现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit

Unit 7Task 1【答案】A.1) In a mental asylum.2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for the pertinents there.3) They were cants behaving like humans.4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill.5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort.B.painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, The Illustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famous 【原文】Dan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committee that visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man, drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped."Good lord, man," he exclaimed. "You draw like Louis Wain!""I am Louis Wain," said the artist.Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found him in 1925, he was a household name."He made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world," said H. G. Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. "British cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves."Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen if they were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping the maidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet about it. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the only domestic animal that could be called a friend.Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite a successful newspaper and magazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew a cat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness a black-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wain used to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him to show these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. "Whoever would want to see a picture of a cat?" he asked, and Louis Wain put the drawings away. A year or two later he showed them to the editor of The Illustrated London News, who suggested a picture of a cats' Christmas party across two full pages. Using his old sketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fifty cats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made him world famous.For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house with them, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work. Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followed every new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhat flatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of the National Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in abus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in an asylum for paupers.After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his work arranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. He continued to draw cats, but they became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists found them more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.Task 2【答案】A.1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like a young painter.2) It didn’t look like her.3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TC. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one yearsD. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange,shape, human face and figure, strange【原文】Pablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you are wondering why we call him "the youngest painter in the world". When he died in 1973, he was ninety-one years old. But even at that age, he was still painting like a young painter.For that reason, we have called him the "youngest" painter. Young people are always trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas. They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, rather than risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. We know what to expect from them.When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like a young man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artistic materials.Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose in strange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are not natural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like a machine.At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well as with his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the naked body and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He never thought about other people's opinions.Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especially if people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but not very much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He was still looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes. Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young, mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picasso painted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an interesting one.According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety times while he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything inthe world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted head though he had worked on it for so long. "When I look at you I can't see you any more!" he remarked.Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to the picture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. He could see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she sat in the studio in front of him.When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look like her, Picasso would reply, "Too bad. She'll have to look like the picture." But thirty years later, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really wasPicasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was a painter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what the teachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it was soon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Not even his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his painting when he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was no one to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooner or later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everything that was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he was twenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life—people in the streets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in bright colors and were lovely to look at.But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorer parts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed very clearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this "blue period" are full of pity and despair.Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures and become recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same time he began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places as simple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult to understand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube. Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what great paintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view is different.Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others are strange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to say to ourselves, "What makes him paint like that? What does he see?"Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, when one thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure. It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, "The head, the face, the human body--these are all that exist for Picasso. The souls of people do not interest him. The reality of life is in the head, the face, and the body."Task 3【答案】American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship modelsAmerican Art:The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millennium European Decorative Arts and Sculpture:Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, the musical instrumentsPaintings:11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, DutchTextiles and Costumes:high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessories【原文】Welcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as a leading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is the Museum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the present day, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce to you some of the collections here.The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range from the colonial period to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War New England. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well as an important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are the collection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superb collection of silver.The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the most extensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of the Far East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millennium B.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art are especially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in such areas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, and a renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses Western European works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding among these holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French 18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silver collection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection of musical instruments.The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings ranging from the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for French paintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by the impressionists. The Museum's great collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by John Singleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation of paintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the world because of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broad selection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics, costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and western cultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, for example, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and 20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves and enjoy your time here.Task 4【答案】A.1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division2) conventions, some societies and periods3) commodityB.1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art.C. 1) F 2) T【原文】The functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past five thousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated to the expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of the outsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialist who has usually undergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a school with a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art are presented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries, and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or his audience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions in which paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising for the local symphony.In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts are closer to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists have expressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. In place of our emphasis on the development of a personal or original style, artists were trained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always been specialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art. The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is not universal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating a salable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. Selling Navaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception of the period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individual talents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men. In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have been recognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, but reflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. The reasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America and Europe prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surrounding African Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of the West, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently,such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.Task 5【答案】A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b)B.Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather BarⅡ. Magnificent visual memory, essentialsⅢ. Rhythm, DustmenⅣ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humourC. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) T【原文】Few artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.What are those terms? If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up at her own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backside and bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror—it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves—these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing toappeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene—and I confess these are the pictures I prefer—the smallest detail is immediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who have made an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning—it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously "funny". There is something very endearing, for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have traditionally done—she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface—a pattern which is more than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhance and excite our own responses to the visible.I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.Task 6【答案】A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interestingB.Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting designPlate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colorsPlate 3: extends, the left side, pointC.Plate 4: c) d)Plate 5: a) b) d)Plate 6: a) b) d)【原文】The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings—that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is n o "story" being told in any of these paintings. Yet we find these paintings interesting because of the way they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in thecenter, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and he has made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE 2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climax of the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly "still" at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.Task 7【原文】Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He called himself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were nocourses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it.。

Unit 4 Agriculture《现代大学英语听力3》听力原文及答案Task 1【答案】A.1) They are farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh.2) It’s a farm that grow plants and flowers to sell.3) They protect the plants from the cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so the plants can be grown all through the year.B.1) canned, frozen2) flowers, garden plants, home gardens, yards, window boxes3) buildings, furniture, firewood【原文】Grain, vegetables and fruits are found on most farms. All of them are food for animals and people. Grain can be fed to animals just as it is harvested. But before people use them grains are usually made into flour or breakfast cereal. Bread, macaroni, and cereals all come from grain. Tomatoes, beans, potatoes, beets, lettuce, carrots and onions are field and garden vegetables. Can you think of any others? Vegetables are good for people and for some animals such as pigs and rabbits.Farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh are called truck farms. Truck farms are usually close to big cities. Each day hundreds of loads of fresh vegetables are brought to stores on the farmers' trucks. Without the truck farmers people in cities would not eat well. And without city people who eat fresh vegetables, the truck farmers would have no work.There are many kinds of fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, oranges, grapefruit, and berries are a few kinds. You will be able to think of other kinds that you like. Most fruit is grown on specialized farms. But many general farms have some fruit to use and sell also.Like vegetables, fruit is sold fresh in markets. But a large part of both fruit and vegetable crops is sent to factories to be canned or frozen.In warm parts of our country farmers grow cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar cane, and peanuts. Specialized farms raise flowers and garden plants. They are sold to florists and to families for home gardens, or yards, or window boxes. A farm that grow plants and flowers to sell is called a nursery. Most nurseries have glass buildings, called hothouses or greenhouses. The hothouses are heated to protect the plants from cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so they can be grown all through the year.Some farms grow only trees. Some of these are Christmas tree farms. Others are large forests where trees are grown for their wood. The wood is used for buildings, furniture and firewood. Some tree farms grow only nut trees.Task 2【答案】A.B.1) The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars.2) The agencies called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade in pesticides.【原文】Two United Nations agencies are expressing concern about the safety of some pesticides used to kill insects. They report that about thirty percent of all pesticides sold in developing countries fail to meet widely accepted rules for quality. They say these products are a serious threat to human health and the environment.The UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization gave the warning. In developing countries, pesticides are used mainly for agriculture. Pesticides kill insects and other organisms that threaten crops. Pesticides also are used for public health. They control insects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars. They say the estimated market value of pesticides worldwide was thirty-two thousand million dollars.Officials say poor quality pesticides often contain harmful chemicals. These chemicals often are banned or restricted in some countries.Possible causes of low quality in pesticides include production problems and failure to use the right chemicals. Officials say the active chemicals in many pesticides are stronger than those permitted by many governments. They also say poor quality pesticides may contain poisonous substances or substances that are not pure.Officials say the quality of pesticide containers and product information on the containers are other concerns. They say information on the containers often fails to explain the active chemicals and how to use the product safely.The WHO says products listing false information have been sold for years in some areas. The agencies say the problem of poor quality pesticides is widespread in parts of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. They called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and tradein pesticides.Officials say the agencies' rules are especially important for developing countries. They say developing countries often lack systems for testing pesticides.Task 3【答案】A.1) c) 2) d) 3) b)B.That’s because they’re making an investment all the time, but are still not sure whether or not they can make profits.【原文】Interviewer: Cattle raising and beef in the US is big business, isn't it?Bob Beck: Yes, it's the largest business—cattle business.Interviewer: It must be a very profitable business then.Bob Beck: Uh, not necessarily.Interviewer: It's not necessarily a profitable business?Bob Beck: At times, it's not profitable. Your production costs get... it's a supply and demand market, and if your supply is larger than your demand...Interviewer: So the price is fluctuating all the time...Bob Beck: Right. It fluctuates, and it can get below production costs.Interviewer: But you never know. For instance, next year, you don't know what it'll bring on the market.Bob Beck: No, technically it takes a year and a half from the time you breed the cow, until you get the calf, until the calf's marketable.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: You've got a year, to a year and a half, tied up there.Interviewer: So, you're making an investment all the time.Bob Beck: Right. So you're not sure.Interviewer: It sounds like it might be a very insecure kind of existence. Wonder why it is that people want to be farmers or ranchers then...Bob Beck: I think the majority of it is you like it. It's one thing. It's a breed of people. They like it. If you don't like what you're doing, why...Interviewer: What is there about it? You live essentially in a rural area. Doesn't that feeling of isolation ever bother you?Bob Beck: No. It's getting too crowded.Interviewer: Too crowded!Bob Beck: Too many people!Interviewer: I can see that, for instance, in a city, you have restaurants to go to, movie theaters—all kinds of thingsavailable to people, a lot of conveniences which you don't have in the more rural areas. What do people who farm and ranch do for recreation and relaxation, for instance... erm...Bob Beck: Well, I think a lot of it is if you're a livestock raiser, you'll go check your cows in the evening instead of going to a movie.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: That's as much recreation as driving through a bunch or cows, and if you like them, you enjoy that.Interviewer: In terms of the way of life, to a lot of people, it would seem that it's a very hard life. It means a lot of hard work. I mean, you have a schedule—whether you feel like it or not, you have to get out and feed animals, and so forth. Would you regard that as one of the difficult things about it, or is that...Bob Beck: No.Interviewer: …just sort of... part of it?Bob Beck: For me, if I had to go to a desk every morning, that'd kill me.Task 4【答案】A. paid off, fall back on, a security, operating expenses, complete disasterB.1) Some of them cook the meals, clean the house and take care of the kids every day.2) Yes. That is especially so after they've had one or two bad years when they couldn’t make money.3) When their children are small, they were with their parents to go out to work; when they are very small, Sharon didn’t go out as much as she would later.4) She thinks that in this way the children are a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work and they learn responsibility. They learn a lot about life by being continually in life with animals.【原文】Bob Beck: I think, for a wife, the same as a husband, they like it or they wouldn't marry a farmer or a rancher.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They'd get out. I think it's not at all wives. Some of them are just like suburban housewives.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They cook the meals, and they clean the house and that's it... take care of the kids... Interviewer: Have you known some situations like that?Bob Beck: Oh, yeah, I know situations like that!Interviewer: Sharon, is there a problem of the feeling of security?Sharon Beck: What kind of security are you talking about—financial security?Interviewer: Uh, yeah, financial security. Uh, the thing is up and down. You don't know what the market's going to bring, er... for beef. You work all year, and so forth... Is there any problem of that sort?Sharon Beck: Sure, there's the problem of security. Especially, if you've had one or two bad years. You feel awfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: If you've borrowed money to buy a farm or to operate, and there's no money coming in, you feel awfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: But if you've got a fairly good amount of your ranch paid off, you've got that to fall back on. You can always think of that as a security. If everythin g else fails, if you can’t pay foryour operating expenses…Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: ...you can always sell your equity in your ranch. So it isn't complete disaster. Interviewer: But it's not something that bothers you terribly. I mean, it's a fact of life. It's sort of... Sharon Beck: Something you live with, yeah...Interviewer:... part of the thing. The role of the wife in this situation is quite different than that of a suburban housewife. You don't have much free time, do you?Sharon Beck: No.Interviewer: Because, essentially, you work in much the same way that your husband does. Sharon Beck: Yes, I'm usually with him.Interviewer: How do you handle the whole family-life situation—children? You're out almost as much as a working mother in the city, aren't you?Sharon Beck: Yes. The only difference is we're together.Interviewer: The children too...?Sharon Beck: The children too. When they're not in school, when they were small, they were with us. When they were very small, of course, I didn't go out as much.Interviewer: Do you feel that there are advantages in growing up in this way?Sharon Beck: Yeah, I definitely feel that there're advantages. There are disadvantages too, but I think the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.Interviewer: What are some of those advantages you think the children have?Sharon Beck: The advantages?Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: Well, they're a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work. Erm, they learn responsibility.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: They learn a lot about life by being continually in life, with animals, and... I think it makes them... erm... They grow up!Task 5【答案】A.1) 75 percent, half, in the east and south of England, in eastern Scotland, cereals, in hilly areas, on the richer grass of the lowlands2) 173, 703) The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the National Farmers' Union, 2 percent, 25 percent4) 1973, the European CommunityB.1) First, farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. Second, they also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit.2) Many farmers let farm cottages, offer bed and breakfast to tourists, and grow strawberries in order to gain some extra money.3) Because the CAP’s set-aside policy is seen as helping farmers ge4t rich for doing nothing.4) Farmers are often criticized for destroying woods and hedges and for poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals.【原文】About 75 percent of Britain is farmed, and British farms supply over half the country's food. Arable farms are mainly in the east and south of England and in eastern Scotland. The main crops are cereals, for example, wheat and barley, and potatoes, sugar beet and oilseed rape. Livestock, mainly sheep and cattle, are reared in hilly areas, though dairy cows are kept on the richer grass of the lowlands. Many cattle farmers have had a difficult time recently because of the BSE crisis. Kent, often called "the garden of England", and the Vale of Evesham are famous for horticultural produce.The average size of a British farm is 173 acres (70 hectares). Most farms are managed like other modern businesses. The word agribusiness describes the commercial aspects of farming. It is also used to refer to all the industries, including farming, which are associated with food production. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food is the government department responsible for agriculture. Farmers' interests are represented by the National Farmers' Union. Agriculture only employs about 2 percent of the British workforce, though this figure rises to 25 percent when food processing industries are included.In 1973, Britain's entry into the European Community led to many changes in farming. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) provides help for farmers through subsidies. Originally, farmers were encouraged to produce as much as they could, and any surplus was put into storage. The cost of this policy was passed on to customers, who had to pay higher prices for food. Many people are still unhappy about the CAP. Farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. They also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit. In recent years many farmers have tried to find additional ways of making money, e.g. by letting farm cottages, offering bed and breakfast to tourists, or by growing strawberries.But farmers do not get much sympathy from other people, mainly because of the money they receive in subsidies. The CAP’s set-aside policy, which pays farmers to leave some fields uncultivated, is seen by some people as helping farmers get rich for doing nothing. Farmers are sometimes called "custodians of the countryside", but they are often criticized for destroying woods and hedges and for poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Some farmers practise organic fanning without chemicals, but, although people approve of this, most are unwilling to pay higher prices for organic produce. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals: In battery farming, for instance, chickens are reared in crowded cages.Task 6【答案】A.1) over 22 million, about 2.5 percent, in the 1950s, in the 1980s, 470, 190, 174 ,70, 1940, 1996, $51 billion2) 36 percent, 47 percent3) $200 billion, $60 billion-worthB.1) Midwest, corn, soybeans2) Canada, southern Texas on the eastern side3) the Great Lakes4) Florida, Southern California and Hawaii5) the southeastC.1) The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying subsidies to farmers for them not to grow certain crops.2) It will gradually end these subsidies and give farmers more freedom to respond to public demand and grow what they want.3) The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy.4) They think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost.【原文】Agribusiness in the United States employs more people than any other industry, over 22 million, but only about 2.5 percent of the American workforce are farmers. Many people got into debt and left their farms in the 1950s, and in the 1980s many more farmers sold out and moved to the cities. The average size of a farm is now 470 acres (190 hectares), compared with 174 acres (70 hectares) in 1940. In 1996 farm income was more than $51 billion, the highest ever, but despite this many farmers had large debts.Many farmers live in the Corn Belt of the Midwest where corn and soybeans are grown. The US grows 36 percent of the world's corn and 47 percent of its soybeans. Others live on the prairies of the Great Plains, in what is known as the Wheat Belt, which stretches from Canada to southern Texas on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Most livestock farmers live around the Great Lakes in the Dairy Belt, or further south in states like Texas where cattle are bred for meat on ranches. In the South many live in the Cotton Belt. Citrus fruits, such as oranges, are grown in Florida, Southern California and Hawaii, and tobacco is grown in the southeast. In 1996 the total value of agricultural products was $200 billion, of which $60 billion-worth, mostly grain and soybeans, was exported. Farmers and ranchers are usually well respected by other people.The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying subsidies (in this case, money for not growing certain crops) to farmers, though in 1996 Congress passed a "Freedom to Farm" law that will gradually end these subsidies and give farmers more freedom to respond to public demand and grow what they want.Farmers are represented by the American Farm Bureau Federation and county farm organizations called Farm Bureaus. The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy. Agricultural colleges attached to universities are highly respected. Extension officers act as a link between research departments and farmers.As in Britain, many people in the United States think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost.Task 7【答案】B.1) Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity,2) Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.3) Because irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas.4) Pesticides do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals.【原文】Agroecology is a field of ideas about how to farm productively while also protecting natural resources. It is seen in many ways as an answer to the Green Revolution that has given us modem farming methods.Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity, but they work toward this common goal in different ways. Many agroecologists question how long modem farming methods can continue.Modem farming uses land intensively. Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.Another issue is fertilizer. Agroecologists say they would use organic materials and compost in place of chemicals. The Green Revolution has shown that chemical fertilizer can greatly increase crop productivity, but it can also pollute water supplies.To water crops, agroecologists say they would use methods that reduce the need for irrigation. Irrigation is an ancient idea. Water is drawn up from the ground or brought from another place. Irrigated crops are highly productive: 16 percent of all farmland in the world is irrigated, but this 16 percent of the farmland produces 40 percent of all food. Yet irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas. To control pests, agroecologists say they would use helpful insects to kill harmful ones. In the last 50 years, however, farmers have increased the use of insecticides. These chemical poisons do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals.Task 8【原文】Farming changed very little from early times until about 1700. In the 1700s an agricultural revolution took place which led to a large increase in the production of crops. This increase of crops came about in a large part by little more than the final destruction of medieval institutions and the more general adoption of techniques and crops which had been known for a long time. Included in some of these changes was also the adoption of crops from the "new world" such as corn and potatoes which produced a very large yield.In the 1850s, the industrial revolution spilled over to the farm with new mechanized methods which increased production rates. Early on, the large changes were in the use of new farm implements. Most of these early implements were still powered by horses or oxen. These new implements combined with crop rotation, manure and better soil preparation led to a steady increase of crop yield in Europe.The advent of steam power and later gas powered engines brought a whole new dimension to the production of crops. Yet, even as recently as 100 years ago, four fifths of the world population lived outside towns and were in some way dependant on agriculture.。

Unit 9Task 1【答案】Panel Opinions1st penallist: PhilipBarnesComputers have already changed our lives.2nd penallist: Miss Anderson Computers have changed our lives, but I don't want mylife changed.3rd penallist: Arthur Haines The computer will affect everyone in the world. Recordscan be kept ofeverything we do. Records will be kept of all our privatelives. The computeris the greatest disaster of the 20th century.4th penallist: Phyllis Archer The computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it isused by people. Ifthe computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster.【原文】Compere: And now for our first question. It comes from Mrs. June Moore. Mrs. MooreMrs. Moore: Does the panel think that computers will change our livesCompere: Mrs. Moore wants to know if computers will change our lives. Philip BarnesPhilip Barnes: Computers have already changed our lives. Business is more efficient.Planes and trains provide a better service...Miss Anderson: Just a moment, Mr. Barnes. You may be right about business, but how many people have lost their jobs because of computers Computershave changed our lives, but I don't want my life changed.Arthur Haines: Excuse me, Miss Anderson. We're talking about our lives, not your life.The computer will affect everyone in the world. Records can be keptof everything we do. Records will be kept of all our private lives. Inmy opinion, the computer is the greatest disaster of the 20th century. Phyllis Archer: Could I interrupt Arthur Haines says the computer is a disaster, but the computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it is used by people.If the computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster.Compere: Thank you, Phyllis Archer. Thank you, panel. And thank you, Mrs. Moore.Task 2【答案】A.1) It includes a 9-inch TV screen, a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it, a printer, and two disk drives.2) It's all contained right on the floppy disk.3) It’s much better than a typewriter in that onecan move words or sentences from place to place or make corrections or changes right on the screen, and never have to erase on paper.4) It can help him make a monthly budget for his household with electronic spreadsheet software.B.1) loads your program into the machine2) typewriter, typewriter,3) turning the computer on and loading a program4) the different things the program can do【原文】Narrator: For Harvey Van Runkle, it was love at first sight, or should we say, love at first byte Really, it is 64,000 bytes—that's the size of the memory on hisnew BANANA-3 personal computer. It all happened by accident. His wife,Charlotte, had sent him out to buy a new toaster, when he found himselfstanding in front of a computer display at the BANANA Computer Store. Salesman: Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this little computer is going to change your lives.Just consider the hardware: You have a 9-inch TV screen. That’s yourvideo display terminal. You have a keyboard with 46 numbers andcharacters on it. You have a printer that will give you paper printouts ofyour work in three colors. You have two disk drives—one inside thecomputer terminal and one outside. This computer can do anything! Nowlet’s have a little demonstration. Who would like to try the newBANANA-3 computer You, sir. You look interested. Step right up and trythe BANANA-3.Harvey: What's a d-disk driveSalesman: That's the part of the computer that loads your program into the machine.Harvey: Oh. What's a programSalesman: The program That's your software. That's the instructions. It's all contained right on this floppy disk here. The instructions on this disk tell thecomputer what to do.Harvey: Oh, you mean like my wife. She always tells me what to do.Salesman: Exactly. Now what type of program would you like I have word processing,I have electronic spreadsheet...Harvey: What's word processingSalesman: Word processing is using the computer like a typewriter. But it's much better than a typewriter. You can move words or sentences from place toplace or make corrections or changes right on the screen. You never haveto erase on paper. It's a wonderful little program! Would you like to try it,Mr...Harvey: Van Runkle. Harvey Van Runkle. I've never used a computer before... Salesman: It's easy. First we start up the machine, and then boot up a program.Harvey: Boot upSalesman: That's computer talk for turning the computer on and loading a program.There. Now we look at the menu.Harvey: Menu But I just had lunch. I'm not hungry.Salesman: No, no. This is a program menu, not a restaurant menu. It shows the different things the program can do. For example, here we have "file". Ifyou select file, you can choose which of your documents you want to workrrect your document.on. And here’s “edit”. This gives you ways to coHarvey: Gee, this is great! There's only one problem.Salesman: What's thatHarvey: I don't have any documents. I'm a plumber.Salesman: But you have bills, don't youHarvey: Yeah, but...Salesman: W ell, with our electronic spreadsheet s oftware, you can make a monthlybudget for your household.Harvey: No. My wife, Charlotte, does that.Salesman: Well, now you can do it, Harvey.Harvey: I don't know...Salesman: And you have friends, don't youHarvey: Yeah, well there's my brother-in-law Bob...Salesman: Great! You can write letters to Bob on your new BANANA-3 computer!Harvey: Okay. How much is itSalesman: Never mind. Do you have a credit cardHarvey: Well, sure...Salesman: Great. Joe, get Harvey here signed up, will you He wants a BANANA-3 with a printer and software. Okay, step right up, ladies and gentlemen. Thiscomputer can do anything!Task 3【答案】A.1) They are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.2) Digital computers.3) Only one person at a time can use them.4) It is because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.5) Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected tothe minicomputer by interface wires. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.B.Similarities and Differences between Microcomputers and MinicomputersSimilarities 1．They are two kinds of common digital computers.2．Both of them can be used in small businesses.3．Each computer has only one CPU.Differences 1. Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers.2. Microcomputers are used more frequently in large offices andbusinesses than in small businesses.3. More than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. 【原文】There are two primary kinds of computers: analog computers and digital computers. Unless you are a scientist, you probably will not use analog computers. These computers are important because t hey are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.In contrast, digital computers perform their tasks by counting. Some digital computers are built to help solve only a specific kind of problem. For example, digital computers that monitor airplanes flying in and out of airports are built only for that task. Most digital computers, though, can be used to help solve many kinds of problems. Among them, microcomputers and minicomputers are two kinds of common digital computers.Microcomputers, also called personal computers, are the newest computers. Many are about the size of a very small television set. Some, however, are so small and light that people can carry them easily on business trips. Because computermanufacturers produce an enormous amount of computer hardware, it is possible for anyone to own and use a microcomputer. Therefore, we now see these machines in many homes, schools, and businesses. There is one disadvantage to these computers, though. Only one person at a time can use them. Also, many people who buy microcomputers do not understand what these machines can and cannot do. Some experts say that almost half of all micro-computers are not used often because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.Like microcomputers, minicomputers are used in small businesses. H owever, they are larger than microcomputers and are used more frequently in large offices and businesses than in small businesses. Another difference is that more than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. We call this time-sharing. Some minicomputers can have more than a hundred people time-sharing them. Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. But even though more than one person can use a minicomputer, the computer has only one CPU. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.Task 4【答案】A.1) It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being playedat too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.2) Lupa had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick upcertain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is.3) When Lupa stood up and walked around the room, it was evident to her thatsomewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone.B.1) They're running a contest. The kids are supposed t o name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me.2) You know something; I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'dget someone who wouldn't try to beat the program.3) You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would youIt was a Sunday; but how do you know whether I'm right Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit.【原文】Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it."Do you have a name" Lupa asked."Not yet," the computer answered. "They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me."Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the computer. She wondered if there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is, so she decided to give it a try."My paws give me pause," she said.The computer was silent."My paws give me pause," Lupa repeated. "It's a clause without claws."Lupa waited in silence for a response."You know something," the computer said. "I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program."Lupa smiled. "This was marvelous," she thought to herself. "They'd thought of everything.""Sorry," she said. "Mi dispiace.""Ah, you speak Italian," the computer said with some sarcasm."Qui, d'accord," Lupa answered. "C'est vrai.""And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is great. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time."Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone. She thought about how to test for this."You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you" Lupa asked."It was a Sunday," the computer answered, "but how do you know whether I'm right Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit."Task 5【答案】A.1) b) 2) c)B.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) TC.Computer Talk What does It MeanOnline To start or workOffline To disconnect it or take it out of the systemTo interface To do something so that different computer parts or software canwork togetherTo access To make information available【原文】Hello. I think we can begin now if you're ready. Um, today I want to talk to you about computers, about the impact of computers on how we talk, on the ways we talk. Now of course we all know that computers have changed our lives in many ways. Stop and think for a minute about how we use computers in our everyday life. It's hard to think of anything we do that hasn't been changed by computers. For example, computers allow us to get money directly from our bank accounts at cash machines.At hospitals, computers help doctors understand what is wrong with patients. We can use computers to help us decide which color to paint our houses, which hair styles to have, or which dresses or suits would look good on us--lots of professional and personal uses. Computers are simply a part of our lives, and, I think it is safe to say, they will continue to be. What I'd like to look at today is how the use of computershas had an impact on our language--how computers have changed the expressions we say, the words we use.First, let me give you some examples. These are examples from English that I'd like you to think about. The first example is this. Someone at an office says, "We'dlike to have the project online by next Monday." In computer talk "online" means started or working. So this statement means that we'd like to have the project started and going by next Monday.The second example is from a discussion or seminar. Someone might say, "Let's。

现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit5Unit 5Task 1【答案】A.1) More than 38 million people2) Ms. Stanecki is an UN AIDS Senior Adviser. She says that some of the fastest growing epidemics can found in Asia.3) Intravenous drug use.4) Anti-AIDS drags are widely available there. This has made some people pay less attention to the danger of becoming infected with HIV.B. 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) TC. worsening, five million, Africa, 25 million, one million, increase, political andfinancial, have access, one in five, more than half【原文】A new report by the UN AIDS organizations finds the global AIDS epidemic is worsening. The agency says more people in all regions around the world are becoming infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS.UN AIDS reports that significant progress has been made in providing treatment for larger numbers of AIDS victims and in achieving greater political and financial commitments in the fight against the fatal disease. Despite this, the report says none of these efforts has been enough to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.Last year, the report notes five million people became newly infected with HIV. That is more people than any previous year. Currently, it says, more than 38 million people are living with the disease.UN AIDS Senior Adviser Karen Stanecki says Asia, with 60 percent of the world's population, is home to some of the fastest growing epidemics in the world. In 2003 alone, she says, more than one million people became infected with HIV.“Equally alarming, we have only just b egun to witness the full impact of AIDS on African societies as infections continue to grow and people are dying in large numbers. The scale of the problem in Africa is well documented, with over 25 million infections. If we don’t act now, 60 percent of today’s 15-year-olds will not reach their 60th birthday.”The report says the Caribbean is the hardest hit region in the world after Africa. It also finds the HIV/AIDS epidemic is continuing to expand in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, mainly due to intravenous drug users.UN AIDS says infections also are on the rise in the United States and Western Europe. It blames this largely on the widespread availability of anti-AIDS drags, which it says has made some people in these wealthy countries complacent.UN AIDS Director of Monitoring and Evaluation, Paul De Lay, acknowledges that around the world prevention programs are reaching fewer than one in five people who need them. Nevertheless, he says there has been a dramatic increase in prevention activities for young people and several other successes as well."In Africa, for instance, 60 percent of children have access to AIDS education both in primary and secondary schools. That is a huge increase from the late 1990s. In highly vulnerable groups like sex workers, we are seeing a real success story in Africa. 32 percent of sex workers that are identified have accessto HIV prevention and there is a large increase in condom use in this population."The report says global spending on AIDS has increased greatly, but, more is needed. It estimates $12 billion will be needed by next year, and $20 billion by 2007, for prevention and care in developing countries. The United Nations says AIDS funding has increased sharply in recent years, in part due to the US government's global AIDS initiative. But it says still globally less than half the money needed is being provided.Task 2【答案】A.1) 40,000, addicted, nature, nurture2) won’t, addict, prone3) genetic, fixed, fated4) regulations, implicationsB. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a)C.1) Human genes are all under close study in laboratories.2) It implies that insurance companies or employers might take advantage and discriminate against those who have been identified as being at high risk.【原文】Mary Gearin: Welcome to the lab. Like it or not, we're all in the Petri dish now as more scientists than ever look for the cause of our habits lyinghidden in our genes.Dr. Whitfield: The advances in DNA technology mean that techniques can be applied to this type of research which weren't possible before andwhich give the prospect of what you might call an explosion inoutcomes in actual findings that we can use.Mary Gearin: It's a detective story with an unknown number of villains. We haven't established how many of our 40,000 genes may leave usmore likely to be addicted, but some scientists do believe they'veconfirmed a layperson's principle—that we're about half nature,half nurture.Dr. Whitfield: The conclusion at the moment is that genetics accounts for about half the variation in liability to a number of kinds of addiction andthat environmental influences, or just the random things thathappen to us as we go through life, account for the other half. Mary Gearin: Of course, genes won't determine who will or won't become an addict, only those who are more prone to becoming one. Listen to areformed smoker and a leading researcher in the field, WayneHall.Wayne Hall: I think we really do have a task in front of us to educate people that “genetic” doesn’t mean fixed, immutable, unchangeable, fated.It still leaves plenty of room for human decision, choice andcapacity to influence and change behaviour.Mary Gearin: Wayne Hall is pushing for regulations to deal with the ethical implications that have inevitably surfaced.Wayne Hall: If we were able to identify people in advance as being at high risk because they possessed a set of genes, then that might have adverseeffects on them in terms of the way others in their socialenvironment treat them. It might have effects if insurancecompanies take account of that information or employers and so on. Mary Gearin: But would addicts take any more responsibility for their own actions? Our distinctly unscientific sample of smokers told us: notreally. If a test came out, would you have yourself tested to see ifyou had that gene?Julie: Honestly, probably not.Mary Gearin: Would you want your kids to take that test to perhaps ware them off smoking if they had that gene as well?John Mackay: Only if they become problem smokers I'd probably suggest it, yeah. Otherwise I wouldn't worry about it.Task 3【答案】A. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)B.[√] 2.[√] 3.[√] 5.[√] 7.[√] 9.[√] 10.[√] 12.[√] 13.C.1) elementary school teacher, frustrations, peers, taught, learnt2) high EQ, adults, children【原文】Claire Nolan: Hi. This is Claire Nolan.Bill Rodney: Any I’m Bill Rodney. Today we’ll be discussing EQ—not IQ. EQ: emotional intelligence. We've been hearing a lot about EQ lately,and in fact you might have seen Daniel Goleman's best-selling bookabout it in the bookstore. Your emotional intelligence quotientseems to include both intra- and interpersonal relationships—inother words, how well you handle your own emotions, and how wellyou respond to others.Claire Nolan: Yes, but Bill, that's not exactly a new idea, is it? I mean—I know a lot of old proverbs about thinking before you act, and that kind ofthing.Bill Rodney: That's true, but the term itself is a new one, and it shows that people have realized, the way you control your feelings is just asimportant as your education—maybe even more important. Butwhat's really interesting and the focus of today's session is: Can youlearn EQ? We'll be talking to three people today—all educators, intheir own way—to get their perspective on it. Our first guest isBetty Cortina. Betty, you're an elementary school teacher. Do youreally think that some kids have higher EQ's than others?Betty Cortina: Oh sure! Even at five or six years old, some of the kids tend to be much more patient and easy-going than others. And then othersare prone to shout and make a big fuss. I mean, I don't want tomake it sound as if it's bad to be spirited, or anything, but if youcan't control your emotions, even at that age, you can have a lot ofproblems.Bill Rodney: Like what?Betty Cortina: Well, if you can't deal with setbacks, you don't make progress;and if you're always impatient, your peers don't like you.Bill Rodney: Can you give us an example?Betty Corrina: Sure. One example is how kids deal with frustration. Imagine a child who is having trouble doing a math problem. She getsfrustrated with the problem, throws her pencil down, yells angrily,"This is a stupid problem! I hate it!" Another child, with a higherEQ, might be able to handle the situation better. She might trydifferent ways to approach the problem, or ask for help, and so on.And she will be more successful because she won't let her negativefeelings get in the way of her task.Bill Rodney: I guess I can understand that, but my question is: Can you learn to have a higher EQ? Let’s see, our next guest is Jim McDonald.Do you want to respond to that question?Jim McDonald: Yes. Well, as you know, I run management training programs fora bank here in the city, and I agree this EQ idea is definitelyimportant. Let’s face it: When the going gets tough, it’s muchbetter for an employee to have a positive, enthusiastic attitude thanto dwell on failures. But what I find is that some people just takelife in stride and other people don't. I mean, of course you canpoint them in the right direction—that's what I try to do in myseminars—but some people never learn to improve their EQ. Betty Cortina: No, I disagree. Kids can be taught to have patience and not to give up when things go wrong. They learn to respond well to theiremotions. They learn how to sit still and listen, and how to respectothers. And I don't believe we are born with a high emotionalintelligence quotient. I think we have to learn those skills.Jim McDonald: Okay, so maybe you can teach children, but frankly, I don't see how adults can ever change. I mean, I work with a lot ofmanagers, and the good ones are sharp, perceptive people whorespond well to change. I don't think the others can learn that. Bill Rodney: Why not?Jim McDonald: Well, part of the problem is that people with a low EQ have a difficult time seeing how their behavior affects other people. Theysee no reason to change. Their behavior has negative effects—forthemselves and for others—but they don't see it that way. Theytend to blame other people for the problems they are having.People like this just don’t work well with other people. I’d saythey have a lower EQ and they’ll probably never adjust theirbehavior.Task 4【答案】A.1) Marriage counsel/Psychologist.2) Yes.3) With help, he learned to see that his wife’s success was also his success insteadof his failure.B.1) T 2) F 3) T【原文】Bill Rodney: Our third guest, Ian Davis, is a marriage counselor. Ian, from the perspective of a marriage counselor, can adults change their EQ's?Ian Davis: Yes. I am a psychologist and I work with couples, married couples, who are having problems. From what I can see, some people,adults, I mean, can change their EQ's.Bill Rodney: How so?Ian Davis: Well, I think that the key to keeping a relationship together is learning to empathize with your partner.Bill Rodney: Did you say "empathize"?lan Davis: Yes, it's crucial. Couples who have successful relationships try hard to understand each other's feelings. First, you have to putyourself in your partner's shoes. That makes it easier for you tomake allowances for your partner's weaknesses. You have to learnto control your reactions even when you feel angry or resentful.Bill Rodney: So you're saying people can learn those things? Don't you think that, as Jim said, some people have it and some don't?Ian Davis: No, I disagree strongly with what he said. I do see people change.If I didn't think people could change, I'd be in a different line ofwork!Bill Rodney: I'm not quite sure I understand what you're saying. Tell us about someone you've seen acquire a higher EQ.Ian Davis: Well, let me tell you about a case I saw recently. I had some clients,a husband and wife, a few months ago, and the wife had gotten apromotion at work. Now the husband was happy for her, of course,but he also felt a bit jealous. He felt like a failure because he hadn’tgotten a promotion at his job.Bill Rodney: So what happened to them?Ian Davis: Well, the husband had to learn to swallow his pride and put aside his negative feeling. I told him to concentrate on the good thingthat had happened to his wife instead of thinking about himself.With practice, he was able to see that her success was also hissuccess, not his failure. I really think he raised his own EQ bydoing that.Bill Rodney: Thank you, Ian. And I’ll remember to keep EQ in mind. Maybe I can get a little better it! And thank you, Betty and Jim, for joiningus today.Task 5【答案】1) He should have asked some questions, like what kind of work she did, or how long she spent at the computer every day.2) Acupuncture.3) They have to be more careful before they recommend operations.4) He tends to get better when it’s warmer.C.Column 1 Column 2Linda Jenkins Atlanda, GeorgiaShelley Travers Eugene, OregonRay Ishwood New York City【原文】Bill: Good morning, everyone. This is Bill and the show is Body Talk. Today's topic is problems with doctors. Now, who hasn't had a problem with a doctor? Call in and tell us yours. Our number is 1-800-555-BODY. That didn't take long…here's our first caller now. Hello, this is Bill and you're on Body Talk!Shelley Travers: Morning, Bill. This is Shelley Travers, calling from New York City. Thanks for taking my call. I just want to say howimportant I think it really is for a doctor to listen to a patient.Bill: Tell me about it! So, Shelley, what happened to you?Shelley Travers: Well, I was getting these really bad, shooting pains in my back. I couldn't sleep at night or anything. So I went to my doctor, andhe examined me and had me do all these tests and things. And Ieven had to go into the hospital for some X-rays. But after allthat—I mean, I took off a lot of time from work—they told methere was nothing wrong with me. I was thinking about tryingalternative medicine and going to a chiropractor when aco-worker... I'm a secretary...Bill: What was that, Shelley? I didn't catch all of what you said.You mean, you were in serious pain.., the doctor's testsdidn't show anything…you were going to go to achiropractor...Shelley Travers: Well, yes, that's right. Awful, right? But a co-worker said, "You know, your desk chair is too hard. If you sat on a soft cushionthat might make your back feel better." Anyway, she was totallyright. So then I felt really mad, because, I mean, I had taken allthat time from work to see the doctor, but all I really needed wasa cushion!Bill: So, your doctor hadn't really listened and asked the right questions, right, Shelley?Shelley Travers: Yeah, that's right. He never asked me what kind of work I did, or how long I spent at the computer every day. If he had askedsome questions, he probably wouldn't have sent me for all thosetests!Bill: Sure sounds like your doctor wasn't much help. But, I'm glad the cushion worked. Thanks, Shelley. Bye, now. Hi, Billhere. You're on Body Talk.Linda Jenkins: Hi there, Bill. My name is Linda Jenkins, and I’m calling from Atlanta, Georgia. I want to tell you what happened to me… It’skind of embarrassing though…Bill: Ah, go ahead. Linda, Don't be embarrassed. We're listening Linda Jenkins: Well... ah... Okay. I had this big wart on my foot. It got so bad that I could hardly...Bill: Sorry to interrupt you, Linda. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: A wart, you know, a hard lump. Kids get them on their hands all the time, but I got one on the bottom of my left foot. So, mydoctor said I'd probably need an operation to remove it. Burn itoff, or something. He really scared me!Bill: So, you were scared, but did you take his advice?Linda Jenkins: No, actually, I didn't. But I was just desperate, because, you know, I could hardly walk. So, I decided to try acupuncture.Bill: Wait a minute. I didn't catch that. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: I tried acupuncture—I went to an acupuncturist. And you know, she really listened to me and got me to change my diet and getmore rest. She said the wart was probably a reaction to stress. Ihad been working late a lot. Eventually, the wart cleared up. Ireally think that doctors have to be more careful before theyrecommend operations. Sometimes there's a much simplertreatment. I mean, if doctors put themselves in their patients'shoes, they might not be so quick to start cutting!Bill: You know, Linda, you're absolutely right! I couldn't agree with you more! Thanks for sharing your story with us.Good-bye, and good luck! Hello, you're on Body Talk.Ray Ishwood: Hello, Bill. Ray Ishwood, calling from Eugene, Oregon.Bill: How are you doing, Ray?Ray Ishwood: Fine, Bill. Ah, well.., here's my story. For several years, I've had arthritis in my hands and wrists. This winter—it was so cold andrainy—the pain got really bad. My doctor gave me a series ofinjections, really painful, to my hands. He said that in a fewweeks I would feel better.Bill: Well, did you? Did those painful shots help?Ray Ishwood: Well... I don't really know... I mean, I'm feeling a lot better now, but I think it's because of the warmer weather. I tend to getworse when it's cold and rainy outside. So, I don't think that theshots were that much help. And they were very painful. I justdon't want to continue with them if they don't really make muchof a difference.Bill: You're probably right, Ray. Well, I'm glad you're feeling better, and thanks for calling Body Talk.Task 6【答案】A. 1) c) 2) b)B. veracts, immune system, reaction, the sting, blood pressure, breathe, medicineC. A. immune system,B. red, itchy eyes, runny nose, difficult breathingC. 1. Normal2. Allergic【原文】Today I think we are ready to start talking about allergies, and about allergic reactions. In the first part of my lecture, I'm going to explain what an allergic reaction is. Then I will try to describe what an allergic reaction to a bee sting is like. In the second part of my lecture, I'm going to talk about allergy testing and allergy shots. I'll explain one way the testing is done. I'll also tell you how and why allergy shots are given. That's a lot to cover, so let's begin.What is an allergic reaction? Well, an allergic reaction is really an action of the immune system in the body—an action of the immune system in your body. The immune system's job is to protect you, to make antibodies to protect you from things that are dangerous to your health. In an allergic reaction, however, your body makes antibodies to something that isn't really a problem for the body—that is, it's not usually a problem for someone without an allergy. For example, milk and cats’ hair and dust are usually not dangerous to humans. But, for some reason, your body might produce antibodies to milk or to cats' hair or to dust. Your body is trying to protect you from these things.When the immune system does this, it is, in a sense, working too hard. The result is a fight. The fight is between your antibodies and the milk you drank or the cat hair or the dust you breathed in. You know your body is having a fight because you sneeze, or you have red, itchy eyes and a runny nose, or you feel tired, or you may have difficulty breathing. These are some of the common signs of an allergy.Now let's turn our attention to one specific allergic reaction. Let's look at what happens with a bee sting. Anyone who gets a bee sting will have some reaction. A normal reaction is pain and swelling and redness where the sting is. This type of reaction is also called a local reaction because the reaction is only in the location, the place, where the sting is.In contrast, an allergic reaction to a bee sting is a much stronger reaction. It is a general reaction that affects the whole body. This general reaction is called an anaphylactic reaction, a-n-a-p-h-y-l-a-c-t-i-c. This is shown in the figure on page 76, so take a look at the figure. In this kind of reaction, several things happen. There is pain and swelling, but it is all over the body, not just where the sting is. The person's legs, arms, feet, and face usually itch and turn red. It often becomes difficult for the person to breathe. The person can also become weak and confused. The blood pressure may drop. For some people, these reactions may continue for hours unless some medicine is given. In fact, the person can die if he or she isn't given medicine to stop the reaction.Task 7【答案】A. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) FB. definition, prevention, an unusual, antibodies, symptoms, Untreated, death,the thing, an allergic reactionC. under the skin, red bump, less sensitive, several times【原文】Now, if you are allergic to something, it's important to know how to prevent these reactions. One question is: How do people know if they are allergic to something, say, if they are allergic to bee stings? One way to find out is to have an allergy test. One type of test is a skin test. To do the test, the doctor injects a small amount of the venom, the poison from the bee, under the skin. You can see this in the left hand figure on page 77. Then, the doctor watches closely to see what happens. The doctor pays attention to two things: the color of the skin and the size of the bump on the skin. This is shown in the right hand figure on the same page. If the skin reacts strongly—in other words, if the bump is big and very red—this means the person is very allergic. If the skin only changes a little, the person is only slightly allergic. If the skin doesn't change, this usually means the person isn't allergic.If the doctor finds out the person is allergic to bees, or bee stings, allergy shots are often recommended. In the allergy shots, the doctor uses a small amount of bee venom. The doctor does this to make the person less sensitive to the venom, in other words, to build up the person's immunity to the venom. This is similar to what doctors do when they give children shots against childhood diseases like measles.Each visit, the doctor increases the amount of venom in the shot. The doctor starts off with a very small amount of venom and uses slightly more each time. Increasing the amount builds up immunity to the venom. This immunity will not protect the person from a bee sting, of course. If the person gets stung, he or she will still get a local reaction, but will not have an allergic reaction. Okay, so that's basically how the allergy shots work.To sum up the main points of our talk today, let's recall what an allergic reaction is and how allergic reactions can be prevented. Remember that an allergic reaction is an unusual reaction to something that doesn't normally affect people. In an allergic reaction, for example, to a bee sting, the body keeps producing antibodies and the person can have an anaphylactic reaction. This can be very serious, and the person may even die if he or she isn't given medicine. Allergy shots help you to prevent an allergic reaction. They help make someone less sensitive to the thing that causes the allergy, such as the bee venom.Okay, well, if can remember these points, I think that's all for today.Task 8【原文】Want your kids to eat healthy? Check your own diet. The more fruit and vegetables Mom and Dad eat, the more Junior is likely to consume, according to a study of two-to-six-year-olds at London's University College. And youngsters who were introduced to these foods earlier tended to reach for them more often. Those who had been breast-fed ate fruit and vegetables more frequently than bottle-fed kids. The likely reason? Breast milk takes on the flavours of the food Mom eats.Speaking of milk, researchers found that girls who met calcium requirements had mothers who drank more milk. Moreover, those who got at least the minimum recommended amount of calcium at age five (800 mg daily) were nearly five times as likely to so at age nine (1,300 mg daily).11。

Unit 12 Life Philosophy《现代大学英语听力3》听力原文及答案Task 1【答案】1) £229.2) The Spanish.3) Italians.4) They view most of their meals as refueling.5) Higher quality food.6) Low-fat alternatives (such as sushi and organic salads).【原文】UK residents spend an average £229 a year on food consumed in transit, the highest in Europe, the research group Datamonitor says. In contrast, Spanish people spend only £56 a year, while Italians spend £128 a year on average.The report's author says the difference is due to the greater amount of time Britons spend at work and commuting. In the UK people spend on average 48 minutes a day traveling to and from work. The Spanish and Italians spend 34 and 24 minutes respectively.Attitudes towards food are also important, the study claims."There are a lot of people in the UK who view most of their meals as refueling," says Lawrence Gould, the report's author.But it is not all bad, he adds."One thing emerging is a greater demand for higher quality food, even if it is food-on-the-go," says Mr. Gould.Traditional fast food such as burgers and chips are now competing with low-fat alternatives. While the food may have been eaten in transit, people are increasingly being offered healthy fare: from sushi to organic salads.Task 2【答案】B.1) Word such as "stressed out", "rage", "road rage".2) The United States.3) In the 1960s.4) It means that a person is capable of feeling, expressing and sharing emotions, and it implies that emotion is something you can learn.【原文】1) There was an increasing amount of stress in everyday life for ordinary people, particularly so for families. And so you get a lot of language generated out of these social problems—terms like "single mother", "one-parent family", the whole idea of parenting being a task and a problem, rather than something that comes naturally. You get things like "surrogacy', "test-tube babies", the kind of thing where people want to be parents and can't for various reasons. You get the behavior of children: You've got "truanting", another keyword that used to be called "playing truant"—staying away from school. And all of these suggest that there really is a kind of crisis or a breakdown in old-fashioned family life.2) Stress was a real social problem, not of course only in Britain, but particularly in Britain. And this gave rise to a whole lot of words, words for stress itself: "stressed out", "rage", "road rage". We needed a new language to express this new kind of emotionalism. We took it of course from the US, from the United States, where there had been a whole language of therapy and of feeling, and expressing emotions, and sharing emotions, which had started in the 60s but hadn't really spread to Britain until the 90s. And you have all this language like "caring and sharing", "getting in touch with your feelings", "emotional literacy" and the idea that you could become "emotionally literate", that emotion is something you can learn, like learning to read.Task 3【答案】A. 1) c) 2) c) 3) a) 4) b)B.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T【原文】“You have to grab life by the throat and go for it—there are few second chances.”That is the life philosophy of Somerville cancer survivor Carolynn Merks, who is learning to fly in spite of the limitations of two artificial knees.The 53-year-old registered nurse, who works in pathology in Hastings, can bend her knees only partially but said learning to fly was a goal she was determined to achieve.“Three years ago I was hit with breast cancer and them I lost a close friend with the same disease,” she said. “It made me take stock of my life and totally changed my thinking. I realized you only have one chance in life as there are no dress rehearsals. I don’t want to wait around for my cancer to come back ,so I decided to try t o achieve my dreams and goals in life.”Mrs. Merks has already completed 34 out 150 hours of solo flying time and is about to sit in her second of seven major exams to gain the difficult commercial helicopter pilot’s license.The only constraint she acknowledges is that of finances—it is predicted to cost about $55,000 in total to gain her license.“Draining the fuel, checking for water in the fuel line and checking for oil are the only tricky parts, because I have to bend my knees as far as they go, but I manage it because I am determined,” shesaid. “Not even my husband’s distinct lack of enthusiasm was going to change my mind. Helicopter flying is a lot more difficult than fixed wing—it is the harder of the two, but it is something I have always wanted to do. I feel I have to give it my best shot, try hard, and if I fail at least I can go to my grave saying, well at least I tried. And when I complete this, my next goal is learning to play the saxophone!”Task 4【答案】A.1) What truly is logic? Who decides reason?2) It is only in love that any logic or reasons can be found.3) Harvard Law School’s Graduation Ceremony4) "The law is reason free from passion.”5) The speaker’s 65th birthday.6) They go by in a blink.B.1) numbers, logics, reason, physical, mysterious equations of love2) passion, a key ingredient, law, life, courage of conviction, strong sense of self, first impressions, have faith in people, have faith in yourself3) sneak away, glorious, memory, ups and downs, for a night, break precedent, one-candle wish, as lucky as mine, I don't want anything more【原文】Extract 1John Nash:Thank you. I've always believed in numbers and the equations and logics that lead to reason. But after alifetime of such pursuits, I ask, "What truly is logic? Who decides reason?"My quest has taken me through the physical, the metaphysical, the delusional, and back. And I have made the most important discovery of my career, the most important discovery of my life: It is only in the mysterious equations of love that any logic or reasons can be found.I'm only here tonight because of you [his wife, Alicia].You are the reason I am. You are all my reasons.Thank you.Extract 2:Professor Stromwell:I am, personally, very honored to introduce this year's class-elected speaker. After getting off a quite interesting start here at Harvard, she graduates today with an invitation to join one of Boston's most prestigious law firms. I am sure we are going to see great things from her. Ladies and Gentlemen: Elle Woods.Elle Woods:On our very first day at Harvard, a very wise Professor quoted Aristotle: "The law is reason free from passion.”Well, no offense to Aristotle, but in my three years at Harvard I have come to findthat passion is a key ingredient to the study and practice of law, and of life. It is with passion, courage of conviction, and strong sense of self that we take our next step into the world, remembering that first impressions are not always correct. You must always have faith in people. And most importantly, you must always have faith in yourself.Congratulations, class of 2004—we did it!Extract 3:William Parrish:I thought I was going to sneak away tonight. What a glorious night! Every face I see is a memory. It may not be a perfectly perfect memory. Sometimes we've had our ups and downs. But we're all together. You're mine—for a night. And I'm going to break precedence and tell you my one-candle wish: that you would have a life as lucky as mine, where you can wake up one morning and say, "I don't want anything more."Sixty-five years, don't they go by in a blink…Task 5【答案】A.Title: The New Ethics: A Guided Tour of the Twenty-First Century Moral LandscapeAuthor: Anita Allen (Professor of law and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania) Description: A professional and personal look at how life in America is changing with an eye on this question: Dow we need new ethics in this new age?B.1) Where?—the business sector, politics, government, education, journalism, sports What?—lying, cheating, fraud, plagiarism; violation of clear-cut rules2) What?—options offered by science and technology3) What?—not knowing how to deal with other people→underinvolvement in the political process, in our neighborhoods and in the community【原文】Joe Palca: Is behaving ethically getting more complicated in the early years of the 21st century? Is it more acceptable to lie, cheat or just bend the rules a little bit in order to succeed in our highly competitive world? Are the scandals involving Enron, Tyco and Martha Stewart the exceptions, or are they just the ones we know about? And what about the new problems brought on by science? If we could use genetics to make our children smarter, should we? Anita Allen has been grappling with questions like these. She is a professor of law and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of a new book called The New Ethics: A Guided Tour of the Twenty-First Century Moral Landscape. Her book is a professional and personal look at how life in America is changing with an eye on this question: Do we need new ethics in this new age? Thanks very much for joining us on the show today.Prof. Allen: Good to be with you.Joe Palca: So you say in your book that our ethical map used to be clear, or at least clearer. What do you mean by that?Prof. Allen: Well, it used to be that you grow up and, you know, if you were a girl, you wereprobably going to be a mom, a teacher, a wife, learn how to cook and sew, and you had to simply learn how to master the roles set out for you with grace and poise and virtue. And if you were a guy, you had to learn how to take care of a family and mow the lawn, and so forth. But nowadays, we have a perplexing array of ethical problems that seem to be not adequately handled by turning to traditional values. And we have a lot of choices to make. And these choices that we have to make call upon us to really bend over backwards to figure out what to do.Joe Palca: So you break these problems down basically into three distinct areas, or three distinct kinds of problems, that are caused by these changes. Can you tell us about them?Prof. Allen: Sure. So I look out on the ethics scene and I see sort of three predominant features. The first one is massive ethical failure in just about every sector: the business sector, politics, government, education, journalism, sports. There's lying, cheating, fraud, plagiarism; violation of clear-cut rules. That's one huge area of concern. The second area of concern is the area of ethical novelty. And this is where, you know, science and technology are giving us all these options. We can use genetic testing; we can donate organs; we can become guinea pigs in experiments; we can eat meat or not eat meat because of, you know, radiation and genetic engineering. And all these new things require us to make choices that we didn't have to make before, and we're all suddenly feeling very perplexed and clueless. And then finally, the last big feature I focus on in the book is something I call complacent island syndrome. And what 1 mean by that label is there are a lot of us who just don't know how to deal with other people. We don't like other people who aren't like ourselves, we don't tolerate other groups. We don't care adequately about one another. And so this gets reflected in our underinvolvement in the political process, in our neighborhoods and, in general, in the community.Task 6【答案】1) Because of the Internet, radio and television/24-hour news coverage.2) She thinks there is more social equality (there are better racial equality laws, better gender equality laws; people are more concerned about the poor; they have more poverty programs, more social safety nets).3) Congress announced in 1998 that there were record levels of youth crime and pregnancy and teen pregnancy and substance abuse.4) Twelve suggestions on better ethics.5) To take themselves more seriously, to realize that they have a unique capacity to figure out what's right and then to do it; to resist temptations, to accept blame and to learn from their mistakes; to be cleaner competitors; to nurture fair-minded youth; and to acknowledge interdependence.6) She wants people to look for the hidden ethical issues.【原文】Joe Palca: Well, let’s take these one at a time because I think they’re all three very interesting areas to think about. But let’s talk about this concept of, you know, this lying and cheating. And you’re absolutely right. There seems to be no day that that passes where we don’t hear about some malfeasance of even some well-respected person. The question I have really, though, is: Is it worse?I mean, is it the fact that we have a 24-hour news cycle, that there's so much more investigativethings that an example of malfeasance that might have taken place or a cheating scandal or fraud or something that took place in the hinterlands 20 or 30 years ago might be overlooked by the national media, now, you know, it's front page everywhere and the media covers it? I mean, is it really different, or are we just seeing more of it?Prof. Alien: Well, my own view is that we're seeing more of it. I do think that in the past, as you point out, you could do something quite horrible and yet no one would know about it outside your immediate community. But now with the Internet, with radio and television, people know about what's going on all over. So things seem to be generally in a spiraling-down mode. But I do think in some ways things are better, because we do have more social equality. We have better racial equality laws, better gender equality laws. You know, in some ways, we're more concerned about the poor than we were in our great-grandparents' generation. We have more poverty programs, more social safety nets. So, in some ways, we're better. But there is this sense that things are really bad. And, you know, in 1998, Congress announced that there were record levels of youth crime and pregnancy and teen pregnancy and substance abuse, and sort of... saw this as the symbol of a great spiraling down. So while you might say that there are some things that are better, you might also say there are things that are a little worse.Joe Polca: So one of the things, also, that I like about the book is at the end you've provided some...Well, they're not rules, but they're suggestions for a better ethics. Can you talk a little bit about what people should be doing?Prof. Allen: Well, you know, I didn't want to try to rewrite the Ten Commandments, but it struck me that...Joe Palca: No, they did a pretty good job with those, huh?Prof. Allen: They did a pretty good—Moses did a pretty good job when he came down from the mountain. But I did want to offer people something concrete and kind of a take-away message, and so I have this Agenda for Better Ethics. It has 12 imperatives on it, and they arc intended to be directly responsive to our current context, yon know. So I urge people to, for example, take themselves more seriously, to realize that they have a unique capacity to figure out what's right and then to do it. I urge people to resist temptations, to accept blame and to learn from their mistakes. I urge people to be cleaner competitors. I think one of the reasons why we're so concerned about the upcoming presidential debates is that we're afraid that we won't see clean competition, that we'll see dirty competition. But I think being a cleaner competitor is a very important ethical goal for our times. I think not trying to outthink ethics is an important goal; that is to say, trusting that if you do follow the ethical rules, you won't end up in the poorhouse. You'll do okay in business, you'll do okay in school, you'll do okay in the Olympics, if you follow the rules. We need to nurture fair-minded youth—get kids to think about fairness and to behave fairly, to look for the hidden ethical issues that lay behind, you know. So I talk about cosmetic surgery in my book. A lot of people are quite comfortable getting breast jobs or nose jobs, but I raise the question, you know: Might there be some hidden ethical issues behind some of the choices we make that may actually have impacts on others or may say things about ourselves that we really don't intend? That's an important one. So most of them are things I talk about in the book. And I think that a couple of the rules that I suggest, like acknowledging interdependence, go directly to my last theme of the complacent island syndrome. I mean, I think that one reason to get out thereand vote in November is because we are interdependent. We are dependent upon one mother for our political futures, and by not expressing our vote we're kind of saying, "Well, l don't think my preferences matter" or "I don't care enough about other people's lives in order to share my perspective with them."Joe Palca: Okay, Anita Allen, we have to stop there. Thanks so much for joining us.Task 7【答案】Ⅰ.the best thing a man can do with his life, goal, objectiveⅡ.A. Enjoying refined pleasures, work an unfulfilling and unrewarding jobB. Earning a good name for yourself, a career in public serviceC. Appreciating and understanding the universeD. personal and financial independenceⅢ.A. skills, knowledgeB. live well, fare wellⅣ.A. the best thing in the worldB. politics, economics, wisdomⅤ.A. rationalB. Discipline, educationⅥ.B. contemplation of god, the irrational part of the soulⅦ.entirely excellent activity, moderate good fortune【原文】Every young man asks the same question, "How can I make my life successful?" First one must define success, which Aristotle said is the best thing a man can do with his life. He also said that in order to obtain this success one must have a goal, or objective for their life. Success does not directly equal wealth, power, or having virtue without exercising that virtue. According to Aristotle, there are three reasons for living. One, enjoying refined pleasures, which is best defined as a life of pleasant amusement; however Aristotle says that no one in their right mind would choose that life. Immature fun, such as that which children enjoy, living in order to sleep, eat, have sex, or work an unfulfilling and unrewarding job are all paths of this type of life. The second reason to live is to earn a good name for yourself in your eyes and in the eyes of the community, such as a career in public service. Finally, to appreciate and understand the universe in which we find ourselves, such as a philosopher. Everyone will choose one of these three ways of life. However one must have personal and financial independence to do so.In order to attain success you must use your skills and knowledge to pursue certain objectives forthe sake of higher objective. For example, a human can either: accomplish one objective, such as running a mile, or accomplish one objective for a higher purpose, such as keeping in shape. The single highest objective in life is to live well and fare well, i.e. being successful. An objective in the highest degree is only worth pursuing for itself and never anything else; success is worth pursuing in its own right.The idea of good is an area in which Aristotle did not agree with Plato. Plato said that good is the best thing in the world, but his idea was abstract. Aristotle felt that knowing what is good would help in discerning what goods to attempt to achieve. The goods that were relevant to Aristotle are politics, economics and wisdom, all three of which account for the "master skill."The best ways to live is up to one's own nature, or in a rational way, by being a creature directed by rational soul. Living a well-lived life is the best possible "good" for a man; this is what it is to succeed as a human being, and living well means living virtuously. Living well means living one's life under the guidance of the virtues of the soul. Since success is a perfect and self-sufficient objective, it must include the whole of life and all the most important virtues. Success in life, the best possible good for man, is therefore living one's whole life in a rational way, under the guidance of the best virtues of the rational soul. Discipline and education foster virtuous activities which lead you to success.When one does achieve success, Aristotle says, that we should praise men for the qualities, which help them achieve, but we should congratulate them for that achievement. In order to be successful one must have some good fortune, because it is hard to be happy if you are ugly, poor, fat, or if your offspring are a disappointment. However, this does not mean that good fortune gives one success or the opposite, just that good fortune is helpful. At the same time, too much good fortune can be harmful. The best amount of good fortune is one that "will most produce the contemplation of god and make us take notice of the irrational part of the soul as little as possible."Aristotle's final definition of success is entirely excellent activity, together with moderate good fortune, throughout an entire life.Task 8【答案】A.1) From Alice in Wonderland(Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland).2) They are dream goals, performance goals and daily goals.3) His dream goal was to lose 20 kilos, his performance goal may have been to exercise at certain times of the day and limiting his diet to three meals a day, no chocolate bars, etc., and his daily goal was actually to do the exercises and stick to the diet.4) His three current goals are to have a certain level of business income, to get to the next level of accreditation with t he National Speaker’s Association, and to publish a book.5) A goal is a dream with a thought out plan for actually achieving it.6) Every week.7) You can ask them for their support, and also the goal is no longer your secret, and becomes more important.B.1) close-minded, changes, fluctuate, focused2) restrictive, floating3) lose focus, happening, get in the road4) stand up, fight【原文】E-Views: Tell me about your work in goal-setting?Warwick: OK. I was bumbling through life, not really achieving what I wanted to achieve or knowing what I wanted to achieve. And then finally it dawned on me after I’d heard from nearly everybody else, that if I had set goals, if I set goals for myself that I would be more focused on achieving things. One of the key things that I read that really triggered this for me was a book calledAlice in Wonderland. And the section that I refer to is when Alice is lost in the forest and she stumbles across the Cheshire Cat. And she says to the Cheshire Cat, “I’m lost. Which way shoul d I go?” And the Cheshire Cat says “Where do you want to go?” And Alice says “Well, it doesn’t really matter, as long as I get somewhere.” And the Cheshire Cat says, “Well it doesn’t matter which way you go!” That’s what I found, for me, I wasn’t really go ing anywhere, and then finally, I decided that I needed to do something, and the big thing for me was, I was obese. And I was very concerned that I was going to be a 30-year-old heart attack victim. So what I did was got a group of friends around me, told them that I was concerned about it, and that I wanted to lose weight and increase my health. And when it came to goal setting, I’m really focused. There are three types of goals. There’s the dream goal, the performance goal and the daily goal. Now by that, when your dream goal is... For me, for example, I want to lose twenty kilos, so I’ll wake up and think, “yeah, gonna lose twenty kilos”. The performance goal is, okay, what do I have to do to lose twenty kilos. And that might be, I’ve got to exercise cert ain times in the day or do a half hour walking every day, or maybe it’s going to be I’m only going to eat three meals a day and no chocolate bars or whatever. And then there’s the daily goal which is actually doing that, and actually refraining from eating poor foods, etc. Now goal setting... There are some negative things when it comes to goal setting; if you set yourself a goal and you’re so focused on it that you can be close-minded to other things that happen. There may be some changes that happen in yo ur life and you don’t fluctuate to that because you’re so focused on the goal. Many sporting people get very focused on goals, and if they focus on a certain time for an event, thinking that that time will win, if there is another time that’s faster. They’re focused on their time. And so that’s usually what happens cause they’re... The mind is so powerful that they meet the goal that they’re focused on. And other people don’t like goals because they find it restrictive, whatever... But I... I’m a very big o ne for goals because my personal experience is that I was just floating without them. So what I did and what I currently do is at any point in time have three major goals that I’m aiming for. At the moment I have three major goals and they are: to have a certain income level with my business, to have a certain level of accreditation within the National Speaker’s Association of Australia. I currently have the third highest level and I want to have the second highest level. And the final one is for me to have a published book. Now they’re the three goals that I have, and what I do is I think about those, basically, every day. I have an affirmation that I go through and think about those goals. Now they’re effectively as I said, my dream goals. There’s other le vels of the goals and what I have to do to that, so for, for example, for my accreditation, whenever I do a presentation or do any work,I make sure I get a testimonial, a written letter saying how wonderful they thought I was, because that’s part of what I need to do to get that next level of accreditation. Also I need to go to a national conference, I need to do a few other things. So I’m working on those and I put those in my diary and I have time plans for them. The other things about goals is... frequently we hear people say that they need to be SMART which is an acronym for; they need to be specific, they need to be measurable, they need to be achievable, realistic, and timely. So if you have a goal, let’s say “Oh one day I’m going to climb Mount Kilimanjaro.” And then five years later it’s like, “Oh yeah, that’s right, I want to climb Mount Kilimanjaro”—it’s not really a goal, that’s more a dream. By having it as a goal it’s when are you going to climb it by, what process are you going to put into pla ce. So it’s all about, bringing all your energies to focus on achieving your goals.E-Views: Why is it that most people do so badly at reaching goals?Warwick: A lot of it’s focus, they lose focus. Everybody’s life is busy. There is so much happening in everybody’s life that what happens is they might have a goal, and then something will get in the road of that. Maybe their goal might be they want to go on a holiday every year, and they put in their leave form with their boss, and their boss is like, “Oh now’s not a good time. We’ve got this such-and-such project on. Can you wait, you know, wait a month?” And then next month it’s, “Can you wait a month?” And so different things get in their road, and people don’t... in my experience, people don’t stand up for their goals. They don’t fight for them. They let other forces push them round a little bit. Also a lot of people don’t set goals. They think they do,but it’s either a dream, or it’s a very loose goal. So when it comes time to making a decision about an action, they need to take in their life; the goal is so far back in their mind that they don’t act in its best interests. Also because, people will sit down and go, “Oh, here’s my goals”, and forget all about them. By revisiting them every week is a good plan, they stay top of mind, they stay in your mind so you can make actions based on them. I mean, so many of us have had New Year’s resolutions where w e say, “Right, this year I’m going to balabalabala!” Usually it’s lose weight or get fit or give up smoking or whatever. Come February, you’ve forgotten all about it, life goes on and it’s not as important any more to you.E-Views: You said when you finally decided that you wanted to get serious about losing weight, that you gathered some close friends together. How does that fit into the process? Why was that important?Warwick: It was important for me because I needed support. I knew I couldn’t do it on m y own. I was at a size where, if I could have done it on my own, I mean I’d done so many diets; I would’ve done it years ago. I realized that there were going to be some tough times, and I’d need support from people to help me with issues I was facing, to when I felt like eating some food that I’d prefer not to, if I wanted a chocolate bar or something, if I could ring up a friend first and say, “at the moment I want to eat a chocolate bar. Tell me not to or just whatever.” They could give me support that I didn’t have at that time. Also it helps because I was able to share my problems with them, I could then also share my success with them and... I think also, with some of our goals, if we tell other people they’re no longer our secret. Frequently what I us ed to do was set a goal and say, “Right. I’m going to do this”, but not tell anyone, so when I never did it, well it didn’t really count. So by telling other people, “I really want to do this and I seek your help”, they could keep you honest I suppose.。

Unit 9Task 1【原文】Compere: And now for our first question. It comes from Mrs. June Moore. Mrs. Moore?Mrs. Moore: Does the panel think that computers will change our lives? Compere: Mrs. Moore wants to know if computers will change our lives. Philip Barnes?Philip Barnes: Computers have already changed our lives. Business is more efficient.Planes and trains provide a better service...Miss Anderson: Just a moment, Mr. Barnes. You may be right about business, but how many people have lost their jobs because of computers? Computershave changed our lives, but I don't want my life changed.Arthur Haines: Excuse me, Miss Anderson. We're talking about our lives, not your life.The computer will affect everyone in the world. Records can be keptof everything we do. Records will be kept of all our private lives. Inmy opinion, the computer is the greatest disaster of the 20th century.Phyllis Archer: Could I interrupt? Arthur Haines says the computer is a disaster, but the computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it is used bypeople. If the computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster.Compere: Thank you, Phyllis Archer. Thank you, panel. And thank you, Mrs. Moore.Task 2【答案】A.1) It includes a 9-inch TV screen, a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it, a printer, and two disk drives.2) It's all contained right on the floppy disk.3) It's much better than a typewriter in that one can move words or sentences from place to place or make corrections or changes right on the screen, and never have to erase on paper.4) It can help him make a monthly budget for his household with electronic1spreadsheet software.B.1) loads your program into the machine2) typewriter, typewriter,3) turning the computer on and loading a program4) the different things the program can do【原文】Narrator: For Harvey Van Runkle, it was love at first sight, or should we say, love at first byte? Really, it is 64,000 bytes—that's the size of the memory on hisnew BANANA-3 personal computer. It all happened by accident. His wife, Charlotte, had sent him out to buy a new toaster, when he found himselfstanding in front of a computer display at the BANANA Computer Store. Salesman: Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this little computer is going to change your lives.Just consider the hardware: You have a 9-inch TV screen. That's yourvideo display terminal. You have a keyboard with 46 numbers andcharacters on it. You have a printer that will give you paper printouts ofyour work in three colors. You have two disk drives—one inside thecomputer terminal and one outside. This computer can do anything! Nowlet's have a little demonstration. Who would like to try the newBANANA-3 computer? You, sir. You look interested. Step right up and trythe BANANA-3.Harvey: What's a d-disk drive?Salesman: That's the part of the computer that loads your program into the machine. Harvey: Oh. What's a program?Salesman: The program? That's your software. That's the instructions. It's all contained right on this floppy disk here. The instructions on this disk tellthe computer what to do.Harvey: Oh, you mean like my wife. She always tells me what to do. Salesman: Exactly. Now what type of program would you like? I have word processing, I have electronic spreadsheet...Harvey: What's word processing?Salesman: Word processing is using the computer like a typewriter. But it's muchbetter than a typewriter. You can move words or sentences from place toplace or make corrections or changes right on the screen. You never haveto erase on paper. It's a wonderful little program! Would you like to try it, Mr...Harvey: Van Runkle. Harvey Van Runkle. I've never used a computer before... Salesman: It's easy. First we start up the machine, and then boot up a program. Harvey: Boot up?Salesman: That's computer talk for turning the computer on and loading a program. There. Now we look at the menu.Harvey: Menu? But I just had lunch. I'm not hungry.Salesman: No, no. This is a program menu, not a restaurant menu. It shows the different things the program can do. For example, here we haveile. Ifyou select file, you can choose which of your documents you want to workon. And here's “edit”. This gives you ways to correct your document.Harvey: Gee, this is great! There's only one problem.Salesman: What's that?Harvey: I don't have any documents. I'm a plumber.Salesman: But you have bills, don't you?2Harvey: Yeah, but...Salesman: Well, with our electronic spreadsheet software, you can make a monthly budget for your household.Harvey: No. My wife, Charlotte, does that.Salesman: Well, now you can do it, Harvey.Harvey: I don't know...Salesman: And you have friends, don't you?Harvey: Yeah, well there's my brother-in-law Bob...Salesman: Great! You can write letters to Bob on your new BANANA-3 computer!Harvey: Okay. How much is it?Salesman: Never mind. Do you have a credit card?Harvey: Well, sure...Salesman: Great. Joe, get Harvey here signed up, will you? He wants a BANANA-3 with a printer and software. Okay, step right up, ladies and gentlemen. This computer can do anything!Task 3【答案】A.1) They are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.2) Digital computers.3) Only one person at a time can use them.4) It is because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.5) Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.B.Similarities and Differences between Microcomputers and【原文】There are two primary kinds of computers: analog computers and digital computers. Unless you are a scientist, you probably will not use analog computers. These computers are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.In contrast, digital computers perform their tasks by counting. Some digital computers are built to help solve only a specific kind of problem. For example, digital computers that monitor airplanes flying in and out of airports are built only for that task. Most digital computers, though, can be used to help solve many kinds of problems. Among them, microcomputers and minicomputers are two kinds of common digital computers.3Microcomputers, also called personal computers, are the newest computers. Many are about the size of a very small television set. Some, however, are so small and light that people can carry them easily on business trips. Because computer manufacturers produce an enormous amount of computer hardware, it is possible for anyone to own and use a microcomputer. Therefore, we now see these machines in many homes, schools, and businesses. There is one disadvantage to these computers, though. Only one person at a time can use them. Also, many people who buy microcomputers do not understand what these machines can and cannot do. Some experts say that almost half of all micro-computers are not used often because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.Like microcomputers, minicomputers are used in small businesses. However, they are larger than microcomputers and are used more frequently in large offices and businesses than in small businesses. Another difference is that more than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. We call this time-sharing. Some minicomputers can have more than a hundred people time-sharing them. Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. But even though more than one person can use a minicomputer, the computer has only one CPU. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.Task 4【答案】A.1) It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.2) Lupa had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick upcertain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is. 3) When Lupa stood up and walked around the room, it was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone.B.1) They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me.2) You know something; I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program.3) You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you?It was a Sunday; but how do you know whether I'm right? Thank you for visitingthe computer exhibit.【原文】Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. Itwasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.Do you have a name? Lupa asked.Not yet, the computer answered. They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me.Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the computer. She wondered if there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is, so she decided to give it a 4try.My paws give me pause, she said.The computer was silent.My paws give me pause, Lupa repeated. It's a clause without claws.Lupa waited in silence for a response.You know something, the computer said. I thought you'd be different. Justonce today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program. Lupa smiled. This was marvelous, she thought to herself. They'd thought of everything.卜牯祲尬猠敨猠楡?尠Mi dispiace.Ah, you speak Italian, the computer said with some sarcasm.Qui, d'accord尬?灵?湡睳牥摥?C'est vrai.And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is great. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time.Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her thatsomewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone. She thought about how to test for this.You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth,1321, fell on, would you? Lupa asked.It was a Sunday, the computer answered, ut how do you know whether I'mright? Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit.Task 5【答案】A.1) b) 2) c)B.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) T【原文】Hello. I think we can begin now if you're ready. Um, today I want to talk to you about computers, about the impact of computers on how we talk, on the ways we talk. Now of course we all know that computers have changed our lives in many ways. Stop and think for a minute about how we use computers in our everyday life. It's hard to think of anything we do that hasn't been changed by computers. For example, computers allow us to get money directly from our bank accounts at cash machines. At hospitals, computers help doctors understand what is wrong with patients. We can use computers to help us decide which color to paint our houses, which hair styles to have, or which dresses or suits would look good on us--lots of professional and personal uses. Computers are simply a part of our lives, and, I think it is safe to say, they will continue to be. What I'd like to look at today is how the use of computers has had an impact on our language--how computers have changed the expressions we say, the words we use.First, let me give you some examples. These are examples from English that I'd5like you to think about. The first example is this. Someone at an office says, We'd like to have the project online by next Monday. In computer talk online means started or working. So this statement means that we'd like to have the project started and going by next Monday.The second example is from a discussion or seminar. Someone might say, Let'stake this discussion offline until tomorrow. To take a computer offline means to disconnect it or take it out of the system. What do you think it means to take a discussion offline? To take a discussion offline means to stop talking about it. This example means let's stop discussing this now and talk about it tomorrow.The third example is: I'll try to interface my plans with yours. To interface, in computer talk, means to do something so that different computer parts or software can work together. So I'll try to interface my plans with yours means that I'll try to change my plans to fit with yours. People still say, of course, I'll try to change my plans to fit with yours. But now we might also start to hear people say, I'll try to interface my plans with yours, or Let's see if we can interface our schedules so that we can meet next week.Let's try one more example. Our fourth example might take place at home. Someone says,”I just can't access where I left my car keys.”In computer talk to “access”something means to make information available. If I can't access where I leftmy keys, I don't have this information available for me to use. What would be another way to say this? Of course, we could also say, “I can't remember where I put my keys.”Task 6【答案】1) Cyber ethics.2) It will focus on teaching educators how to teach their students cyber ethics.3) Because it's not done verbally so that people can overhear it; they think it's anonymous on the Internet.4) She was a former principal and an adjunct professor at Marymount University, teaching curriculum development and technology in the classroom.5) Young computer users do not see hacking, e-mail threats, cyber talking, Intellectual Property Rights violations and virus distribution as crimes.6) She said that it is something that needs to be instructed as routine curriculum, and student should know that these behaviors are as unacceptable in cyberspace as inthe physical realm.【原文】Although schools are doing a better job at teaching children how to use the Internet, they are not addressing cyber ethics. Cyber Ethics: Teaching Responsible Use of Technology will focus on teaching educators how to teach their students cyber ethics. When typical crimes are committed on the Internet, students do not see them as a crime, said Cherie Geide, the conference director.They don't see anything wrong with it because they see it as a prank. It's more unacceptable to do it verbally where people can overhear it. They think it's anonymous on the Internet, said Geide, a former principal and an adjunct professor at Marymount University, teaching curriculum development and technology in the classroom.Geide said young computer users do not see hacking, e-mail threats, cyber talking, Intellectual Property Rights violations, such as in software or music, and virus distribution as crimes.6This is something that needs to be instructed as routine curriculum, she said, hat this behavior is as unacceptable in cyberspace as in the physical realm.Task 7【答案】A.1) It's Microsoft's SANTA that the kids can't resist; it's the ultimate software with a traditional twist—recommended by no less than the jolly old elf, and on the package, a picture of Santa himself.2) Father did last-minute Internet shopping; Mum and I had just settled down for a long winter's nap.B.1) not a creature was stirring, except father's mouse. The computer was humming; the icons were hopping2) were hung next to the modem with care in the hope that Santa would bring new software3) were nestled all snug in their beds, with visions of computer games filling their leads4) now had been re-routed to Washington State where Santa's workshop had been moved by Bill Gates5) now finds he's a new billionaire; with a shiny red Porsche in place of his sleigh, and a house on Lake Washington just down the way from where Bill has his mansion; preens in black Gucci boots and red Calvin Klein jeans6) no more dolls or tin soldiers or little toy drams, only compact disk ROMs with the Microsoft label7) a new Christmas star, owned by the Microsoft guy8) turned on with a Jingle-Bells sound, as I sprang from my bed and was turning around9) a smiling Bill Gates next to jolly old Santa, two arm-in-arm matesexclaim in voices so bright, have a Microsoft Christmas, and to all a good night【原文】It was the night before Christmas, and all through the house not a creature was stirring, except father's mouse. The computer was humming; the icons were hopping, as father did last-minute Internet shopping.The stockings were hung next to the modem with care in the hope that Santawould bring new software. The children were nestled all snug in their beds, with visions of computer games filling their leads.The letters to Santa had been sent out by Mum, to santa@, which now had been re-routed to Washington State where Santa's workshop had been moved by Bill Gates. All the elves and the reindeer had had to skedaddle to flashy new quarters in suburban Seattle.Alter living a life that was simple and spare, Santa now finds he's a new billionaire; with a shiny red Porsche in place of his sleigh, and a house on Lake Washington just down the way from where Bill has his mansion. The old fellow preens in black Gucci boots and red Calvin Klein jeans.No more dolls or tin soldiers or little toy drams will be under the tree, only compact disk ROMs with the Microsoft label. So spin up your drive from now on, Christmas runs only on Windows 95.It's Microsoft's SANTA that the kids can't resist; it's the ultimate software with a traditional twist—recommended by no less than the jolly old elf, and on the package, a picture of Santa himself.7Get 'em young, keep 'em long is Microsoft's theme; and a merger with Santa isa marketer's dream. To the top of the NASDAQ! To the top of the Dow! Now dash away! Dash away! Dash away—wow!And Mum in her handkerchief and me in my cap, had just settled down for along winter's nap. When out on the lawn there arose such a clatter, the whirr and the hum of our satellite platter. As it turned toward that new Christmas star in the sky, the SANTALITE owned by the Microsoft guy. As I sprang from my bed and was turning around, my computer turned on with a Jingle-Bells sound.And there on the screen was a smiling Bill Gates next to jolly old Santa, twoarm-in-arm mates. And I heard them exclaim in voices so bright, have a Microsoft Christmas, and to all a good night!Task 8【答案】A.1) You would need a computer because of its memory and speed; a computer can consider more factors than a person can.2) The reservation clerk uses a machine to record information about where you want to go and the flight number of the plane that will take you to your destination.3) The computer not only determines what seats are available at what prices, but it alsoprints the tickets at the same time.B.1) there is a limit to the number of considerations the human mind can2) analyzing this factor in relation to information about the business that has already been programmed3) in which computers are being4) whether or not there is space for youC. See the last paragraph but one in the script.【原文】Suppose you are a manufacturer of bicycles. You are trying to decide whether or not to build a larger factory or to buy more machines. You could just say to yourself, Business has been good. We've sold a lot of bicycles recently, so I think we ought to expand our plant.Or you could consider such questions as the following: How much would the changes cost? Can the bicycle-riding population be expected to increase or decrease?Many such questions would have to be answered, but there is a limit to the number of considerations the human mind can take into account.In a situation like this, you would need a computer. Because of its memory and speed, a computer can consider more factors than a person can. Does the bicycle manufacturer wonder how the weather will affect bicycle sales? The computer can tell him by analyzing this factor in relation to information about the business that has alreadybeen programmed into the computer.This is just one of many situations in which computers are being used today. This new servant of man is only about twenty-five years old, but it has already changed the lives of more than 200 million Americans. Wherever the citizen turns, he finds a computer working.Computers are used when one reserves space on an airplane. Walk into any airline office. Before selling you a ticket, the reservation clerk uses a machine that looks like atypewriter to record information about where you want to go and the flight number of theplane that will take you to your destination. This information is sent instantly to a central8computer that may be many kilometers away from the airline office. Within seconds, thecomputer informs the clerk whether or not there is space for you on that plane.Such reservation systems are now in increasing use. They are also employed by hotels, by com-panics that rent cars, and by offices that sell tickets to theaters and sportsevents. The computer not only determines what seats are available at what prices, but italso prints the tickets at the same time.When computers are used in the way just described, some part of the system can actually be seen. Usually what one sees is a machine that looks like a typewriter; it is called a computer terminal. But computers are also used in unseen ways. For example, they determine how much time there should be between traffic signals to prevent trafficproblems and to keep millions of cars moving in an orderly flow. When you buy an automobile, a factory process that is controlled by a computer enables you to obtain a carwith your own choice of colours and special features in just a few weeks' time. In medicallaboratories, computers have reduced the errors in testing, and they have saved doctorscountless hours of work. Before long, medical histories of all Americans will be kept incomputer anks. If a person becomes ill far from his home, local doctors will be able to get his medical record immediately. In science, the computer has performed in minutesexperiments which would have required thousands of hours of work by human hands andminds.The United States is not the only country affected by the computer revolution. All the major countries of the world have computers, and the developing countries are increasingly aware that computers play a big part in their economic advancement. Task 9【答案】A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) c)B. 1) T 2) F 3) FC.1) potential criminals: Computer crime2) using less obvious and less easily remembered passwords that allow access to3) limit the user's access to information as well as the operations the userD.Courts are being tougher and computer security is improving. Computersecurity is getting more sophisticated. For example, less obvious passwords are being used, and access-control software and dial back systems have been developed. Scrambling devices and audit trails are also available.【原文】Let's talk a little now about what is being done to stop computer crime. First, the courts are getting much tougher on hackers. They are punishing computer criminals moreseverely. They are trying to send a strong message to potential criminals: Computer crimeis serious. If you're caught doing it, you'll be punished. This is seen as a way of preventing hacking.Computer security is getting more sophisticated. It's being improved by using less obvious and less easily remembered passwords that allow access to systems. These passwords should be given to the minimum number of people.Access-control software is becoming more common. This software limits the user's access to information as well as the operations the user can perform. So, for example, access control software might only let users read certain files or programs, but not let them input data, and may keep them out of other files entirely.Then there are dial back systems that ask the user or caller for a password. The9system then checks the password in a directory and calls the user back at his or her telephone number. This stops hackers who are calling from another number from gainingaccess to the system.Scrambling devices are also being developed by computer engineers. These devices scramble messages so that hackers can't understand them. Data can be unscrambled andused only if the scrambling key is known by the user. Scrambling is a very effective wayof protecting information.Audit trail software is also now available. Audit trails monitor the use of a computer and alert owners to any attempt to enter their computer system. It is usually possible toidentify any user who gained access to the system and when the access occurred, makingit possible to trace the hacker.Well, those are some of the major things that are happening at the present time in order to decrease computer crime. None of them is completely satisfactory, but togetherthey are certainly helping. These changes, as well as the improvements that are certain tocome, should influence people to stop hacking by making it less profitable and more risky.Task 10【原文】The astronauts are returning to earth at exactly 5:24. Splashdown will be in the Pacific, 427ciles west of Hawaii.You have often heard announcements like this on television. Scientists can tell us exactly when pace-capsule will arrive on the moon, for instance, and exactly when it willreturn. They can calculate things like this to the nearest second. How do they do it? Well,of course, they use mathematics. We can all do simple sums on paper, but we must use computers for extremely difficult calculations. Perhaps you have seen mechanical calculating machines in banks and offices. Computers aren't mechanical. They don't havewheels and gears in them. Instead, they work on electrical circuits and can do difficult calculations at tremendous speed. They can work 100 million times faster than the humanmind!10。

Unit 8Task 1【原文】1) Now that we're making every effort to keep criminals from getting guns through the front door of a gun shop, we're turning our attention to locking the back door, too. We have started to crack the code of the black market in illegal weapons. We are tracing the guns, targeting the traffickers, taking more of our children out of harm's way. (Bill Clinton)2) We will be marching today for common sense gun laws, but we will not stop with just marching. We will keep walking; we will keep running; we will keep marching; we will keep fighting and we will keep organizing until we are successful in our fight to keep our children safe. (Hillary Clinton)3) Police officers of course, are not the only people who die. Ten thousand other Americans are dead because of the misuse of our right to bear arms. People who argue for guns are fond of saying that guns don't kill; people do. But guns do kill. (Robert di Grazia)4) Registration of cars has nothing to do with the incidence of car accidents which, of course, is the greatest killer of people in the United States, including children. And you don't see anyone turning around and say, "Let's outlaw automobile." (Victoria Bingham)Task 2【答案】News Item 1A.1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T 5) F 6) FNews Item 2B.WHO: more than one hundred thousand mothers across the United States WHAT: gathered to push for tougher gun control lawsWHERE: WashingtonWHEN: SundayC.1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) b)D.1) Gun control, Now2) shed, river of votes, raging, out of, stricter gun control【原文】News Item 1British police say thousands of gun owners have surrendered their small calibre weapons as part of legislation banning some types of handgun. The deadline to hand in the weapons which has just passed is the final stage in the clampdown on gun ownership following the massacre of 16 school children and a teacher at Dunblane in Scotland in 1996. The police estimate that 40,000 weapons have been surrendered, meaning that the vast majority of legally held guns have been given up. But as Inspector Paul Brightwell, a policeman from southern England, points out, many owners are still angry about the bans. Although Britain now has some of the strictest firearms laws in the world, correspondents say the government may still look to introduce further restrictions.News Item 2More than one hundred thousand mothers across the United States gathered here in Washington Sunday to push for tougher gun control laws. Organizers of the so-called Million Mom March are hoping to harness growing outrage at the number of children killed by handguns here in the United States."What do we want? Gun control! When do we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control! When do we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control! When do we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control!..."The protesters—mothers, victims of gun violence and families—came from across the United States to hear heartbreaking stories of children who had been gunned down. One mother described the pain she felt after her young son received a crippling gunshot wound to the chest. In an emotional appeal, she urged the crowd to vote for members of Congress who support gun control."Mothers, we have shed tears for our children. Let's make our tears the river of votes. Let's make our tears become a raging river of votes, and we need to get our legislators out of office if they do not want stricter gun control."Organizers of the Washington rally and others held in cities across the United States say at least 12 children a day are killed by guns. They want Congress to enact laws that will require registration of handguns and some type of licensing system. US gun control laws vary from state to state. Ant nationwide registration is strongly opposed by the National Rifle Association, a wealthy and powerful nationwide group of firearms owners who reject any type of gun control.Task 3【答案】A.1) a) 2) a) 3) b) 4) b) 5) c)B.Column 1 Column 2Soccer Roland GarrosEquestrian events Longchamp racetrackTennis Stade de FranceC.1) The dossier will show locations of sporting events, media centers, and an Olympic village.2) The tried and tested quality of Paris’ famous sporting infrastructure is a big advan tage. Moreover, it’s been many years since France hosted the Olympic Games in 1924.【原文】The last time Paris had the honor of hosting the Olympic Games was way back in 1924. Having lost out to Beijing for the right to stage the Games in 2008, the French capital is now optimistic it can win the bid for the 2012 Olympics. The nine cities in contention have until mid-January to give details of their proposed venues. And the organizers in Paris can point to the fact that most of their facilities are already in place.Competition is fierce among the nine cities bidding for the 2012 Games who all have until January the 15th to give the IOC a dossier showing locations of sporting events, media centers, and an Olympic village. London, New York, Moscow, Madrid, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Leipzig and Havana are all hopeful of staging the world's greatest sporting festival. But experts reckon that Paris is the early favorite.Preparation is key when it comes to hosting the Olympic Games. Barcelona and Sydney both proved how to stage one. It's been almost 70 years since the summer Olympic experience took place on French soil. Having lost out to host the Games in 2008, the organizers within Paris are optimistic about their chances for hosting the 2012 Olympics.Integral to Paris' bid is the tried and tested quality of its renowned sporting infrastructure. Soccer matches, for instance, would be held in the northeast suburb of Saint-Denis, home of the 78,000-seat Stade de France, where France beat Brazil three nil in 1998 to win the World Cup. The stadium is also the likely setting for the Olympic track and field events, with the media center being erected alongside it. Tennis matches would be well catered for at the famous red clay courts of Roland Garros, home to the French Open, the most likely location. Whilst the equestrian events could be held within the famous Longchamp Racetrack, which hosts the prestigious Prix de L'Arc de Triomphe each year. With around 150 acres of Pads real estate available in the city's Seventeenth District, the Athletes' Village could easily be adapted, not far from Longchamp.Paris city authorities estimate the cost of hosting the 2012 Games at $6.9 billion. That’s nearly twice as much as estimated for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. But i f that generates just a fraction of the enthusiasm—and money—raised when France won the European Championships in 2000, it’ll be money well spent.Task 4【答案】A. 1) c) 2) a) 3) b) 4) a) 5) b)B.1) 2,200, two thirds, confrontation2) appreciate, foundation, cooperation, trust, Russia【原文】Darren Jordon: A new era of relations has been declared between the United States and Russia. This morning, Presidents Bush and Putin met in Moscowto sign a nuclear arms treaty. Mr. Bush said suspicions of the ColdWar had been cast aside. The two Presidents met inside the Kremlinto approve what they both called a historic agreement. They promisedto reduce their nuclear stockpiles by two thirds so that each would bedown to below 2,200 over the next ten years. President Bush said theagreement marked the end of a long chapter of confrontation betweenthe two countries. Well, our Moscow Correspondent Caroline Wyatthas been following the morning's events. Caroline.Caroline Wyatt: Well, it's taken us ten long years for Russia and America to reach this stage. But it does seem that at the Kremlin here behind me in Moscow,that Vladimir Putin and George Bush have finally managed to banishthe mistrust of the Cold War era, and start a new chapter in relations.The day began with a sombre ceremony as President Bush paid hisrespects at the Tomb of Unknown Soldier, honoring Russia's sacrificeas an ally in the Second World War. The American President lookedslightly awestruck as he entered the Kremlin to praise Russia'scontribution in the new war, the fight against terror. Vladimir Putin'ssupport for Mr. Bush since September 11th has cemented anunexpectedly warm relationship between their two countries, turningcold war enemies into friends. Amid the splendor of St. Catherine'sHall, both leaders prepared to sign the treaty they say will make theworld a safer place, the solemnity of the moment only slightly dentedwhen the cameras caught Mr. Bush removing his boiled sweat. Thenthe two men put their names to a deal agreeing to scrap two-thirds oftheir nuclear arsenals over the next decade. Yet it’s not a treatyRussia's military leaders are happy with. They complain Washingtonwill simply store the weapons for later use. So Mr. Bush tried toreassure his audience here.George Bush: I appreciate the fact that we have now laid the foundation for not only our governments, but future governments to work in a spirit ofcooperation and a spirit of trust. It's good. It's good for the people ofRussia. It's good for the people of the Untied States.Caroline Wyatt: For his part, Mr. Putin said he has no doubt they were entering a new era in relations. Despite the smiles, much still divided their twonations. America fears Russia is selling nuclear technology to Iran.But at least now they say they can address those issues as friends andallies. The two men do have the rest of the day and then a relaxingweekend in Mr. Putin's hometown, St. Petersburg, to iron out of allthose issues.Task 5【答案】A.1) The US military sent an interceptor into space to hit a missile with a mock warhead2) 60 billion dollars.3) It was the first test of new technology that could become a key component of the Missile Defense Network. After the test, the pentagon would likely recommend that US President order deployment of the Missile Defense System.4) Earlier tests produced mixed results: Two failed and one succeeded.5) He said the nature of the security threats facing the United States has changed since the end of the Cold War, and old treaties ju st don’t fit any more.B.Responses from Parties ConcernedParties Concerned Relations to the TestUS President Pleased with the result, President Bush said hewas convinced the system should and could bebuilt.US Congress It criticized the plan for its high cost.Russia and some NATO member states They disagreed with the US position and warned of the danger of a new arms race.Greenpeace Its activists tried to disrupt the test.【原文】News Item 1A crucial test of the US Missile Defense System is set to begin within hours as the US military tries to destroy a dummy warhead in space over the Pacific Ocean. An interceptor missile fired from an island in the Pacific Ocean will try to hit the warhead launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. If the intercept succeeds, the Pentagon will likely recommend that the President Clinton order deployment of the 60-billion-dollar Missile Defense System. In a bid to disrupt today's test, the environmental group Greenpeace has sent a ship to an off limits zone near Vandenberg. Spokesman Steve Shohan says its activists had infiltrated the facility. "Itis the objective of the Greenpeace activists on the base to chain themselves to the apparatus immediately adjacent to the missile silo, so that the missile could not be launched," Greenpeace says, with people in the part of the base, the missile cannot be fired. But the Pentagon insists it has the means to deal with such attempted disruptions.News Item 2President Bush's hopes for a missile defense system got a big boost this weekend when the Pentagon staged a successful test of key technology. A missile interceptor successfully hit a mock nuclear warhead over the Pacific Ocean. White House officials say Mr. Bush was pleased with the result.Mr. Bush was at his presidential retreat outside Washington when a flash of light faraway over the Pacific signaled the successful test. An interceptor sent into space from a tiny Pacific island neatly hit its target, an intercontinental range missile with a mock warhead launched minutes earlier from an air force base in California. It was the first test of new technology that could become a key component of the Missile Defense Network. Earlier tests of other elements produced mixed results. Two failed and one succeeded. The president said he is convinced the system can and should be built. He says the nature of the security threats facing the United States has changed since the end of the Cold War, and old treaties just don’t fit any more. But Russia and some NATO allies think otherwish and warn of a new arms race. And the notion of spending billions to develop Missile Defense has drawn some criticism on Capitol Hill.Task 6【答案】1) We will try to avoid a worldwide nucleate war, for there are no winners in such a war.2) The US and other countries should refrain from tests, and sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.3) The US is withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.4) We should start a new arms race by deploying Missile Defense System.【原文】1) We will not prematurely or unnecessarily risk the cause of worldwide nuclear war, in which even the fruits of victory will be ashes in our mouth. (J. F. Kennedy)2) Today I say again, on behalf of the United States, we will continue the policy we have maintained since 1992 of not conducting nuclear test. I call on Russia, China, Britain, France and all other countries to continue the refrain from testing. I call on nations that have not done so to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. (Bill Clinton)3) We reviewed what I've discussed with my friend President Vladimir Putin over the course of many meetings and many months, and that is the need for America to move beyond the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Today, I have given formal notice to Russia, in accordance with the Treaty, that the United States of America is withdrawing from this almost 30-year-old treaty. (G. W. Bush)4) Are we really prepared to raise the starting-gun in a new arms race in a potentially more dangerous world? Because, make no mistakes about it, folks, if we deploy Missile Defense System as being contemplated, we could do just that. Step back from the ABM treaty, go full steam ahead and deploy Missile Defense System, then we'll be raising the starting-gun. Let's stop this nonsense before we end up pullingthe trigger. (Senator Biden)Task 7【答案】A.1) They had hoped to settle an agenda ahead of the WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle next week. But they failed to achieve that goal.2) They were disputes over agricultural issue between major trading nations, and demands from developing countries for more time to implement existing trade accords.3) They have heavily subsidized their agricultural products. Farmers benefit a lot from these policies.4) They pressed the EU and Japan to remove the subsidies.5) Yes, he was confident that some agreement could be reached in Seattle.B.1) c) 2) a) 3) b) 4) a) 5) d)C.1) Developing countries demand more access to the European market for their agricultural products, but the EU still wants to maintain its subsidies for exports and barriers to imports.2) Yes. Because their markets are also flooded with cheap goods from other countries.3) On the whole, the rich countries benefit more from the WTO rules.【原文】News Item 1Ambassadors to the World Trade Organization have failed to agree on a common text for the next global trade round of talks. During three months of negotiations in Geneva, the ambassadors had hoped to settle an agenda ahead of the WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle next week. From Geneva Claire Doole reports.The major sticking point is agriculture, pitting the big trading nations against each other. The US and major agricultural countries such as Australia wanted the EU and Japan to slash their export subsidies, which they say prices their producers out of the market. But this is unpopular with both trading powers, reluctant to incur the rows of their heavily subsidized but politically influential farmers. The other problem area is the demand from developing countries for more time to implement existing trade accords. The WTO Director-General remains confident that the agreement will be found in Seattle, but trade envoys are not so optimistic.News Item 2Trade ministers from 18 nations and political entities are meeting behind closed doors in Mexico City to seek consensus on the agenda for a new round of world trade talks. The meeting is taking place in a luxury hotel under tight security. Around two dozen anti-globalization protesters tried to demonstrate near the hotel, but they were outnumbered by Mexican riot police, who kept them far from the site. The goal of the meeting is to work out a framework for talks to be held in Qatar in November. The last round of world trade talks ended in 1994 and led to the creation of the World Trade Organization the next year. But efforts to launch a new round of talks in the city of Seattle in 1999 ended in failure.The trade ministers meeting here are trying to work out basic agreements on such divisive issues as antidumping rules and agricultural subsidies. Developing nations are demanding more access to Europe for such commodities as beef and grain, butEuropean Union nations have maintained subsidies for exports and barriers to imports. The developing nations also want rules against dumping, whereby their markets are flooded with cheap goods from other nations. Poorer nations say the benefits of free trade have mostly been seen in the rich countries and they are looking for a new round of trade talks to address the current inequalities.Although the gap remains wide, World Trade Organization officials say they are hopeful that these informal discussions here in Mexico City will lead to an agreement that can be embraced at the larger meeting in November. The representatives at this meeting are only a small fraction of the organization's 142 members, but they are thought to be representative of the various points of view within the larger body. The meeting is to conclude on Saturday.Task8:【答案】A.1) Working with UNICEF—one of the most direct and effective ways to help childrenwho need it2) Top issue on the agenda—mobilizing artists and other intellectuals in the efforts for child survival and health in Africa3) How and why artists can help the campaign for universal child immunization.4) How and why artists enjoy high esteem in AfricaB.1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) b) 5) c)C.1) society, governments, political, economic processes2) the mobilization of entertainers/artists3) immunize, the six major child-killing diseases4) immunized【原文】Extract 1Narrator: As we heard in a previous edition of this programme, Harry Belafonte has become the latest goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, the United NationsChildren's Fund. In the tradition of Danny Kaye, Liv Ullmann, PeterUstinov and others, the popular entertainer who has worked with UNICEFin the past will tour the world in support of UNICEF initiatives for childsurvival. According to Mr. Belafonte, working with UNICEF is one of themost direct and expedient ways to get help to children who need it. Belafonte: It has been over the last four years that I have become more intensely aware of the whole role of children in the global process as it affects societyand as it affects governments and as it affects the political process and as itaffects the economic process. And also, with USA for Africa, UNICEFbecame a very, very important conduit for the dissemination anddistribution of our resources. When we looked around as anon-governmental organization for how to ensure that much of the $52million that we raised and…certainly all of the other areas that werestimulated with financial returns based upon our effort. UNICEF wasalways at the center of everyone's choice for who to rely on and what to dowhen we went into places for which we knew very little about in order tomeet head on the problems of the drought and the famine and the death andthe pestilence and all of the various health problems.Extract 2Narrator: One of the first projects Mr. Belafonte will work on as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador is the mobilization of entertainers for child survival and healthin Africa. During the United Nations General Assembly's special session onthe critical situation in Africa in May of last year, African nations discussedthe state of health care on the continent and its importance to the economicand social well-being of each country. According to Mr. Belafonte, this is atopic high on the agenda of UNICEF as well.Belafonte: One of the first things that Jim and I talked about was how to in fact define methodologies and ways in which we can begin to engage artists inparticular, intellectuals in general, to be able to have some on-goingunderstanding, on-going programme, to help change the course of humanhistory as it relates to children and as it relates to children particularly inthe Third World, and on this first leg of our journey, specifically in Africa. Extract 3Narrator: UNICEF has set the goal of universal child immunization to encourage nations to immunize their young against the six major child-killing diseases.While many countries are making steady progress toward these goals, Mr.Grant points out that the campaign can be greatly aided by the support ofartists and the entertainment community.Grant: Our dilemma with immunization is that the easiest part almost is to get the vaccines out. Granted, we need refrigeration—what we call the coldchain—you've got to get the vaccinators. But the really difficult thing is howyou convince somebody who has never had immunization before, is illiterate,never gone to school, that they should bring their children to be immunizedthree times, a month apart. Usually most children will run a fever after thefirst round. So a mother who's brought the child in healthy then has got to beconvinced to come back the second time. And here's where the intellectuals,the artists, the singers—there's a massive communication job to tell parentsthat they do have this power, symbolized in the vaccination appeal bybringing their children in. But it's really the artists, the intellectuals, thepeople who set the ambiance of all this that determines really what peopledo.Extract 4Narrator: And Mr. Belafonte adds that artists are held in high esteem throughout Africa.Belafonte: I think that in Africa, where communication vis-a-vis radio and television is far less than it is in industrialized nations and therefore there is a greatercommunity involvement almost directly with artists, one on one. Whenartists walk through the streets of any major city or any village in Africa, thepied piper role they play—the way people follow them down the streets, thelove and the reverence with which they’re held—is something to be envied.I think most American artists think we have it made because we have theMercedes, the swimming pool and Beverly Hills. But they miss an awful lotwhen they don’t understand how that direct relationship to the communityand to the people, what that direct relationship means.Task 9【原文】The British government has said that Queen Elizabeth has no objection to plans to overturn the tradition of the eldest-born son succeeding to the throne by givingequal rights to whoever is the oldest prince or princess. The announcement in the Upper House of Parliament, the House of Lords, is part of the Labour Government's moves to modernize the British constitution. The change, if approved, will make no difference to the right of Prince Charles and his eldest son to succeed to the throne. The Queen herself took over as monarch only because her father King George VI died without sons.。

Unit 3 Film and TV《现代大学英语听力3》听力原文及答案Task 1【答案】A. 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) TB.1) She takes care of the Jotmsons' children when their mother is sick.2) When they got to the theater, they found that the G movie wasn’t there any more. Th e theater was showing an X-rated movie called GIRLS.3) Since she didn’t know what X meant, she thought a movie about "girls" would be fine for littlegirls.【原文】Jack: Did you hear what happened to Helga? She almost lost her job.Mary: I didn't know she had one.Jack: Well, it's just a part-time job. Helga takes care of the Jotmsons' children when their mother is sick. Mrs. Johnson hasn't been well lately.Mary: What happened? Why did Helga almost lose her job?Jack: Well, there was a children's movie advertised at the neighborhood theater last Saturday. It was one of those G movies, for general audiences.Mary: I suppose Helga took the Johnson children to the movie. Wasn't that all right?Jack: Yes, but here is what happened. When they got to the theater, they found that the G movie wasn't there any more. The theater was showing an X-rated movie called GIRLS.Mary: X-rated movies are really bad, aren't they?Jack: They're even worse than R-rated ones which teenagers aren't supposed to see. But Helga didn't know what X meant, and she thought a movie about "girls" would be fine for little girls. Mary: Did the theater let her in?Jack: No, but Helga tried to make them let her in. The manager had to call Mrs. Johnson. That's how she almost lost her job.Task 2【答案】A. 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) F 6) FB.Judy watched a bit of TV last night. Before the football came on, she switched over just to protest, for she couldn’t bear football, and thus she saw the end of the film The Graduate. When the football came on, she turned over to a programme on foxes. After the foxes, she turned over back to see who won the football, but only saw the beginning of the News. Then she packed up and went to bed.【原文】Stuart: What did you do last night then? Did you work all night?Judy: Yes, I did some work, but I watched a bit of TV ... Got to relax, you know.Stuart: Did you watch the football?Judy: No, no I didn't. I can't bear football.Stuart: Really?Judy: Yes. I really hate it. Well, actually, just before the football came on, I switched over just to ... just to protest.Stuart: What did you see then?Judy: Well, I saw the programme before ... just the end of a film that was on before the football. It looked quitegood actually. It's a shame I didn't switch on earlier. It was some kind of love story ... with Dustin Hoffman, you know, The erm ...Stuart: The Graduate?Judy: That's it. The Graduate.Stuart: Yes. I know. I've seen that. Yes, good film.Judy: Yes, and nice music. And then, when the football came on I turned over.Stuart: Terrible, terrible!Judy: I hate it! I really can't stand it.Stuart: It was a great game!Judy: Yes? Who was playing?Stuart: England, of course. What did you see then, that was more important than football? Judy: Foxes. Yes, a good programme on foxes. Yes, they spent ages watching these foxes in a house. They werewatching them all night and these little baby foxes. It was tremendous.Stuart: Yes, sounds all right.Judy: Yes, it was good—better than football ... and then, then I turned over, back to the other channel to see whowon the football, but I missed it and I just saw the beginning of the news and packed up and went to bed.Stuart: Well, I'm sorry you missed it. It was a good game.Judy: Who did win?Stuart: England, of course. Who do you think? Six nil. Yes.Judy: Must have been quite good then!Stuart: Yes, it was good, actually. It was very good.Task 3【答案】A. 1) b) 2) c)B. 1) F 2) F 3) FC.Topic: How the movies are producedThesis: There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. Steps: First step—finding a property; two types of properties1) An original storye.g. Star Wars, Back to the Future, Rocky2) A property from a novel, play, or musicale.g. The Sound of Music, Tess, The GodfatherSecond step—writing the script; two options1) The original writer takes part in the production of the script2) Directors write the scripts themselves【原文】Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! Let's start this introduction to filmmaking with a simple question: How many of you have seen a movie this week? It doesn't matter if it was at the theater or just on your own TV... Uhhuh, just as I thought, almost all of you have.Of course, most of us love the movies—the magic, the escape that they provide, but most of us rarely stop to think about the process of making a movie. Just what does it take to get that movie from the idea stage to the final product? What are the decisions that must be made? What problems are encountered? Exactly how does a movie studio go about making a movie? These are precisely the topics that we will be exploring today.There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. I'll outline them for you.The first step is rather obvious--to make a film you must have an idea.., a story...some topic for the project. The studio must find a property. That's a key word, folks—property, p-r-o-p-e-r-t-y. You all know the common meaning of this word, of course, but in filmmaking the word "property" has a very specific meaning. A property is the story on which the movie will be based. Okay, it's the story on which the movie is based. You are probably wondering why we call it a property. Well, it belongs to someone; it is that person's "property" and must be acquired by the studio, sometimes for quite a large sum of money.There are basically two kinds of properties. The first is an original story that has never appeared anywhere before—never been in a book, or magazine, or another film. In other words, the story is intended from the very beginning to be made into a movie.Star Wars is one good example of this type of property—you do remember that famous science fiction film, don't you? Another example is Back to the Future—oh, and also Rocky. All of these were based on a story written only for the purpose of making a movie.Actually though, the majority of properties, for famous films at least, come from novels, plays, or musicals that are already published. Examples of this type of property include The Sound of Music, which was originally a play, Tess, a famous novel, and The Godfather, which was also first a novel.Okay, that's step number one—finding a property.Well, now we have the property. The next step is to prepare a script from that property. This part of the process can take several months or sometimes even a year or more. It's quite a lengthy and time-consuming process. During this time, the scriptwriter, producer, and director usually work very closely with each other.Recently, there has been a trend to also have the original writer—the original property owner—take part in the production of the script. This means that if the property is taken from a book or play, the original author of the book or play is involved in writing the script. This is a good trend, I think. Who could possibly know the story better or understand it more clearly than its original creator?Another option, however, is for directors to write scripts themselves. This often occurs because scriptwriters are not only responsible for the dialog, but they also must specify what kind of camera shots they want used. For instance, in all scenes, and especially long scenes that don't haveany dialog, the scriptwriter must describe what the camera should focus on, what should be in the center of the shot, what mood the image should present. Directors have much more experience with camera work and often prefer to write the script themselves for this reason.So that's step number two—writing the script.Task 4【答案】A. 1) a) 2) a)B. 1) F 2) F 3) TC.Topic: How movies are producedThesis: There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. Steps: Third step—casting the film; two types of casting1) Building the movie around a famous starAdvantages: A famous star is a great asset to the film. It attracts fans automatically. Financial success of the movie depends on how many people come to see it.Disadvantages: Famous star are very expensive. They take attention away from the story itself. They distract the audience.2) Casting movies with unknown actors and actressesAdvantages: Movie centers around the story itself. Make the movie more believable.Fourth step—filming the movie; done in two types of places1) Soundstages—both pictures and dialogs are recorded.2) Partially filmed on location—in a real setting.Note: all the scenes with a big star can done first, or all the scenes shot at the same location can be filmed at the same time.【原文】Okay, now the script is finished and approved, and we are ready for the next step—a very critical step indeed—the casting of the film.The success or failure of a movie can depend on the ability of the actors and actresses to convince us that they really are the characters that they are portraying. The producer and the director must choose the cast very, very carefully. This step of choosing the actors and actresses is called casting. Got it? Casting is choosing the actors and actresses, the cast of the movie.There are, in general, two types of casting. The first and the most common approach is to build the movie around a famous star. It is obvious that having a well-recognized name in the cast is a great asset to the film. Having someone, like Tom Cruise, Meryl Streep, or Harrison Ford will automatically attract large numbers of their fans to the movie. And of course, the financial success of the movie depends on how many people come to see it.Now, there is also a second type of casting, and it has worked very well at times. Although it is true that top stars can attract audiences, they are also very, very expensive. With this in mind, some producers and directors cast their movies with unknown actors and actresses, concentrating on who fits the part the best, not who has the biggest name.Actually, this approach, as I said, can work quite well because sometimes a big star can actually take attention away from the story itself. In other words, the stars distract the audience! The audience focuses on the star, not on the story. One example of this second type of casting is themovie E. T., which is, in fact, one of the most popular movies of all time.Unknown child actors and actresses were hired and the movie centered around the story itself. The producer and director probably thought that unknown actors would make the movie more believable. A big star might actually hurt that movie.Well, on to the next step.After the casting has been completed, the fourth step, filming the movie, can begin. Filming any kind of major motion picture usually takes about six to eight months. Now, you might not know this, but filming rarely takes place in the same order as the story. The reason for shooting in a different time order is that all the scenes with a big star can be done first, or all the scenes shot at the same location can be filmed at the same time. So what happens is this: The order scenes are filmed in and the order they appear in the movie are almost always completely different. It would be inconvenient and costs would increase dramatically if scenes were filmed in the order that we see them in the finished movie.The filming itself is done in two types of places. The first is studio buildings called soundstages. They were given this name because both pictures and dialogs are recorded there. These soundstages can be made to appear like almost anything—from a fourteenth-century town to a small hotel room.In addition to soundstages, most movies are partially filmed on location—in a real setting. On location means that the actors, actresses, film crew, and other necessary personnel must travel to a place like, maybe, a South American jungle or downtown Paris, or wherever, for filming certain scenes.This makes the movie more interesting and realistic. Indoor scenes can easily be filmed on a soundstage, but scenes that require extensive use of outdoor scenery or use famous places as backgrounds must be done on location to be realistic.As you can imagine, the costs of filming on location are enormous. People and equipment must be flown to the place, living accommodations must be found, and food has to be provided for a large number of people. There are lots of practical problems like these. The added realism of filming on location adds a lot of expense to a film.Task 5【答案】2) we never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time3) We used to enjoy civilized pleasures4) All our free time is regulated by TV5) It demands and obtains absolute silence and attention6) Whole generations are growing up addicted to it7) It is a universal pacifier8) rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence9) vast quantities of creative work10) they can’t keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well11) becomes a village, is reduced to preliterate communities, utterly dependent on pictures and the spoken word12) It encourages passive enjoyment13) It cuts us off from the real world14) from communicating with each other15) how totally irrelevant television is to real living【原文】―Yes, but what did we use to do before there was television?‖ How often we hear statements like this! Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies; we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them; we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events. We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the ―goggle box‖. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything, providing it doesn’t interfere with the programme. The monster demands and obtains absolute silence and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced.Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost. The telly is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living-room and turning on the set. It doesn’t matter that the children will watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence – so long as they are quiet. There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programmes are so bad: it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programmes, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in preliterate communities. We become utterly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication: pictures and the spoken word.Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the real world. We get so lazy – we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself. Television may be s splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization. In quiet, natural surroundings, we quickly discover how little we miss the hypnotic tyranny of King Telly.Task 6【答案】A.1) It came from Alan’s eldest son.2) Because there were lots of children in a film about gangsters in New York.3) They visited ordinary schools and stage schools and Christmas shows all over America, and looked forAmerican children in Britain, too. Alan saw about 100 videos of Christmas shows and auditioned over 10,000children.4) All the clothes had to be in the right style but in small sizes, even the gangster hats.B. 1) c 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) f 6) d【原文】Mike: Welcome to Radio Time, and this month's edition of Film World. I'm very pleased to have Alan Parker with me for today's program. Alan, you made one of the most famous and popular children's films of all time—Bugsy Malone. Tell me, when did you first think of the idea for Bugsy Malone?Alan: Well, I have to say that I didn't think of the idea myself. It came from my eldest son. Mike: Ah, so you knew it was a good idea for a children's film.Alan: Yes. I took the idea and wrote the full story. That was in 1973.Mike: Was it difficult to write?Alan: No, it was more difficult to get the money to make the film. A lot of people thought it was a strange idea—lots of children in a film about gangsters in New York.Mike: Is it a true story?Alan: Not quite. But there were two gangs in New York in 1929, the year of my story.Mike: How did you choose the actors?Alan: That was a lot of work. We visited ordinary schools and stage schools and Christmas shows all over America. And we looked for American children in Britain, too. I saw about 100 videos of Christmas shows, and we auditioned over 10,000 children for the cast.Mike: So there was a lot of competition to get a part?Alan: Oh yes, but there always is.Mike: How long did it take to film Bugsy Malone?Alan: Eleven weeks. The filming was quite quick in fact. But we had to do a lot of work first. We needed 300 costumes, I remember. And all the clothes had to be in the right style but in small sizes, even the gangster hats.Task 7【答案】A.1)T 2)F 3)T 4)T 5)F 6)F 7)F 8)FB.1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c) 5) b) 6) b) 7) b) 8) c)【原文】Matthew: Television is undoubtedly a great invention, but one of the main criticisms of it is that people just aren't selective enough. Lesley, you’v e got a television; how do you pick out the sorts of programmes you want to watch?Lesley: I try and look at the prograxnmes that are on to decide which particular ones interest me, rather than you turning it on a seven o'clock and you leaving it on until half-past eleven when the programmes finish.Matthew: Do you think of television though as a great time-waster?Lesley: Un ...I think it can be a time waster and it depends on how particular people are about…what you know, what they want to see. Um, it can just be a sort of total amusement for someone and totally consuming without really considering what it is they're watching. Matthew: Aha, but how do you prevent it coming into your life and taking over your evenings and at the same time perhaps get…ge t out of the television some of the sort of best things—bestprogrammes that... that undoubtedly are on television?Lesley: Well, I suppose one of the problems is...will depend on what a person's life style is, and that if he has other outside interests which are equally important to him as television, he will then, you know, be more careful about which programmes he wants to watch because he has time which he uses…wants to use for other things.Matthew: Do you think though that... that in…in a sense telev ision has killed people's own er...sort of , creativity or their ability to entertain themselves because…well, if they're bored all they do is just turn on the television?Lesley: Yes, I think that is a danger, and I think that’s…in fact…is what is happening to a lot of people who use it as their...their main field of amusement and... because they don't have other outside interests and even when people come round, they'll leave the television on and not be, you know, particularly interested in talking to them. You know the television will be the main thing in the room.Matthew: Henrietta, would you let your children spend many afternoons and evenings watching television or would you encourage them to go out and play?Henrietta: Well, it’s interesting. This... in fact, we really have had a policy of um... almost total restriction of viewing. I mean, my children are very small, they're four-and-a-half and two-and-a-half, and it's only very recently that we have even got into the habit of watchingPlayschool. I do tend to... um... I do try to... in fact I succeed in restricting their viewing solely to that and a couple ofprogrammes that follow it, but I don't like to see a child sit with an open mouth in front of a television set hour after hour, but I'm not anti-television at all. I myself watch quite a lot; I watch some comedy, I watch um... serials.., um the recent serialization of Jane Eyre was beautifully done and very interesting. I watch the news avidly.Matthew: Peter, have you got a television?Peter: I have, in fact I've got two televisions.Matthew: Do you watch them a lot?Peter: Er...no I...I watch very seldom. In fact, I find that I watch television most when I'm most when I'm working hardest and I need some sort of passive way of relaxing, something which requires nothing of me, then I watch television a lot. When I've got more energy left...um ...in my own private time, in my free time, then I find I do more different things. I do things like um reading, or going out, or working on anything…my ho bbies.Matthew: Do you think though that people can live a perfectly happy life if they haven't got a television?Peter: Oh, yes, I think people who don't have a television or people who don’t watch television can be expected to be happier. You can…if t hey never watch television, you can assume, I think, or you can guess that they are happier people than the people who watch a lot of television, because I think that television goes with the kind of life which leaves you with nothing to spare, nothing left. You have to be given potted, passive entertainment.Matthew: But in that case you ...you seem as though you're completely against television. Is that true?Peter: No, it's not. I...I have a television, in fact I have two as I said, but I...I ...I think there's a dilemma, a difficult situation. Television in itself is very good; a lot of the information and a lot of the programmes are very instructive; they introduce you to things you may never have thought of before or never have heard about before. But in watching, it makes you very passive; you sit forhour after hour and you get very receptive and very unquestioning and it seems to me the important thing in life is to be active, to do things, to think things and to be as creative as possible, and television prevents this.Task 8【答案】 1) d) 2) d) 3) c) 4) b) 5) a)【原文】Michael: I want to do something tonight for a change, let's go out.Brian: All right, let's go to the movies.Jane: In this heat? Are you joking?Brian: We can go to an outdoor movie. Do you think I'd suggest an indoor one in the middle of the summer inSan Diego?Michael: I'd rather go out for a meal.Jane: Yes, that sounds a better idea. The outdoor movies are so uncomfortable.Brian: Why don't we do both at the same time? We could pick up some take-away food and eat it in the movie.Michael: That sounds like fun. What a good idea.Jane: But they never show any good films in the summer. At least not any of the new ones. All you get is the oldclassics.Brian: And what's wrong with them?Jane: Oh nothing, it's just that we've seen them all half a dozen times.Brian: But that's why they're classics. They're worth seeing again and again.Michael: You've got a point there, Brian. My main objection to outdoor movies is that you can never hear properly.You hear all the traffic from outside.Brian: Well, we can find a foreign film with subtitles; then you don't need to hear the sound. Jane: Supposing it's a musical.Brian: Oh, trust you to say that! I think it would be fun to sit watching an old film and eating a meal at the sametime.Jane: Last time I went to an outdoor movie, I bought a bar of chocolate to eat as I went in. It was a horror filmand I was so shocked I just sat there holding my bar of chocolate until the interval when I found it hadmelted in my hand and run all down my dress. That was an expensive evening out.Michael: Well, we won't go and see a horror film, darling, and take-away meals don't melt.Task 9【答案】1) It is taken from a Greek word and a Latin word.2) TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs.3) Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get close-up view of operations.4) By the mid-1960s, 90 percent of the households in the United States had at least one TV set5) Communications satellites televise programs ―live‖ from all over the world.6) By the middle 1960s, the national networks were broadcasting most of their programs in color. 【原文】Television, or TV, the modern wonder of electronics, brings the world into your own home in sight and sound. The name television comes from the Greek word tele, meaning ―far‖, and the Latin wordvidere, meaning ―to see‖. Thus, television means ―seeing far‖. In Great Britain, the popular word for television is ―telly‖.As an industry, TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs. As an art, television brings the theater and other cultural events into the homes. Its influence on the life of average Americans is calculable: It can influence their thoughts, their likes and dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. It can also add to their store of knowledge. Through advertising television helps businesses and manufacturers sell their products to millions of persons. Television has brought political campaigns closer to the voters than in former days. Educational TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation. Many large schools and universities have ―closed—circuit‖ television equipment that will telecast lectures and demonstrations to hundreds of students in different classrooms; and the lecture can be put on video tape to be kept for later use. Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get close-up view of operations.In 1946, after World War II, TV began to burst upon the American scene with a speed unforeseen even by the most optimistic leaders of the industry. The novelty of seeing TV pictures in the home caught the public’s fancy and began a revolution in the wo rld of entertainment. By 1950, television had grown into a major part of show business. Many film and stage stars began to perform on TV as television audiences increased. Stations that once telecast for only a few hours a day sometimes telecast around the clock in the 1960s.With the development of programming also came the introduction of television in full color. By the middle 1960s, the national networks were broadcasting most of their programs in color. The obvious appeal of television, whether in color or black-and-white, can be documented by the increasing number of TV sets in homes around the country. By the mid-1960s, 90 percent of the households in the United States had at least one TV set, and 12 percent had two or more sets. TV had become a part of the daily life of the adults and children of America.The programs that people watch are not only local and national ones. Since the launching of the first communications satellite, more and more programs are televised ―live‖ from all over the world. Television viewers in San Francisco were able to watch the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo by means of a communication satellite named Syncom. The Olympic Games in Mexico City and in Munich, Germany, were also telecast live as were parts of the historic visit of President Nixon to the People’s Republic of China.It looks as if the uses of television—in education, entertainment, and communication—appear to be endless. Certainly it is one of the major modern wonders of electronics in our changing world.Task 10【原文】。

Unit 11 Business《现代大学英语听力3》听力原文及答案Task 1【答案】A.First, pay careful attention to dress—your appearance and be natural.Second, if it's a university application—have a clear idea of the subjects you wish to take and then of your possible career. And if it's a job interview, show that you're interested in the company itself before you actually get to the interview.Third, have at least one topic or hobby which you can really talk about, and show that you know a lot about.Fourth, don’t tell lies or t ry to cover up when you don't know something.Fifth, be on time; allow plenty of time to make the journey and find where you are going; don’t gush too much, keep to the point, and sound motivated for the job.B.1) Because it shows that you're interested, and also it’s very flattering to the organization itself.2) He wants to show the importance of having at least one topic or hobby which you can really talk about and you know a lot about at the job interview.3) He thinks that Bruce’s son was just lucky, that the interview happened to be interested in model planes.4) I’d like a moment to think about that; I hadn’t thought of that before.【原文】Edmund: What advice would you give a young person leaving school or university? So the aim is to have five—Bruce: Oh that's right. Five.Edmund: Five things, five bits of advice that you would give. Would you like to—?Bruce: Yeah, okay, I'll read mi ne out and see how many of them you have. “Pay careful attention to dress”—appearance, you know, generally speaking at the interview. I think that is very important.Elizabeth: Yeah. I've got that as my number one as well.Edmund: Yes. Yes. I hadn't put that one, but I do agree with you. But I think there's also—"You need to be yourself."Bruce: Yes. You mean natural, rather than putting on some sort of an act.Edmund: Yes. Yes.Bruce: I'd certainly agree with that.Edmund: It'd be very difficult to go through your working life living up to the image that you gave at your interview, if it isn't you.Bruce: Yeah. Yeah.Elizabeth: Right.Bruce: Yes. "Have a clear idea of the"—if it's a university one—"have a clear idea of the subjects you wish to take and then of your possible career." And if it's a job interview, "Show that you'reinterested in the company itself before you actually get to the interview."Edmund: Yes, find out a little about the organization, so you can make a comment.Bruce: Yeah. That mounts to the same thing really.Edmund: So, yes, it looks as if you're interested. And also it's very flattering to the organization. Bruce: Of course, indeed.Elizabeth: There always comes that moment when they say, "Well you know, Mr. Jones, that's the job as we see it. Would you like to ask us anything about it?" If you just sit there in absolute silence, you don't get the job.Bruce: That's it, exactly, yes. Third. "Have at least one topic or hobby which you can really talk about, and show that you know a lot about." 1 think that is important because, you know, if you get stuck, this is the sort of question which can be asked, and if you have no interests or hobbies or whatever you like to call them, then it shows you are a pretty dull sort of person. And t think it would go rather badly for you.Edmund: Yes.Bruce: Mm. I have one or two examples of that. My son went for an interview. He builds model planes. And in the course of the last few years he's become a real expert on them. So apparently, his interview lasted about thirty minutes and twenty-nine and a half were spent talking about model planes.Edmund: Did he get the job?Bruce: Oh yes, he got the position in university. So, it worked very well for him.Edmund: Yes, I'm sure there's an element of luck—that the interviewer was interested in model planes.Bruce: I don't think he was really lucky, no. I think he was trying to find out about things—he was picking up information all the time.Edmund: Have you got any others?Bruce: Yes. "Don't tell lies."Elizabeth: Mm. That's a good one.Bruce: You're sure to be found out. And you know, it's something to avoid I would think. Edmund: Yes. I think, something to include in that one is not to try and cover up when you don't know something, which isn't quite the same as telling a lie. I've found in interviews that it's actually better to say, I'd like a moment to think about that; I hadn't thought of that before; or I'd like a minute—to digest the information and think of an answer.Bruce: And finally—“Be on time."Edmund: Yes.Elizabeth: Yes. I've got that one, too.Edmund: Yes. I put "Do allow plenty of time to make the journey and find where you are going." Nerves, I think, can make you miss street signs.Bruce: Indeed, yes, That's true.Edmund: I've noticed that we've all been putting dos rather than don'ts.Elizabeth: Well I've got a don't here. Er, which is "Don't gush too much", which is like, you know, I think you can have, or be tempted to have a sort of verbal diarrhoea really. You know, in your interview, because you think the more I say the more they'll think I'm—and I think there's a danger of saying too much as well as too little.Edmund: Yes. And "Keep to the point."Bruce: That's fight.Edmund: I mean gushing can include getting right away from the subject that you're meant to be talking about.Elizabeth: Right.Bruce: That's true enough that, yes.Edmund: So we could also sum up a lot of our points as being self-discipline.Bruce: Yes. Yes. I would agree with that, certainly. Have you any others?Eliza beth: Well no. I mean three of mine were exactly the same as yours. I put “Sound motivated for the job”, but that's pretty obvious really, isn't it? I mean we've included that anyway. They all fall into the same sort of general category really.Bruce: That's interesting, yeah.Task 2【答案】A. 1) b) 2) a) 3) c)B.1) Because they are up against some strong competition in the printing industry and a lot of small businesses arefolding. If they don’t get better technology now, they could very likely go under as well.2) He thinks the changes will be costly, not only in equipment, but in training too.3) He wonders whether all this new technology is really making their lives easier. It seems to him they have created a vicious circle.C.1) f 2) g 3) b 4) I 5) h 6) d 7) c 8) a 9) e【原文】Manager: Oh Kim! Do you have a minute? I'd like to discuss a few things with you. As you know sales have been falling off over the past few months and; between you and me, things aren't looking very good.Kim: Well...Manager: Look, before you say anything, I'm not pointing the finger at you. I know you've suggested several times that we need to go in for better equipment, if we're going to hold our own in the industry. And I have to go along with you now; it's time to bite the bullet and invest in some better technology.Kim: That's great news. I'm sure it's the right move.Manager: Well, as you've pointed out, we're up against some strong competition in the printing industry and a lot of small businesses are folding. If we don't jump on the bandwagon now, we could very likely go under as well.Kim: I agree, absolutely. The thing is, you have to be at the cutting edge of change, if you want to stay in business these days.Manager: That's for sure. You know, I've been putting off making the changes because I know it'll be costly, not only in equipment, but in training too. But the bottom line is if we don't spend money, we won't make any.Kim: That's very true. So when do you think we'll start the changeover?Manager: The sooner the better, I suppose. There're some big changes to make and I'm not really looking forward to them. You know, I wonder whether all this new technology is really makingour lives easier. It seems to me we've created a vicious circle..,Kim: What do you mean?Manager: Well, technology's supposed to have given us more time and freedom but it seems we've become slaves to technology.Kim: Mm. I hadn't thought of it that way.Manager: But then maybe I just don't like change... It's mind-boggling the way technology is changing! No sooner do I get my head around something new, than it changes again!Kim: Well, I know what you mean but I think we have to go with the flow, whether we like it or not.Manager: I suppose so. Well, I'd better get the ball rolling. I'll start making some phone calls now.Task 3【答案】A.1) exporting company, private employer2) 86 hectares of land, 40 hectares, more than 80 soccer fields3) media representative, commercial airplane factory4) which operates 24 hours a day, seven days a weekB.1) These companies have all commissioned Boeing to make an airplane designed to fit their specific needs.2) Because they need to bring everybody together to make this one Boeing, and because they can't exclude partners, otherwise the partners would take their business elsewhere.3) It is an apparatus that resembles a giant spool, which holds the center of an aircraft and rotates.4) It is the first supersonic jet to zoom over an airfield, slow to a stop in the air and land straight down like a helicopter.【原文】The world's largest indoor facility is owned by the USA's No.1 exporting company. It's Boeing Company, Washington, just outside Seattle. The manufacturer of commercial aircraft has been identified with the state of Washington for 85 years and is the state's largest private employer. Robin Ruthley visited the Boeing plant and has more on "Seattle's city within a city".The dimensions of the Boeing commercial aircraft factory are so vast. They are almost hard to imagine. The rectangular building sits on 86 hectares of land. The building alone takes up almost 40 hectares, or if you can imagine, more than 80 soccer fields. Inside, there are airplanes in various stages of production. Kenya Airways, Continental, Thai Airways—companies that have all commissioned Boeing to make an airplane designed to fit their specific needs."All these parts come from all over the world and they arrive here and they are put together into one airplane. So amazing to watch it."Tom Ryan is Boeing's media representative for its commercial airplane factory. He says that because aviation is a global business, Boeing works with many international partners, who provide different services in the construction of the planes. "We work strongly with all our partners from all across the globe, whether they are over in the Far East or over in the UK or down under, because we need to bring everybody together to make this one Boeing really, because you can't exclude partners, otherwise they'll take their business elsewhere."Inside the factory, which operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week, employees get around on bicycles. There are named streets and the plant even has its own fire department. In the middle of the floor is an apparatus that resembles a giant spool, which holds the center of an aircraft and rotates, so workers can operate without having to stand on top of it. In Washington, DC recently, Boeing completed another first in the design of its latest military warplane. The X-32B Joint Strike Fighter is the first supersonic jet to zoom over an airfield, slow to a stop in the air and land straight down like a helicopter. The first vertical-landing aircraft is part of a competition that Boeing has entered for a Pentagon contract worth 200 billion dollars, the biggest Pentagon contract in history.Task 4【答案】A. 1) b) 2) c)B.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) TC.1) Her problem was this: Mr. Thomas organized the office work in a new and different way, and it was becoming more difficult for her to do her job. And she also felt that Mr. Thomas wasn't very clear about what she was supposed to do.2) Because she had worked in the office for five years, and of course, she didn't want to lose her job because she couldn't get her job done. She also didn't want to quit her job because of the problems. She just wasn't content with the way the office was being run, and she needed to talk about it.3) He realized that it was a work problem, and he needed to find out if the other people in the office were having problems, too.4) Most managers do not want to hear people complain, and most employees are afraid to say what they feel.5) He means a way to talk where people aren't afraid something will happen to them if they tell the truth.【原文】Hello everyone. Today our lecture is going to be about business management. Specifically, I'm going to talk a little about managers, what makes someone a good manager. Okay? Now first, I'll describe a work situation for you, and then I'll explain one important management technique. Okay, let's begin. First, let's consider an office situation in the United States. Let's say that we have a company called the ABC company, and there's a new manager named Mr. Thomas, who has just started working in one office of this company. Okay? A new manager on the job. One day, all employee—let's call her Linda Jones—went to talk to Mr. Thomas. She was having some problems with her work, and she wanted to talk to her manager about these problems. Her problem was this: Mr. Thomas organized the office work in a new and different way, and it was becoming more difficult for her to do her job. And she also felt that Mr. Thomas wasn't very clear about what she was supposed to do. She wanted to know more clearly, "What am I supposed to do? What do you expect of me?"All right, so let's think about this. Ms. Jones goes to Mr. Thomas to talk about the work situation. Now for most employees, asking a manager questions like this is hard. In this case, it was hard for Linda to talk to Mr. Thomas, but she felt she had to do it. She had worked in the office for fiveyears, and of course, she didn't want to lose her job because she couldn't get her job done. She also didn't want to quit her job because of the problems. She just wasn't content with the way the office was being run, and she needed to talk about it.Now let's think about the manager's position. In this case, Mr. Thomas was very surprised when he first heard that she was having problems. He was surprised, and irritated. There was too much work to do, right? He didn't really want to deal with a personal problem. He didn't think this was a work problem, and he felt he was too busy to think about problems people might be having.But later, Mr. Thomas thought about what Linda said. He thought, "Aha, this is a work problem." And he realized he needed to find out from the other people in the office, from her co-workers, if they were having problems, too.All right, let's pause for a moment and look at what Mr. Thomas, as the manager, had to consider. First of all, a good manager understands that a hardworking, enthusiastic staff is very important. In fact, we could say it is essential, absolutely essential. All of the employees need to work together. They need to work as a team to make the company successful. And, of course, feeling like part of a team is feeling that what each person does and says is important.Well, as in most work situations, we have a problem here with communication. That is, most managers do not want to hear people complain, and most employees are afraid to come right out and say what they feel. They usually won't say what they like or don't like. They may complain to each other during lunch or after work, but they do not complain directly to the manager.It is important, however, for a manager to find out if he or she is doing a good job. One way to do this is to give employees a chance to talk. Employees need an opportunity to say what is wrong, what they don't like about the work situation, and what they would change to make their work better However, most employees are afraid to say what they feel. This is why a manager needs to figure out a safe way for people to talk. By safe, I mean a way to talk where people aren't afraid something will happen to them if they tell the truth. It has to be safe, or else people just won't say what they're thinking.Task 5【答案】A. 1) c) 2) b)B.1) F 2) T 3) T 4) TC.Ⅰ. It is a way of telling the manager good and bad points about what he or she is doingⅡ. Give employees questions to answer in writing. Then the manager can meet with each of them and discuss what he or she wrote.Ⅲ.First Type Second TypeCharacteristics Too direct, too personal Easier to answer honestlyThe work itselfFocus The employee’s feelings aboutthe managerPurpose Not mentioned Make it easier to get the job done wellA. Certain altitudes about how an American manager should act, what an American manager is supposed to do in his or her job;B. Something about the relationship between manager and employees: what the relationshipbetween the employees and the manager is expected to be.Ⅳ. Management assessment is based on the idea of solving problems and communicating so that everyone will feel they are part of a team.Ⅴ.A. How work is doneB. How decisions are madeC. How people communicate【原文】Now let's look a little bit more closely at what a manager can do. According to some manage meat consultants, a manager needs to give employees a clear way of assessing himself or herself. By assessing I mean a way of telling the manager good and bad points about what he or she is doing, Right? Tell me my good and bad points—that's an assessment. One way the manager can have employees do this is to give them questions to answer in writing. Okay? Not asking them orally, but giving them a chance to write their assessments. Then the manager can meet with each employee and discuss what he or she wrote.Now asking for an assessment is not so easy. It is important for file manager to ask the right kind of questions, If the manager asks direct questions like "Do you like me?" or "Do you like the way I ask you to do things?" the employee probably won't tell the truth. I mean, would you tell the truth if you were asked this kind of question? These questions are just too direct and, erm, just too personal: They focus too much on personal feelings.On the other hand, if the manager asks questions like "How would it be easier for you to do your job?" or "How could things be done differently?" it's easier for an employee to answer honestly. Do you see the difference here? It is easier to answer because the question focuses on the work itself. The question doesn't focus on the employee's feelings about the manager. It shows the employee the question is being asked in order to make it easier to get the job done well.Okay, now I'd like you to have a look at a sample assessment form. Follow along as I go over the questions. Ready?Number 1, "Do I give clear directions?" Number 2, "Do you need help from co-workers to understand what I want?" Number 3, "Do I change my mind too olden about what I want you to do?" Number 4, "Do I listen to new ideas and ways of doing things?" Number 5, "Do you come to me when you need help?" And Number 6, "Do I tell you when you have done a good job?" Okay, so think about these questions. What are they about? What's the purpose of these questions?I think... I think we have to notice that these questions show certain altitudes about how an American manager should act. They show us what an American manager is supposed to do in his or her jobs. These questions also tell us—and this is very interesting—they show us something about the relationship between manager and employees, what the relationship between the employees and the manager is expected to be. Management assessment today is based on the idea of solving problems and communicating so that everyone will feel they are part of a team. Let me repeat that because this is a key point: Management assessment is based on the idea of solving problems and communicating so that everyone will feel they are part of a team.Okay, now please note that this is an American model or idea for management assessment. Of course, business styles and management styles vary from culture to culture. This particular style of management assessment may not work in every culture. For any country or culture, it is important to think about how work is done and how decisions are made. And it's very important to considerhow people communicate. All right? Well, that's all for today.Task 6【答案】1) Clensip is a drink.2) The purpose of the meeting is to decide on a definite advertising campaign for the new product.3) He is more hopeful, and agrees they'll have to sell this through good advertising and attractive packaging.4) Because it looks so clean and clear in bottles.5) Because he thinks the can is more modem and will appeal more to young people as they're used to drinks in cans. And since all their competitors put their drinks in bottles, they’ve got to be different.6) He thinks they could have a lot of young men in little sailing boats, and then one young man ina white suit, sailing a big yacht, and drinking Clensip.7) It could be used to wash hair, wash the face, clean teeth, soak feet, bathe eyes, freshen up floors, and used in cooking.【原文】Chairman: Now, ladies and gentlemen, you all know why we're meeting this afternoon. We want to decide on a definite advertising campaign for the new product we've received from...Tony, I know you want to say something.Tony: Yes, thank you, Mr. Chairman. As I've said this is not something that people will want to buy; there are similar products on the market and we need to work out the advertisements very carefully, or we won't sell any at all.Chairman: I'm more hopeful, but I agree that we'll have to sell this through good advertising and attractive packaging. Linda, you've got examples of the packaging ideas with you, haven't you? Linda: Yes, here you are. We tried two different styles: There's a can, like this; or a bottle, like this. We prefer the bottle, because it looks so clean and clear. What do you think?George: Well, I like the can. It's more modem and 1 think it will appeal more to young people as they're used to drinks in cans. And all our competitors put their drinks in bottles.Tony: I agree. We've got to be different. A pure white can, with the name "Clensip" in blue. That's good.Lucy: We ought to decide what is special and new and different.Tony: There isn't anything new about it, except the can. That's what's going to make it so hard to sell.Linda: I don't agree with you. It's a good product. It's healthy; it's pure; it's natural; it's good for you.Chairman: Yes, that's the idea. We want to sell it to the people because it's healthy.Lucy: Can we say "It's Clensip, naturally it's good for you"?Tony: Yes, I like that—that means “Of course, it's good f or you." It also means that it's natural. George: Yes, that's Okay. But I thought we wanted to be different. All the other brands advertise how healthy and pure they are.Linda: Well, there's no alternative. People will buy this because it's pure. It's the only reason for buying it. What else can you say?Lucy: It isn't fattening, I suppose?Chairman: "Drink Clensip, the non-fattening drink in a can." We could have a picture—a beautiful, slim young lady drinking a can of Clensip. Yes, that's a good idea.To ny: Yes, it’s quite unusual to drink it by itself without adding anything.George: We could say "Be different—drink Clensip."Lucy: "The beautiful girl ought to be different, too. Perhaps we could have a lot of girls all wearing red dresses, and one girl, in a white dress, who's drinking Clensip.Tony: We want everyone to drink Clensip, not just girls. Perhaps we could have a lot of young men in little sailing boats, and then one young man in a white suit, sailing a big yacht, and drinking Clensip.Chairman: I think we could have a whole series of those pictures. Any other ideas?George: People think of it as a drink. What about adding it to different things? You could wash your hair in it, for instance.Chairman: In Clensip?George: Why nor? People wash their hair in beer, sometimes.Lucy: Clensip wouldn't hurt your hair. In fact, it would be...George: What about: "A Clensip Beauty Book"?Linda: Wash your face in Clensip?Tony: Clean your teeth in Clensip after every meal.Chairman: I think we've got something here. Let's see. How many words call you think of to describe Clensip? We’ve got pure, natural, clear, clean, healthy...Lucy: Refreshing.Linda: Soothing—soak your tired feet in Clensip.George: Sparkling—bathe your eyes in sparkling Clensip.Tony: How about:“Freshen up your floors with Clensip”?Lucy: Add Clensip to your cooking...Task 7【答案】A. c)B.1) Because they saw such foreign investment as creating much-needed employment, stimulating the business sector generally, and possibly earning foreign currency if the company's products were exported.2) The major source of worry has been that these foreign giants will take over smaller companies and gradually dominate an important industry. If this happens, vital decisions affecting the economic interests of the country may be taken in boardrooms thousands of miles away from that country.3) They have become concerned about their dependence on foreign investment in key sectors of their economy. They have become aware that foreign subsidiaries often take most of their profits out of the country rather than reinvesting them in the company. Sometimes, the flow of funds causes disastrous fluctuations in the exchange rates of their currencies.4) They are beginning to insist on joint ventures and to limit the amount of profits that a foreign subsidiary may take out of the country in a given period.C.1) The multinational often operates in industries which are difficult to enter and of vital national importance, such as the computer, chemical and automobile industries. The main objective of the multinational is to organize its activities around the world so as to maximize global profits and global market shares. Each subsidiary is part of an international network of affiliates which interact with each other. The centre controlling the network is not under the control of the host government but frequently thousands of miles away from these subsidiaries.2) Arguing against multinationals, critics say that these organizations engage in anti-competitive activities, insensitively shut down plants, make huge bribes to gain contracts, interfere politically, destabilize currencies, underpay their workers, and so on. Those speaking for the defense see these corporations almost as international agencies, promoting peace, providing better, cheaper products, and bringing much needed resources, expertise and employment to the host countries.【原文】The term "multinational" is used for a company which has subsidiaries or sales facilities throughout the world. Another expression for this type of business enterprise is "global corporation". Many of these giant organizations are household names such as Coca Cola, Sony, Hitachi, IBM, and General Motors. Companies like these control vast sums of money and they operate in countries with widely differing political and economic systems.In earlier times, most countries gave the multinationals a "red carpet" welcome because they saw such foreign investment as creating much-needed employment, stimulating the business sector generally, and possibly earning foreign currency if the company's products were exported. More recently, however, tile tide has turned against the multinationals. They are now viewed by many with suspicion; once heroes, they are now villains on the international business stage.For reasons outlined below, host countries are now restricting the activities of their guests, the multinationals. Many developing countries will only allow new investment if it is on a joint-venture basis. This means that local entrepreneurs, or state agencies, must participate in the ownership and even management of the foreign enterprise. Other countries, such as India and Nigeria, are forcing foreign companies already well-established to reduce their share holdings to a certain percentage, say 60 percent or 40 percent of the total equity of the company.Tension between host country and multinational is inevitable in many cases because multinationals do pose a threat to national sovereignty.The multinational is big and rich. It often operates in industries which are difficult to enter and of vital national importance, such as the computer, chemical and automobile industries. Most important of all, the main objective of the multinational is to organize its activities around the world so as to maximize global profits and global market shares. Each subsidiary is part of an international network of affiliates. These all interact with each other. Each part serves the whole. The centre controlling the network—the multinationals' headquarters—is not under the control of the host government. It is frequently thousands of miles away from these subsidiaries. Increasingly, in recent years, governments have had to ask themselves whether multinationals are harming their national interests. In highly industrialized countries, a major source of worry has been that these foreign giants will take over smaller companies and gradually dominate an important industry. If this happens, vital decisions affecting the economic interests of the country may be taken in boardrooms thousands of miles away from that country.Developing countries, in particular, have become concerned about their dependence on foreign。

Unit 4Task 1【答案】A.1) They are farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh.2) It’s a farm that grow plants and flowers to sell.3) They protect the plants from the cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so the plants can be grown all through the year.B.1) canned, frozen2) flowers, garden plants, home gardens, yards, window boxes3) buildings, furniture, firewood【原文】Grain, vegetables and fruits are found on most farms. All of them are food for animals and people.Grain can be fed to animals just as it is harvested. But before people use them grains are usually made into flour or breakfast cereal. Bread, macaroni, and cereals all come from grain.Tomatoes, beans, potatoes, beets, lettuce, carrots and onions are field and garden vegetables. Can you think of any others? Vegetables are good for people and for some animals such as pigs and rabbits.Farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh are called truck farms. Truck farms are usually close to big cities. Each day hundreds of loads of fresh vegetables are brought to stores on the farmers' trucks. Without the truck farmers people in cities would not eat well. And without city people who eat fresh vegetables, the truck farmers would have no work.There are many kinds of fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, oranges, grapefruit, and berries are a few kinds. You will be able to think of other kinds that you like. Most fruit is grown on specialized farms. But many general farms have some fruit to use and sell also.Like vegetables, fruit is sold fresh in markets. But a large part of both fruit and vegetable crops is sent to factories to be canned or frozen.In warm parts of our country farmers grow cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar cane, and peanuts.Specialized farms raise flowers and garden plants. They are sold to florists and to families for home gardens, or yards, or window boxes. A farm that grow plants and flowers to sell is called a nursery. Most nurseries have glass buildings, called hothouses or greenhouses. The hothouses are heated to protect the plants from cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so they can be grown all through the year.Some farms grow only trees. Some of these are Christmas tree farms. Others are large forests where trees are grown for their wood. The wood is used for buildings, furniture and firewood. Some tree farms grow only nut trees.Task 2【答案】A.Problems Concerned The safety of some pesticides used to kill insects, especiallyin developing countries:1.poor quality pesticides, which often contain harmfulchemicals2.the poor quality of pesticide containers and productinformation on the containersAdvantages of Pesticides 1.pesticides kill insects and other organisms that threatenarops.2.pesticides also are used for public health. They controlinsects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.Possible Causes ofLow QualityPesticidesProduction problems and failure to use the right chemicals.B.1) The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars.2) The agencies called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade in pesticides.【原文】Two United Nations agencies are expressing concern about the safety of some pesticides used to kill insects. They report that about thirty percent of all pesticides sold in developing countries fail to meet widely accepted rules for quality. They say these products are a serious threat to human health and the environment.The UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization gave the warning.In developing countries, pesticides are used mainly for agriculture. Pesticides kill insects and other organisms that threaten crops. Pesticides also are used for public health. They control insects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars. They say the estimated market value of pesticides worldwide was thirty-two thousand million dollars.Officials say poor quality pesticides often contain harmful chemicals. These chemicals often are banned or restricted in some countries.Possible causes of low quality in pesticides include production problems and failure to use the right chemicals. Officials say the active chemicals in many pesticides are stronger than those permitted by many governments. They also say poor quality pesticides may contain poisonous substances or substances that are not pure.Officials say the quality of pesticide containers and product information on the containers are other concerns. They say information on the containers often fails to explain the active chemicals and how to use the product safely.The WHO says products listing false information have been sold for years in some areas. The agencies say the problem of poor quality pesticides is widespread in parts of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. They called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade in pesticides.Officials say the agencies' rules are especially important for developing countries. They say developing countries often lack systems for testing pesticides.Task 3【答案】A.1) c) 2) d) 3) b)B.That’s because they’re making an investment all the time, but are still not sure whether or not they can make profits.【原文】Interviewer: Cattle raising and beef in the US is big business, isn't it?Bob Beck: Yes, it's the largest business—cattle business.Interviewer: It must be a very profitable business then.Bob Beck: Uh, not necessarily.Interviewer: It's not necessarily a profitable business?Bob Beck: At times, it's not profitable. Your production costs get... it's a supply and demand market, and if your supply is larger than your demand... Interviewer: So the price is fluctuating all the time...Bob Beck: Right. It fluctuates, and it can get below production costs. Interviewer: But you never know. For instance, next year, you don't know what it'll bring on the market.Bob Beck: No, technically it takes a year and a half from the time you breed the cow, until you get the calf, until the calf's marketable.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: You've got a year, to a year and a half, tied up there.Interviewer: So, you're making an investment all the time.Bob Beck: Right. So you're not sure.Interviewer: It sounds like it might be a very insecure kind of existence. Wonder why it is that people want to be farmers or ranchers then...Bob Beck: I think the majority of it is you like it. It's one thing. It's a breed of people.They like it. If you don't like what you're doing, why...Interviewer: What is there about it? You live essentially in a rural area. Doesn't that feeling of isolation ever bother you?Bob Beck: No. It's getting too crowded.Interviewer: Too crowded!Bob Beck: Too many people!Interviewer: I can see that, for instance, in a city, you have restaurants to go to, movie theaters—all kinds of thingsavailable to people, a lot of conveniences which you don't have in the morerural areas. What dopeople who farm and ranch do for recreation and relaxation, for instance...erm...Bob Beck: Well, I think a lot of it is if you're a livestock raiser, you'll go check your cows in the evening instead of going to a movie.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: That's as much recreation as driving through a bunch or cows, and if you like them, you enjoy that.Interviewer: In terms of the way of life, to a lot of people, it would seem that it's a very hard life. It means a lot of hard work. I mean, you have aschedule—whether you feel like it or not, you have to get out and feedanimals, and so forth. Would you regard that as one of the difficultthings about it, or is that...Bob Beck: No.Interviewer: …just sort of... part of it?Bob Beck: For me, if I had to go to a desk every morning, that'd kill me.Task 4【答案】A. paid off, fall back on, a security, operating expenses, complete disasterB.1) Some of them cook the meals, clean the house and take care of the kids every day.2) Yes. That is especially so after they've had one or two bad years when they couldn’t make money.3) When their children are small, they were with their parents to go out to work; when they are very small, Sharon didn’t go out as much as she would later.4) She thinks that in this way the children are a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work and they learn responsibility. They learn a lot about life by being continually in life with animals.【原文】Bob Beck: I think, for a wife, the same as a husband, they like it or they wouldn't marry a farmer or a rancher.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They'd get out. I think it's not at all wives. Some of them are just like suburban housewives.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They cook the meals, and they clean the house and that's it... take care of the kids...Interviewer: Have you known some situations like that?Bob Beck: Oh, yeah, I know situations like that!Interviewer: Sharon, is there a problem of the feeling of security?Sharon Beck: What kind of security are you talking about—financial security? Interviewer: Uh, yeah, financial security. Uh, the thing is up and down. You don't know what the market's going to bring, er... for beef. You work all year,and so forth... Is there any problem of that sort?Sharon Beck: Sure, there's the problem of security. Especially, if you've had one or two bad years. You feel awfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: If you've borrowed money to buy a farm or to operate, and there's no money coming in, you feel awfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: But if you've got a fairly good amount of your ranch paid off, you've got that to fall back on. You can always think of that as a security. Ifeverything else fails, if you can’t pay for your operating expenses…Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: ...you can always sell your equity in your ranch. So it isn't complete disaster.Interviewer: But it's not something that bothers you terribly. I mean, it's a fact of life. It's sort of...Sharon Beck: Something you live with, yeah...Interviewer:... part of the thing. The role of the wife in this situation is quite different than that of a suburban housewife. You don't have much free time, doyou?Sharon Beck: No.Interviewer: Because, essentially, you work in much the same way that your husband does.Sharon Beck: Yes, I'm usually with him.Interviewer: How do you handle the whole family-life situation—children? You're out almost as much as a working mother in the city, aren't you?Sharon Beck: Yes. The only difference is we're together.Interviewer: The children too...?Sharon Beck: The children too. When they're not in school, when they were small, they were with us. When they were very small, of course, I didn't goout as much.Interviewer: Do you feel that there are advantages in growing up in this way? Sharon Beck: Yeah, I definitely feel that there're advantages. There are disadvantages too, but I think the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Interviewer: What are some of those advantages you think the children have? Sharon Beck: The advantages?Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: Well, they're a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work. Erm, they learn responsibility.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: They learn a lot about life by being continually in life, with animals, and... I think it makes them... erm... They grow up!Task 5【答案】A.1) 75 percent, half, in the east and south of England, in eastern Scotland, cereals, in hilly areas, on the richer grass of the lowlands2) 173, 703) The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the National Farmers' Union, 2 percent, 25 percent4) 1973, the European CommunityB.1) First, farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. Second, they also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit.2) Many farmers let farm cottages, offer bed and breakfast to tourists, and grow strawberries in order to gain some extra money.3) Because the CAP’s set-aside policy is seen as helping farmers ge4t rich for doing nothing.4) Farmers are often criticized for destroying woods and hedges and for poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals.【原文】About 75 percent of Britain is farmed, and British farms supply over half the country's food. Arable farms are mainly in the east and south of England and in eastern Scotland. The main crops are cereals, for example, wheat and barley, and potatoes, sugar beet and oilseed rape. Livestock, mainly sheep and cattle, are reared in hilly areas, though dairy cows are kept on the richer grass of the lowlands. Many cattle farmers have had a difficult time recently because of the BSE crisis. Kent, often called "the garden of England", and the Vale of Evesham are famous for horticultural produce.The average size of a British farm is 173 acres (70 hectares). Most farms are managed like other modern businesses. The word agribusiness describes the commercial aspects of farming. It is also used to refer to all the industries, including farming, which are associated with food production.The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food is the government department responsible for agriculture. Farmers' interests are represented by the National Farmers' Union. Agriculture only employs about 2 percent of the British workforce, though this figure rises to 25 percent when food processing industries are included.In 1973, Britain's entry into the European Community led to many changes in farming. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) provides help for farmers through subsidies. Originally, farmers were encouraged to produce as much as they could, and any surplus was put into storage. The cost of this policy was passed on to customers, who had to pay higher prices for food. Many people are still unhappy about the CAP. Farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. They also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit. In recent years many farmers have tried to find additional ways of making money, e.g. by letting farm cottages, offering bed and breakfast to tourists, or by growing strawberries.But farmers do not get much sympathy from other people, mainly because of the money they receive in subsidies. The CAP’s set-aside policy, which pays farmers to leave some fields uncultivated, is seen by some people as helping farmers get rich for doing nothing. Farmers are sometimes called "custodians of the countryside", but they are often criticized for destroying woods and hedges and for poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Some farmers practise organic fanning without chemicals, but, although people approve of this, most are unwilling to pay higher prices for organic produce. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals: In battery farming, for instance, chickens are reared in crowded cages.Task 6【答案】A.1) over 22 million, about 2.5 percent, in the 1950s, in the 1980s, 470, 190, 174 ,70, 1940, 1996, $51 billion2) 36 percent, 47 percent3) $200 billion, $60 billion-worthB.1) Midwest, corn, soybeans2) Canada, southern Texas on the eastern side3) the Great Lakes4) Florida, Southern California and Hawaii5) the southeastC.1) The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying subsidies to farmers for them not to grow certain crops.2) It will gradually end these subsidies and give farmers more freedom to respond to public demand and grow what they want.3) The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy.4) They think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost.【原文】Agribusiness in the United States employs more people than any other industry, over 22 million, but only about 2.5 percent of the American workforce are farmers. Many people got into debt and left their farms in the 1950s, and in the 1980s many more farmers sold out and moved to the cities. The average size of a farm is now 470 acres (190 hectares), compared with 174 acres (70 hectares) in 1940. In 1996 farm income was more than $51 billion, the highest ever, but despite this many farmers had large debts.Many farmers live in the Corn Belt of the Midwest where corn and soybeans are grown. The US grows 36 percent of the world's corn and 47 percent of its soybeans. Others live on the prairies of the Great Plains, in what is known as the Wheat Belt, which stretches from Canada to southern Texas on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Most livestock farmers live around the Great Lakes in the Dairy Belt, or further south in states like Texas where cattle are bred for meat on ranches. In the South many live in the Cotton Belt. Citrus fruits, such as oranges, are grown in Florida, Southern California and Hawaii, and tobacco is grown in the southeast. In 1996 the total value of agricultural products was $200 billion, of which $60billion-worth, mostly grain and soybeans, was exported. Farmers and ranchers are usually well respected by other people.The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying subsidies (in this case, money for not growing certain crops) to farmers, though in 1996 Congress passed a "Freedom to Farm" law that will gradually end these subsidies and give farmers more freedom to respond to public demand and grow what they want.Farmers are represented by the American Farm Bureau Federation and county farm organizations called Farm Bureaus. The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy. Agricultural colleges attached to universities are highly respected. Extension officers act as a link between research departments and farmers.As in Britain, many people in the United States think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost.Task 7【答案】A.Agroecology The Green RevolutionLand used Use less land andgrow more kinds ofplant. Use land intensively and grow the same crop on the same land year after year.Fertilizer used Use organic materialsand compostUse chemical fertilizer.The way to water crops Reduce the need forirrigation.Use irrigation intensively.The method to control pests Use helpful insects tokill harmful ones.Use insecticides.B.1) Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity,2) Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.3) Because irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas.4) Pesticides do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals.【原文】Agroecology is a field of ideas about how to farm productively while also protecting natural resources. It is seen in many ways as an answer to the Green Revolution that has given us modem farming methods.Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity, but they work toward this common goal in different ways. Many agroecologists question how long modem farming methods can continue.Modem farming uses land intensively. Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.Another issue is fertilizer. Agroecologists say they would use organic materials and compost in place of chemicals. The Green Revolution has shown that chemical fertilizer can greatly increase crop productivity, but it can also pollute water supplies.To water crops, agroecologists say they would use methods that reduce the need for irrigation. Irrigation is an ancient idea. Water is drawn up from the ground or brought from another place. Irrigated crops are highly productive: 16 percent of all farmland in the world is irrigated, but this 16 percent of the farmland produces 40 percent of all food. Yet irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas.To control pests, agroecologists say they would use helpful insects to kill harmful ones. In the last 50 years, however, farmers have increased the use of insecticides. These chemical poisons do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals.Task 8【原文】Farming changed very little from early times until about 1700. In the 1700s an agricultural revolution took place which led to a large increase in the production of crops. This increase of crops came about in a large part by little more than the final destruction of medieval institutions and the more general adoption of techniques and crops which had been known for a long time. Included in some of these changes was also the adoption of crops from the "new world" such as corn and potatoes which produced a very large yield.In the 1850s, the industrial revolution spilled over to the farm with new mechanized methods which increased production rates. Early on, the large changes were in the use of new farm implements. Most of these early implements were still powered by horses or oxen. These new implements combined with crop rotation, manure and better soil preparation led to a steady increase of crop yield in Europe.The advent of steam power and later gas powered engines brought a whole new dimension to the production of crops. Yet, even as recently as 100 years ago, four fifths of the world population lived outside towns and were in some way dependant on agriculture.。

Unit 12 Life Philosophy《现代大学英语听力3》听力原文及答案Task 1【答案】1) £229.2) The Spanish.3) Italians.4) They view most of their meals as refueling.5) Higher quality food.6) Low-fat alternatives (such as sushi and organic salads).【原文】UK residents spend an average £229 a year on food consumed in transit, the highest in Europe, the research group Datamonitor says. In contrast, Spanish people spend only £56 a year, while Italians spend £128 a year on average.The report's author says the difference is due to the greater amount of time Britons spend at work and commuting. In the UK people spend on average 48 minutes a day traveling to and from work. The Spanish and Italians spend 34 and 24 minutes respectively.Attitudes towards food are also important, the study claims."There are a lot of people in the UK who view most of their meals as refueling," says Lawrence Gould, the report's author.But it is not all bad, he adds."One thing emerging is a greater demand for higher quality food, even if it is food-on-the-go," says Mr. Gould.Traditional fast food such as burgers and chips are now competing with low-fat alternatives. While the food may have been eaten in transit, people are increasingly being offered healthy fare: from sushi to organic salads.Task 2【答案】B.1) Word such as "stressed out", "rage", "road rage".2) The United States.3) In the 1960s.4) It means that a person is capable of feeling, expressing and sharing emotions, and it implies that emotion is something you can learn.【原文】1) There was an increasing amount of stress in everyday life for ordinary people, particularly so for families. And so you get a lot of language generated out of these social problems—terms like "single mother", "one-parent family", the whole idea of parenting being a task and a problem, rather than something that comes naturally. Y ou get things like "surrogacy', "test-tube babies", the kind of thing where people want to be parents and can't for various reasons. Y ou get the behavior of children: Y ou've got "truanting", another keyword that used to be called "playing truant"—staying away from school. And all of these suggest that there really is a kind of crisis or a breakdown in old-fashioned family life.2) Stress was a real social problem, not of course only in Britain, but particularly in Britain. And this gave rise to a whole lot of words, words for stress itself: "stressed out", "rage", "road rage". We needed a new language to express this new kind of emotionalism. We took it of course from the US, from the United States, where there had been a whole language of therapy and of feeling, and expressing emotions, and sharing emotions, which had started in the 60s but hadn't really spread to Britain until the 90s. And you have all this language like "caring and sharing", "getting in touch with your feelings", "emotional literacy" and the idea that you could become "emotionally literate", that emotion is something you can learn, like learning to read.Task 3【答案】A. 1) c) 2) c) 3) a) 4) b)B.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T【原文】“Y ou have to grab life by the throat and go for it—there are few second chances.”That is the life philosophy of Somerville cancer survivor Carolynn Merks, who is learning to fly in spite of the limitations of two artificial knees.The 53-year-old registered nurse, who works in pathology in Hastings, can bend her knees only partially but said learning to fly was a goal she was determined to achieve.“Three years ago I was hit with breast cancer and them I lost a close friend with the same disease,” she said. “It made me take stock of my life and totally changed my thinking. I realized you only have one chance in life as there are no dress rehearsals. I don’t want to wait around for my cancer to come back ,so I decided to try t o achieve my dreams and goals in life.”Mrs. Merks has already completed 34 out 150 hours of solo flying time and is about to sit in her second of seven major exams to gain the difficult commercial helicopter pilot’s license.The only constraint she acknowledges is that of finances—it is predicted to cost about $55,000 in total to gain her license.“Draining the fuel, checking for water in the fuel line and checking for oil are the only tricky parts, because I have to bend my knees as far as they go, but I manage it because I am determined,” she said. “Not even my husband’s distinct lack of enthusiasm was going to change my mind. Helicopter flying is a lot more difficult than fixed wing—it is the harder of the two, but it is something I have always wanted to do. I feel I have to give it my best shot, try hard, and if I fail at least I can go to my grave saying, well at least I tried. And when I complete this, my next goal islearning to play the saxophone!”Task 4【答案】A.1) What truly is logic? Who decides reason?2) It is only in love that any logic or reasons can be found.3) Harvard Law School’s Graduation Ceremony4) "The law is reason free from passion.”5) The speaker’s 65th birthday.6) They go by in a blink.B.1) numbers, logics, reason, physical, mysterious equations of love2) passion, a key ingredient, law, life, courage of conviction, strong sense of self, first impressions, have faith in people, have faith in yourself3) sneak away, glorious, memory, ups and downs, for a night, break precedent, one-candle wish, as lucky as mine, I don't want anything more【原文】Extract 1John Nash:Thank you. I've always believed in numbers and the equations and logics that lead to reason. But after alifetime of such pursuits, I ask, "What truly is logic? Who decides reason?"My quest has taken me through the physical, the metaphysical, the delusional, and back. And I have made the most important discovery of my career, the most important discovery of my life: It is only in the mysterious equations of love that any logic or reasons can be found.I'm only here tonight because of you [his wife, Alicia].Y ou are the reason I am. Y ou are all my reasons.Thank you.Extract 2:Professor Stromwell:I am, personally, very honored to introduce this year's class-elected speaker. After getting off a quite interesting start here at Harvard, she graduates today with an invitation to join one of Boston's most prestigious law firms. I am sure we are going to see great things from her. Ladies and Gentlemen: Elle Woods.Elle Woods:On our very first day at Harvard, a very wise Professor quoted Aristotle: "The law is reason free from passion.”Well, no offense to Aristotle, but in my three years at Harvard I have come to find that passion is a key ingredient to the study and practice of law, and of life. It is with passion, courage of conviction, and strong sense of self that we take our next step into the world, remembering that first impressions are not always correct. Y ou must always have faith in people. And most importantly, you must always have faith in yourself.Congratulations, class of 2004—we did it!Extract 3:William Parrish:I thought I was going to sneak away tonight. What a glorious night! Every face I see is a memory. It may not be a perfectly perfect memory. Sometimes we've had our ups and downs. But we're all together. Y ou're mine—for a night. And I'm going to break precedence and tell you my one-candle wish: that you would have a life as lucky as mine, where you can wake up one morning and say, "I don't want anything more."Sixty-five years, don't they go by in a blink…Task 5【答案】A.Title: The New Ethics: A Guided Tour of the Twenty-First Century Moral LandscapeAuthor: Anita Allen (Professor of law and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania) Description: A professional and personal look at how life in America is changing with an eye on this question: Dow we need new ethics in this new age?B.1) Where?—the business sector, politics, government, education, journalism, sports What?—lying, cheating, fraud, plagiarism; violation of clear-cut rules2) What?—options offered by science and technology3) What?—not knowing how to deal with other people→underinvolvement in the political process, in our neighborhoods and in the community【原文】Joe Palca: Is behaving ethically getting more complicated in the early years of the 21st century? Is it more acceptable to lie, cheat or just bend the rules a little bit in order to succeed in our highly competitive world? Are the scandals involving Enron, Tyco and Martha Stewart the exceptions, or are they just the ones we know about? And what about the new problems brought on by science? If we could use genetics to make our children smarter, should we? Anita Allen has been grappling with questions like these. She is a professor of law and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of a new book called The New Ethics: A Guided Tour of the Twenty-First Century Moral Landscape. Her book is a professional and personal look at how life in America is changing with an eye on this question: Do we need new ethics in this new age? Thanks very much for joining us on the show today.Prof. Allen: Good to be with you.Joe Palca: So you say in your book that our ethical map used to be clear, or at least clearer. What do you mean by that?Prof. Allen: Well, it used to be that you grow up and, you know, if you were a girl, you were probably going to be a mom, a teacher, a wife, learn how to cook and sew, and you had to simply learn how to master the roles set out for you with grace and poise and virtue. And if you were a guy, you had to learn how to take care of a family and mow the lawn, and so forth. But nowadays, we have a perplexing array of ethical problems that seem to be not adequately handled by turning to traditional values. And we have a lot of choices to make. And these choices that we have to make call upon us to really bend over backwards to figure out what to do.Joe Palca: So you break these problems down basically into three distinct areas, or three distinct kinds of problems, that are caused by these changes. Can you tell us about them?Prof. Allen: Sure. So I look out on the ethics scene and I see sort of three predominant features. The first one is massive ethical failure in just about every sector: the business sector, politics, government, education, journalism, sports. There's lying, cheating, fraud, plagiarism; violation of clear-cut rules. That's one huge area of concern. The second area of concern is the area of ethical novelty. And this is where, you know, science and technology are giving us all these options. We can use genetic testing; we can donate organs; we can become guinea pigs in experiments; we can eat meat or not eat meat because of, you know, radiation and genetic engineering. And all these new things require us to make choices that we didn't have to make before, and we're all suddenly feeling very perplexed and clueless. And then finally, the last big feature I focus on in the book is something I call complacent island syndrome. And what 1 mean by that label is there are a lot of us who just don't know how to deal with other people. We don't like other people who aren't like ourselves, we don't tolerate other groups. We don't care adequately about one another. And so this gets reflected in our underinvolvement in the political process, in our neighborhoods and, in general, in the community.Task 6【答案】1) Because of the Internet, radio and television/24-hour news coverage.2) She thinks there is more social equality (there are better racial equality laws, better gender equality laws; people are more concerned about the poor; they have more poverty programs, more social safety nets).3) Congress announced in 1998 that there were record levels of youth crime and pregnancy and teen pregnancy and substance abuse.4) Twelve suggestions on better ethics.5) To take themselves more seriously, to realize that they have a unique capacity to figure out what's right and then to do it; to resist temptations, to accept blame and to learn from their mistakes; to be cleaner competitors; to nurture fair-minded youth; and to acknowledge interdependence.6) She wants people to look for the hidden ethical issues.【原文】Joe Palca: Well, let’s take these one at a time because I think they’re all three very interesting areas to think about. But let’s talk about this concept of, you know, this lying and cheating. And you’re absolutely right. There seems to be no day that that passes where we don’t hear about some malfeasance of even some well-respected person. The question I have really, though, is: Is it worse?I mean, is it the fact that we have a 24-hour news cycle, that there's so much more investigative things that an example of malfeasance that might have taken place or a cheating scandal or fraud or something that took place in the hinterlands 20 or 30 years ago might be overlooked by the national media, now, you know, it's front page everywhere and the media covers it? I mean, is it really different, or are we just seeing more of it?Prof. Alien: Well, my own view is that we're seeing more of it. I do think that in the past, as you point out, you could do something quite horrible and yet no one would know about it outside your immediate community. But now with the Internet, with radio and television, people know about what's going on all over. So things seem to be generally in a spiraling-down mode. But I do think in some ways things are better, because we do have more social equality. We have better racial equality laws, better gender equality laws. Y ou know, in some ways, we're more concerned aboutthe poor than we were in our great-grandparents' generation. We have more poverty programs, more social safety nets. So, in some ways, we're better. But there is this sense that things are really bad. And, you know, in 1998, Congress announced that there were record levels of youth crime and pregnancy and teen pregnancy and substance abuse, and sort of... saw this as the symbol of a great spiraling down. So while you might say that there are some things that are better, you might also say there are things that are a little worse.Joe Polca: So one of the things, also, that I like about the book is at the end you've provided some...Well, they're not rules, but they're suggestions for a better ethics. Can you talk a little bit about what people should be doing?Prof. Allen: Well, you know, I didn't want to try to rewrite the Ten Commandments, but it struck me that...Joe Palca: No, they did a pretty good job with those, huh?Prof. Allen: They did a pretty good—Moses did a pretty good job when he came down from the mountain. But I did want to offer people something concrete and kind of a take-away message, and so I have this Agenda for Better Ethics. It has 12 imperatives on it, and they arc intended to be directly responsive to our current context, yon know. So I urge people to, for example, take themselves more seriously, to realize that they have a unique capacity to figure out what's right and then to do it. I urge people to resist temptations, to accept blame and to learn from their mistakes. I urge people to be cleaner competitors. I think one of the reasons why we're so concerned about the upcoming presidential debates is that we're afraid that we won't see clean competition, that we'll see dirty competition. But I think being a cleaner competitor is a very important ethical goal for our times. I think not trying to outthink ethics is an important goal; that is to say, trusting that if you do follow the ethical rules, you won't end up in the poorhouse. Y ou'll do okay in business, you'll do okay in school, you'll do okay in the Olympics, if you follow the rules. We need to nurture fair-minded youth—get kids to think about fairness and to behave fairly, to look for the hidden ethical issues that lay behind, you know. So I talk about cosmetic surgery in my book. A lot of people are quite comfortable getting breast jobs or nose jobs, but I raise the question, you know: Might there be some hidden ethical issues behind some of the choices we make that may actually have impacts on others or may say things about ourselves that we really don't intend? That's an important one. So most of them are things I talk about in the book. And I think that a couple of the rules that I suggest, like acknowledging interdependence, go directly to my last theme of the complacent island syndrome. I mean, I think that one reason to get out there and vote in November is because we are interdependent. We are dependent upon one mother for our political futures, and by not expressing our vote we're kind of saying, "Well, l don't think my preferences matter" or "I don't care enough about other people's lives in order to share my perspective with them."Joe Palca: Okay, Anita Allen, we have to stop there. Thanks so much for joining us.Task 7【答案】Ⅰ.the best thing a man can do with his life, goal, objectiveⅡ.A. Enjoying refined pleasures, work an unfulfilling and unrewarding jobB. Earning a good name for yourself, a career in public serviceC. Appreciating and understanding the universeD. personal and financial independenceⅢ.A. skills, knowledgeB. live well, fare wellⅣ.A. the best thing in the worldB. politics, economics, wisdomⅤ.A. rationalB. Discipline, educationⅥ.B. contemplation of god, the irrational part of the soulⅦ.entirely excellent activity, moderate good fortune【原文】Every young man asks the same question, "How can I make my life successful?" First one must define success, which Aristotle said is the best thing a man can do with his life. He also said that in order to obtain this success one must have a goal, or objective for their life. Success does not directly equal wealth, power, or having virtue without exercising that virtue. According to Aristotle, there are three reasons for living. One, enjoying refined pleasures, which is best defined as a life of pleasant amusement; however Aristotle says that no one in their right mind would choose that life. Immature fun, such as that which children enjoy, living in order to sleep, eat, have sex, or work an unfulfilling and unrewarding job are all paths of this type of life. The second reason to live is to earn a good name for yourself in your eyes and in the eyes of the community, such as a career in public service. Finally, to appreciate and understand the universe in whic h we find ourselves, such as a philosopher. Everyone will choose one of these three ways of life. However one must have personal and financial independence to do so.In order to attain success you must use your skills and knowledge to pursue certain objectives for the sake of higher objective. For example, a human can either: accomplish one objective, such as running a mile, or accomplish one objective for a higher purpose, such as keeping in shape. The single highest objective in life is to live well and fare well, i.e. being successful. An objective in the highest degree is only worth pursuing for itself and never anything else; success is worth pursuing in its own right.The idea of good is an area in which Aristotle did not agree with Plato. Plato said that good is the best thing in the world, but his idea was abstract. Aristotle felt that knowing what is good would help in discerning what goods to attempt to achieve. The goods that were relevant to Aristotle are politics, economics and wisdom, all three of which account for the "master skill."The best ways to live is up to one's own nature, or in a rational way, by being a creature directed by rational soul. Living a well-lived life is the best possible "good" for a man; this is what it is to succeed as a human being, and living well means living virtuously. Living well means living one's life under the guidance of the virtues of the soul. Since success is a perfect and self-sufficient objective, it must include the whole of life and all the most important virtues. Success in life, thebest possible good for man, is therefore living one's whole life in a rational way, under the guidance of the best virtues of the rational soul. Discipline and education foster virtuous activities which lead you to success.When one does achieve success, Aristotle says, that we should praise men for the qualities, which help them achieve, but we should congratulate them for that achievement. In order to be successful one must have some good fortune, because it is hard to be happy if you are ugly, poor, fat, or if your offspring are a disappointment. However, this does not mean that good fortune gives one success or the opposite, just that good fortune is helpful. At the same time, too much good fortune can be harmful. The best amount of good fortune is one that "will most produce the contemplation of god and make us take notice of the irrational part of the soul as little as possible."Aristotle's final definition of success is entirely excellent activity, together with moderate good fortune, throughout an entire life.Task 8【答案】A.1) From Alice in Wonderland(Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland).2) They are dream goals, performance goals and daily goals.3) His dream goal was to lose 20 kilos, his performance goal may have been to exercise at certain times of the day and limiting his diet to three meals a day, no chocolate bars, etc., and his daily goal was actually to do the exercises and stick to the diet.4) His three current goals are to have a certain level of business income, to get to the next level of accreditation with t he National Speaker’s Association, and to publish a book.5) A goal is a dream with a thought out plan for actually achieving it.6) Every week.7) Y ou can ask them for their support, and also the goal is no longer your secret, and becomes more important.B.1) close-minded, changes, fluctuate, focused2) restrictive, floating3) lose focus, happening, get in the road4) stand up, fight【原文】E-Views: Tell me about your work in goal-setting?Warwick: OK. I was bumbling through life, not really achieving what I wanted to achieve or knowing what I wanted to achieve. And then finally it dawned on me after I’d heard from nearly everybody else, that if I had set goals, if I set goals for myself that I would be more focused on achieving things. One of the key things that I read that really triggered this for me was a book calledAlice in Wonderland. And the section that I refer to is when Alice is lost in the forest and she stumbles across the Cheshire Cat. And she says to the Cheshire Cat, “I’m lost. Which way shoul d I go?” And the Cheshire Cat says “Where do you want to go?” And Alice says “Well, it doesn’t really matter, as long as I get somewhere.” And the Cheshire Cat says, “Well it doesn’t matter which way you go!” That’s what I found, for me, I wasn’t really go ing anywhere, and then finally, I decided that I needed to do something, and the big thing for me was, I was obese. And I was veryconcerned that I was going to be a 30-year-old heart attack victim. So what I did was got a group of friends around me, told them that I was concerned about it, and that I wanted to lose weight and increase my health. And when it came to goal setting, I’m really focused. There are three types of goals. There’s the dream goal, the performance goal and the daily goal. Now by that, when your dream goal is... For me, for example, I want to lose twenty kilos, so I’ll wake up and think, “yeah, gonna lose twenty kilos”. The performance goal is, okay, what do I have to do to lose twenty kilos. And that might be, I’ve got to exercise cert ain times in the day or do a half hour walking every day, or maybe it’s going to be I’m only going to eat three meals a day and no chocolate bars or whatever. And then there’s the daily goal which is actually doing that, and actually refraining from eating poor foods, etc. Now goal setting... There are some negative things when it comes to goal setting; if you set yourself a goal and you’re so focused on it that you can be close-minded to other things that happen. There may be some changes that happen in yo ur life and you don’t fluctuate to that because you’re so focused on the goal. Many sporting people get very focused on goals, and if they focus on a certain time for an event, thinking that that time will win, if there is another time that’s faster. They’re focused on their time. And so that’s usually what happens cause they’re... The mind is so powerful that they meet the goal that they’re focused on. And other people don’t like goals because they find it restrictive, whatever... But I... I’m a very big o ne for goals because my personal experience is that I was just floating without them. So what I did and what I currently do is at any point in time have three major goals that I’m aiming for. At the moment I have three major goals and they are: to have a certain income level with my business, to have a certain level of accreditation within the National Speaker’s Associ ation of Australia. I currently have the third highest level and I want to have the second highest level. And the final one is for me to have a published book. Now they’re the three goals that I have, and what I do is I think about those, basically, every day. I have an affirmation that I go through and think about those goals. Now they’re effectively as I said, my dream goals. There’s other levels of the goals and what I have to do to that, so for, for example, for my accreditation, whenever I do a presentation or do any work, I make sure I get a testimonial, a written letter saying how wonderful they thought I was, because that’s part of what I need to do to get that next level of accreditation. Also I need to go to a national conference, I need to do a fe w other things. So I’m working on those and I put those in my diary and I have time plans for them. The other things about goals is... frequently we hear people say that they need to be SMART which is an acronym for; they need to be specific, they need to be measurable, they need to be achievable, realistic, and timely. So if you have a goal, let’s say “Oh one day I’m going to climb Mount Kilimanjaro.” And then five years later it’s like, “Oh yeah, that’s right, I want to climb Mount Kilimanjaro”—it’s not really a goal, that’s more a dream. By having it as a goal it’s when are you going to climb it by, what process are you going to put into place. So it’s all about, bringing all your energies to focus on achieving your goals.E-Views: Why is it that most people do so badly at reaching goals?Warwick: A lot of it’s focus, they lose focus. Everybody’s life is busy. There is so much happening in everybody’s life that what happens is they might have a goal, and then something will get in the road of that. Maybe their goal might be they want to go on a holiday every year, and they put in their leave form with their boss, and their boss is like, “Oh now’s not a good time. We’ve got this such-and-such project on. Can you wait, you know, wait a month?” And then next month it’s, “Can you wait a month?” And so different things get in their road, and people don’t... in my experience, people don’t stand up for their goals. They don’t fight for them. They let other forces。

Unit 7Task 1【答案】A.1) In a mental asylum.2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for the pertinents there.3) They were cants behaving like humans.4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill.5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort.B.painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, The Illustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famous 【原文】Dan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committee that visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man, drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped."Good lord, man," he exclaimed. "You draw like Louis Wain!""I am Louis Wain," said the artist.Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found him in 1925, he was a household name."He made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world," said H. G. Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. "British cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves."Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen if they were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping the maidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet about it. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the only domestic animal that could be called a friend.Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite a successful newspaper and magazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew a cat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness a black-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wain used to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him to show these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. "Whoever would want to see a picture of a cat?" he asked, and Louis Wain put the drawings away. A year or two later he showed them to the editor of The Illustrated London News, who suggested a picture of a cats' Christmas party across two full pages. Using his old sketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fifty cats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made him world famous.For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house with them, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work. Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followed every new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhat flatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of the National Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in abus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in an asylum for paupers.After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his work arranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. He continued to draw cats, but they became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists found them more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.Task 2【答案】A.1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like a young painter.2) It didn’t look like her.3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TC. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one yearsD. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange,shape, human face and figure, strange【原文】Pablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you are wondering why we call him "the youngest painter in the world". When he died in 1973, he was ninety-one years old. But even at that age, he was still painting like a young painter.For that reason, we have called him the "youngest" painter. Young people are always trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas. They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, rather than risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. We know what to expect from them.When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like a young man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artistic materials.Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose in strange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are not natural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like a machine.At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well as with his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the naked body and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He never thought about other people's opinions.Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especially if people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but not very much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He was still looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes. Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young, mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picasso painted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an interesting one.According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety times while he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything inthe world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted head though he had worked on it for so long. "When I look at you I can't see you any more!" he remarked.Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to the picture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. He could see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she sat in the studio in front of him.When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look like her, Picasso would reply, "Too bad. She'll have to look like the picture." But thirty years later, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really wasPicasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was a painter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what the teachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it was soon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Not even his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his painting when he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was no one to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooner or later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everything that was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he was twenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life—people in the streets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in bright colors and were lovely to look at.But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorer parts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed very clearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this "blue period" are full of pity and despair.Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures and become recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same time he began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places as simple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult to understand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube. Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what great paintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view is different.Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others are strange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to say to ourselves, "What makes him paint like that? What does he see?"Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, when one thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure. It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, "The head, the face, the human body--these are all that exist for Picasso. The souls of people do not interest him. The reality of life is in the head, the face, and the body."Task 3【答案】American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship modelsAmerican Art:The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millennium European Decorative Arts and Sculpture:Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, the musical instrumentsPaintings:11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, DutchTextiles and Costumes:high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessories【原文】Welcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as a leading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is the Museum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the present day, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce to you some of the collections here.The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range from the colonial period to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War New England. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well as an important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are the collection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superb collection of silver.The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the most extensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of the Far East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millennium B.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art are especially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in such areas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, and a renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses Western European works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding among these holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French 18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silver collection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection of musical instruments.The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings ranging from the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for French paintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by the impressionists. The Museum's great collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by John Singleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation of paintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the world because of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broad selection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics, costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and western cultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, for example, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and 20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves and enjoy your time here.Task 4【答案】A.1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division2) conventions, some societies and periods3) commodityB.1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art.C. 1) F 2) T【原文】The functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past five thousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated to the expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of the outsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialist who has usually undergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a school with a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art are presented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries, and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or his audience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions in which paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising for the local symphony.In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts are closer to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists have expressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. In place of our emphasis on the development of a personal or original style, artists were trained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always been specialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art. The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is not universal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating a salable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. Selling Navaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception of the period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individual talents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men. In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have been recognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, but reflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. The reasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America and Europe prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surrounding African Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of the West, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently,such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.Task 5【答案】A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b)B.Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather BarⅡ. Magnificent visual memory, essentialsⅢ. Rhythm, DustmenⅣ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humourC. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) T【原文】Few artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.What are those terms? If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up at her own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backside and bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror—it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves—these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing toappeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene—and I confess these are the pictures I prefer—the smallest detail is immediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who have made an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning—it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously "funny". There is something very endearing, for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have traditionally done—she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface—a pattern which is more than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhance and excite our own responses to the visible.I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.Task 6【答案】A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interestingB.Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting designPlate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colorsPlate 3: extends, the left side, pointC.Plate 4: c) d)Plate 5: a) b) d)Plate 6: a) b) d)【原文】The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings—that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is n o "story" being told in any of these paintings. Yet we find these paintings interesting because of the way they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in thecenter, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and he has made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE 2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climax of the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly "still" at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.Task 7【原文】Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He called himself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were nocourses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it.。

Unit 5Task 1【答案】A.1) More than 38 million people2) Ms. Stanecki is an UN AIDS Senior Adviser. She says that some of the fastest growing epidemics can found in Asia.3) Intravenous drug use.4) Anti-AIDS drags are widely available there. This has made some people pay less attention to the danger of becoming infected with HIV.B. 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) TC. worsening, five million, Africa, 25 million, one million, increase, political andfinancial, have access, one in five, more than half【原文】A new report by the UN AIDS organizations finds the global AIDS epidemic is worsening. The agency says more people in all regions around the world are becoming infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS.UN AIDS reports that significant progress has been made in providing treatment for larger numbers of AIDS victims and in achieving greater political and financial commitments in the fight against the fatal disease. Despite this, the report says none of these efforts has been enough to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.Last year, the report notes five million people became newly infected with HIV. That is more people than any previous year. Currently, it says, more than 38 million people are living with the disease.UN AIDS Senior Adviser Karen Stanecki says Asia, with 60 percent of the world's population, is home to some of the fastest growing epidemics in the world. In 2003 alone, she says, more than one million people became infected with HIV.“Equally alarming, we have only just begun to witness the f ull impact of AIDS on African societies as infections continue to grow and people are dying in large numbers. The scale of the problem in Africa is well documented, with over 25 million infections. If we don’t act now, 60 percent of today’s 15-year-olds will not reach their 60th birthday.”The report says the Caribbean is the hardest hit region in the world after Africa. It also finds the HIV/AIDS epidemic is continuing to expand in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, mainly due to intravenous drug users.UN AIDS says infections also are on the rise in the United States and Western Europe. It blames this largely on the widespread availability of anti-AIDS drags, which it says has made some people in these wealthy countries complacent.UN AIDS Director of Monitoring and Evaluation, Paul De Lay, acknowledges that around the world prevention programs are reaching fewer than one in five people who need them. Nevertheless, he says there has been a dramatic increase in prevention activities for young people and several other successes as well."In Africa, for instance, 60 percent of children have access to AIDS education both in primary and secondary schools. That is a huge increase from the late 1990s. In highly vulnerable groups like sex workers, we are seeing a real success story in Africa.32 percent of sex workers that are identified have access to HIV prevention and there is a large increase in condom use in this population."The report says global spending on AIDS has increased greatly, but, more is needed. It estimates $12 billion will be needed by next year, and $20 billion by 2007,for prevention and care in developing countries. The United Nations says AIDS funding has increased sharply in recent years, in part due to the US government's global AIDS initiative. But it says still globally less than half the money needed is being provided.Task 2【答案】A.1) 40,000, addicted, nature, nurture2) won’t, addict, prone3) genetic, fixed, fated4) regulations, implicationsB. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a)C.1) Human genes are all under close study in laboratories.2) It implies that insurance companies or employers might take advantage and discriminate against those who have been identified as being at high risk.【原文】Mary Gearin: Welcome to the lab. Like it or not, we're all in the Petri dish now as more scientists than ever look for the cause of our habits lying hidden inour genes.Dr. Whitfield: The advances in DNA technology mean that techniques can be applied to this type of research which weren't possible before and which give theprospect of what you might call an explosion in outcomes in actualfindings that we can use.Mary Gearin: It's a detective story with an unknown number of villains. We haven't established how many of our 40,000 genes may leave us more likely to beaddicted, but some scientists do believe they've confirmed a layperson'sprinciple—that we're about half nature, half nurture.Dr. Whitfield: The conclusion at the moment is that genetics accounts for about half the variation in liability to a number of kinds of addiction and thatenvironmental influences, or just the random things that happen to us aswe go through life, account for the other half.Mary Gearin: Of course, genes won't determine who will or won't become an addict, only those who are more prone to becoming one. Listen to a reformedsmoker and a leading researcher in the field, Wayne Hall.Wayne Hall: I think we really do have a task in front of us to educate people that “genetic” doesn’t mean fixed, immutable, unchangea ble, fated. It stillleaves plenty of room for human decision, choice and capacity to influenceand change behaviour.Mary Gearin: Wayne Hall is pushing for regulations to deal with the ethical implications that have inevitably surfaced.Wayne Hall: If we were able to identify people in advance as being at high risk because they possessed a set of genes, then that might have adverse effectson them in terms of the way others in their social environment treat them. Itmight have effects if insurance companies take account of that informationor employers and so on.Mary Gearin: But would addicts take any more responsibility for their own actions?Our distinctly unscientific sample of smokers told us: not really. If a testcame out, would you have yourself tested to see if you had that gene?Julie: Honestly, probably not.Mary Gearin: Would you want your kids to take that test to perhaps ware them off smoking if they had that gene as well?John Mackay: Only if they become problem smokers I'd probably suggest it, yeah.Otherwise I wouldn't worry about it.Task 3【答案】A. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)B.[√] 2.[√] 3.[√] 5.[√] 7.[√] 9.[√] 10.[√] 12.[√] 13.C.1) elementary school teacher, frustrations, peers, taught, learnt2) high EQ, adults, children【原文】Claire Nolan: Hi. This is Claire Nolan.Bill Rodney: Any I’m Bill Rodney. Today we’ll be discussing EQ—not IQ. EQ: emotional intelligence. We've been hearing a lot about EQ lately, and in factyou might have seen Daniel Goleman's best-selling book about it in thebookstore. Your emotional intelligence quotient seems to include both intra-and interpersonal relationships—in other words, how well you handle yourown emotions, and how well you respond to others.Claire Nolan: Yes, but Bill, that's not exactly a new idea, is it? I mean—I know a lot of old proverbs about thinking before you act, and that kind of thing.Bill Rodney: That's true, but the term itself is a new one, and it shows that people have realized, the way you control your feelings is just as important as youreducation—maybe even more important. But what's really interesting andthe focus of today's session is: Can you learn EQ? We'll be talking to threepeople today—all educators, in their own way—to get their perspective onit. Our first guest is Betty Cortina. Betty, you're an elementary schoolteacher. Do you really think that some kids have higher EQ's than others? Betty Cortina: Oh sure! Even at five or six years old, some of the kids tend to be much more patient and easy-going than others. And then others are proneto shout and make a big fuss. I mean, I don't want to make it sound as if it'sbad to be spirited, or anything, but if you can't control your emotions, evenat that age, you can have a lot of problems.Bill Rodney: Like what?Betty Cortina: Well, if you can't deal with setbacks, you don't make progress; and if you're always impatient, your peers don't like you.Bill Rodney: Can you give us an example?Betty Corrina: Sure. One example is how kids deal with frustration. Imagine a child who is having trouble doing a math problem. She gets frustrated with theproblem, throws her pencil down, yells angrily, "This is a stupid problem!I hate it!" Another child, with a higher EQ, might be able to handle thesituation better. She might try different ways to approach the problem, orask for help, and so on. And she will be more successful because she won't let her negative feelings get in the way of her task.Bill Rodney: I guess I can understand that, but my question is: Can you learn to have a higher EQ? Let’s see, our next guest is Jim McDonald. Do youwant to respond to that question?Jim McDonald: Yes. Well, as you know, I run management training programs for a bank here in the city, and I agree this EQ idea is defin itely important. Let’sface it: When the going gets tough, it’s much better for an employee tohave a positive, enthusiastic attitude than to dwell on failures. But what Ifind is that some people just take life in stride and other people don't. Imean, of course you can point them in the right direction—that's what I tryto do in my seminars—but some people never learn to improve their EQ. Betty Cortina: No, I disagree. Kids can be taught to have patience and not to give up when things go wrong. They learn to respond well to their emotions. Theylearn how to sit still and listen, and how to respect others. And I don'tbelieve we are born with a high emotional intelligence quotient. I think wehave to learn those skills.Jim McDonald: Okay, so maybe you can teach children, but frankly, I don't see how adults can ever change. I mean, I work with a lot of managers, and thegood ones are sharp, perceptive people who respond well to change. Idon't think the others can learn that.Bill Rodney: Why not?Jim McDonald: Well, part of the problem is that people with a low EQ have a difficult time seeing how their behavior affects other people. They see no reason tochange. Their behavior has negative effects—for themselves and forothers—but they don't see it that way. They tend to blame other people forthe problems they are having. People like this just don’t work well withother people. I’d say they have a lower EQ and they’ll probably neveradjust their behavior.Task 4【答案】A.1) Marriage counsel/Psychologist.2) Yes.3) With help, he learned to see that his wife’s success was also his success instead of his failure.B.1) T 2) F 3) T【原文】Bill Rodney: Our third guest, Ian Davis, is a marriage counselor. Ian, from the perspective of a marriage counselor, can adults change their EQ's?Ian Davis: Yes. I am a psychologist and I work with couples, married couples, who are having problems. From what I can see, some people, adults, I mean, canchange their EQ's.Bill Rodney: How so?Ian Davis: Well, I think that the key to keeping a relationship together is learning to empathize with your partner.Bill Rodney: Did you say "empathize"?lan Davis: Yes, it's crucial. Couples who have successful relationships try hard to understand each other's feelings. First, you have to put yourself in yourpartner's shoes. That makes it easier for you to make allowances for yourpartner's weaknesses. You have to learn to control your reactions even when you feel angry or resentful.Bill Rodney: So you're saying people can learn those things? Don't you think that, as Jim said, some people have it and some don't?Ian Davis: No, I disagree strongly with what he said. I do see people change. If I didn't think people could change, I'd be in a different line of work!Bill Rodney: I'm not quite sure I understand what you're saying. Tell us about someone you've seen acquire a higher EQ.Ian Davis: Well, let me tell you about a case I saw recently. I had some clients, a husband and wife, a few months ago, and the wife had gotten a promotionat work. Now the husband was happy for her, of course, but he also felt abit jealous. He felt like a failure because he hadn’t gotten a promotion at hisjob.Bill Rodney: So what happened to them?Ian Davis: Well, the husband had to learn to swallow his pride and put aside his negative feeling. I told him to concentrate on the good thing that hadhappened to his wife instead of thinking about himself. With practice, hewas able to see that her success was also his success, not his failure. I reallythink he raised his own EQ by doing that.Bill Rodney: Thank you, Ian. And I’ll remember to keep EQ in mind. Maybe I can geta little better it! And thank you, Betty and Jim, for joining us today.Task 5【答案】1) He should have asked some questions, like what kind of work she did, or how long she spent at the computer every day.2) Acupuncture.3) They have to be more careful before they recommend operations.4) He tends to get better when it’s warmer.C.Column 1 Column 2Linda Jenkins Atlanda, GeorgiaShelley Travers Eugene, OregonRay Ishwood New York City【原文】Bill: Good morning, everyone. This is Bill and the show is Body Talk. Today's topic is problems with doctors. Now, who hasn't had a problem with a doctor? Call in and tell us yours. Our number is 1-800-555-BODY. That didn't take long…here's our first caller now. Hello, this is Bill and you're on Body Talk!Shelley Travers: Morning, Bill. This is Shelley Travers, calling from New York City.Thanks for taking my call. I just want to say how important I think itreally is for a doctor to listen to a patient.Bill: Tell me about it! So, Shelley, what happened to you?Shelley Travers: Well, I was getting these really bad, shooting pains in my back. I couldn't sleep at night or anything. So I went to my doctor, and heexamined me and had me do all these tests and things. And I even had togo into the hospital for some X-rays. But after all that—I mean, I tookoff a lot of time from work—they told me there was nothing wrong withme. I was thinking about trying alternative medicine and going to achiropractor when a co-worker... I'm a secretary...Bill: What was that, Shelley? I didn't catch all of what you said. You mean, you were in serious pain.., the doctor's tests didn't show anything…youwere going to go to a chiropractor...Shelley Travers: Well, yes, that's right. Awful, right? But a co-worker said, "You know, your desk chair is too hard. If you sat on a soft cushion that might makeyour back feel better." Anyway, she was totally right. So then I felt reallymad, because, I mean, I had taken all that time from work to see thedoctor, but all I really needed was a cushion!Bill: So, your doctor hadn't really listened and asked the right questions, right, Shelley?Shelley Travers: Yeah, that's right. He never asked me what kind of work I did, or how long I spent at the computer every day. If he had asked somequestions, he probably wouldn't have sent me for all those tests!Bill: Sure sounds like your doctor wasn't much help. But, I'm glad the cushion worked. Thanks, Shelley. Bye, now. Hi, Bill here. You're on BodyTalk.Linda Jenkins: Hi there, Bill. My name is Linda Jenkins, and I’m calling from Atlanta, Georgia. I want to tell you what happened to me… It’s kind ofembarrassing though…Bill: Ah, go ahead. Linda, Don't be embarrassed. We're listeningLinda Jenkins: Well... ah... Okay. I had this big wart on my foot. It got so bad that I could hardly...Bill: Sorry to interrupt you, Linda. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: A wart, you know, a hard lump. Kids get them on their hands all the time, but I got one on the bottom of my left foot. So, my doctor said I'dprobably need an operation to remove it. Burn it off, or something. Hereally scared me!Bill: So, you were scared, but did you take his advice?Linda Jenkins: No, actually, I didn't. But I was just desperate, because, you know, I could hardly walk. So, I decided to try acupuncture.Bill: Wait a minute. I didn't catch that. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: I tried acupuncture—I went to an acupuncturist. And you know, she really listened to me and got me to change my diet and get more rest. Shesaid the wart was probably a reaction to stress. I had been working late a lot. Eventually, the wart cleared up. I really think that doctors have to be more careful before they recommend operations. Sometimes there's a much simpler treatment. I mean, if doctors put themselves in their patients' shoes, they might not be so quick to start cutting!Bill: You know, Linda, you're absolutely right! I couldn't agree with you more!Thanks for sharing your story with us. Good-bye, and good luck! Hello,you're on Body Talk.Ray Ishwood: Hello, Bill. Ray Ishwood, calling from Eugene, Oregon.Bill: How are you doing, Ray?Ray Ishwood: Fine, Bill. Ah, well.., here's my story. For several years, I've had arthritis in my hands and wrists. This winter—it was so cold andrainy—the pain got really bad. My doctor gave me a series of injections,really painful, to my hands. He said that in a few weeks I would feelbetter.Bill: Well, did you? Did those painful shots help?Ray Ishwood: Well... I don't really know... I mean, I'm feeling a lot better now, but I think it's because of the warmer weather. I tend to get worse when it'scold and rainy outside. So, I don't think that the shots were that much help.And they were very painful. I just don't want to continue with them ifthey don't really make much of a difference.Bill: You're probably right, Ray. Well, I'm glad you're feeling better, and thanks for calling Body Talk.Task 6【答案】A. 1) c) 2) b)B. veracts, immune system, reaction, the sting, blood pressure, breathe, medicineC. A. immune system,B. red, itchy eyes, runny nose, difficult breathingC. 1. Normal2. Allergic【原文】Today I think we are ready to start talking about allergies, and about allergic reactions. In the first part of my lecture, I'm going to explain what an allergic reaction is. Then I will try to describe what an allergic reaction to a bee sting is like. In the second part of my lecture, I'm going to talk about allergy testing and allergy shots. I'll explain one way the testing is done. I'll also tell you how and why allergy shots are given. That's a lot to cover, so let's begin.What is an allergic reaction? Well, an allergic reaction is really an action of the immune system in the body—an action of the immune system in your body. The immune system's job is to protect you, to make antibodies to protect you from things that are dangerous to your health. In an allergic reaction, however, your body makes antibodies to something that isn't really a problem for the body—that is, it's not usually a problem for someone without an allergy. For example, milk and cats’ hair and dust are usually not dangerous to humans. But, for some reason, your body might produce antibodies to milk or to cats' hair or to dust. Your body is trying to protect you from these things.When the immune system does this, it is, in a sense, working too hard. The result is a fight. The fight is between your antibodies and the milk you drank or the cat hair or the dust you breathed in. You know your body is having a fight because you sneeze, or you have red, itchy eyes and a runny nose, or you feel tired, or you may have difficulty breathing. These are some of the common signs of an allergy.Now let's turn our attention to one specific allergic reaction. Let's look at what happens with a bee sting. Anyone who gets a bee sting will have some reaction. A normal reaction is pain and swelling and redness where the sting is. This type of reaction is also called a local reaction because the reaction is only in the location, the place, where the sting is.In contrast, an allergic reaction to a bee sting is a much stronger reaction. It is a general reaction that affects the whole body. This general reaction is called an anaphylactic reaction, a-n-a-p-h-y-l-a-c-t-i-c. This is shown in the figure on page 76, so take a look at the figure. In this kind of reaction, several things happen. There is pain and swelling, but it is all over the body, not just where the sting is. The person's legs, arms, feet, and face usually itch and turn red. It often becomes difficult for the person to breathe. The person can also become weak and confused. The blood pressure may drop. For some people, these reactions may continue for hours unless some medicine is given. In fact, the person can die if he or she isn't given medicine to stop the reaction.Task 7【答案】A. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) FB. definition, prevention, an unusual, antibodies, symptoms, Untreated, death, the thing, an allergic reactionC. under the skin, red bump, less sensitive, several times【原文】Now, if you are allergic to something, it's important to know how to prevent these reactions. One question is: How do people know if they are allergic to something, say, if they are allergic to bee stings? One way to find out is to have an allergy test. One type of test is a skin test. To do the test, the doctor injects a small amount of the venom, the poison from the bee, under the skin. You can see this in the left hand figure on page 77. Then, the doctor watches closely to see what happens. The doctor pays attention to two things: the color of the skin and the size of the bump on the skin. This is shown in the right hand figure on the same page. If the skin reacts strongly—in other words, if the bump is big and very red—this means the person is very allergic. If the skin only changes a little, the person is only slightly allergic. If the skin doesn't change, this usually means the person isn't allergic.If the doctor finds out the person is allergic to bees, or bee stings, allergy shots are often recommended. In the allergy shots, the doctor uses a small amount of bee venom. The doctor does this to make the person less sensitive to the venom, in other words, to build up the person's immunity to the venom. This is similar to what doctors do when they give children shots against childhood diseases like measles.Each visit, the doctor increases the amount of venom in the shot. The doctor starts off with a very small amount of venom and uses slightly more each time. Increasing the amount builds up immunity to the venom. This immunity will not protect the person from a bee sting, of course. If the person gets stung, he or she will still get a local reaction, but will not have an allergic reaction. Okay, so that's basically how the allergy shots work.To sum up the main points of our talk today, let's recall what an allergic reaction is and how allergic reactions can be prevented. Remember that an allergic reaction is an unusual reaction to something that doesn't normally affect people. In an allergic reaction, for example, to a bee sting, the body keeps producing antibodies and the person can have an anaphylactic reaction. This can be very serious, and the personmay even die if he or she isn't given medicine. Allergy shots help you to prevent an allergic reaction. They help make someone less sensitive to the thing that causes the allergy, such as the bee venom.Okay, well, if can remember these points, I think that's all for today.Task 8【原文】Want your kids to eat healthy? Check your own diet. The more fruit and vegetables Mom and Dad eat, the more Junior is likely to consume, according to a study of two-to-six-year-olds at London's University College. And youngsters who were introduced to these foods earlier tended to reach for them more often. Those who had been breast-fed ate fruit and vegetables more frequently than bottle-fed kids. The likely reason? Breast milk takes on the flavours of the food Mom eats.Speaking of milk, researchers found that girls who met calcium requirements had mothers who drank more milk. Moreover, those who got at least the minimum recommended amount of calcium at age five (800 mg daily) were nearly five times as likely to so at age nine (1,300 mg daily).。

Unit 6Task 1【答案】A.In the five short advertisements, sofa beds, a women’s magazine, a car buyer’s magazine, a kind of soap and a radio programme on music are advertised.B. 1) a) 2) c) 3) b) 4) d) 5) c)C. 1) T 2) F 3) F【原文】1) At Simply Sofabeds at Notting Hill Gate we're lowering our prices—for Christmas. Masses of sofa beds for immediate delivery. We're open six days a week, with viewing on Sunday. So celebrate Christmas early this year witha Simply Sofabeds sofa bed at a price that's right. Simply Sofabeds!2) Could there really be a woman's magazine that's different? Yes. It's called Prima. It's packed with news, opinion, fashion and once again there's a free giant pull-out section with clothes to make, crafts to create, beautiful sweaters to knit. Get your second, value-packed issue of Prima!3) Car Buyer magazine. Every Thursday. It gives you a choice of more new and used cars than all of your local papers put together—and for less. Car Buyer for car buyers. At your newsagent's now.4) Girls! Sensitive skin really does need more sensitive care. And I take special care of my sensitive skin with Cuticura soap. Because Cuticura soap contains a medicated ingredient which cleans your skin without leaving it dry or tight. Cuticura medicated soap. From chemists everywhere.5) Hello. This is Bob Harris inviting you to join me this Friday and every Friday evening for the LBC "Pop Review". I play the best of the recent releases, review the British and the American charts, play classic music by the big stars and new tracks by the names of tomorrow. So it's a real mix of different styles and I'm sure you'll love the music. I'd certainly love to have your company. This Friday evening at half past nine. Right here on LBC.Task 2【答案】A.Effects of Bergas ol You may do one of these things when sunbathing:1. You don’t use any suntan oil.2. You use an ordinary suntan oil.3. You use Bergasol.Different results of different acts:1. You skin may burn terribly if the sunshine is stronger than you’re used to.2. Your skin may not get burned, but you won’t get a good tan, either.3. Your skin is protected while it gets a tan quickly.How does Bergasol work?The oil in Bergasol fruit activities cells in the skin that produce melanin, the element that gives the skin the natural dark color.Price of Bergas ol More expensive than ordinary suntan oilReason: The special formulations in Bergasol isn’t cheap to prepare.B. 1) b) 2) b)【原文】When you stretch out in the sun you can do one of these three things.You can use no suntan oil. You can use an ordinary suntan oil. Or you can use Bergasol.If you don't use any suntan oil at all when you're in the sun that is stronger than you're used to, you will bum surprisingly quickly.If you use an ordinary suntan oil you will protect your skin to a lesser or greater degree. How much depends on the "protection-factor number" on the bottle. Some of these oils block out so many of the sun's rays you can stay in the sun all day without burning—but you won't go very brown, either.Bergasol will protect your skin like an ordinary suntan oil. But Bergasol oil also has a tan accelerator which comes from the oil of the bergamot fruit.It speeds up the rate at which the sun activates the skin cells that produce melanin.And it is melanin which gives the skin its brown color.So when you use Bergasol suntan oil you go brown faster, and as the days pass the difference will become more and more obvious.Unfortunately this special formula isn't cheap. So Bergasol is rather more expensive than ordinary suntan oil.However the price looks more attractive as you do.Task 3【答案】A.1) b) 2) c) 3) a) 4) a) 5) d)B.1) F 2) T 3) F【原文】The insane laughter faded away behind me. To one side of the clearing sat a deserted house, as derelict and forgotten as the people who once lived there.The door opened, and I was in the front room, a room so dark I felt I could reach out and run my fingers through its inky stillness.From outside the window came the sounds of the night. Owls. Crickets. And from across the room.., drip, drip, drip.My eyes, adjusting to the light, made out what appeared to be a coat hanging from a hat rack, but as the haze dissolved I saw that from the neck of the coat stared the lifeless face of Kuperman, his eyes frozen in horror. A shrieking laugh, as inescapable as a nightmare, rang out around me.My heart, already shaking in the cage of my chest, exploded as a hand fell upon my shoulder."So how do you like the Mitsubishi Home Theater's surround sound?" asked the sales guy."Uhh, great." I said, as I stumbled to the door of the showroom for a breath of fresh air.Task 4【答案】A.TV Advertisements in BritainWhere do we see TV advertisements in Britain? You don ’t see TVadvertisements on theBBC, which stands for theBritain BroadcastingCorporation, because it isa public corporation andrelies on the license feesfor its income.You see TV advertisementson ITV, which stands forIndependent Television,because it is private andrelies on theadvertisements for itsincome.What do people think of the TV advertisements in Britain? Not very subtle. Some people go and make a cup of tea or walk their dog when advertisements come on TV.TV Programmes in BritainWhat are people’s opinions of the TV programmes in Britain? Foreigners aresupposed to say thatthey are wonderful, butthis is only the storyinvented by the BBC.There are some awfulTV programmes, butsome are quite good.Why do people prefer to see films on TV? 1.It costs nothing to watch TV while it costs a lotif you go to a cinema.2.It saves you the trouble of going to the cinema.3.The films you see on TV are old ones, whilethose shown in cinemas tend to be new ones.What are the pros and cons of watching football matches on TV? Pros1. A better view of thegame2.The comfort ofstaying at homeCons:1.You can’t fully enjoythe real atmosphere.2.You don’t feel like apart of the realevent.B. 1) T 2) T【原文】Bob: You are not still watching television, are you?Andre: Yes, I am. I enjoy it. The camera work was very good. It looked like the work of real experts. Er... do you know the history of television in Britain?Bob: Oh, television came to Britain in the year 1936.Andre: Ah!Bob: Only in the London area at that time, though. There wasn't any television during the Second World War. It was started up again afterwards. The BBC was the organization responsible for it. Andre: What do the initials BBC stand for?Bob: The British Broadcasting Corporation. It's a public corporation. It isn't controlled by the government, but it's not a private company either.That means that the government can't use the BBC for propaganda purposes, and nor can private individuals or firms.Andre: Is advertising allowed on the BBC?Bob: No, though some satellite channels get more autonomy. ITV gets its money from advertising, though.Andre: ITV?Bob: ITV stands for Independent Television. It was started in 1954—again in the London area. It covers the whole country now, though. Andre: Why does everything start in London?Bob: Well... it's the capital after all—and the largest centre of population. If you start up a public service—like TV—there, it gets to as many people as possible to start with.Andre: What do people think of the advertisements on television?Bob: It depends. A lot of people think it's a good idea because it means that television can pay its way—ITV gets all its money from advertisements. Andre: What about the BBC?Bob: You have to buy a TV license and that money goes to the BBC. A lot of people don't like having to pay and wish that there were advertisements on the BBC too. On the other hand, other people hateTV advertising because they think it's an insult to their intelligence. Andre: Mm. The advertisements are very subtle, then?Bob: Well... some aren't, anyway. Lots of people go to the kitchen to makea cup of tea when the adverts are on... or take their dog for a walk. Andre: I see. What do you think of your television programmes? Do you like watching them? The programme we've just seen was okay, but what about television in general?Bob: Well, you know how you foreigners say our policemen are wonderful? It's...Andre: Do they? I didn't know they did.Bob: American tourists are supposed to say that, anyway. Well, as I was going to say, people from overseas are supposed to say that sort of thing about our television as well. Personally, I think the BBC has invented that story. There are some pretty awful programmes on TV, but some are quite good.Andre: What sort of things do you watch yourself?Bob: I watch mainly news programmes. And I like old films, too. Andre: Old films? I don't see how you can criticize television if you just watch old films. You might just as well go to the cinema.Bob: Oh—not on your life, the cinema costs money. Besides, it's a lot more trouble going out than staying at home. And I like old films, not new ones. There are a lot of other people like me, too.Andre: Mm, reasonable enough, I suppose.Bob: And it's not just films that people would rather watch on TV. Fewer people go to football matches nowadays, for instance. They prefer to watch them on TV.Andre: Surely it's not as good on television as it is in real life?Bob: Oh, you lose a bit of the atmosphere, of course, and you don't feel part of the occasion in the same way as you do when you're actually there.But you get a much better view of the game on television, and you don't have to move from your armchair.Andre: Ah... well, thank you very much. What's on next?Bob: Oh, my goodness. Some people don't ever do anything but watchtelevision and ask questions!Task 5【答案】A.1) b a d c2) c b d a3) a d b c4) b a c dB.certain changes were to be made in the office and some workers would probably be moved to other positions, see if there were any chance for her, she was moved to a higher position, find a job fro herself, became the person advertising jobs for othersC.frowned, was amazed, was more alarmed and seriously worried【原文】Cecilia was reading the details of a job that was being advertised."Applications are invited for the post of Personal Assistant to the Manager of this large London export firm. Candidates should be experienced in all branches of office work and should be qualified in shorthand and typewriting. The successful candidate must be prepared to work alone and will be expected to travel."The person appointed will be asked to join the company's insurance scheme and will be permitted to use a company car. Three weeks' annual paid holiday will be allowed. Salary will be calculated according to experience."Application forms may be obtained from the address below and should be returned within three weeks. An interview will be held in London and candidates will be called for interview before the end of this month. Travel expenses for candidates coming from outside London can be claimed at the time of interview."Jason arrived home and looked over Cecilia's shoulder. "I heard today," she said, with a sigh, "that certain changes are going to be made in the officeand that some of us are going to be moved. And since we might be put anywhere, I thought I'd find out what jobs were being publicized."The following evening when Jason came home he found Cecilia sitting at the table which was covered with papers advertising many different jobs. Over her shoulder he read:"An assistant editor will be required in September. Applicants should be experienced and prepared to work late hours. A good salary will be paid monthly into a bank for the right candidate. The successful applicant will be appointed for two years in the first case. Application forms, which should be sent in before July 31st, may be obtained from the address below."Jason frowned and turned to the next advertisement, which read:"Temporary typists will be needed during the next six months for several departments. Applicants should be trained and qualified. Inexperienced typists may be appointed but must be prepared to be trained. Application forms, obtainable from the address below, should be filled in by each applicant in her own handwriting and returned before July 31st. All applicants will be interviewed..."Amazed, Jason glanced from paper to paper, becoming more alarmed as he read:"Daily cleaners will be required…lunches may be provided…candidates will be expected to pass a m edical examination…salary will be paid weekly…ladders and other equipment will be provided…applications should be received before July 31st..."Seriously worded now, Jason sat down. "You don't really need to think about so many jobs, do you?"Cecilia turned to him. "I told you some of us were going to be moved," she said. "I've been put in a new office at a higher salary and now I'm the one who writes out the details for all the jobs that are going to be advertised. It's fun."Task 6【答案】A. 1) d) 2) d) 3) b) 4) d)B. 1) F 2) T 3) TC. insulted, intimidated, victim, patient, please, this treatment, be attacked and robbed, using force, badly, hurt her deeply, a university degree, a well paid job, the best car in the street, money in my pocket, his children and their mother, abused his position, badly, smart, change his ways, lose his family's love【原文】About four years ago I was attacked on the street, knocked down and my bag stolen. All my friends and family were very sympathetic and helped me go to the police to report it. Now I am a victim again, but this time it is my husband who is assaulting me—hitting, insulting and intimidating me. Yet my family doesn't see me as a victim now. They say if I was more patient and tried harder to please my husband he wouldn't beat me. But I don't think I deserve this treatment—just like I didn't deserve to be attacked and robbed.Physical assault is a crime whether it happens in the home or on the street. Build family respect and harmony; speak out against domestic violence.I might have a university degree, a well paid job, the best car in the street and money in my pocket—but I don't have what I value most in life—my children and their mother. I was a fool to think that by using force I could control those I loved. I admit I treated her badly and hurt her deeply. I thought that the children didn't know what was happening, but of course they did. Children can sense unhappiness in their mother.Now when I look back on it, I realize that a home which has violence and disrespect scares away love and happiness. Domestic violence causes family destruction.It was so hard coming to a new country, with a new life, and everything so different. I felt like everything was out of my control. Except in my home and family—at least there I could be boss. But I abused my position as head of the household and treated my wife badly. My wife—she's pretty smart—she got some information about the Australian law which says what I am doing is illegal.Jeez, I don't want to end up in the court system with the police on myback! No way! I've got my kids to think about. I'm going to change my ways—before it's too late and I lose my family's love.Love builds harmony in the family. Domestic violence destroys everything.Task 7【答案】A. 1) d) 2) a) 3) d)B. 1) F 2) F 3) T 4) TC. self, yourself, consecutive, accomplishment, on, off, effective, patterns, marketable skills, accomplishmentsD.1) This is a statement about your personality rather than your skill areas.2) You should not apologize in your resume.3) This information about your educational background is better not mentioned, since it is not a strong point.4) The positive side of this experience is not adequately explored.5) This statement is not specific about your strong points.【原文】The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar “tombstone” that lists where you went to school and where you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the “functional” resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.It’s handy to have a “tombstone” for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested “tombstone” lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.Put yourself first. In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.Sell what you can do, not who you are. Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skillareas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.Toot your own horn! Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does. And one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!Turn bad news into good. Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side.Never apologize. If you’ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background) in place of a chronology of experie nce. Don’t apologize for working at being a mother; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.How to psych yourself up? The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments (leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills, etc.). Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you’ve ready to show it to a stranger (friends are usually too kind) for a reaction. When you’ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.Isn’t that the kind of person you’d want working for you?Task 8【答案】Ⅰ. increase your sales, travel very fast, secure and safeⅡ.A. a web page, your past customers’ testimonies, link to their email address,a potential customer can email them and verify the testimony, have theopportunity to speak with the past customers and find out all the great things about service or product, those who log onto your websites can in turn talk to their friends and this could tumble like a domino effect.B. your newsletter, visit your siteC.answer your potential customers' questions, This will answer theirquestions, This can show them how good your service or product is D. give out their credit card details, they are afraid that someone will stealtheir credit card number, feel more comfortable and secure about buying your service or productⅢ.A. deliver your product competently, this is merely what the customerexpects, go beyond what is expected and make the process memorableB.1. aluminum foil shaped like a swan, talk to people about this experience, not even a cent2. clean, marketing3. tours of the men's restroomⅣ. distinguish your business from your competitors, performance standards, creativity, enthusiasm【原文】Have you ever purchased something that your friend recommended? Didn't this make you feel secure and safe since you knew that your friend was happy with the product or service?The best kind of advertisement is word of mouth. Even though it doesn't travel fast, it can do some magnificent results. When one of your past customers tells other people how great your service is, it makes people feel secure, and safe. It gives them a reason why to buy your service or product. Give your past customers a chance to brag about you, use their testimonies. You can use them as powerful tools to increase your sales dramatically.First, collect all the testimonies that you have received from your past customers. Then make a whole web page on your site and place the testimonies on that page. Don’t forget to link to their email address, so apotential client can email them and verify the testimony. This also gives them the opportunity to speak with your past customers and find out all the great things that they have experienced with your service or product. They could then turn around and tell their friends what they heard. This could tumble like a domino affect, causing you to have an explosion of sales.There are many other ways you can use the testimonies. If you have a newsletter that you publish, I would suggest putting an ad in the newsletter that contains “The Testimony” an d some information about your service or product. This will give the potential client a real good reason to visit your site. They already have proof about how good your service or product is. I would also suggest using them in any advertisement you have, and this will give you the same benefits. Try using your testimonies to answer your potential customers' questions. This will answer their questions, and show them how good your service or product is. This is like killing two birds with one stone.You can also try putting some testimonies in your follow-ups that will give them a reason to act now. There is still a big percentage of people on the Internet who are afraid to give out their credit card. They do not think the Internet is safe, and are worried that someone will steal their credit card number. By having “The Testimonies”, it will make them feel more comfortable and secure about buying your service or product.How can you build more word of mouth advertising? Rephrasing the question, why would your customers want to talk to their friends about their experience of doing business with you? What things can you do that will compel them to do so?When you perform your service or deliver your product competently, you are merely doing what the customer expects. (If you don't meet the customers' expectations, they may well tell their friends what you don't want them to hear!) In order to compel the customers to want to share their good experience with their friends, you must make the process memorable, going beyond what is expected.Recently I had lunch with my team members at the Campbell House. The food and service were truly excellent. My daughter and administrative assistant, Dawn, asked for her leftovers to be packed. They were returned toher in aluminum foil shaped like a swan. Guess what she talked about when she got home? How much more do you think it cost the Campbell House to produce that "Wow!" experience? The answer is, not a cent!Disneyland should be an inspiration to us all in providing a "Wow!" experience. What do people talk to their friends about when they come home? "You should have seen how clean that park was! With all of the people there, it's unbelievable! There's not an even a gum wrapper on the ground!" Walt Disney understood that cleanliness is marketing. The Madonna Inn in San Luis Obispo gives tours of the men's restroom. It's quite remarkable, with a rock fountain urinal. I took my daughters when they were very small, and they still remember that urinal! Here is an area that with some creativity, some procedures defined as performance standards, and some enthusiasm, you and your team can distinguish your business from your competitors. Why not schedule a team meeting tomorrow to generate ideas?Task 9【答案】A.Ⅰ.A.1. Person-to-person contact to persuade consumers to buy a product2. indirectly, messages on radio, television, newspaper or handbillsB. Create a demand for the advertised commoditiesⅡ.A.1. more or less the same way2. are partly decided by their teenage childrenB. 1. love, fear, Dating, ＄1 billion2. the sex appeal, bad breath, perspiration stains, body odour3. health, prestige, pride, envy, jealousy4. brand names, during the years to comea. Repeat the commercials time and again on radio and televisionb. Associate the products with radio or TV stars in the advertisements.B.Advantages:1. Stimulates demand, mass production2. Gives information3. Leaving home4. Stimulates competition5. Lowers prices6. Provides entertainmentDisadvantages:1. May mislead the public, they are getting something that is not being offered2. Often misuse language.3. Encourages impulse buying4. Raises prices, The cost of advertising a product5. May influence the mass media【原文】Salesmen depend upon the person-to-person approach in trying to persuade consumers to buy. Advertising, however, has to depend upon reaching consumers indirectly—through messages on radio and television, in the newspapers, or even on handbills given to you in the street.Once again, the purpose of advertising is to sell goods. This means that the advertiser is going to try to make you think you want something—his something—whether you need it or not. In other words, the advertiser is creating a demand for his product. This is fine. Remember, all the goods being produced today have to be sold. And you cannot buy something if you do not know about it. Later, we shall discuss the pros and cons of advertising. First, let us see how advertisers try to reach the teenage consumers. Of course, many of the advertising gimmicks used to sell to teenagers are used to sell to adults as well.All consumers have certain basic needs or wants: food, clothing, and shelter. But the basic needs of most teenagers are provided for by their parents. Even here, though, advertisers appeal to teenagers because they know that the kind of food mom buys or the furnishings in a teenage girl's room will be partly determined by the teenagers.Teenagers are interested in how much an item will cost. They are interested in whether they are getting solid value for their dollars. They want to know what service they can expect after buying the product. Advertisers let you know this.Probably the most effective appeal to teenagers (and to adults too) is to their emotions. Some important emotions are love and fear. Sales of cosmetics to teenagers approach $1 billion each year. Dating is very important to teenagers, so you have to smell sweet. Hide any skin blemishes, and keep your hair looking just fight. The ads show how using a particular hair spray will make girls and boys more attractive to each other.Ads that promise to increase sex appeal if we use a product are very common. Almost any product can use this appeal. Ads tell you that you will be more attractive if you eat, chew, drink, wear, or use any one of hundreds of different products. Then, of course, there are those ads that ware of bad breath, perspiration stains, or body odour.Advertisers appeal to teenagers' desire to conform. Young people like to think of themselves as individuals who "do their own thing", but this is only partly true. Look around your classroom. Notice the hair styles and the clothing that your classmates are wearing. Chances are there are more things you have in common with each other than you would care to admit.In addition, advertisers appeal to the desire for health and prestige, to the desire to be in style, to pride, and to envy and jealousy.Teenagers, just like all other consumers, are influenced by brand names. Advertisers try to get teenagers used to a brand because they know that, in later years, the teenagers will stick to this brand. Therefore, commercials are repeated over and over again on radio and television. We soon get to know them by heart. Slick advertising slogans will pop into our minds as we reach for a product. Some advertisers stay with particular radio or television stars, and consumers come to associate a product with a famous person. Since teenagers spend a lot of time listening to the radio and watching television, this form of advertising is very important.You are probably wondering, at this point, whether advertising is good or bad. Actually, it may be a little of both, but decide for yourself. To help you decide, some of the advantages and disadvantages of advertising are listed below.The advantages of advertising are as follows:1. Stimulates demand. Demand increases sales, makes possible the mass。

Unit 10Task 1【答案】A.1) washing machines, televisions, cars, 1946, unemployment, soldiers, politicians, on television, in films2) 10 percentB.1) The Market Research Society.2) More than 3,000 people were questioned.3) People dress far more casually than they used to.4) In the past "an evening out" for most people mean a visit to the cinema. Today they would be more likely to go to a restaurant or to a disco.5) The lack of ambition among the middle-aged.C. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) F 6) F【原文】Ordinary people in Britain have more washing machines, televisions and cars than in 1946. They also have more fear of unemployment. Whereas once the nation's heroes used to be soldiers or politicians, today they are more likely to be famous faces on television or in films, such as Sylvester Stallone.These are just some of the changes discovered in a series of surveys by the Market Research Society. More than 3,000 people were questioned and the results were compared with a similar survey done in 1946. In many cases, the new survey tells us what we already knew, such as the fact that many people are better off in a material sense and that women spend much less time at the kitchen sink or in the home looking after their families. But we also learn a number of other things. Tastes in clothing and entertainment have changed considerably. People dress far more casually than they used to. And whereas "an evening out" for most people used to mean a visit to the cinema, today it is far more likely to involve going to a restaurant or to a disco. Some things have not changed. People still adore the films of Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman even though they are more likely to watch them on television or video. And despite the variety of foreign food now available, more than a quarter of the people in the survey said they preferred a meal of steak and chips. The only change is that a large number would also like wine with it instead of beer. In 1946 only a small proportion—less than 10 percent—ever drank wine with their meals.One of the most surprising things to come out of the new research is the lack of ambition among the middle-aged. Many executives feel that by the time they are in their mid-forties, they have achieved all their most important goals in life. Most of them said they would prefer to retire in their fifties rather than go on working for a promotion.Task 2【答案】A.Column 1 Column 2 Column 3Dilip Sardesai a shop on the Internet Ohio, USAand his wife AndrijaNicole Pernot a small stationer’s shop near Arras, France Dave Stirling a Forum hypermarket Newcastle, England B.1) d) 2) c) 3) a) 4) b) 5) c)【原文】For the past eighteen years, Dilip Sardesai and his wife Andrija have run a small stationer’s shop in the university city of Newcastle, in the north-east of England. As well as selling paper, pens, computer and office equipment, they also offer a photocopying and fax service. They work long hours to keep the shop going, and both of their children help them after school. Dilip sees the personal contact he has with his customers as the most important part of his job. “Many of our customers are from the university”, says Dilip. “We’ve seen generations of students come and go. we like to offer them the kind of personal service they can’t get in a larger shop. We’re never too busy to stop and chat about exams, or whatever they want to talk about.”Nicole Pernot is the manageress of a Forum hypermarket, situated 20 kilometers from Arras, a town in the north-east of France. Forum has 600 stores in five different countries and plans to expand into Eastern Europe. The huge hypermarket employs over 300 people, and has parking spaces for over 3.000 cars. “People nowadays have busy lives”, says Nikole, “so we try to attract families by offering them a complete shopping experience, including a full restaurant serviceand free entertainment for the children. We try to make it possible for shoppers todo all their weekly shopping in one place. People come here not only for food and household goods, but also clothes, electrical goods, books, CDs…..In fact, we sell everything from peanuts to personal computers!”Five years ago, Dave Stirling had the idea of selling CDs over the Internet. The business he started from his home in Ohio, USA, now sells 500,000 CDs year and his made him into a millionaire at the age of twenty-four. “I could see right away that this was the future of shopping”, says Stirling. “Why should you pay $15 for a CD – and spend the time and money getting to the store and parking your car, when, by clicking on your computer, you can have the same CD brought to your door for half the cost? And of course, there’s the choice – we promise to find any CD and deliver it within seventy-two hours.” According to Stirling, this is only the beginning. “I believe that one day we will do all our shopping over the Net: It’s easier, quicker and cheaper. Shops and supermarkets will soon be a t hing of the past.”Task 3【答案】A.1)a) One in threeb) doubled, 25 yearsc) increased, 50 percentd) went up, 15 percent, 1980, 19952)a) around half, unmarried parents, a thirdb) births outside marriage3)a) seven, 1970, fiveb) the lowest, 19954)a) the United States, the United Kingdomb) Denmarkc) 10 percent, 1980, 1990B.1) This fall in the birthrate is due in part to the fact that, as more women have careers, they are waiting longer and longer to start a family.2) It is still too early to tell. Because in some countries these patterns are actually reversing.【原文】As the divorce rate rises and fewer couples bother with marriage, we ask if the traditional nuclear family is becoming a thing of the past.While you are reading this article, somewhere in the United States two couples will get married and another will get divorced. One in three American children now live with only one parent, and the United States is not alone in this: In Canada and France the divorce rate has doubled in the last 25 years, and in Hungary and Greece it has increased by 50 percent. Even in Japan, where the traditional family is still strong, divorce went up by 15 percent between 1980 and 1995.What is more, the nature of the family is changing. In Sweden and Denmark, around half of all babies are now born to unmarried parents, and in the United Kingdom and France more than a third. Even in Ireland, traditionally the most Catholic country in Europe, the rate of births outside marriage is 20 percent.Families are also getting smaller. The average Turkish family had seven members in 1970; today it has only five. And in Spain and Italy, where families were always traditionally large, the birthrate was the lowest in the developed world in 1995. This fall in the birthrate is due in part to the fact that, as more women have careers, they are waiting longer and longer to start a family. The age at which the average woman has her first baby is now 28 in Western Europe, and it is getting later.So the nuclear family is clearly changing, but is it in danger of disappearing completely?The truth is that it is still too early to tell. In some countries these patterns are actually reversing. In the United States, Scandinavia and the United Kingdom, the birthrate is rising once more; and in Denmark, for example, marriage is becoming more popular again. In the United States, the divorce rate in fact fell by 10 percent between 1980 and 1990, and it is continuing to fall.Perhaps a new revolution is beginning?Task 4【答案】A. b)B.1) Because younger workers are generally more productive, adaptable and flexible, while older workers tend to lose speed and flexibility. In the future, with constantly changing technology, it is countries with much younger populations that will succeed, rather than the major industrial nations like Japan, the USA and Germany. 2) According to Angela Seligman, one of the problems is that a relatively small workingpopulation will have to supporta large number of unproductive retired people. And “younger” countries will be morecompetitive in the worldmarket than “elderly” countri es. Another problem is that huge sums will have to be spent on health and welfarefacilities for these old people.【原文】Presenter: In the West old people are living longer and fewer babies are being born.According to Tracy Harris, this is having a drastic effect on the profile ofthe population.Tracy Harris: If we look ahead to the year 2025, we can see that the profile of the population in many countries will be very different from what it is today.In Germany, for example, 41 percent of the population will be over 50compared with the current figures of 2.7 percent. And one in ten peoplewill be over 75 years old, and that will be true in Japan as well. By theyear 2025 in most Western countries one in five people will be over 65.So today's 25 to 40 year-olds are tomorrow's over- sixties.Presenter: Why should this be regarded as a "problem"?Tracy Harris: The major industrial nations like Japan, the USA and Germany will be elderly, whereas countries like Brazil, Korea and Egypt will have muchyounger populations. Now, the point is that younger workers aregenerally more productive, adaptable and flexible. While it is true thatolder workers have acquired skill and judgment, they do tend to losespeed and flexibility. In the future, with constantly changing technology,it's the more adaptable workers who will succeed, and they're morelikely to be the younger ones.Presenter: According to Angela Seligman, there are several problems facing Western countries in the future.Angela Seligman: One of the problems as I see it is that a relatively small working population will have to support a large number of unproductive retiredpeople. And of course “younger” countries will be more competitive inthe world market than “elderly” countries. Another thing is that hugesums will have to be spent on health and welfare facilities for these oldpeople.Presenter: So, how can these problems be solved?...Task 5【答案】A.man is slowly changing all the time1) three inches, man will continue to grow taller2) forehead, grow larger, our brains, a physical change3) stronger4) grow weaker, more sensitive5) disappear from the body altogether, it won’t be useful any longera human being, thoughts and emotionsB.1) F 2) T 3) T【原文】What will man be like in the future—in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can only make guesses, of course, but we can be sure that he will be different from what he is today. For man is slowly changing all the time.Let us take an obvious example. Man, even five hundred years ago, was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, men are about three inches taller. Five hundred years is relatively short period of time, so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller.Again, in the modern world we use our brains a great deal. Even so, we still make use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacity. As time goes on, however, we shallhave to use our brains more and more, and eventually we shall need larger ones! This is likely to bring about a physical change to the head, in particular the forehead, will grow larger.Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over very long period of time it is likely that man’s eyes will grow stronger.On the other hand, we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These, as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life.But what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future, then, both sexes are likely to be bald!Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look at! This may well be true. All the same, in spite of all these changes, future man will still have a lot in common with use. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotions similar to our own.Task 6【答案】A.1) d) 2) b) 3) b)B.1) F 2) T 3) T 4) T【原文】It is their ordinariness that makes them interesting. Lisa, Tina and Cheryl are 14-year-old schoolgirls who come from families which are neither rich nor poor. Newbury Park, the area they inhabit, is also quite typical.Still too young to go to the pubs and discos, the youthful trio spends much of its non-school time on this landscape’s streets, or at its various fast-food outlets.Talking to these girls, as they giggle beneath a lamppost, is not difficult. Lisa, the tallest one, seems to be the leader. She has creamy skin and shoulder-length, dark ringlet s. Cheryl and Tina are smaller and have medium-length, fair to brown hair. They join readily in chatting about pop music and fashion.What do they do when they are not at school or on the streets? “Watch television,” say Lisa and Tina, in tandem. What else? “The problem is we don’t have much money,” Lisa adds. “Sometimes we go to the pictures. Or up West, Leicester Square for the amusement arcade s.”What do they do in the amusement arcade s? “Play video games. Space Invaders. Things like that,”says Tina. She turns to Cheryl. “Cheryl’s the one for the video games.” Cheryl blushed deeply.What about boys? Do they have boyfriends? This causes giggle s. “That’s our business.” says Lisa. She is smiling, but there is a prohibitive look in her eyes. What about books, do they ever read books? “Adrian Mole,” says Tina. “I’m reading it now. It’s all right.”No other books? “I’ve read Jude the Obscure,” volunteers Lisa. “It’s by Thomas Hardy,” she adds. What did she think of it? She looks at her friend, and their eyes, in some private permission, meet. “I think,” she says, turning towards her friends, “that’s a load of crap.” The other two break into laughter, as if she had said something clever.It is obviously time, before the conversation wanders too far into the comic to get to the heart of things. What do they think life is all about? Is it about pleasure, or is itabout finding something to believe in? Tina and Cheryl look shocked; Lisa looks offended. Perhaps such questioning is too reminiscent of what issues from the religious studies teacher.Tina and Cheryl gaze, in appeal, at Lisa. Her voice is now abrupt. “We don’t bother with that stuff,” she declares. “We just get on with it. Like everybody else.”Then Cheryl, who has not yet spoken, suddenly contributes. “Your problem is that you’re out of date,” she says, staring at me. “You miss the point by miles.” The other two are looking at her expectantly.“What it’s all about is machines. Not books. Not bi g questions. Computers and videos are what really count. That’s what the future is all about.”A little later the conversation is over and the trio heads off down the road, arm in arm. They are tomorrow’s wives and mothers and they carry with them th eir flat, video-game consciousness.In a country which increasingly approximates to the dreariness of a giant Newbury Park, the thought is inescapable that such a consciousness may well be a commonplace part of “what the future is all about”.Task 7【答案】A.1) T 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F 7) T 8) F 9) FB.1) The financial news reads that he Euro has risen sharply in Shanghai. Then Mary tells the computer to buy 5,000 Euros.2) He is a computer programmer, working for several companies on a contract basis. He used to be in marketing and then television.3) She is doing research into genetic engineering together with several other people. She works at home.4) Classrooms vanished in 2030 because there was no longer any need for them: Interactive communications systems have made it much easier to learn at home.5) Louise regards marriage as an old-fashioned concept, and doesn’t want one herself. She likes the idea of a serious relationship, and thinks there will probably be several durin g her lifetime since she doesn’t want to tie herself down to one person.【原文】It's March, 2050.Frank and Mary Smith wake up in their comfortable house overlooking the sea and switch on the bedroom computer to give them a news update. They used to take The Times, but changed to electronic newspapers many years ago.There is the usual stuff about space: Another mission has returned from Mars and scientists have discovered a new planet. No big deal. There was great excitement back in 2027, when signals were received from Titan which indicated that there might be life on a remote moon, but efforts to make contact came to nothing and no aliens have appeared on Earth to say "hello". The Catholic Church has elected a black Pope. Interesting, but religion does not play a significant role in their lives. Financial news: The Euro has risen sharply in Shanghai, one of the world's leading business centers. Mary tells the computer to buy 5,000 Euros, and there is instant confirmation that the transaction has been done. Not for the first time she wonders why Europe ever bothered to have so many different currencies.As they watch the screen, Frank and Mary take their usual weight control pills, and order one of the household robots to make coffee. Frank disappears into the study to joina live video conference with his colleagues around the world. He is a computer programmer, working for several companies on a contract basis. This is his third career: He used to be in marketing and then television.Mary has a quick look at the shopping channels—the usual selection of electric cars, household robots and cheap travel offers—before picking up the video phone to talk to a colleague. She also has a job, which she shares with several others. They are doing research into genetic engineering, which has become a major industry. Both she and Frank used to have an office desk in London, but in 2014 they decided to move to the seaside and work from home.Frank and Mary have one child, Louise, who also has her own workstation in the family home. She goes to school only one day a week, mainly to play with other children. Classrooms vanished in 2030 because there was no longer any need for them: Interactive communications systems have made it much easier to learn at home. Louise, now thirteen, is currently studying Chinese, which has become as important as English as a world language. Louise has many Chinese friends with whom she communicates by computer.According to medical experts, Louise will live to at least 130. She intends to work for a few decades and then devote her time to music and painting. Louise has given little thought to marriage, which she regards as an old-fashioned concept, and she is not sure whether she will ever want to have a child. She likes the idea of a serious relationship, and thinks there will probably be several during her lifetime, but why should she tie herself down to one person?Task 8【原文】In many countries the status of women has improved considerably over the last 50 years. Although there are still relatively few women in senior business positions, many women pursue their careers in much the same way that men do. In the UK, men's behavior towards women has had to change. For example, men must be careful when they talk about a woman's appearance; some women may find a complimentary remark sexist. Many women prefer not to be referred to as "ladies"; they prefer the more neutral "women". Many women are naturally sensitive about typically male jokes. There are areas of social interaction where men now feel uncertain how to behave. Twenty years ago would always open doors for women; nowadays some women might find this action patronizing.。