causes.[B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in American.[C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text 3The USS3-millon Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in Mach And it is far from the only one of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes – both new and old – are distributed. The breakthrough prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research – as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism – that is the culture of research, after all – but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental physics Prize is seen as[A] a symbol of the entrepreneurs' wealth[B] a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes[C] an example of bankers' investments[D] a handsome reward for researchers32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists[B]the founders of the new awards[C]the achievement-based system[D]peer-review-led research33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]contreversies over the recipients’ status[B]the joint effort of modern researchers[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes[D]the demonstration of research findings34.According to Paragraph4, which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute[C]They are the most representative honor[D]History has never cast doubt on them35.the author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism[B]harmful to the culture of research[C]subject to undesirable changes[D]unworthy of public attentionText 4“The Heart of the Matter, ”the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report's failure to address the true nature of the critics facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent liners to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by“federal, atste and local”to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission's 51members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives. As well ad prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because representative government representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy, stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls fornicated investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students' ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challengers of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately, despite 2% years in the making,“ The heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter, the illiberal nature of library education at our leading colleges and universities. The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don't know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of humanities and social sciences an vehicles for publicizing “progressive, ”or left-liberal propaganda.Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas-such as free markets and self-reliance-as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectualinvestigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A] Critical[B] Appreciative.[C] Contemptuous.[D] Tolerant.37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A] retain people’s interest in liberal education.[B] define the government’s role in education.[C] keep a leading position in liberal education.[D] safeguard individuals’ rights to education.38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggest[A] an exclusive study of American history.[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.[C] the application of emerging technologies.[D] funding for the study of foreign languages.40. Which of the following would would be the best title for text?[A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”[B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”[C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal EducationPart BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable-for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.[B] In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city ‘s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample(make test excavations on)large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. the resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850,when Copan collapsed.[E] Te find their sites ,archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques ,Airborne technologies ,such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carriedby airplanes or spacecraft , allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging , Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such an ancient buildings or fields.[F] Most archaeological sites , however , are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them .Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites . Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the King for seven years before be located the tomb in 1922 .In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens ,Greece He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC .Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosos), on the island of Crete , in 1900.[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful .Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking , looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery ,They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape .Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar ,magnetic-field recording ,and metal detectors . Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites .Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations , illustrating how sites look , and presenting the results of archaeological research.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and them translate the underlined segments into Chinese .Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music. (46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailingconventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention. (47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics. (48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. (50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.Section 3 WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students’ physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)参考答案：1、【答案】A where【解析】本句的句义是：我们突然不能回忆起刚才把钥匙放在哪里了，或者一个老熟人的姓名，或者是一个老乐队的名称。

考研英语(一）阅读新题型全真试题（2005-2014）Type One Blank-filling （完形填句）2005Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of thefirst advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of suchan agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drugcosts have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds oftreatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fromone province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drugon its list, the pressure will cause others to incl ude it on theirs. They wouldn’tlike a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years ofgambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l ur e” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gambler s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and usedhis Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And inwhat sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back toeven, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a socialpolicy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in Americais government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generationsexplained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how tomove against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2008Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write. (41) __________. Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ________Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ________ .These printouts also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The students who wrote “ The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) ________Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times “and then again” working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences withineach paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A)To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between linesso that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onlyone side of the paper.B)After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’sprobably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely whatyou are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attentionbecause they leave the reader with a final impression.C)It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off aprinter may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writingthat have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks andprint their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any materialbecause of power failures or other problems.D)It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes anbegin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.E)Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbedresponse to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” heenforces.F)In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P”, thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to hisrefusal to accept store policies.G)By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover orderingprinciples as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draftthe first time around.2009Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencerargued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different timesin many parts of the world.2012Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requiresgreat skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.2013Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41) . Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42) . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) .When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate —varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Type Two Sequencing （排序题）2010Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service ope rators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Ove rall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France,。

2014年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)As many people hit middle age,they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.We suddenly can’t remember___1___we put the keys just a moment ago,or an old acquaintance’s name,or the name of an old band we used to love.As the brain___2___,we refer to these occurrences as"senior moments."___3___seemingly innocent,this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n)___4___impact on our professional,social,and personal___5___.Neuroscientists,experts who study the nervous system,are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done.It___6___out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do,and the right mental___7___can significantly improve our basic cognitive___8___.Thinking is essentially a___9___of making connections in the brain.To a certain extent,our ability to___10___in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited.___11___,because these connections are made through effort and practice,scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate___12___mental effort.Now,a new Web-based company has taken it a step___13___and developed the first"brain training program"designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental___14___.The Web-based program___15___you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills.The program keeps___16___of your progress and provides detailed feedback___17___your performance and improvement.Most importantly,it___18___modifies and enhances the games you play to___19___on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n)___20___exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where[B]when[C]that[D]why2.[A]improves[B]fades[C]recovers[D]collapses3.[A]If[B]Unless[C]Once[D]While4.[A]uneven[B]limited[C]damaging[D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing[B]environment[C]relationship[D]outlook6.[A]turns[B]finds[C]points[D]figures7.[A]roundabouts[B]responses[C]workouts[D]associations8.[A]genre[B]functions[C]circumstances[D]criterion9.[A]channel[B]condition[C]sequence[D]process10.[A]persist[B]believe[C]excel[D]feature11.[A]Therefore[B]Moreover[C]Otherwise[D]However12.[A]according to[B]regardless of[C]apart from[D]instead of13.[A]back[B]further[C]aside[D]around14.[A]sharpness[B]stability[C]framework[D]flexibility15.[A]forces[B]reminds[C]hurries[D]allows16.[A]hold[B]track[C]order[D]pace17.[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on18.[A]irregularly[B]habitually[C]constantly[D]unusually19.[A]carry[B]put[C]build[D]take20.[A]risky[B]effective[C]idle[D]familiarSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1In order to"change lives for the better"and reduce"dependency",George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,introduced the"upfront work search"scheme.Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search,and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.What could be more reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed.There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance. "Those first few days should be spent looking for work,not looking to sign on,"he claimed."We’re doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster."Help? Really?On first hearing,this was the socially concerned chancellor,trying to change lives for the better,complete with"reforms"to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work,and subsidises laziness.What motivated him,we were to understand,was his zeal for"fundamental fairness"—protecting the taxpayer,controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting:you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart,delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.It is financially terrifying,psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get.You are now not wanted;you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life.Worse,the crucial income tofeed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared.Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always:a job.But in Osborneland,your first instinct is to fall into dependency—permanent dependency if you can get it—supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.It is as though20years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened.The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.Even the very phrase"jobseeker’s allowance"is about redefining the unemployed as a"jobseeker"who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited"allowance,"conditional on actively seeking a job;no entitlement and no insurance,at£71.70a week,one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B]encourage jobseekers’active engagement in job seeking.[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D]guarantee jobseekers’legitimate right to benefits.22.The phrase,"to sign on"(Line3,Para.2)most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph3,being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject,then a three-year law degree at one of200law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with$100,000of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work,and that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession,but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.27.Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies.[B]Admissions approval from the bar association.[C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major.[D]Receiving training by professional associations.28.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A]lawyers’and clients’strong resistance.[B]the rigid bodies governing the profession.[C]the stern exam for would-be lawyers.[D]non-professionals’sharp criticism.29.The guild-like ownership structure is considered"restrictive"partly because it[A]bans outsiders’involvement in the profession.[B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares.[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.30.In this text,the author mainly discusses[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.[B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it.[D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.Text3The US$3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment,as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.And it is far from the only one of its type.As a News Feature article in Nature discusses,a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize,are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields,they say,and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like?Quite a lot,according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature.You cannot buy class,as the old saying goes,and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them,say scientists.They could distort theachievement-based system of peer-review-led research.They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research.They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock,others to draw people into science,or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before,there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed.The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences,launched this year,takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize,each of whom must still be living,has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.The Nobels were,of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money.Time,rather than intention,has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards,two things seem clear.First,most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one.Second,it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere,It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research,after all—but it is the prize-givers’money to do with as they please.It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.31.The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’wealth.[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prizes.[C]an example of bankers’investments.[D]a handsome reward for researchers.32.The critics think that the new awards will most benefit[A]the profit-oriented scientists.[B]the founders of the new awards.[C]the achievement-based system.[D]peer-review-led research.33.The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves[A]controversies over the recipients’status.[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.[C]legitimate concerns over the new prizes.[D]the demonstration of research findings.34.According to Paragraph4,which of the following is true of the Nobels?[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.[C]They are the most representative honor.[D]History has never cast doubt on them.35.The author believes that the now awards are[A]acceptable despite the criticism.[B]harmful to the culture of research.[C]subject to undesirable changes.[D]unworthy of public attention.Text4"The Heart of the Matter,"the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences(AAAS), deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.Regrettably,however,the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.In2010,leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by"federal,state and local governments,universities,foundations,educators,individual benefactors and others"to"maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education."In response,the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the commission’s51members are top-tier-university presidents,scholars,lawyers,judges,and business executives,as well as prominent figures from diplomacy,filmmaking,music and journalism.The goals identified in the report are generally admirable.Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry,the report supports full literacy;stresses the study of history and government,particularly American history and American government;and encourages the use of new digital technologies.To encourage innovation and competition,the report calls for increased investment in research,the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students’ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the21st century,increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages,international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.Unfortunately,despite2½years in the making,"The Heart of the Matter"never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.The commission ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits.Sadly,the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing"progressive," or left-liberal propaganda.Today,professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine,and sometimes legitimate,intellectual investigation.The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education.Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate.36.According to Paragraph1,what is the author’s attitude toward the AAAS’s report?[A]Critical[B]Appreciative[C]Contemptuous[D]Tolerant37.Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to[A]retain people’s interest in liberal education[B]define the government’s role in education[C]keep a leading position in liberal education[D]safeguard individuals’rights to education38.According to Paragraph3,the report suggests[A]an exclusive study of American history[B]a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C]the application of emerging technologies[D]funding for the study of foreign languages39.The author implies in Paragraph5that professors are[A]supportive of free markets[B]cautious about intellectual investigation[C]conservative about public policy[D]biased against classical liberal ideas40.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Ways to Grasp"The Heart of the Matter"[B]Illiberal Education and"The Heart of the Matter"[C]The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education[D]Progressive Policy vs.Liberal EducationPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(10points)[A]Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable—for example,the Parthenon in Athens, Greece,the pyramids of Giza in Egypt;and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England.But these sites are exceptions to the norm.Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching,while many others have been discovered by accident.Olduvai Gorge,an early hominid site in Tanzania,was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in1911.Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the1970s.[B]In another case,American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City.At its peak around AD600,this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world.The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate ceremonial areas,but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.[C]How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground?Typically,they survey and sample(make test excavations on)large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information.Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.[D]Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes.In one case,many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan,Honduras,have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot.The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD500and850, when Copan collapsed.[E]To find their sites,archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques.Airborne technologies,such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft,allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging.Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features,such as ancient buildings or fields.[F]Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years.British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites.Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in1922.In the late1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers’stores in Athens,Greece.He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the1400s to1200s BC.Evans’s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos(Knossós)on the island of Crete,in1900.[G]Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful.Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking,looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery.They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape.Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar,magnetic-field recording,and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites.Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations,illustrating how sites look,and presenting the results of archaeological research.41.____→A→42.____→E→43._____→44.____→45._____Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life.It might be poetic,philosophical,sensual,or mathematical,but in any case it must,in my view,have something to do with the soul of the human being.Hence it is metaphysical;but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical:sound.I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.(46)It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words,all we can do is articulate our reactions to it,and not grasp music itself.Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure.Sometimes I feel in his late works a will to break all signs of continuity.The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected,as in the last piano sonata.In musical expression,he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention.(47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person,and a courageous one,and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding,let alone the performance,of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven’s music.His compositions demand the performer to show courage,for example in the use of dynamics.(48)Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an intense crescendo and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word.He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.(49)Especially significant was his view of freedom,which,for him,was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual:he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethoven’s music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence;order is a necessary development,an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation.It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony,but the second,so that suffering does not have the last word.(50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable,but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter of about100words to the president of your university,suggesting how to improve students’physical condition.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)interpret its intended meaning,and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET(20points)2013年考研英语（一）答案解析SectionⅠUse of English1.[标准答案][A][考点分析]上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析]本题考查连词。

考研英语(一）阅读新题型全真试题（2005-2014）Type One Blank-filling （完形填句）2005Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of thefirst advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of suchan agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drugcosts have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds oftreatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fromone province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drugon its list, the pressure will cause others to incl ude it on theirs. They wouldn’tlike a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.2006Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years ofgambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l ur e” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gambler s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and usedhis Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And inwhat sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back toeven, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a socialpolicy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in Americais government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generationsexplained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how tomove against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?2008Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write. (41) __________. Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ________Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) ________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ________ .These printouts also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The students who wrote “ The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) ________Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times “and then again” working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences withineach paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A)To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between linesso that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onlyone side of the paper.B)After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’sprobably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely whatyou are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attentionbecause they leave the reader with a final impression.C)It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off aprinter may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writingthat have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks andprint their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any materialbecause of power failures or other problems.D)It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes anbegin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.E)Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbedresponse to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” heenforces.F)In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P”, thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to hisrefusal to accept store policies.G)By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover orderingprinciples as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draftthe first time around.2009Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencerargued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different timesin many parts of the world.2012Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requiresgreat skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.2013Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41) . Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42) . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) .When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate —varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Type Two Sequencing （排序题）2010Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service ope rators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Ove rall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France,。

2014全国研究生考试英语一真题（完整版）【2】Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland ,your first instinct is to fall into dependency-permanent dependency if you can get it –supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood .It is as though 20 years of ever –tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened .The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase“jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker”who had no fundamental right to benefit he or sh e has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance”, conditional on actively seeking a job: no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week ,one of the least generous in the EU.21.Georg e Osborne’s scheme was intended to[A] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.[B] encourage jobseeker’ s active engagement in job seeking.[C] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to bene fit.22.The phase “to sigh on”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the job centre.[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the government.[C]to register for an allowance from the government.[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.23.What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3,being unemployed makes one feel[A]uneasy.[B]enraged.[C]insulted.[D]guilty.25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.[B]Osborne’s reform will reduce the risk of unemployment.[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession --- with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clientshave more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money. Tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states; a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. Students who do need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressurefor change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ effici ency . After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have stared liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A] the growing demand from clients[B] the increasing pressure of inflation[C] the prospect of working in big firms[D] the attraction of financial rewards27. which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states?[A] Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies[B] Receiving training by professional associations[C] Admissions approval from the bar association[D] Pursuing a bachelors degree in another major28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from[A] the rigid bodies governing the profession[B] lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance[C] the stern exam for would-be lawyers.[D] non-professionals’ sharp criticism29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered “restrictive”partly because[A] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits.[B] bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession.[C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade.[D] keeps lawyers form lidding law-firm shares.30. In the text ,the author mainly discusses.[A] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America.[B] a problem in America’s legal profession ard solutions to it.[C] the role undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.[D] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes.。

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i e n t i s t s,e x p e r t s w h o s t ud y t he n e r v o u s s y s t e m,a r ei n c r e a s i n g l y s h o w i n g t h a t t h e r e’s ac t u a l l y a l o t t h a t c a n b ed o n e.I t___6___o u t t h a t t h e b r a i n n e e d s e x e rc i s e i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y o u rm u s c l e s d o,a n d t h e r i g h t m e n t a l___7___c a n s i g n i f i c a n t l y i m p r o v e o u rb a s ic c o g n i t i v e___8___.T h i n k i n g i s es s e n t i a l l y a___9___o f m a k i n gc o n n e c t i o n s i n t h e b r a i n.T o a c e r t a i ne x t e n t,o u r a b i l i t y t o___10___i nm a k i n g t h e c o n n e c t i o n s t h a t d r i v e i n te l l i g e n c e i s i n h e r i t e d.___11___,b ec a u s e t h e s e c o n n e c t i o n s a r e m ade t h r o u g h ef f o r t a n d p r a c t i c e,s c i e n t i s t sb e l i e v e t h a t i n t e l l i g e nc e c a n e x p a nd a n d f l u c t u a t e___12___me n t a l ef f o r t.N o w,a n e w W e b-b a s e d c o m p a n y h a s t a ke n i t a s t e p___13___a n dd e v e l o p e d t h e f i r s t"b r a i n t r a i n i n g pr o g r a m"d e s i g n e d t o a c t u a l l y h e l pp e o p l e i m p r o v e a n d r e g a i n t h ei r m e n t a l___14___.T h e W e b-b a s e d p r o g r a m___15___y o u to s y s t e m a t i c a l l y i m p r o v ey o u r m e m o r y a n d a t t e n t i o n s k i l l s.T h e p r o g r a m k e e p s___16___o f y o u rp r o g r e s s a n d p r o v i d e s d e t a i l e d f e e d b a c k ___17___y o u r p e r f o r m a n c e a n di m p r o v e m e n t.M o s t i m p o r t a n t l y,i t___1 8___m o d i f i e s a n d e n h a n c e s t h eg a m e s y o u p l a y t o___19___o n t h e s t r e n g t h s y o u a r e d e v e l o p i n g—m u c hl i k e a(n)___20___e x e r c i s e r o u t i n e r eq u i r e s y o u t o i n c r e a s e r e s i s t a n c ea n d v a r y y o u r m u sc l e u s e.1.[A]w h e r e[B]w h e n[C]t h a t[D]w h y2.[A]i m p r o v e s[B]f a d e s[C]re c o v e r s[D]c o l l a p s e s3.[A]I f[B]U n l e s s[C]O n c e[D]W h i l e4.[A]u n e v e n[B]l i m i t e d[C]da m a g i n g[D]ob sc u r e5.[A]w e l l b e i n g[B]e n v i r o n m e n t[C]r e l a t i o n s h i p[D]o u t l o o k6.[A]t u r n s[B]f i n d s[C]p o i n t s[D]f i g u r e s7.[A]r o u n d a b o u t s[B]r e s p o n s e s[C]w o r k o u t s[D]a s s o c i a t i o n s8.[A]g e n r e[B]f u n c t i o n s[C]c i rc u m s t a n c e s[D]c r i t e r i o n9.[A]c h a n n e l[B]c o n d i t i o n[C]s e q u e n c e[D]p r o c e s s10.[A]p e r s i s t[B]b e l i e v e[C]e x c e l[D]f e a t u r e11.[A]T h e r e f o r e[B]M o r e o v e r[C]O t h e r w i s e[D]H o w e v e r12.[A]a c c o r d i n g t o[B]r e g a r d l e s s of[C]a p a r t f r o m[D]i n s t e a d o f13.[A]b a c k[B]f u r t h e r[C]a s i d e[D]a r o u n d14.[A]s h a r p n e s s[B]s t a b i l i t y[C]f r a m e w o r k[D]f l e x i b i l i t y15.[A]f o r c e s[B]r e m i n d s[C]h u r r i e s[D]a l l o w s16.[A]h o l d[B]t r a c k[C]o r d e r[D]p a c e17.[A]t o[B]w i t h[C]f o r[D]o n18.[A]i r r e g u l a r l y[B]h a b i t u a l l y[C]c o n s t a n t l y[D]u n u s u a l l y19.[A]c a r r y[B]p u t[C]b u i l d[D]t a k e20.[A]r i s k y[B]e f f e c t i v e[C]i d l e[D]f a m i l i a rS e c t i o nⅡR e a d i n g C o m p re h e n s i o nP a r t AD i r e c t i o n s:R e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r t e x t s.A n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w e a c h t e x t b yc h o o s i n g A,B,C o r D.M a r k y o u r a n s we r s o n t h e A N S W E R S H E E T.(40p o i n t s)T e x t1I n o r d e r t o"c h a n g e l i v e s f o r t h e be t t e r"a n d r e d u c e"d e p e n d e n c y"G e o r g e O s b o r n e,C h a n c e l l o r o f t h e E x ch e q u e r,i n t r o d u c e d t h e"u p f r o n tw o r k s e a r c h"s c h e m e.O n l y i f t h e j o b l e s s a r r i v e a t t h e j o b c e n t r e w i t h a C V,r e g i s t e r f o r o n l i n e j o b s e a r c h,a n d st a r t l o o k i n g f o r w o r k w i l l t h e y b ee l i g i b l ef o r b e n e f i 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o n g e r t h a t y o u c a n i n s u r ey o u r s e l f a g a i n s t t h e r i s k o f u n e m p l oy m e n t a n d r e c e i v e u n c o n d i t i o n a lp a y m e n t s i f t h e d i s a s t e r h a p p e n s.E ve n t h e v e r y p h r a s e"j o b s e e k e r’sa l l o w a n c e"—i n v e n t e d i n1996—i s ab o u t r e d e f i n i n g t h e u n e m p l o y e d a s a"j o b s e e k e r"w h o h a d n o m a n d a t o r y r i g h t t o a b e n e f i t h e o r s h e h a s e a r n e dt h r o u g h m a k i n g n a t i o n a l i n s u r a n c e c o n tr i b u t i o n s.I n s t e a d,t h e c l a i m a n tr e c e i v e s a t i m e-l i m i t e d"a l l o w a n c e,"c o n d i t i o n a l o n a c t i v e l y s e e k i n g a j o b;n o e n t i t l e m e n t a n d n o i n s u r a n c e,a t£71.70a w e e k,o n e o f t h e l e a s tg e n e r o u s i n t he E U.21.G e o r g e O s b o r n e’s s c h em e w a s i n t e n d e d t o[A]p r o v i d e t h e u n e m p l o y e d w i t h ea s i e r a c c e s s t ob e n e f i t s.[B]e n c o u r a g e j o b s e e k e r s’a c t i v e e n g a g e m e n t i n j o b s e e k i n g.[C]m o t i v a t e t h e u n e m p l o y e d to r e p o r t v o l u n t a r i l y.[D]g u a r a n t e e j o b s e e k e r s’l e g it i m a t e r i g h t t o b e n e f i t s.22.T h e p h r a s e,"t o s i g n o n"(L i n e3,P a r a.2)m o s t p r o b a b l y m e a n s[A]t o c h e c k o n t h e a v a i l a b i l i ty o f j o b s a t t h e j o b c e n t r e.[B]t o a c c e p t t h e g o v e r n m e n t’s r es t r i c t i o n s o n t h e a l l o w a n c e.[C]t o r e g i s t e r f o r a n a l l o w a n c e fr o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t.[D]t o a t t e n d a g o v e r n m e n t a l jo b-t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m.23.W h a t p r o m p t e d t h e c h a n c e l l or t o d e v e l o p h i s s c h e m e?[A]A d e s i r e t o s e c u r e ab e t t e r l i f e f o r a l l.[B]A n e a g e r n e s s t o p r o t e ct t h e u n e m p l o y e d.[C]A n u r g e t o b e g e n e r o u st o t h e c l a i m a n t s.[D]A p a s s i o n t o e n s u r e f a i r n es s f o r t a x p a y e r s.24.A c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h3,b e i ng u n e m p l o y e d m a k e s o n e f e e l[A]u n e a s y[B]e n r a g e d.[C]i n s u l t ed.[D]g u i l t y.25.T o w h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g w o u l d th e a u t h o r m o s t p r o b a b l y a g r e e?[A]T h e B r i t i s h w e l f a r e s y s t e m i n d u l g e s j o b s e e k e r s’l a z i n e s s.[B]O s b o r n e’s r e f o r m s w i l l r e d u c et h e r i s k o f u n e m p l o y m e n t.[C]T h e j o b s e e k e r s’a l l o w a n c e ha s m e t t h e i r a c t u a l n e e d s.[D]U n e m p l o y m e n t b e n e f i t s s h o u l d no t b e m a d e c o n d i t i o n a l.T e x t2A l l a r o u n d t h e w o r l d,l a w y e r s g e ne r a t e m o r e h o s t i l i t y t h a n t h em e m b e r s o f a n y o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n—w it h t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n o fj o u r n a l i s m.B u t t h e r e a r e f e w p l a c e s w h e r e c l i e n t s h a v e m o r e g r o u n d s f o rc o m p l a i n t t h a n Am e r i c a.D u r i n g t h e d e c a d e b e f o r e t h e e c o n om i c c r i s i s,s p e n d i n g o n l e g a ls e r v i c e s i n A m e r i c a g r e w t w i c e a s f a s t a s i n f l a t i o n.T h e b e s t l a w y e r s m a d es k y s c r a p e r s-f u l l o f m o n e y,t e m p t i n g ev e r m o r e s t u d e n t s t o p i l e i n t o l a ws c h o o l s.B u t m o s t l a w g r a d u a t e s n e v e rg e t a b i g-f i r m j o b.M a n y o f t h e mi n s t e a d b e c o m e t h e k i n d o f n u i s a n c e-l a w s u i t f i l e r t h a t m a k e s t h e t o r ts y s t e m a c o s t l y ni g h t m a r e.T h e r e a r e m a n y r e a s o n s f o r t h i s.O n e i s t h e e x c e s s i v e c o s t s o f a l e g a le d u c a t i o n.T h e r e i s j u s t o n e p a t hf o r al a w y e r i n m o s t A m e r i c a n s t a t e s:af o u r-y e a r u n d e rg r a d u a t e d e g r e e i n so m e u n r e l a t e d s u b j e c t,t h e n at h r e e-y e a r l a w d e g r e e a t o n e o f200l a w s c h o o l s a u t h o r i z e d b y t h eA m e r i c a nB a r A s s o c i a t i o n a n d a n e x p e n s i v e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e b a r e x a m.T h i s l e a v e s t o d a y’s a v e r a g e l a w-s c h o o l g r a d u a t e w i t h$100,000o f d e b t o nt o p o f u n d e r g r a d u a t e d e b t s.L a w-s c h o ol d e b t m e a n s t h a t m a n y c a n n o ta f f o r d t o g o i n t o g o v e r n m e n t o r n o n-pr o f i t w o r k,a n d t h a t t h e y h a v e t ow o r k f e a r s o m e l yh a r d.R e f o r m i n g t h e s y s t e m w o u l d h e l p b o t h l a w y e r s a n d t h e i r c u s t o m e r s.S e n s i b l e i d e a s h a v e b e e n a r o u n d f o r a l o n g t i m e,b u t t h e s t a t e-l e v e l b o d i e st h a t g o v e r n t h e p r o f e s s i o n h a v e b e e n t o o c o n s e r v a t i v e t o i m p l e m e n t t h e m.O n e i d e a i s t o a l l o w p e o p l e t o s t u d yl a w a s a n u n d e r g r a d u a t e d e g r e e.A n o t h e r i s t o l e t s t u d e n t s s i t f o r t h e b a r a f t e r o n l y t w o y e a r s o f l a w s c h o o l.I f t h e b a r e x a m i s t r u l y a s t e r n e n o ug h t e s t f o r a w o u l d-b e l a w y e r,t h o s ew h o c a n s i t i t e a r l i e r sh o u l d b e a l l o w e d t od o s o.S t u de n t s w h o d o n o t n e e d t h e e x t r a t r a i n i n g c o u l d c u t t h e i r d e b tm o u n t a i n b y a th i r d.T h e o t h e r r e a s o n w h y c o s t s a r e s o hi g h i s t h e r e s t r i c t i v e g u i l d-l i k eo w n e r s h i p s t r u c t u r e o f t h e b u s i n e s s.Ex c e p t i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a,n o n-l a w y e r s m a y n o t o w n a n y s h a r e o f a l a w f i r m.T h i s k e e p s f e e s h i g h a n di n n o v a t i o n s l o w.T h e r e i s p r e s s u r e f o r c h a n g e f r o m w i t h i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n,b u t o p p o n e n t s o fc h a n g e a m o n g t h e r e g u l a t o r s i n s i s t t h a t k e e p i n g o u t s ide r so u t o f a l a w f i r m i s o l a t e s l a w y e r s f r o m t h e p r e s s u r e t o m a k e m o n e y r a t h e rt h a n s e r v e c l i e n ts e t h i c a l l y.I n f a c t,a l l o w i n g n o n-l a w y e r s t o o w n s h a r e s i n l a w f i r m s w o u l d r e d u c ec o s t s a nd i m p r o ve s e r v i c e s t o c u s t o m e r s,b y e n c o u r a g i n g l a wf i r m s t o u s et e c h n o l o g y a n d t o e m p l o y p r o f e s s i o n a lm a n a g e r s t o f o c u s o n i m p r o v i n gf i r m s’e f f i c i e n c y.A f t e r a l l,o t h e r co u n t r i e s,s u c h a s A u s t r a l i a a n d B r i t a i n,h a v e s t a r t e d l i b e r a l i z i n g t h e i r l e g a lp r o f e s s i o n s.A m e r i c a s h o u l d f o l l o w.26.a l o t o f s t u d e n t s t a k e u p l aw a s t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n d u e t o[A]t h e g r o w i n g d e m a n d fr o m c l i e n t s.[B]t h e i n c r e a s i n g p r e s su r e o f i n f l a t i o n.[C]t h e p r o s p e c t o f w o r ki n g i n b i g f i r m s.[D]t h e a t t r a c t i o n o f f i n an c i a l r e w a r d s.27.W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d s t o t h ec o s t s o f l e g a l ed u c a t i o n i n m o s tA m e r i c a n s t at e s?[A]H i g h e r t u i t i o n f e e s f o r u n d er g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s.[B]A d m i s s i o n s a p p r o v a l f r o m th e b a r a s s o c i a t i o n.[C]P u r s u i n g a b a c h e l o r’s d eg r e e i n a n o t h e r m a j o r.[D]R e c e i v i n g t r a i n i n g b y p r of e s s i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s.28.H i n d r a n c e t o t h e r e f o r m o f t h el e g a l s y s t e m o r i g i n a t e s f r o m[A]l a w y e r s’a n d c l i e n t s’s t r o n g r e s i s t a n c e.[B]t h e r i g i d b o d i e s g o v e r n i n gt h e p r o f e s s i o n.[C]t h e s t e m e x a m f o r w ou l d-b e l a w y e r s.[D]n o n-p r o f e s s i o n a l s’sh a r p c r i t i c i s m.29.T h e g u i l d-l i k e o w n e r s h i p s t r u c t u r ei s c o n s i d e r e d"r e s t r i c t i v e"p a r t l yb ec a u s e it[A]b a n s o u t s i d e r s’i n v o l v e m e n t in t h e p r o f e s s i o n.[B]k e e p s l a w y e r s f r o m h o l d in g l a w-f i r m s h a r e s.[C]a g g r a v a t e s t h e e t h i c a l si t u a t i o n i n t h e t r a d e.[D]p r e v e n t s l a w y e r s f r o m ga i n i n g d u e p r o f i t s.30.I n t h i s t e x t,t h e a u t ho r m a i n l y d i s c u s s e s[A]f l a w e d o w n e r s h i p o f A m e r i c a’s l a w f i r m s a n d i t s c a u s e s.[B]t h e f a c t o r s t h a t h e l p m a k e a su c c e s s f u l l a w y e r i n A m e r i c a.[C]a p r o b l e m i n A m e r i c a’s l e g a l p r o f e s s i o n a n d s o l u t i o n s t oi t.[D]t h e r o l e o f u n d e r g r a d u a t e s t u d i es i n A m e r i c a’s l e g a l e d u c a t i o n.T e x t3T h e U S$3-m i l l i o n F u n d a m e n t a l p h y s i c s p r i z e i s i n d e e d a n i n t e r e s t i n ge x p e r i m e n t,a s A l e x a n d e r P o l y a k o v s ai d w h e n h e a c c e p t e d t h i s y e a r’sa w a r d i n M a r c h.A n d i t i s f a r f r o m th e o n l y o n e o f i t s t y p e.A s a N e w sF e a t u r e a r t i c l e i n N a t u r e d i s c u s s e s,a s t r i n g o f l u c r a t i v e a w a r d s f o rr e s e a r c h e r s h a v e j o i n e d t h e N o b e l P r iz e s i n r e c e n t y e a r s.M a n y,l i k e t h eF u n d a m e n t a l P h y s i c s P r i z e,a r e f u n d e d f r o m t h e t e l e p h o n e-n u m b e r-s i z e db a n k ac c o u n t s o f I n t e r n e t e n t r e p r en e u r s.T h e s e b e n e f a c t o r s h a v es u c c e e d e d i n t h e i r c h o s e n f i e l d s,t h e y s a y,a n d t h e y w a n t t o u s e t h e i r w e a l t ht o d r a w a t t e n t i o n t o t h o s e w h o ha v e s u c c e e d e d i n s c i e n c e.W h a t’s n o t t o l i k e?Q u i t e a l o t,a cc o rd i n g t o a h a n d f u l o f s c ie n t i s t sq u o t e d i n t h e N e w s F e a t u r e.Y o u c a n n o t b u y c l a s s,a s t h e o l d s a y i n g g o e s,a n d t h e s e u p s t a r t e n t r e p r e n e u r s c a n n o tb u y t h e i r p r i z e s t h e p r e s t i g e o f t h eN o b e l s,T h e n e w a w a r d s a r e a n e x e r c i s e i n s e l f-p r o m o t i o n f o r t h o s e b e h i n dt h e m,s a y s c i e n t i s t s.T h e y c o u l d d i s t o r t t h e a c h i e v e m e n t-b a s e d s y s t e m o fp e e r-r e v i e w-l e d r e s e a r c h.T h e y c ou l d c e m e n t t h e s t a t u s q u o o fp e e r-r e v i e w e d r e s e a r c h.T h e y d o n o t fu n d p e e r-r e v i e w e d r e s e a r c h.T h e yp e r p e t u a t e t h e m y t h o f th e l o n e g e n i u s.T h e g o a l s o f t h e p r i z e-g i v e r s s e e m a s s c a t t e r e d a s t h e c r i t i c i s m.S o m ew a n t t o s h o c k,o t h e r s t o d r a w p e o p l e i n t o s c i e n c e,o r t o b e t t e r r e w a r d t h o s ew h o h a v e m a d e t h e i r c a r ee r s i n r e s e a r c h.A s N a t u r e h a s p o i n t e d o u t b e f o r e,t h e r e a r e s o m e l e g i t i m a t e c o n c e r n sa b o u t h o w s c i e n c e p r i z e s—b o t h n e w an d o l d—a r e d i s t r i b u t e d.T h eB r e a k t h r o u g h P r i z e i n L i f e S c i e n c es,l a u n c h e d t h i s y e a r,t a k e s a nu n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e v i e w o f w h a t t h e l i fe s c i e n c e s i n c l u d e.B u t t h e N o b e lF o u n d a t i o n’s l i m i t o f t h r e e r e c i p i e n t s p e r p r i z e,e a c h o f w h o m m u s t s t i l l b el i v i n g,h a s l o n g b e e n o u t g r o w n b y t he c o l l a b o r a t i v e n a t u r e of m o d e r nr e s e a r c h—a s w i l l b e d e m o n s t r a t e d b yt h e i n e v i t a b l e r o w o v e r w h o i si g n o r e d w h e n i t c o m e s t o a c k n o w l e d g i n g t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e H i g g s b o s o n.T h e N o b e l s w e r e,o f c o u r s e,t h e m s e l v e s s e t u p b y a v e r y r i c h i n d i v i d u a l w h oh a d d e c i d e d w h a t h e w a n t e d t o d o w i t h hi s o w n m o n e y.T i m e,r a t h e r t h a ni n t e n t i o n,h a s g i v e n th e m l e g i t i m a c y.A s m u c h a s s o m e s c i e n t i s t s m a y c o m p l a i n a b o u t t h e n e w a w a r d s,t w ot h i n g s s e e m c l e a r.F i r s t,m o s t r e s e a r c h e r s w o u l d a c c e p t s u c h a p r i z e i f t h e yw e r e o f f e r e d o n e.S e c o n d,i t i s s u r el y a g o o d t h i n g t h a t t h e m o n e y a n da t t e n t i o n c o m e t o s c i e n c e r a t h e r t h a n g o e l s e w h e r e,I t i s f a i r t o c r i t i c i z e a n d q u e s t i o n t h e m e c h a n i s m—t h a t i s t h e c u l t u r e o f r e s e a r c h,a f t e r a l l—b u t i t i s t h e p r i z e-g i v e r s’m o n e y t o d o w i t h a st h e y p l e a s e.I t i s w i s e t o t a k e s u c hg i f t s w i t h g r a t i t u de a n d g r a c e.31.T h e F u n d a m e n t a l P h y s ic s P r i z e i s s e e n a s[A]a s y m b o l o f t h e e n t r ep r e n e u r s’w e a l t h.[B]a p o s s i b l e r e p l a c e m e n t of t h e N o b e l P r i z e s.[C]a n e x a m p l e o f b a n k e rs’i n v e s t m e n t s.[D]a h a n d s o m e r e w a r d f o r re s e a r c h e r s.32.T h e c r i t i c s t h i n k t h a t t h e ne w a w a r d s w i l l m o s t b e n ef i t[A]t h e p r o f i t-o r i e n te d s c i e n t i s t s.[B]t h e f o u n d e r s o f t he n e w a w a r d s.[C]t h e a c h i e v e m e n t-b as e d s y s t e m.[D]p e e r-r e v i e w-l e d re s e a r c h.33.T h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e H i g g s b o s o ni s a t y p i c a l c a s e w h i c h i n v o l v e s[A]c o n t r o v e r s i e s o v e r t h er e c i p i e n t s’s t a t u s.[B]t h e j o i n t e f f o r t o f m o d er n r e s e a r c h e r s.[C]l e g i t i m a t e c o n c e r n s o ve r t h e n e w p r i z e s.[D]t h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f re s e a r c hf i n d i ng s.34.A c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h4,w h i c h of t h e f o l l o w i ng i s t r u e o f th eN o b e l s?[A]T h e i r e n d u r a n c e h a s d o ne j u s t i c e t o t h e m.[B]T h e i r l e g i t i m a c y h a s l on g b e e n i n d i s p u t e.[C]T h e y a r e t h e m o s t r e p re s e n t a t i v e h o n o r.[D]H i s t o r y h a s n e v e r c a s t do u b t o n t h e m.35.T h e a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h at t h e n o w a w a r d s a r e[A]a c c e p t a b l e d e s p i t e t he c r i t i c i s m.[B]h a r m f u l t o t h e c u l tu r e o f r e s e a r c h.[C]s u b j e c t t o u n d e s i ra b l e c h a n g e s.[D]u n w o r t h y o f p u b l ic a t t e n t i o n.T e x t4"T h e H e a r t o f t h e M a t t e r,"t h e j u s t-r e l e a s e d r e p o r t b y t h e A m e r i c a nA c a d e m y o f A r t s a n d S c i e n c e s(A A A S),de s e r v e s p r a i s ef o r a f f i r m i ng th ei m p o r t a n c e o f t h e h u m a n i t i e s a n d s o c ia l s c i e n c e s t o t h e p r o s p e r i t y a n ds e c u r i t y o f l i b e r a l d e m o c r a c y i n A m e r i c a.R e g r e t t a b l y,h o w e v e r,t h e r e p o r t’sf a i l u r e t o a d d r e s s t h e t r u e n a t u r e o f t h e c r i s i s f a c i ng l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n m a y c a u s e m o r eh a r m t ha n g o o d.I n2010,l e a d i n g c o n g r e s s i o n a l D e mo c r a t s a n d R e p u b l i c a n s s e n tl e t t e r s t o t h e A A A S a s k i n g t h a t i t i de n t if y a c t i o n s t h a t c o u l d b e t a k e n b y"f e d e r a l,s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s,u n i v e r s i t i e s,f o u n d a t i o n s,e d u c a t o r s,i n d i v i d u a l b e n e f a c t o r s a n d o t h e r s"t o"m a i n t a i n n a t i o n a l e x c e l l e n c e i nh u m a n i t i e s a n d s o c i a l s c i e n t i f i c s c h o la r s h i p a n d e d u c a t i o n."I n r e s p o n s e,t h e A m e r i c a n A c a d e m y f o r m e d t h e C o m m is s i o n o n t h e H u m a n i t i e s a n dS o c i a l S c i e n c e s.A m o n g t h e c o m mi s s i o n’s51m e m b e r s a r et o p-t i e r-u n i v e r s i t y p r e s i d e n t s,s c h o la r s,l a w y e r s,j u d g e s,a n db u s i n e s se x e c u t i v e s,a s w e l l a s p r o m i n e n tf ig ur e s f r o m d i p l o m a c y,f i l m m a k i n g,m u s i c a n d j o u r na l i s m.T h e g o a l s i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e r e p o r t ar e g e n e r a l l y a d m i r a b l e.B e c a u s er e p r e s e n t a t i v e g o v e r n m e n t p r e s u p p o s e s an i n f o r m e d c i t i z e n r y,t h e r e p o r ts u p p o r t s f u l l l i t e r a c y;s t r e s s e s t h es t u d y o f h i s t o r y a n d g o v e r n m e n t,p a r t i c u l a r l y A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y a n d A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t;a n d e n c o u r a g e st h e u s e o f n e w d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g i es.T o e n c o u r a g e i n n o v a t i o n a n dc o m p e t i t i o n,t h e r e p o r t c a l l s f o r i n cr e a s e d i n v e s t m e n t i n r e s e a r c h,t h ec r a f t i n g o f c o h e r e n t c u r r i c u l a t h a t im p r o v e s t u d e n t s’a b i l i t y t o s o l v ep r o b l e m s a n d c o m m u n i c a t e e f f e c t i v e l yi n t h e21s t c e n t u r y,i n c r e a s e df u n d i ng f o r t e a ch e r s a n d t h e e n c o u r a ge m e n t of s c h o l a r s t o b r i ng th ei rl e a r n i n g t o b e a r o n t h e g r e a t c h a l le n g e s of t h e d a y.T h e r e p o r t a l s oa d v o c a t e s g r e a t e r s t u d y o f f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s,i n t e r n a t i o n a l a f f a i r s a n d t h ee x p a n s i o n of s t u d y a b ro a d p r o g r a m s.U n f o r t u n a t e l y,d e s p i t e2½y e a r s i n th e m a k i n g,"T h e H e a r t o f t h eM a t t e r"n e v e r g e t s t o t h e h e a r t o f t h e m a t t e r:t h e i l l i b e r a l n a t u r e o f l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o n a t o u r l e a d i n g c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s.T h e c o m m i s s i o n i g n o r e st h a t f o r s e v e r a l d e c a d e s A m e r i c a's c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v e p r o d u c e dg r a d u a t e s w h o d o n’t k n o w t h e c o n t e n t an d c h a r a c t e r o f l i b e r a l e d u c a t i o na n d a r e t h u s d e p r i v e d o f i t sb e n e f i t s.S a d l y,t h e s p i r i t o f i n q u i r y o n c e a th o m e o n c a m p u s h a s b e e n r e p l a c e d b y t h e u s e o f t h e h u m a n i t i e s a n d s o c i a ls c i e n c e s a s v e h i c l e s f o r p u b l i c i z in g"p r o g r e s s i v e,"o r l e f t-l i b e r a lp r o p a g a n d a.T o d a y,p r o f e s s o r s r o u t i n e l y t r e a t th e p r o g r e s s i v e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o fh i s t o r y a n d p r o g r e s s i v e p u b l i c p o l i c y as t h e p r o p e r s u b j e c t o f s t u d y w h i l ep o r t r a y i n g c o n s e r v a t i v e o r c l a s s i c a l l i b e r a l i d e a s—s u c h a s f r e e m a r k e t s a n ds e l f-r e l i a n c e—a s f a l l i n g o u t s i d e t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f r o u t i n e,a n d s o m e t i m e sl e g i t i m a t e,i n t e l l e c t ua l i n v e s t i g a t i o n.。