has, had, etc.
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C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词 词组)or a single noun.
*their all trouble
all their trouble
*five the all boys all the five boys
*all this boy
all these boys
*all both girls
But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occur before cardinal numerals.
Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine. Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
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3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited.
New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs