软件工程(外文翻译文献)

微软Visual Studio1微软Visual StudioVisual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。

Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。

Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。

集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。

其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。

它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。

Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。

内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,（通过Visual ），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。

它也支持的XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。

文献综述前言本人毕业设计的论题为《基于JSP的宾馆管理系统的设计和实现》，该系统是在目前服务业的发展日益明显，宾馆的发展也成为了必然的趋势。

国外的宾馆大多宾馆都进入了电脑时代，而目前我国各类宾馆中还有相当一部分宾馆还停留在人工管理的基础上，尤其是中、小得宾馆的管理更是如此，这样的管理机制已经不能适应时代的发展。

另外宾馆行业的发展，使顾客信息呈爆炸性增长，宾馆对宾馆信息管理的自动化与准确化的要求日益强烈的背景下构思出来的，该软件设计完成后可用于所有宾馆行业的发展和管理。

使用计算机对顾客信息进行管理，有着手工管理所无法比拟的优点，例如：检索迅速、查找方便、易修改、可靠性高、存储量大、数据处理快捷、保密性好、寿命长、成本低等。

这些优点能够极大地提高对宾馆信息管理的效率。

本文根据目前国内外学者对宾馆管理系统的研究成果，借鉴他们的成功经验，对宾馆管理系统进行开发。

本文综述了前人所论述的文献，结合自己的看法，并提出自己的观点。

随着科学技术的不断提高，计算机科学的日渐成熟，使用日趋成熟的计算机技术将代替传统的人工模式，来实现宾馆信息的现代化管理，其强大的功能已为人们所深刻认识，它已进入人类社会的各个领域并发挥着越来越重要的作用。

郭真（2009）在《JSP程序设计教程》中系统地介绍了有关JSP开发所涉及的各类知识，包括JSP概述、JSP开发基础、JSP语法、JSP内置对象、JavaBean技术、Servlet技术、JSP实用组件、JSP数据库应用开发和JSP高级程序设计，并通过JSP 综合开发实例——个人博客，介绍了JSP应用的开发流程和相关技术的综合应用。

李刚（2008）在《疯狂JAVA讲义》中深入介绍了Java编程的相关知识，并且不是单纯从知识角度来讲解Java，而是从解决问题的角度来介绍Java语言，通过大量实用案例开发：五子棋游戏、梭哈游戏、仿QQ的游戏大厅等介绍了Java应用的开发流程和相关技术的综合应用。

附录Software Engineering-A PRACTITIONER’S APPROACHWritten by Roger S. Pressman, Ph.D. （P.340-P.343）13.3DESIGN PRINCIPLESSoftware design is both a process and a model. The design process is a sequence ofsteps that enable the designer to describe all aspects of the software to be built. It is important to note, however, that the design process is not simply a cookbook. Creative skill, past experience, a sense of what makes “good” software, and an overallcommitment to quality are critical success factors for a competent design.The design model is the equivalent of an architect’s plans for a house. It begins by representing the totality of the thing to be built (e.g., a three-dimensional renderingof the house) and slowly refines the thing to provide guidance for constructing eachdetail (e.g., the plumbing layout). Similarly, the design model that is created for softwareprovides a variety of different views of the computer software.Basic design principles enable the software engineer to navigate the design process.Davis suggests a setof principles for software design, which have beenadapted and extended in the following list:• The design process should not suffer from “tunnel vision.” A gooddesigner should consider alternative approaches, judging each based on therequirements of the the resources available to do the job, and thedesign concepts presented in Section • The design should be traceable to the analysis model. Because a singleelement of the design model often traces to multiple requirements, it is necessaryto have a means for tracking how requirements have been satisfied bythe design model.• The design should not reinvent the wheel. Systems are constructed usinga set of design patterns, many of which have likely been encountered before.These patterns should always be chosen as an alternative to reinvention.Time is short and resources are limited! Design time should be invested inrepresenting truly new ideas and integrating those patterns that already exist.• The design should “minimize the intellectual distance”between the software and the problem as it exists in the real world.That is, the structure of the software design should (whenever possible)mimic the structure of the problem domain.• The design should exhibit uniformity and integration. A design is uniformif it appears that one person developed the entire thing. Rules of styleand format should be defined for a design team before design work begins. Adesign is integrated if care is taken in defining interfaces between designComponents.• The design should be structured to accommodate change. The designconcepts discussed in the next section enable a design to achieve this principle.• The design should be structured to degrade gently, even when aberrantdata, events, or operating conditions are encountered. Welldesignedsoftware should never “bomb.” It should be designed toaccommodate unusual circumstances, and if it must terminate processing, doso in a graceful manner.• Design is not coding, coding is not design. Even when detailed proceduraldesigns are created for program components, the level of abstraction ofthe design model is higher than source code. The only design decisions madeat the coding level address the small implementation details that enable theprocedural design to be coded.• The design should be assessed for quality as it is being created, notafter the fact.A variety of design concepts (Section 13.4) and design measures(Chapters 19 and 24) are available to assist the designer in assessing quality.• The design should be reviewed to minimize conceptual (semantic)errors. There is sometimes a tendency to focus on minutiae when the design isreviewed, missing the forest for the trees. A design team should ensure thatmajor conceptual elements of the design (omissions, ambiguity, inconsistency)have been addressed before worrying about the syntax of the design model.When these design principles are properly applied, the software engineer creates a designthat exhibits both external and internal quality factors . External quality factors are those properties of the software that can be readily observed by users (e.g., speed,reliability, correctness, usability).Internal quality factors are of importance to softwareengineers. They lead to a high-quality design from the technical perspective. To achieveinternal quality factors, the designer must understand basic design concepts.13.4 DESIGN CONCEPTSA set of fundamental software design concepts has evolved over the past four decades.Although the degree of interest in each concept has varied over the years, each hasstood the test of time. Each provides the software designer with a foundation fromwhich more sophisticated design methods can be applied. Each helps the softwareengineer to answer the following questions:• What criteria can be used to partition software into individual components?• How is function or data structure detail separated from a conceptual representationof the software?• What uniform criteria define the technical quality of a software design?M. A. Jackson once said: "The beginning of wisdom for a [software engineer] is torecognize the difference between getting a program to work, and getting it right". Fundamental software design concepts provide the necessary frameworkfor "getting it right."13.4.1 AbstractionWhen we consider a modular solution to any problem, many levels of abstraction canbe posed. At the highest level of abstraction, a solution is stated in broad terms usingthe language of the problem environment. At lower levels of abstraction, a more proceduralorientation is taken. Problem-oriented terminology is coupled with implementation-oriented terminology in an effort to state a solution. Finally, at the lowestlevel of abstraction, the solution is stated in a manner that can be directly implemented.Wasserman provides a useful definition:The psychological notion of "abstraction" permits one to concentrate on a problem atsome level of generalization without regard to irrelevant low level details; use of abstractionalso permits one to work with concepts and terms that are familiar in the problem environmentwithout having to transform them to an unfamiliar structure . . .Each step in the software process is a refinement in the level of abstraction of the software solution. During system engineering, software is allocated as an element ofa computer-based system. During software requirements analysis, the software solutionis stated in terms "that are familiar in the problem environment." As we movethrough the design process, the level of abstraction is reduced. Finally, the lowestlevel of abstraction is reached when source code is generated.As we move through different levels of abstraction, we work to create proceduraland data abstractions. A procedural abstraction is a named sequence of instructionsthat has a specific and limited function. An example of a procedural abstraction wouldbe the word open for a door. Open implies a long sequence of procedural steps (e.g.,walk to the door, reach out and grasp knob, turn knob and pull door, step away frommoving door, etc.).A data abstraction is a named collection of data that describes a data objectChapter12). In the context of the procedural abstraction open, we can define a data abstractioncalled door. Like any data object, the data abstraction for door would encompassa set of attributes that describe the door (e.g., door type, swing direction, peningmechanism, weight, dimensions). It follows that the procedural abstraction open wouldmake use of information contained in the attributes of the data abstraction door.Many modern programming languages provide mechanisms for creating abstractdata types. For example, the Ada package is a programming language mechanismthat provides support for both data and procedural abstraction. The original abstractdata type is used as a template or generic data structure from which other data structurescan be instantiated.Control abstraction is the third form of abstraction used in software design. Likeprocedural and data abstraction, control abstraction implies a program control mechanismwithout specifying internal details. An example of a control abstraction is the synchronization semaphore used to coordinate activities in an operating system.The concept of the control abstraction is discussed briefly in Chapter 14.13.4.2 RefinementStepwise refinement is a top-down design strategy originally proposed by Niklaus Wirth. A program is developed by successively refining levels of procedural detail.A hierarchy is developed by decomposing a macroscopic statement of function (aprocedural abstraction) in a stepwise fashion until programming language statementsare reached. An overview of the concept is provided by Wirth: In each step (of the refinement), one or several instructions of the given program are decomposedinto more detailed instructions. This successive decomposition or refinement of specificationsterminates when all instructions are expressed in terms of any underlying computeror programming language . . . As tasks are refined, so the data may have to be refined,decomposed, or structured, and it is natural to refine the program and the data specificationsin parallel.Every refinement step implies some design decisions. It is important that . . . the programmerbe aware of the underlying criteria (for design decisions) and of the existence ofalternative solutions . . .The process of program refinement proposed by Wirth is analogous to the process of refinement and partitioning that is used during requirements analysis. The differenceis in the level of implementation detail that is considered, not the approach.Refinement is actually a process of elaboration.We begin with a statement offunction(or description of information) that is defined at a high level of abstraction. Thatis, the statement describes function or information conceptually but provides no informationabout the internal workings of the function or the internal structure of theinformation. Refinement causes the designer to elaborate on the original statement,providing more and more detail as each successive refinement (elaboration) occurs.Abstraction and refinement are complementary concepts. Abstraction enables adesigner to specify procedure and data and yet suppress low-level details. Refinementhelps the designer to reveal low-level details as design progresses. Both conceptsaid the designer in creating a complete design model as the design evolves.《软件工程-实践者的研究方法》Roger S. Pressman博士(340页-343页)13.3 设计原则软件设计是一个过程也是一个模型。

软件系统开发中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)软件工程中的过程处理模型斯卡基沃尔特摘要软件系统从起初的开发，维护，再到一个版本升级到另一个版本，经历了一系列阶段。

这篇文章归纳和整理了一些描述如何开发软件系统的方法。

从传统的软件生命周期的背景和定义出发，即大多数教科书所讨论的，并且目前的软件开发实践所遵循的软件生命周期，接着讨论作为目前软件工程技术基石的更全面的软件开发模型。

关键词：软件生命周期；模型；原型1 前言软件业的发展最早可追溯到开发大型软件项目的显式模型，那是在二十世纪五十年代和六十年代间。

总体而言，这些早期的软件生命周期模型的唯一目的就是提供一个合理的概念计划来管理软件系统的开发。

因此，这种计划可以作为一个基础规划，组织，人员配备，协调，预算编制，并指导软件开发活动。

自20世纪60年代，出现了许多经典的软件生命周期的描述（例如，霍西尔1961年，劳斯莱斯1970年，1976年博伊姆，迪斯塔索1980年，1984年斯卡基，萨默维尔1999年）。

罗伊斯（1970）使用现在生活中熟悉的“瀑布”图表，提出了周期的概念，这个图表概括了开发大型软件系统是多么的困难，因为它涉及复杂的工程任务，而这些任务在完成之前可能需要不断地返工。

这些图表也通常在介绍性发言中被采用，主要针对开发大型软件系统的人们（例如，定制软件的客户），他们可能不熟悉各种各样的技术问题但还是要必须解决这些问题。

这些经典的软件生命周期模型通常包括以下活动一些内容：系统启动/规划：系统从何而来？在大多数情况下，不论是现有的信息处理机制以前是自动的，手工的，还是非正式的，新系统都会取代或补充它们。

● 需求分析和说明书：阐述一个新的软件系统将要开发的问题：其业务能力，其所达到的性能特点，支持系统运行和维护所需的条件。

● 功能或原型说明：潜在确定计算的对象，它们的属性和关系，改变这些对象的操作，约束系统行为的限制等。

●划分与选择：给出需求和功能说明书，将系统分为可管理的模块，它们是逻辑子系统的标志，然后确定是否有对应于这些模块的新的，现有的，或可重复使用的软件系统可以复用。

软件开发中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：仿真软件开发低大型复杂腔基于UG的二次开发摘要---射击和弹跳射线(SBR)二次开发的基础软件是由国标库(UG)。

射线跟踪的核心算法是基于优化的非均匀有理b样(NURBS)曲线表面相交算法建立在UG,导致非常高的射线路径跟踪的准确性没有啮合从而保持原有的空腔模型的准确性。

它也是有效的避免同任何复杂的蛀牙,因为即使工作屏蔽的过程。

两腔的几何建模及其散射模拟成一个统一的平台,形成一个易用的综合和环球环境电磁建模复杂的蛀牙。

在本文开发的软件对复杂腔散射建模引入了一些数值结果显示的准确性和效率关键词--电大型复杂cavit; 雷达截面; UG的二次开发; 射击和弹跳射线(SBR); 射线跟踪I.介绍雷达截面(RCS)的分析电等大型复杂洞进口或出口,双面或三面角反射器等,是计算电磁学中最重要的主题之一。

低大型复杂的空腔结构,只有基于高频方法如射击和弹跳射线(SBR)[1][2][3]是合适的。

传统上,为三步骤采用SBR首先,模型腔的CAD软件和网格表面的内墙,然后出口信息网格的结果;其次发现表面上的光线的反射点ray-surface十字路口和屏蔽计算;最后计算RCS即将离任的射线从腔。

虽然这些网基于射线跟踪可用于任意形状的蛀牙从理论上讲,它有不准确的缺点路径建立在复杂的蛀牙导致贫穷的RCS计算精度。

电大型复杂的蛀牙,射线跟踪的效率很低,由于分离腔建模与RCS计算复杂的仿真过程。

为了解决这些问题, 一个强大的CAD软件,模拟电大型复杂腔并计算其RCS在同一平台。

开发的软件具有以下优势: 1)腔建模和RCS计算在UG集成,因此仿真过程大大简化。

2)表面啮合没有必要而射线可以追踪精度高和效率在任何任意形状的空腔。

3)开发的软件是通用的电磁散射的凹面反射镜结构,如蛀牙和角落。

小说射线追踪方法的新的先进的软件是基于UG的二次开发将讨论下一步,和RCS仿真结果。

外文翻译:Software and software engineering ----the software appearance and enumeratesAs the decade of the 1980s began, a front page story in business week magazine trumpeted the following headline:” software: the new driving force.”software had come of age—it had become a topic for management concern. during the mid-1980s,a cover story in foreune lamented “A Growing Gap in Software,”and at the close of the decade, business week warned managers about”the Software Trap—Automate or else.”As the 1990s dawned , a feature story in Newsweek asked ”Can We Trust Our Software? ”and The wall street journal related a major software company’s travails with a front page article entitled “Creating New Software Was an Agonizing Task …” these headlines, and many others like them, were a harbinger of a new understanding of the importance of computer software ---- the opportunities that it offers and the dangers that it poses.Software has now surpassed hardware as the key to the success of many computer-based systems. Whether a computer is used to run a business, control a product, or enable a system , software is the factor that differentiates . The completeness and timeliness of information provided by software (and related databases) differentiate one company from its competitors. The design and “human friendliness” of a software product differentiate it from competing products with an otherwise similar function .The intelligence and function provided by embedded software often differentiate two similar industrial or consumer products. It is software that can make the difference.During the first three decades of the computing era, the primary challenge was to develop computer hardware that reduced the cost of processing and storing data .Throughout the decade of the 1980s,advances in microelectronics resulted in more computing power at increasingly lower cost. Today, the problem is different .The primary challenge during the 1990s is to improve thequality ( and reduce the cost ) of computer-based solutions- solutions that are implemented with software.The power of a 1980s-era mainframe computer is available now on a desk top. The awesome processing and storage capabilities of modern hardware represent computing potential. Software is the mechanism that enables us to harness and tap this potential.The context in which software has been developed is closely coupled to almost five decades of computer system evolution. Better hardware performance, smaller size and lower cost have precipitated more sophisticated computer-based syst ems. We’re moved form vacuum tube processors to microelectronic devices that are capable of processing 200 million connections per second .In popular books on “the computer revolution,”Osborne characterized a “new industrial revolution,” Toffer called the advent of microelectronics part of “the third wave of change” in human history , and Naisbitt predicted that the transformation from an industrial society to an “information society” will have a profound impact on our lives. Feigenbaum and McCorduck suggested that information and knowledge will be the focal point for power in the twenty-first century, and Stoll argued that the “ electronic community” created by networks and software is the key to knowledge interchange throughout the world . As the 1990s began , Toffler described a “power shift” in which old power structures( governmental, educational, industrial, economic, and military) will disintegrate as computers and software lead to a “democratization of knowledge.”Figure 1-1 depicts the evolution of software within the context of. computer-based system application areas. During the early years of computer system development, hardware underwent continual change while software was viewed by many as an afterthought. Computer programming was a "seat-of-the-pants" art for which few systematic methods existed. Software development was virtually unmanaged--until schedules slipped or costs began to escalate. During this period, abatch orientation was used for most systems. Notable exceptions were interactive systems such as the early American Airlines reservation system and real-time defense-orientedsystems such as SAGE. For the most part, however, hardware was dedicated to the union of, a single program that in turn was dedicated to a specific application.Evolution of softwareDuring the early years, general-purpose hardware became commonplace. Software, on the other hand, was custom-designed for each application and had a relatively limited distribution. Product software(i.e., programs developed to be sold to one or more customers) was in its infancy . Most software was developed and ultimately used by the same person or organization. You wrote it, you got it running , and if it failed, you fixed it. Because job mobility was low , managers could rest assured that you’d be there when bugs were encountered.Because of this personalized software environment, design was an implicit process performed in one’s head, and action was often nonexistent. During the early years we learned much about the implementation of computer-based systems, but relatively little about computer system engineering .In fairness , however , we must acknowledge the many outstanding computer-based systems that were developed during this era. Some of these remain in use today and provide landmark achievements that continue to justify admiration.The second era of computer system evolution (Figure 1.1) spanned the decade from themid-1960s to the late 1970s. Multiprogramming and multiuse systems introduced new concepts of human-machine interaction. Interactive techniques opened a new world of applications and new levels of hardware and software sophistication . Real-time systems could collect, analyze, and transform data form multiple sources , thereby controlling processes and producing output in milliseconds rather than minutes . Advances in on-line storage led to the first generation of database management systems.The second era was also characterized by the use of product software and the advent of "software houses." Software was developed for widespread distribution in a multidisciplinary market. Programs for mainframes and minicomputers were distributed to hundreds and sometimesthousands of users. Entrepreneurs from industry, government, and academia broke away to "develop the ultimate software package" and earn a bundle of money.As the number of computer-based systems grew, libraries of computer software began to expand. In-house development projects produced tens of thousands of program source statements. Software products purchased from the outside added hundreds of thousands of new statements. A dark cloud appeared on the horizon. All of these programs--all of these source statements-had to be corrected when faults were detected, modified as user requirements changed, or adapted to new hardware that was purchased. These activities were collectively called software maintenance. Effort spent on software maintenance began to absorb resources at an alarming rate.Worse yet, the personalized nature of many programs made them virtually unmentionable. A "software crisis" loomed on the horizon.The third era of computer system evolution began in the mid-1970s and continues today. The distributed system--multiple computers, each performing functions concurrently and communicating with one another- greatly increased the complexity of computer-based systems. Global and local area networks, high-bandwidth digital communications, and increasing demands for 'instantaneous' data access put heavy demands on software developers.The third era has also been characterized by the advent and widespread use of microprocessors, personal computers, and powerful desk-top workstations. The microprocessor has spawned a wide array of intelligent products-from automobiles to microwave ovens, from industrial robots to blood serum diagnostic equipment. In many cases, software technology is being integrated into products by technical staff who understand hardware but are often novices in software development.The personal computer has been the catalyst for the growth of many software companies. While the software companies of the second era sold hundreds or thousands of copies of their programs, the software companies of the third era sell tens and even hundreds of thousands of copies. Personal computer hardware is rapidly becoming a commodity, while software provides the differentiating characteristic. In fact, as the rate of personal computer sales growth flattened during the mid-1980s, software-product sales continued to grow. Many people in industry and at home spent more money on software than they did to purchase the computer on which the software would run.The fourth era in computer software is just beginning. Object-oriented technologies (Chapters 8 and 12) are rapidly displacing more conventional software development approaches in many application areas. Authors such as Feigenbaum and McCorduck [FEI83] and Allman [ALL89] predict that "fifth-generation" computers, radically different computing architectures, and their related software will have a profound impact on the balance of political and industrial power throughout the world. Already, "fourth-generation" techniques for software development (discussed later in this chapter) are changing the manner in which some segments of the software community build computer programs. Expert systems and artificial intelligence software has finally moved from the laboratory into practical application for wide-ranging problems in the real world. Artificial neural network software has opened exciting possibilities for pattern recognition and human-like information processing abilities.As we move into the fourth era, the problems associated with computer software continue to intensify:Hardware sophistication has outpaced our ability to build software to tap hardware's potential.Our ability to build new programs cannot keep pace with the demand for new programs.Our ability to maintain existing programs is threatened by poor design and inadequate resources.In response to these problems, software engineering practices--the topic to which this book is dedicated--are being adopted throughout the industry.An Industry PerspectiveIn the early days of computing, computer-based systems were developed usinghardware-oriented management. Project managers focused on hardware because it was the single largest budget item for system development. To control hardware costs, managers instituted formal controls and technical standards. They demanded thorough analysis and design before something was built. They measured the process to determine where improvements could be made. Stated simply, they applied the controls, methods, and tools that we recognize as hardware engineering. Sadly, software was often little more than an afterthought.In the early days, programming was viewed as an "art form." Few formal methods existed and fewer people used them. The programmer often learned his or her craft by trial and error. The jargon and challenges of building computer software created a mystique that few managers cared to penetrate. The software world was virtually undisciplined--and many practitioners of the clay loved it!Today, the distribution of costs for the development of computer-based systems has changed dramatically. Software, rather than hardware, is often the largest single cost item. For the past decade managers and many technical practitioners have asked the following questions: Why does it take so long to get programs finished?Why are costs so high?Why can't we find all errors before we give the software to our customers?Why do we have difficulty in measuring progress as software is being developed?These, and many other’ questions, are a manifestation of the concern about software and the manner in which it is developed--a concern that has tend to the adoption of software engineering practices.译文:软件和软件工程——软件的出现及列举在二十世纪八十年代的前十年开始的时候, 在商业周刊杂志里一个头版故事大声宣扬以下标题：“软件，我们新的驱动力！”软件带来了一个时代------它成为了一个大家关心的主题。

英文文献原文及译文学生姓名：赵凡学号：1021010639学院：软件学院专业：软件工程指导教师：武敏顾晨昕2014年 6月英文文献原文The use of skinWhat is a skin? In the role of setting, the preparations made for the animation in the final process is skinning. The so-called skinning skinning tool is to use role-model role do with our skeletal system to help set the course together. After this procedure, fine role model can be rendered on real numbers can be made into animation. Bones in skinning process, in which the position is called Bind Pose. After the skin, bone deformation of the skin caused by the Games. However, sometimes inappropriate distortion, which requires bone or skin to make the appropriate changes, then you can make use of relevant command to restore the bone binding position, and then disconnect the association between bone and skin. In Maya, you can always put the bones and skin disconnected or reconnected. There is a direct way to skin the skin (skin flexible rigid skinning) and indirect skin (or wrap the lattice deformation of flexible or rigid skinning skinning joint use).In recent years, more and more 3D animation software, a great competition in the market, software companies are constantly developing and updating the relevant software only more humane, but in three-dimensional animation maya mainstream animation software. Able to create bone, meat, God's role is that each CG digital artists dream. Whether the digital characters charm, the test is the animator of life, understanding of life. Digital character to have bone and meat producers are required for the role of the body and has a full grasp of motor function. In addition, the roles of whether there is realism, the key lies in the design and production of the skin, which is skinning animation software for skilled technical and creative mastery is essential. Skin is ready to work in animation final steps, after this procedure, you can do the movements designed, if the skin did not do the work, after the animation trouble, so the skin is very important.As the three-dimensional animation with accuracy and authenticity, the current three-dimensional animation is rapidly developing country, nowadays the use ofthree-dimensional animation everywhere, the field of architecture, planning areas, landscape areas, product demonstrations, simulated animation, film animation, advertising, animation, character animation, virtual reality and other aspects of three-dimensional animation fully reflects the current importance. If compared to the three-dimensional animation puppet animation in real life, then the doll puppet animation equivalent of Maya modeling, puppet performers equivalent Maya animators and puppet steel joints in the body is the skeletal system. Bones in the animation will not be the final rendering, its role is only equivalent to a bracket that can simulate real bones set of major joints to move, rotate, etc.. When the bones are set, we will be bound to the skeleton model, this step is like a robot mounted to a variety of external parts, like hanging, and then through the various settings, add a keyframe animation on bone, and then drive to be bound by the bones corresponding to the model on the joints. Thus, in the final animation, you can see the stiffness of a stationary model with vitality. The whole process from the rigging point of view, may not compare more tedious keyframe animation, rigging, but it is the core of the whole three-dimensional animation, and soul.Rigging plays a vital role in a three-dimensional animation. Good rigging easy animation production, faster and more convenient allows designers to adjust the action figures. Each step are bound to affect the skeleton final animation, binding is based on the premise of doing animation, animators animate convenient, good binding can make animation more fluid, allowing the characters to life even more performance sex. In addition to rigging as well as expression of the binding character, but also to let people be able to speak or behave different facial expressions. Everything is done in order to bind the animation is set, it is bound to set a good animation is mainly based on the entire set of styles and processes. Rigging is an indispensable part in the three-dimensional animation.Three-dimensional animation production process: model, texture, binding, animation, rendering, special effects, synthesis. Each link is associated. Model and material determines the style of animation, binding, and animation determine fluency animation, rendering, animation effects, and synthetic colors and determine the finalresult.Three-dimensional animation, also known as 3D animation, is an emerging technology. Three-dimensional animation gives a three-dimensional realism, even subtle animal hair, this effect has been widely applied to the production of film and television in many areas, education, and medicine. Movie Crash, deformed or fantasy scenes are all three-dimensional animation in real life. Designers in the first three-dimensional animation software to create a virtual scene, and then create the model according to the proportion, according to the requirements set trajectory models, sports, and other parameters of the virtual camera animation, and finally as a model assigned a specific material, and marked the lights , the final output rendering, generating the final screen. DreamWorks' "Shrek" and Pixar's "Finding Nemo" is so accomplished visual impact than the two-dimensional animation has.Animated film "Finding Nemo" extensive use of maya scene technology. Produced 77,000 jellyfish animation regardless of the technical staff or artist is one of the most formidable challenge. This pink translucent jellyfish is most needed is patience and skill, you can say, jellyfish appeared animated sea creatures taken a big step. His skin technology can be very good. The use of film roles skinning techniques is very good, so that each character is vivid, is not related to expression, or action is so smooth, these underwater underwater world is so beautiful. Maya maya technology for the creation of the first to have a full understanding and knowledge. He first thought of creative freedom virtual capacity, but the use of technology has limitations. When the flexible skinning animation technique many roles in the smooth bound for editing, re-allocation tools needed to adjust the skeletal model for the control of the weight through the right point, every detail clownfish are very realistic soft. In the joint on the affected area should smear, let joints from other effects, this movement was not wearing a tie. Used less rigid, rigid lattice bound objects must be created in a position to help the bones of the joint motion. Animated film "Finding Nemo," the whole movie a lot of facial animation, facial skin but also a good technique to make facial expressions, the facial animation is also animated, and now more and more animated facial animationtechnology increasingly possible, these should be good early skin behind it will not affect the expression, there is therefore the creation of the film how maya digital technology, play his video works styling advantages and industrial processes are needed to explore creative personnel, all and three-dimensional figures on the production of content, from maya part. Two-dimensional hand-painted parts, post-synthesis of several parts, from a technical production, artistic pursuit. Several angles to capture the entire production cycle of creation. Maya techniques used in the animated film "Finding Nemo", the flexible skinning performance of many, clown face on with a lot of smooth binding, so more people-oriented, maya application of technical advantages in certain limited extent. Realistic three-dimensional imaging technology in the animation depth spatial density, the sense of space, mysterious underwater world to play the most. Because lifelike action, it also brings the inevitable footage and outdoor sports realistic density, but also to explore this movie maya main goal of the three-dimensional animation.英文文献译文蒙皮的运用什么是蒙皮？在角色设定中，为动画所作的准备工作里的最后一道工序就是蒙皮。

中文2860字Software engineeringFrom:/zh-cn/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B Software engineering is the study of the use of engineering methods to build and maintain effective, practical and high-quality software disciplines. It involves the programming language, database, software development tools, system platform, standards, design patterns and so on.In modern society, the software used in many ways. Typical software such as email, embedded systems, human-machine interface, office packages, operating systems, compilers, databases, games. Meanwhile, almost all the various sectors of computer software applications, such as industry, agriculture, banking, aviation and government departments. These applications facilitate the economic and social development, improve people's working efficiency, while improving the quality of life. Software engineers is to create software applications of people collectively, according to which software engineers can be divided into different areas of system analysts, software designers, system architects, programmers, testers and so on. It is also often used to refer to a variety of software engineers, programmers.OriginIn view of difficulties encountered in software development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1968 organized the first Conference on Software Engineering, and will be presented at the "software engineering" to define the knowledge required for software development, and suggested that "software development the activities of similar projects should be. " Software Engineering has formally proposed since 1968, this time to accumulate a large number of research results, widely lot of technical practice, academia and industry through the joint efforts of software engineering is gradually developing into a professional discipline. Definitioncreation and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain reliable and economically efficient software.application of systematic, follow the principle can be measured approach to development, operation and maintenance of software; that is to be applied to software engineering.The development, management and updating software products related to theories, methods and tools.A knowledge or discipline (discipline), aims to produce good quality, punctual delivery, within budget and meet users need software.the practical application of scientific knowledge in the design, build computer programs, and the accompanying documents produced, and the subsequent operation and maintenance.Use systematic production and maintenance of software products related to technology and management expertise to enable software development and changes in the limited time and under cost.Construction team of engineers developed the knowledge of large software systemsdisciplines.the software analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of a systematic method.the systematic application of tools and techniques in the development of computer-based applications.Software Engineering and Computer ScienceSoftware development in the end is a science or an engineering, this is a question to be debated for a long time. In fact, both the two characteristics of software development. But this does not mean that they can be confused with each other. Many people think that software engineering, computer science and information science-based as in the traditional sense of the physical and chemical engineering as. In the U.S., about 40% of software engineers with a degree in computer science. Elsewhere in the world, this ratio is also similar. They will not necessarily use every day knowledge of computer science, but every day they use the software engineering knowledge.For example, Peter McBreen that software "engineering" means higher degree of rigor and proven processes, not suitable for all types of software development stage. Peter McBreen in the book "Software Craftsmanship: The New Imperative" put forward the so-called "craftsmanship" of the argument, consider that a key factor in the success of software development, is to develop the skills, not "manufacturing" software process.Software engineering and computer programmingSoftware engineering exists in a variety of applications exist in all aspects of software development. The program design typically include program design and coding of the iterative process, it is a stage of software development.Software engineering, software project seeks to provide guidance in all aspects, from feasibility analysis software until the software after completion of maintenance work. Software engineering that software development and marketing activities are closely related. Such as software sales, user training, hardware and software associated with installation. Software engineering methodology that should not be an independent programmer from the team and to develop, and the program of preparation can not be divorced from the software requirements, design, and customer interests.Software engineering design of industrial development is the embodiment of a computer program.Software crisisSoftware engineering, rooted in the 20th century to the rise of 60,70 and 80 years of software crisis. At that time, many of the software have been a tragic final outcome. Many of the software development time significantly beyond the planned schedule. Some projects led to the loss of property, and even some of the software led to casualties. While software developers have found it increasingly difficult for software development.OS 360 operating system is considered to be a typical case. Until now, it is still used in the IBM360 series host. This experience for decades, even extremely complexsoftware projects do not have a set of programs included in the original design of work systems. OS 360 is the first large software project, which uses about 1,000 programmers. Fred Brooks in his subsequent masterpiece, "The Mythical Man Month" (The Mythical Man-Month) in the once admitted that in his management of the project, he made a million dollar mistake.Property losses: software error may result in significant property damage. European Ariane rocket explosion is one of the most painful lesson.Casualties: As computer software is widely used, including hospitals and other industries closely related to life. Therefore, the software error might also result in personal injury or death.Was used extensively in software engineering is the Therac-25 case of accidents. In 1985 between June and January 1987, six known medical errors from the Therac-25 to exceed the dose leads to death or severe radiation burns.In industry, some embedded systems do not lead to the normal operation of the machine, which will push some people into the woods.MethodologyThere are many ways software engineering aspects of meaning. Including project management, analysis, design, program preparation, testing and quality control. Software design methods can be distinguished as the heavyweight and lightweight methods. Heavyweight methods produce large amounts of official documentation. Heavyweight development methodologies, including the famous ISO 9000, CMM, and the Unified Process (RUP).Lightweight development process is not an official document of the large number of requirements. Lightweight methods, including well-known Extreme Programming (XP) and agile process (Agile Processes).According to the "new methodology" in this article, heavyweight method presented is a "defensive" posture. In the application of the "heavyweight methods" software organizations, due to a software project manager with little or no involvement in program design, can not grasp the item from the details of the progress of the project which will have a "fear", constantly had to ask the programmer to write a lot of "software development documentation." The lightweight methods are presented "aggressive" attitude, which is from the XP method is particularly emphasized four criteria - "communication, simplicity, feedback and courage" to be reflected on. There are some people that the "heavyweight method" is suitable for large software team (dozens or more) use, and "lightweight methods" for small software team (a few people, a dozen people) to use. Of course, on the heavyweight and lightweight method of approach has many advantages and disadvantages of debate, and various methods are constantly evolving.Some methodologists think that people should be strictly followed in the development and implementation of these methods. But some people do not have the conditions to implement these methods. In fact, the method by which software development depends on many factors, but subject to environmental constraints. Software development processSoftware development process, with the subsequent development of technologyevolution and improvement. From the early waterfall (Waterfall) development model to the subsequent emergence of the spiral iterative (Spiral) development, which recently began the rise of agile development methodologies (Agile), they showed a different era in the development process for software industry different awareness and understanding of different types of projects for the method.Note distinction between software development process and software process improvement important difference between. Such as ISO 15504, ISO 9000, CMM, CMMI such terms are elaborated in the framework of software process improvement, they provide a series of standards and policies to guide software organizations how to improve the quality of the software development process, the ability of software organizations, and not give a specific definition of the development process. Development of software engineering"Agile Development" (Agile Development) is considered an important software engineering development. It stressed that software development should be able to possible future changes and uncertainties of a comprehensive response.Agile development is considered a "lightweight" approach. In the lightweight approach should be the most prestigious "Extreme Programming" (Extreme Programming, referred to as XP).Correspond with the lightweight approach is the "heavyweight method" exists. Heavyweight approach emphasizes the development process as the center, rather than people-centered. Examples of methods such as heavyweight CMM / PSP / TSP.Aspect-oriented programming (Aspect Oriented Programming, referred to as the AOP) is considered to software engineering in recent years, another important development. This aspect refers to the completion of a function of a collection of objects and functions. In this regard the contents related to generic programming (Generic Programming) and templates.软件工程From:/zh-cn/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B软件工程是一门研究用工程化方法构建和维护有效的、实用的和高质量的软件的学科。

The strategic role of management information systemsAfter studying this chapter, you will be able to:1。

Analyze six major information systems in the organizations。

2。

Describe the relationship among various types of information systems。

3。

Understand the characteristics of a strategic information system.4。

Describe how information systems in business strategy to be used for three layers.5。

Explain the problem of the establishment and maintenance of strategic information systems.Orchids Paper Company ----- return to the right directionOrchids Paper Co.Ltd. has been a lower cost paper manufacturer which produces napkin,handkerchief paper, tissues and toilet paper for fifty years. However, in the middle of 1990s, the company lost its developmental way. To take good advantage of the prosperous economic situation in the late twentieth century in the 80's, employers began to squeeze into the ascendant private-label paper market in California (the company headquarters at that time). Unfortunately, Orchids nearly went bankrupt because of the dual pressure from the high cost strategy and the debt from leveraged buyout. At the moment, its raw material and production costs exceeded its profits from customers. Orchids were forced to file for bankruptcy in 1992 and 1995.Orchids' new management organization lead by the general manager, Mike Safe and chief financial officer Jim Swagerty decided to focus on core markets, where had value-seeking customers. They moved the company from California to Pryor, Oklahoma, where the utility costs were low (paper is a resource-intensive industries) and the company's recycled papers were salable. They used a low-cost strategy so that the firm's production capacity will be maximized when companies emphasize timely delivery and allow customers to clearly understand the implementation of their orders. Orchids target market is the span from Oklahoma to Atlanta.Before the reorganization,Orchids is well known for poor service and late delivery. The company did not implement the operating and reporting practices and the financial department can not provide timely and accurate information.Orchids installed a new manufacturing resource planning systems (MRP-Ⅱ) and a financial system. The two software management systems from the Marion Ohio can monitor and coordinate sales, Inventory and financial data. They can also provide the charts based daily operations for the company. Workers and all departments can directly access to the products and order information through a central server linked with the stored data through 25personal computers. Finance Department staff can also use this system to provide timely and accurate information about the operating capacity, transportation and the product usability. They can also answer the customers’ questions. Therefore, finance department staffs make use of the financial capabilities to do more about controlling and customer service. Because employees can easily access to ensure immediate and accurate information needed to order delivery. Orchids Company can keep operating costs low. This system also makes the management of Orchids in the absence of bloated bodies and the sharp reduction in the total number of case workers to run properly. Orchids started to make profit again and its organizational and technological changes made it win a place in the industry which has traditionally been monopolized by large companies.Orchids Paper used the information systems to get the lead in the competitive advantage by providing low-cost high service products. However, compared to the simply the technological leap, it is more important to maintain this competitive edge. Managers need to find ways to maintain this competitive advantage for many years. Specifically, managers need to face the following challenges:1. Comprehensive integration: although in the company different systems are designed to serve different levels and different departments, more and more companies discovery the benefits of integrated systems. Many companies are pursuing enterprise resource planning (ERP). However, the integrated system is difficult and costly for the different organizational levels and functions to exchange of information through the technology. Managers need to determine which level of information system needs to integrate and how much it costs.2. The ability to maintain the competitive advantage: the competitive advantage brought by the strategic information systems cannot sustain long enough to ensure long-term profitability. Competitors can also install the strategic information systems. Competitive advantage is not always maintained as the market is changing rapidly. Business and economic environment is changing also. Internet can make some of the company's competitive advantage disappear soon. Technology and customer expectations are changing as well. Classic strategic information systems, such as American Airlines SABRE computer reservation systems, ATM systems and City Bank Federal Express package tracking system are benefiting users because they are the first in their respective industries. But the competitors apply the corresponding systems later. Relying on information systems solely can not get lasting business advantage. Information system originally used in decision-making often becomes a survival tool (for each company in order to survive in the industry to take some measures), or information system or even inhibit the future success of organizations to make the necessary decisions.ORCHIDS Paper Company's experience shows that information systems are very important in support of the organization's goals and making the company in the leading role in competition. In this chapter, we introduce the functions of various information systems in the organization. Then,we present the issues of the company in the competition and the methods that the Information System provides a competitive advantage in three different commercial levels.2．1 The function of the major Information System in the organizationBecause of the different attention to different targets, different characteristics and different levels in the various departments in an organization, there are different kinds of information systems. Single system cannot provide organizations with all the required information. Figure 2-1 is a description of the methods of all kinds of information systems in the organization. In the chart, the organization is divided into strategic layer, management layer, knowledge layer and business layer. And then it is further translated into the various functions into areas such as sales, marketing, production, finance, accounting and human resources. Information System is set up to meet the requirements of different organizations.2.2.1 Four different information systemsThere are four different information systems which are used for different levels of the organization. They are business layer systems, knowledge-tier system, management system and strategic level system.Business layer supports managers’work through tracking the basic business activities and things of the organization. Basic operations are such as sales progress, cash store, payroll, customer credibility determination and plant logistics. On this level，the main purpose of the system is to answer normal questions, analyze the problem of the logistics and inventory number of the organization. What is Mr. William payment and what is the problem? To answer these questions, the information must be available and the information should be current and accurate. The examples of business layer of the information system: the system using ATM data to record the bank deposit, the system to record daily time that employees work in factories, etc.Knowledge level information systems support the employees who are working for the knowledge and data in the organization. Knowledge level information system is intended to help businesses find new knowledge. New knowledge will be integrated into enterprises and help companies control document things。

Internet of electronic information resourcesdevelopment and utilizationThe development and utilization of Internet richness of the electronic information resource, which can be directly consider E-mail, file transfer, Telnet approach, also can indirectly consider using several common information retrieval tool, the paper made a detailed introduction and analysis, aims to help help user well using the Internet. For information institutions or library is concerned, to learn and use well, not only can enlarge Internet information resources development and utilization of the scope, but also able to enhance the level of service to users.Keywords Internet electronic information resources development and utilizationExploitation andUtilization of Electronic Information Resources on Internet- The Internet can be extensive communication in the world every person, connect all the computer and provides a wealth of information resources, and provide A variety of service tool to obtain these resources. Information institutions or libraries in the Internet for information resources, retrieval electricity The son journals and newspapers, orders and electronic publications, retrieval online catalogue and union catalog, a searchable database system, access journals to discuss, through the file transfer (FTP) receiving documents. So we can use Internet richness of the information resources to expand its collection, still can use directly these information resources to carry on the information retrieval consulting services. In searching available in the email, database retrieval, file transfer, remote login, and information query tools etc. In order to enrich the exploitation and utilization of Internet information resources, the author thinks that should through the following ways.1 directly use the InternetE-mail (hereinafter Email) Electronicmail,E-mail is a based on computer network to store, forward form various data, images, and exchange information in words of exchange System, sending and receiving and managementare in computer Internet E-mail systems management software. Email software generally provide teleport, browse, storage, transfer, delete, restore E-mail and the reply, and other functions, can match a communication, also can spread, each user has a particular coding mailbox, can with any users online information transmission, spontaneous since the received or forwardingletters. User simply equipped with a modem, a telephone lines and thcorresponding communication software, can in any part of the microcomputer with communication phase even on sending and receiving information, to realize communication. Email take storage, forwarding way, open E-mail program is adopted, the web server machine online way 24 hours working around-the-clock, always receive emails from all of the world, no matter what, when and where will the computer connected server only, can scoop out your E-mail. Need to send electronic information, users first the arbitrary length of letters for its input computer plus addressee address, and send button, the information being sent to the information high male road. On the other side of the addressee opena computer, information will be sent into his E-mail, can be read. Through E-mail can access the Internet richness of the database and files resources. But on the Internet use E-mail to the other party requests, told to want borrowed books or want to copy a in the journal papers. Users can also use E-mail to information institutions (or library) rapporteur retrieval request, will soon be in the home received E-mail sent back the retrieval results.via E-mail to obtain information resources of several ways(1) what service(2) information serviceProvide consulting services, get all kinds of information resources on the network.Internet information service center compiled the Mail server (E-mail Erver), so as to let the user's query the information they provide. Archie server to send an email, the mail service Device will automatically read, analyze mail, and will executecommands in the results by E-mail sent users. When the user wants to nets thespecific information service center inquires the material, can be directly to thecenter send an contains a series of electric information query command son Mail, the center's Mail server (E-mail erver) of procedures will automatically collect read, analyze received E-mail of life makes, then for users to search, retrieval results by E-mail sent back to the user E-mail.(3) electronic Bulletin Board system (Bulletin Board ystem, abbreviation BB)The electronic bulletin board content includes news, notification, conference news, composition, the latest weather conditions, the telephone directory and so on, can to a group of users, and not a single user provide telecommunication services, 24 hour at all times to located in the world of a group of people to transmit information, is the information communication is a very effective tool.(4) user group discussion group) (i.e. User group(Mailing List) is in accordance with the different project organization, attract the world 56,936 or have a common interest Old people to the discussion, exchange views. To become a discussion group members, users need to apply a paneldiscussion of the principal (usually send an electronic mail), he (she) name wasincluded in the recipient list, then duly received networks offer letter interest, the user can his ideas entry computer, transmitted to other members of the group inside, so everyone may at any time, any place engage in conversation. In a foreign country, by E-mail for academic discussion already commonly, the same professional orrelated field experts, scholars between academic discussions and informationexchange. Join or exit the group of users only to the relevant E-mail send ancontaining have join (by) or exit (unsubscribe) the E-mail address.(5) electronic journal (EJournal)Subscriber may through email to E-mail server @ RTFM. MIT. Edu address can be checked to the electronic periodical catalog and their E-mail address, emailaddresses to it issued to order the whole of periodicals or ordering the relatedarticles in the journal letters. There are many online free of electronic journals, as long as you apply for subscription, subscription publications will automatically send to youElectronic mailbox.(6) online meetingElectronic conference in time and place of great flexibility, although lackingattendees mutual infection, but for travelFee less groups speaking, have certain appeal.library or information institutions using email approach(1) information consulting servicesFor readers request access to the literature material, ask knotty problems, find the latest information, when library cannot be resolved, they can make E-mail outside other information or advice, turn to deal with them.2) information retrieval serviceOCLC and DIALOG system, etc. By E-mail way for users provide query and retrieving service always respond to user All of the information required, and user'srequirements to a user's literature deliver E-mail.(3) provide online sdi intelligence servicesE-mail system, user use online inter-library loan system (ILL), first in the unity on the cataloguing books information retrieval, then choose 1! 5 housed thebibliography, sends out the library borrowingBook apply, Receive borrowed request of library via E-mail take each other need literature transmission in the past.(5) book purchasing and newspapers and periodicals orderMany books wholesalers and publishers and set up their own electronic ordering system, used for the transmission of various books tradeFile, data and information, ordering personnel want to use based on the systematic terminals, can get from all over the world from the book information such asE-mail.(6) literature material exchange business,(7) collect user opinion(8) to release a new books catalogues, news and noticethrough Email realized on the various service with Internet access service provided(1) through Email do FTP,(2) by Email do Archic;(3) by Email do Gophcr;(4) by Email do Veronica,(5) by Email do Usenet;(6) by Email do WAI retrieval;(7) by Email do WWW,(8) by Email do Finger,(9) by Email do WHOI;(10) by Email to do the other services.File Transfer Protocol (FTP Protocol File, abbreviation) 'Is stored in the remote computer system of documents access tool. Need to userlogin user name and password files Sharing agreement. According to the FTP access to resources can be considered a special library (or information center), at any time to each take place Need, but not limited to place, also need not dependent on inter-library loan. In any between two computers to transmit data (documents), it is to use Elihu access Internet rich resources important method. File transfer protocol of the basic operation steps: ∀ and file transfer protocol clothing Affairs editor on-line, # login each other host, ∃ find necessary files; % definitions are send files the type; & access files, ∋exit The other system. Document transmission, the first login to the other computer, just can undertake and file search, transmission related operation, such as the following documents directory, change the current document catalogue, set transport parameters, transfer files etc, using FTP can obtain any field letter interest resources, still can obtain thousands of computer program software.The FTP connection only being used for searching and transmit various documents, and usually is the literature of full text, allows users to nonlocal calculation In-flight file transfer to this unit hosts, and then set of records to oneself of micro computer reading, printing, or other processing. In the file transfer process, user once found useful information, can immediately they retrieved, sets of record and print them out.130 Telnet (Telnet)This is in the TCP/interconnection Protocol (Transission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, abbreviation TCP/IP) of communication protocol terminal agreement Telnet, under the support of user's computer through Internet nets temporarily become one Sets the remote computer terminal process. Users first in Telnet command given in the remote computer's communication domain name or IP address, but according to the other system after the inquiry, the key in the user name and password. In the remote computer user, the first to become ubiquitous tasseled legitimate user, and have corresponding account number and password. Remote login step: with the other system online; ∀ # login each other department experience.meanwhile, ∃ decide oneself use terminals, in order to complete simulation type network terminal display data, % of all kinds of resources to the other system using, & exit each other. Once the user login successfully, can be real-time use remote computer opening of all resources. It is unnecessary to consider how far is from another country, users of computer system as connected next door, through remote system as easily as recorded connection, you immediately AD and can search Princeton university library online public readers, as if you were in use directory of the school an online directory public readers terminal. Use this function to use the remote computer on the information resources, to realize information sharing, and can make the information processing. Scientific computing, thus greatly expanded their available resources.2 the indirectly USES the InternetIf well track of the information network, find appropriate database, grasp well below the network information inspectionCable tools can be easier, fully, more effectively on the Internet queried and available information resource.information query software Gop erApril 1991 by the university of Minnesota's earliest development of a menu-driveninteractive type retrieval software, then browse in readers retrieval Internet on the various information resources. Will all kinds of information resources according to the hierarchical menus forms are properly described later to give users access, From top to bottom layers, thus accessing the menu was necessary information. Will the user requests automatically converts FTP or Telnet command, it's common functions are: search text files, The user's query recorded, Call FTP access files.Gopher integrated FTP functions, use Telnet or can be directly obtained menu-driven documents.Veronica (2.2 VeryEasyRodentOriented leads to a Computerized Arc ives) retrieval System This is a based on the pace of Gopher information retrieval system, to Gopher pace menu further index. User input retrieval words, the system will searching out all containing the search term menu items. Veronica tell users you find food single shown below (documents describing levels). Can retrieve out and retrieval model matching menu, so that the user can be directly enter phase shut menu, get necessary information.Jug eadThe basic function and Veronica is same, also be retrieval Gopher pace system of a kind of tool, Veronica's search rangeAre the Gopher pace, and Jughead only check Gopher pace is a particular area.global information nets WWW (Web) number1992 by European particle research center (CERN) launched the based on a super text (Hypertext) multimedia letterCoupon retrieval or query tool, is a menu type browsing tool, is the tree structure, the user can through cadres menu listWay, inquires into his the information she needed. Using the WWW can not only visit Hypermedia (Hypermedia) organization, and informationAnd still can visit Gopher, WAI, FTP, Archie and Usenet on the various information, and can obtain X500 andWhois and other network directory services. It will be located at Internet at different sites related literatures, data and information organically plait knit together, the use requirements, but only put forward inquires where and how to query is composed of query WWW automatically. The WWW searchable online with nearly all of the information resources, namely a link on the Internet computers in zentraedi, WWW software worldwide information immediately illustrated to appear vividly eyes, even with sound color animation or films, videos slice. Library users can be collected in today's world, WWW various hypertext literature, to build a virtual library. WWW retrieval tools (retrieval engine.this earch search) many, such as Yahoo is an excellent collection Engine, can be said to be a huge libraries of directory room, their web site is: HTTP: / /; 1996 mid-may Hong Kong optimal couplet grams international Co., LTD launched high intelligence collection of Chinese Goyoyo, inquires the material when engine, can according to its classification project retrieval, may also directly enter the keywords to find necessary Chinese material, quite convenient, their web site is:http://WWW. Goyoyo. Com.Arc ie document query systemBy Canada MCGILL university develops, allow the user to enter a through may appear in the key needed database nameWord on the Internet to inquires resources. User input keywords, Archie can be automatically query online documentation, and willname descriptorClose inquires the conditions of the database retrieval out. Users are searching the types of files with hope filename, document server (ArchieServer) can point out that in which the FTP server to deposit such documents.For according to index search and find articles according to content with strong function, can use one or more keywords to search rapidly, tulameen bottom of information, can be in millions of database searches for any information Internet service tool, is a kind of keywords search information relevant documents in the host address, document catalogue and filenames) tool, is an information retrieval system, can cycle connected to the world of anonymous FTP server, will these servers offer can carry document file name and path collect together to form Archie database, and through the retrieval procedure for Internet users provide compulsory inspection cable service. Archic search out a file of the corresponding anonymous FTP address, namely tell users you seek filename where (filename level). Can help inquires the carrying specified file or directory anonymous FTP, and returning to our information.2.6 wide-area information server WAIS (Wide AreaInformation Service)Apple Computer, know by Dow Jones Machines and jointly sponsored by know Machines Develop and provide the user inquires the distribution in the Internet on each kind of database of a generic interface software. Is a distributionType information retrieval system, searchable database, involving more than 500 index range of content is great, suitable for searching text files, reading newspapers around the world, scanning all kinds of professional database. Using the WAI than other tools can more accurately retrieving of user's file.Internet 电子信息资源的开发和利用开发和利用Internet 上丰富的电子信息资源, 可直接考虑电子邮件、文件传输、远程登录的途径,也可间接考虑利用各种常用的信息检索工具, 本文分别作了较详细的介绍和分析, 旨在帮助用户很好地使用Internet。