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2的负次方方程
咱先来说说啥是2的负次方吧。
你看啊，2的正次方大家可能比较熟悉，像2的1次方就是2，2的2次方就是2乘以2等于4，2的3次方就是2乘以2再乘以2等于8。
但是这个负次方呢，就有点像反过来的感觉。
2的 -1次方啊，其实就是1除以2，等于0.5呢。
为啥是这样呢？你可以想象一下，正次方是不断地乘以2，那负次方就像是把这个过程倒过来，就是除以2啦。
2的 -2次方呢，就是1除以2再除以2，也就是1除以4，等于0.25。
以此类推，2的 -3次方就是1除以8，等于0.125。
再举个例子哈，要是2的 -x次方等于4分之一呢。
4分之一就是1除以4，也就是2的 -2次方。
那这个方程就变成2的 -x次方等于2的 -2次方，这样就可以得出-x等于 -2，x就等于2啦。
不过呢，有时候方程可能会复杂一点。
比如说有个方程是3乘以2的 -x次方等于2的 -1次方。
咱们先把3除到右边去，2的 -x次方就等于2的 -1次方除以3。
2的 -1次方是0.5嘛，0.5除以3就是1/6。
那我们又要找这个1/6对应的2的负几次方。
1/6大概是1除以6，这个不太好直接看出来是2的负几次方，我们可以把6变成2乘以3，那1/6就是1/(2×3)，也就是1/2乘以1/3。
1/2就是2的 -1次方，那这个1/3就不太好直接用2的负次方表示了。
这时候我们可能就需要用对数来帮忙啦，不过这就有点超纲啦，咱们就先知道简单的情况就好。
周边地面——对没有地下室的建筑指底层房间外墙内侧两米范围内的地面。
对有地下室埋墙的建筑，指从室外地面和埋墙的交线算起向下两米内为周边地面。
非周边地面——对没有地下室的房间指底层地面中周边地面以外的部分。
有地下室埋墙的建筑，非周边地面指埋墙和地面面积的和减去从室外地面和埋墙交线算起向下两米的面积。
关于周边地面和非周边地面的几点说明1．周边地面和非周边地面的定义周边地面指距外墙内表面2m以内的地面，其余部分划为非周边地面。
位于室外地面以下的外墙（地下室外墙）应从与室外地面相平的墙壁算起，往下2m范围内为周边地面，其余部分划为非周边地面。
2．节能标准中对周边地面和非周边地面传热阻的计算《民用建筑节能设计标准》（采暖居住部分）JGJ26-95和《公共建筑节能设计标准》GB50189-2005对周边地面和非周边地面热阻采用了不同的计算方法，应分别对待。
A) 居住建筑：换热阻计算依据来源于《供热工程》（贺平孙刚编著）。
由于室内热量通过地面传到室外的路程长短不同，即热阻值不同，靠近外墙的室内地面，距离室外路程短，热阻值小，传热量大，反之远离外墙的地面热阻值大，传热量小，离外墙8m以远的地面，传热量基本不变。
基于上述情况，在工程上一般采用近似方法计算，把地面沿外墙平行的方向分成四个计算地带（每2m为一个地带，8m以外地面按第四地带考虑），如图1示。
1) 对于贴土非保温地面（组成地面的各层材料导热系数λ都大于1.16W/m?℃），各地带的传热系数和换热阻如下：周边地面传热系数限值为0.52 W / m2·℃地区，考虑到非保温地面第一地带（周边地面）的传热系数为0.47 W / m2·℃，小于限值0.5 2W / m2·℃,可不做保温；非周边地面（第二、三、四地带）不做保温时传热系数最大值为0.23 W / m2·℃,小于限值0.3 W / m2·℃，同样也能满足非周边地面限值的要求。
WLAN安全策略-WEP、WPAWPA2、WPA3、常⽤WiFi加密⽅式推荐Wi-Fi 加密⽅式有不加密、WPA2 PSK 模式、 WPA/WPA2 PSK 混合模式、WPA2 PSK/WPA3 SAE 混合模式。
1）加密⽅式设置为不加密时，连接路由器的 Wi-Fi 时⽆需输⼊密码，因此不太安全。
2）WPA2 PSK 的加密⽅式设置⽐ WPA/WPA2 PSK 更安全，但是只有⽤ WPA2 认证的终端才能正常连接，因此会有兼容性问题。
3）加密⽅式设置为 WPA/WPA2 PSK 时，WPA 或 WPA2 认证的终端都可以连接路由器。
4）WPA2 PSK/WPA3 SAE 的加密⽅式⽐ WPA/WPA2 PSK 更安全，WPA2 或 WPA3 认证的终端都可以连接路由器。
建议您将路由器设置为 WPA/WPA2 PSK 混合模式。
WLAN安全策略配置建议WEP有线等效加密WEP（Wired Equivalent Privacy）协议是由802.11标准定义的，⽤来保护⽆线局域⽹中的授权⽤户所传输的数据的安全，防⽌这些数据被窃听。
WEP的核⼼是采⽤RC4算法，加密密钥长度有64位、128位和152位，其中有24bit的IV（初始向量）是由系统产⽣的，所以WLAN服务端和WLAN客户端上配置的密钥长度是40位、104位或128位。
WEP加密采⽤静态的密钥，接⼊同⼀SSID下的所有STA使⽤相同的密钥访问⽆线⽹络。
WEP安全策略WEP安全策略包括了链路认证机制和数据加密机制链路认证机制和数据加密机制。
开放系统认证和共享密钥认证。
详细的内容请参见中的”链路认证阶段“。
链路认证链路认证分为开放系统认证和共享密钥认证如果选择开放系统认证⽅式，链路认证过程不需要WEP加密。
⽤户上线后，可以通过配置选择是否对业务数据进⾏WEP加密。
如果选择共享密钥认证⽅式，链路认证过程中完成了密钥协商。
⽤户上线后，通过协商出来的密钥对业务数据进⾏WEP加密。
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Explaining Dinosaur Extinction Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. This focus on explaining dinosaur extinction misses an important point the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous was a global event that killed off organisms up and down the food chain.It wiped out many kinds of plankton in the ocean and many marine organisms that lived on the plankton at the base of the food chain.These included a variety of clams and snails,and especially the ammonites,a group of shelled squidlike creatures that dominated the Mesozoic seas and had survived many previous mass extinctions.The K-T event marked the end of the marine reptiles,such as the mosasaurs and the plesiosaurs,which were the largest creatures that had ever lived in the seas and which ruled the seas long before whales evolved.On land,there was also a crisis among the land plants,in addition to the disappearance of dinosaurs.So any event that can explain the destruction of the base of the food chain(plankton in the ocean,plants on land)can better explain what happened to organisms at the top of the food chain,such as the dinosaurs.By contrast,any explanation that focuses strictly on the dinosaurs completely misses the point The Cretaceous extinctions were a global phenomenon,and dinosaurs were just a part of a bigger picture. According to one theory,the Age of Dinosaurs ended suddenly 65 million years ago when a giant rock from space plummeted to Earth.Estimated to be ten to fifteen kilometers in diameter,this bolide(either a comet or an asteroid)was traveling at cosmic speeds of 20-70 kilometers per second,or 45,000-156,000 miles per hour.Sucha huge mass traveling at such tremendous speeds carries an enormous amount of energy.When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames.The bolide struck an area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico known as Chicxulub,excavating a crater 15-20 kilometers deep and at least 170 kilometers in diameter.The impact displaced huge volumes of seawater,causing much flood damage in the Caribbean.Meanwhile,the bolide itself excavated 100 cubic kilometers of rock and debris from the site,which rose to an altitude of 100 kilometers.Most of it fell back immediately,but some of it remained as dust in the atmosphere for months.This material,along with the smoke from the fires,shrouded Earth,creating a form of nuclear winter.According to computerized climate models,global temperatures fell to near the freezing point,photosynthesis halted,and most plants on land and in the sea died.With the bottom of the food chain destroyed,dinosaurs could not survive. paragraph 1 Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. 1.In paragraph 1,why does the author include a discussion of when flowering plants evolved? 【事实信息题】 A.To help explain why some scientists believe that the development of flowering plants led to dinosaur extinction。
2的书写方法在日常生活中，我们经常会涉及到数字2的书写。
无论是在学习、工作还是生活中，正确的书写方法都是非常重要的。
下面，我们就来详细了解一下数字2的书写方法。
首先，我们要明确数字2的基本形态。
数字2是阿拉伯数字中的一个，它的基本形态是一个弯曲的弧线，上面有一个小圆圈。
这是我们最常见的数字2的书写形式，也是最标准的书写形式。
在书写时，我们需要注意保持数字2的整体形状，保持圆润、匀称，不要出现歪斜、变形等情况。
其次，我们要注意数字2的书写顺序。
在书写数字2时，一般是从上到下、从左到右的书写顺序。
首先画出数字2的上半部分的曲线，然后再画下半部分的曲线，最后在上半部分的曲线上方画一个小圆圈。
这样的书写顺序可以帮助我们更好地掌握数字2的书写方法，保持数字的整体形状和美观度。
除了基本形态和书写顺序外，我们还需要了解数字2的书写规范。
在正式的文件、文书、报告中，数字2的书写需要符合一定的规范。
一般来说，数字2要与其他数字保持一致的字体、大小和风格，以保持整个文档的统一性和美观度。
在手写时，我们也需要注意字迹工整、规范，避免出现潦草、模糊的情况。
此外，数字2的书写还需要注意与其他数字的区分。
在一些情况下，数字2可能会与字母z混淆，因此在书写时要特别小心，确保数字2的书写清晰可辨，不会引起误解。
总的来说，正确的数字2的书写方法对我们的学习、工作和生活都是非常重要的。
通过掌握数字2的基本形态、书写顺序和书写规范，我们能够更好地书写出整洁、规范的数字2，提高书写质量，避免出现错误和混淆。
希望大家能够重视数字2的书写方法，不断提升自己的书写水平，为自己的学习和工作增添亮点。
2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numberedblank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually arequirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-beworkers do not get left behind.. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demandwill change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review, findsthat on average 42 per cent of the core skills " within job roles willchange by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can onlyimagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one Forindividual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workerswhose skills are no longer demand and replace them with thosewhose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given asthe gold standard of a company who decided to do a massivereskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.ultimatelyretraining 18,000employees. Prepandemic,othercompanies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to createtheir own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economythough, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts inCanada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and havegiven us a situation where we frequently hear of employers beggingfor workers even at times and In regionswhere unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is veryhigh indeed. In February,at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates inCanada and the United States were at generational lows and workershortages were everywhere.As of May, those rates had spiked up to13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortageshad disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take anobvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clearshortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnelOf course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter andtrain him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it.Buteven if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, anddoing so would be to the benefit of all concerned That seems to bethe case in Sweden, where the pandemickick-started a retrainingprogram where business as well as government had a role.Reskiling in this way would be challenging in a North Americancontext. You can easily imagine a chorus of"you cant do that,"because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills, and usingany support staff who has been quickly trained is bound to end indisaster. Maybe. Or maybe it is something that can work 'ell inSweden,with its history of co-operation between business,labourand government, but not in North Americawhere our history is verydifferent. Then again, maybe it is akin to wartime, when extraordinarythings take place, but it is business as usualafter the fact.And yet, asin war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapidreskilling, can be done if there is a will to do them. In any case,Swedens work force is now more skilled, in more things,and moreflexible than it was before.Of course, reskilling programs, whether for pandemic needs or thepostpandemic world,are expensive and at a time when everyonesbudgets are lean this may not be the time to implement them.Thenagain,extending income support programs to get us through thenext months is expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having aswath of long-term unemployed in thePOST-COVID years Given that,perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic canjump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than abuzzword.B.PreDaacancies for the unemplovo teau.e1C. Retrain their cabin staff for better servicesD.finance their staff' s college educationText 2When Microsoft bought task managennent app Wunderlist andmobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it pickecup two newcomers thatwere attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft' s ownOffice dominates the market for"productivity"software, but thestart-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from theground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it hadused their best features in its own productsTheir teams of engineersstayed on, making them two of the many" acqui-hires"that thebiggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for techtalent.To Microsoft’ s critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise areexamples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up anyinnovative companies that lie in their path. " They bought theseedlings and closed them down,"complained Paul Arnold, a partnerat San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businessesthat might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined tccomment.Like other start-up investors,Mr Arnold ' s own business oftendepends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,though headmits to mixed feelings about the result:"I think these things aregood for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for theAmerican economy? I don' t know.”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answerto that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US techcompanies for information about their many smallacquisitions ovelthe past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, therequest has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stagetech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn,riflingthrough such small deals —many of them much less prominent thanwunderlist and Sunrise —might seem beside the point. Betweenthem,the five companies (Apple，Microsoft,Google，Amazon andFacebook) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$1bnacquisitions over the past five years a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than$130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buytheir most threatening potential competitcrs before their businesseshave a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a"buyand kill" tactic to simply close them down31. What is true about Wuderlist and sunrise after their acquisitionsA.Their market values declined.B. Their tech features improvedC. Their engineers were retainedD. Their products werere-priced.32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend toA. ignore public opinionsB.treat new tech talent unfairlyC.exaggerate their product qualityD.eliminate their potential competitors.33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions miahtA. harm the national economyB. worsen market competitionC. discourage start-up investorsD.weaken big tech companies.34. The US Federal Trade Commission intend toA. examine small acquisitionsB. limit Big Tech'’ s expansionC. supervise start-ups’operationsD.encourage research collaboration35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition haveA. brought little financial pressureB. raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText 4we're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to afive-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneousbut intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed"thin slicing,"the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watchsilent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly withstudents’ end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had tccount backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conratings were just asaccurate, demonstrie social processing.Critically, anotherninute writing downreasons for their Jjudgment,betore giving the rating. Accuracydropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focusedthem on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures orutterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signalsform a holistic impression. She found similar interference whenparticipants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judgedwhether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception andsexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition insteadof reflection.“It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift," says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,"and if you start thinkingabout it too much, you can' t remember what you’ re doing. But if yougo on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferencesCollege students' ratings of strawberry jams and college coursesaligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren'tasked to analyze their rationale. And peoplemadecar-buyingdecisions that were both objectively better and more personallysatisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex — when they had a lot o1information to process.Intuition ' s special powers are unleashed only in certaincircumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eighttasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition andcreativity (generating new products or figures of speech).Then theyrated the degree to which they had used intuition ( "gut feelings,""hunches,"“my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance onthe first four tasks,as expected, and helped them on the restSometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36. Nalini Ambabys study deals with_A. instructor student interactionB.the power of people's memoryC. the reliability of first impressionsD.People’s ability to influence others37. In Ambaby ' s study,rating accuracydropped whenparticipants_A. gave the rating in limited timeB. focused on specific detailsC. watched shorter video clipsD. discussed with on another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that_A. memory can be selectiveB.reflection can be distractingC. social skills must be cultivatedD. deception is difficult to detect39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to_A. follow your feelingsB. list your preferencesc. seek expert adviceD.collect enough data40.(缺)Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. FotQuestions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G tcfit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choiceswhich do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10 points)A. Stay calmB. Stay humbleC. Don’t make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE. Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG. Identify a shared goalHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won' t work.Youlsenior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic.What do you say when you disagree with someone who has morepower than you do? How do you decide whether it’s worth speakingup? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here' s how tcdisagree with someone more powerful than you.41.You may decide it' s best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven’t finished thinking the problem through, the wholediscussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense oiwhat the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contributeexperience or information to your thinking—all the things that wouldmake the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good ideato delay the conversation if you' re in a meeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel lessthreatened.42.Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerfulperson cares aboutit may be "the credibility of their team orgetting a project done on time. You' re more likely to be heard if youcan connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.When you dospeak up, don' t assume the link will be clear. You’ ll want to state itovertly, contextualizing your statements so that you' re seen not as adisagreeable underling but as a colleague whos trying to advance ashared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess gamethan a boxing match.43.This step may sound overly deferential, but it' s a smart way to givethe powerful person psychological safety and control. You can saysomething like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quartercommitment here.I have reasons to think that won' t work.T d like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?"This gives the person achoice,allowing them to verbally opt in.And, assuming they say yes.it willmake, you feel more confidentabout voicing yourdisagreement.44._You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but dcwhatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions,When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,itundercuts the message. Itsends a mixed message, and yourcounterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths can help, ascan speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky wetend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking inan even tone helps the other person calm down and does the samefor you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45._Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. Itmay be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it' s still anopinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying something like, " If we set an end-of-quarterdeadline, we'll never make it,:" say,“This is just my opinion, but ldon't see how we will make that deadline." Having asserted yourposition(as a position，not as a fact) demonstrate equal curiosityabout other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Part CDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation onthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggestsource of connection, laughter and warmth . While that may well betrue, researchers have also recently found that interacting withstrangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belongingthat we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago- areacommuters using publictransportation to strike up a conversationwith someone near them. On average,participants who followed thisinstruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit insilence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away fromcasual interactions with strangers,It is often due to a misplacedanxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time,however, this belief is false . As it tums outmany people are actuallyperfectly wiling to talk- and may even beflattered to receive yourattention .Section m WritinPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are organising an online meeting. Write an email to Jackan international student.(1) invite him to participate,and(2) tell him the detailsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use " LiMing"instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay based on chart below. In your writing,you should(1) interpret the chart,and(2) give your commentsYou should write about 150words on theANSWERhave a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a"buyand kill" tactic to simply close them down31. What is true about Wuderlist and sunrise after their acquisitionsA.Their market values declined.B. Their tech features improvedC. Their engineers were retainedD. Their products werere-priced.32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend toA. ignore public opinionsB.treat new tech talent unfairlyC.exaggerate their product qualityD.eliminate their potential competitors.33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions miahtA. harm the national economyB. worsen market competitionC. discourage start-up investorsD.weaken big tech companies.34. The US Federal Trade Commission intend toA. examine small acquisitionsB. limit Big Tech'’ s expansionC. supervise start-ups’operationsD.encourage research collaboration35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition haveA. brought little financial pressureB. raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText 4we're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to afive-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneousbut intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed"thin slicing,"the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watchsilent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly withstudents’ end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had tccount backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conratings were just asaccurate, demonstrie social processing.Critically, anotherninute writing downreasons for their Jjudgment,betore giving the rating. Accuracydropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focusedthem on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures orutterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signalsform a holistic impression. She found similar interference whenparticipants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judgedwhether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception andsexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition insteadof reflection.“It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift," says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,"and if you start thinkingabout it too much, you can' t remember what you’ re doing. But if yougo on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferencesCollege students' ratings of strawberry jams and college coursesaligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren'tasked to analyze their rationale. And people madecar-buyingdecisions that were both objectively better and more personallysatisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex — when they had a lot o1information to process.Intuition ' s special powers are unleashed only in certaincircumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eighttasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition andcreativity (generating new products or figures of speech).Then theyrated the degree to which they had used intuition ( "gut feelings,""hunches,"“my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance onthe first four tasks,as expected, and helped them on the restSometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36. Nalini Ambabys study deals with_A. instructor student interactionB.the power of people's memoryC. the reliability of first impressionsD.People’s ability to influence others37. In Ambaby ' s study,rating accuracydropped whenparticipants_A. gave the rating in limited timeB. focused on specific detailsC. watched shorter video clipsD. discussed with on another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that_A. memory can be selectiveB.reflection can be distractingC. social skills must be cultivatedD. deception is difficult to detect39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to_A. follow your feelingsB. list your preferencesc. seek expert adviceD.collect enough data40.(缺)Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. FotQuestions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G tcfit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choiceswhich do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10 points)A. Stay calmB. Stay humbleC. Don’t make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE. Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG. Identify a shared goalHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won' t work.Youlsenior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic.What do you say when you disagree with someone who has morepower than you do? How do you decide whether it’s worth speakingup? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here' s how tcdisagree with someone more powerful than you.41.You may decide it' s best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven’t finished thinking the problem through, the wholediscussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense oiwhat the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contributeexperience or information to your thinking—all the things that wouldmake the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good ideato delay the conversation if you' re in a meeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel lessthreatened.42.Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerfulperson cares aboutit may be "the credibility of their team orgetting a project done on time. You' re more likely to be heard if youcan connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.When you dospeak up, don' t assume the link will be clear. You’ ll want to state itovertly, contextualizing your statements so that you' re seen not as adisagreeable underling but as a colleague whos trying to advance ashared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess gamethan a boxing match.43.This step may sound overly deferential, but it' s a smart way to givethe powerful person psychological safety and control. You can saysomething like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quartercommitment here.I have reasons to think that won' t work.T d like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?"This gives the person achoice,allowing them to verbally opt in.And, assuming they say yes.it willmake, you feel more confidentabout voicing yourdisagreement.44._You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but dcwhatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions,When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,itundercuts the message. Itsends a mixed message, and yourcounterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths can help, ascan speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky wetend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking inan even tone helps the other person calm down and does the samefor you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45._Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. Itmay be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it' s still anopinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying something like, " If we set an end-of-quarterdeadline, we'll never make it,:" say,“This is just my opinion, but ldon't see how we will make that deadline." Havingasserted yourposition(as a position，not as a fact) demonstrate equal curiosityabout other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Part CDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation onthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggestsource of connection, laughter and warmth . While that may well betrue, researchers have also recently found that interacting withstrangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belongingthat we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago- areacommuters using public transportation to strike up a conversationwith someone near them. On average,participants who followed thisinstruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit insilence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away fromcasual interactions with strangers,It is often due to a misplacedanxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time,however, this belief is false . As it tums outmany people are actuallyperfectly wiling to talk- and may even beflattered to receive yourattention .Section m WritinPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are organising an online meeting. Write an email to Jackan international student.(1)invite him to participate,and(2) tell him the detailsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use " LiMing"instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay based on chart below. In your writing,you should(1) interpret the chart,and (2)give your commentsYou should write about 150words on theANSWERSHEET.(15points)60.0%,50.0% ,4.0%s30.0N)23.9%20.ogsy,10.0gy .px.hep.0.0%。
外研社新课标必修二课文Module 1 Zhou KaiWhen Zhou Kai’s mother saw him heading towards the front door without a jacket on, she eyed him anxiously.“Zhou Kai, where are you going?” she asked.“To the park. I’m gong to play football,” said Zhou Kai.“But it’s raining! Y ou’ll catch a bad cold,” said his mother.“No, I won’t. I’ll be fine,” said Zhou Kai, as he opened the door.“Zhou Kai, you’ll get ill. Y ou know you will. Y ou can at least go and get your jacket.”“OK, OK” Zhou Kai went and did as he was told.Zhou Kai (2)My mother has always made sure we eat very healthily, and fresh fruit and vegetables are a very important part of our diet. We live near the sea and we have fish about four times a week. We don’t eat much fat or sugar. A lot of my school f riends eat sweets every day but I’m lucky because I don’t have a sweet tooth ----I’d rather eat a nice piece of fruit. And I’m not too heavy, so I never have to diet, or anything like that.I’m quite healthy. I very rarely get colds, although, unusually for me, I had a bad cold and a bit of a fever last week. But that’s because I was stupid enough to play football in the rain. I don’t often get things like flu either. Last winter almost all my class mates got flu ----but I didn’t.I think I don’t get these things because I take a lot of exercise and am very fit. Two years ago I broke my arm playing football. The injury was quite painful and I couldn’t move my arm for month----I hated that.So as you can see from what I’ve said, I’m a normal kind of perso n.But there’s one thing I really love ----I’m crazy about football.I’m captain of the class team at school and I’m also a member of the Senior High team.Because of this, I make sure that I have a good diet, and as I’ve said, this isn’t a problem becaus e my mother feeds us so well.CULTURAL CORNERThe health care system of a country is very important and different countries have different ways of paying for it. Britain was the first country in the world to have a free health care system paid for by the government. Health care is free for everyone living in Britain. Most doctors and nurses work for the government and most hospitals are owned by the government. Until recently this system was very successful but recently there have been problems. This is because the government9has not put enough money into the health service. As a result, more people are using private health insurance. They see doctors who work for themselves and pay the doctors through the health insurance company.In America the system is very different. Most people have private health insurance. Doctors work for themselves and hospitals are privately owned. The health insurance company pays the doctors and the hospitals. The problem with this system is that poorer people don’t have to pay for private health insurance. As a result, they often have both health and money problems.Canada has a different system again. Health care is free. Doctors work privately and hospitals are privately owned. When you become ill, medical fees are paid for by the government.Module 2Article 1 No DrugsMy name is Adam Rouse. I'm 19 years old and I used to be a drug addict. I first started using drugs when I was 15. I bought cannabis from a man in the street. I continued to buy cannabis from the same man for about six months. One day, he offered me some crack cocaine.Article 2Cocaine is a powerfully addictive drug. Some drug users inject cocaine, others smoke it. Both ways are dangerous. Users who inject the drug are also in more danger if they share needles with other users.Crack cocaine is the most addictive form of cocaine. Users become addicted to crack cocaine much more easily if they smoke it. Smoking allows cocaine to reach the brain very quickly.When I went back to the man again, I wanted more crack cocaine. But he asked me for a lot of money. I didn't have enough money so he didn't give me any drugs. I was in terrible pain.The next day, I broke into a house and stole a television and a video recorder. I took them to the drug dealer. He told me to take them to a shop in a nearby street. The man in the shop gave me some money. I took the money to the drug dealer and he gave me some more crack cocaine.Using cocaine increases the user's heart rate and blood pressure.As a result, cocaine users sometimes have heart attacks. Smoking crack cocaine also causes anti-social behaviour.By this time, I was addicted to crack cocaine. If I didn't have any drugs, I was in terrible pain. And I had to steal something every day to pay for the drugs.One day, the police took me to the police station.The next day, a doctor came to see me. He told me that I could die if I didn't stop taking crack cocaine, so I took his advice and stopped immediately.Now I work in a centre for drug addicts, helping others to stop taking drugs.10CULTURAL CORNERStop Smoking Now—W e Can Help!In almost every US city and town, there are local organisations to help people stop smoking. Participants learn to recognize smoking triggers (things that start them smoking) and they try to set a date in the future when they will stop smoking.One of the most popular and successful is the California Smokers' Helpline. Here is an extract from one of their leaflets.When you really want a cigarette—try the four Ds:1Delay: Look at your watch and wait for a couple of minutes. If you can wait two minutes, you won't want to smoke.2Distraction: Whatever you're doing when you want to smoke—do something else! For example, if you're alone, find someone to talk to. If you're sitting down, take a short walk.3 Drink water: If you drink water, you reduce the need to have something in your mouth.4Deep breathing: Breathe in slowly and deeply. Count to five when your lungs are full. Then breathe out slowly. Repeat several times.And here are some ideas to help people to give up smoking:1Make a plan: Make a list of friends who smoke and places where you smoke. Don't see those people and don't go to those places!2Set a date when you're going to stop: Choose a time when you will be relaxed but also too busy to think about smoking.3Keep busy: Instead of smoking, make a phone call, take a short walk, talk with a friend.4Develop new interests: Exercise—walking, hiking, jogging, swimming, or taking a gymnastic class—helps you to forget about cigarettes.Module 3 MusicJoseph Haydn (1732--1809) was an Austrian composer and is known as "the father of the symphony". Other composers had written symphonies before Haydn, but he changed the symphony into a long piece for a large orchestra.He was born in a village in Austria, the son of a peasant. He had a beautiful singing voice. After studying music in V ienna, Haydn went to work at the court of a prince in eastern Austria, where he became director of music.Having worked there for 30 years, Haydn moved to London, where he was very successful.11Mozart (1756--1791) was a composer, possibly the greatest musical genius of all time. He only lived 35 years and he composed more than 600 pieces of music.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria. His father Leopold was a musician and orchestra conductor. Wolfgang had musical talent from a very early age. He learned to play the harpsichord when he was four, he started composing music when he was five, and when he was six, he played the harpsichord in a concert for the Empress of Austria.By the time he was 14, Mozart had composed many pieces for the harpsichord, piano and violin, as well as for orchestras.While he was still a teenager, Mozart was already a big star and toured Europe giving concerts.Haydn met Mozart in 1781 and was very impressed with him."He is the greatest composer the world has known," he said. The two were friends until Mozart's death in 1791.Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 - 1827) was born in Bonn, Germany. He showed musical talent when he was very young, and learned to play the violin and piano from his father, who was a singer. Mozart met Beethoven and was impressed by him. "He will give something wonderful to the world," he said.Beethoven met Haydn in 1791, but was not impressed by the older man. After they had known each other for many years, Beethoven said, "He is a good composer, but he has taught me nothing." However, it was Haydn who encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna.Beethoven became very popular in the Austrian capital and stayed there for the rest of his life. As he grew older, he began to go deaf. He became completely deaf during the last years of his life, but he continued composing.CULTURAL CORNERY e XiaogangY e Xiaogang, who was born in 1955,is one of a group of Chinese composers known as the New Tide. He writes symphonies and pieces for smaller groups of musicians. He also writes film music. He showed musical ability at an early age and began studying piano when he was four years old.From 1978 till 1983, he studied at the Central Conservatory of Music of China. After graduation, he worked there as a lecturer.In 1985, there was a concert of Y e Xiaogang's symphonies in Beijing. From that time, he has been one of the leading modern composers of Chinese classical music. In 1986, his album Horizon appeared and his music was played at the First Contemporary Chinese Composers' Festival in Hong Kong. He is famous for mixing Chinese musical traditions with western forms and instrumentation.Y e is a member of the Beijing music group Eclipse. Eclipse is perhaps the first independent12music group in China which plays works by modern Chinese composers. In November 1996, the group played with Italian musician Enrico Rava at the Beijing International Jazz Festival.Y e Xiaogang has received many prizes, in China and in other countries. Since 1993, he has worked part of the time in Beijing and part of the time in the US. He's a professor of music at the Central Conservatory of Music of China, and composes pieces for the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra.MODULE 4 Fine Arts-W estern Chinese and Pop Arts A．This is a painting by the Spanish artist, Pablo Picasso, considered to be the greatest western artist of the twentieth century. Picasso and another painter, George Braque, started Cubism, one of the most important of all modern art movements.Cubist artists painted objects and people, with different aspects of the object or person showing at the same time.This painting by contemporary American artist Roy Lichtenstein (1923 -1997) is a world famous example of pop art.Pop art (from the word "popular") was an important modern art movement that aimed to show ordinary twentieth-century city life. For example, it shows things such as soup cans and advertisements.Qi Baishi (1863-1957), one of the China's greatest painters, followed the traditional Chinese style of painting. Chinese painting is known for its brush drawings in black inks and natural colours. Qi Baishi observed the world of nature very carefully, and his paintings are special because of this.Xu Beihong (1895-1953) was one of China's best-known twentieth-century artists.Like Qi Baishi, Xu painted in the traditional Chinese style.Both painters have a beautiful brush line.Xu Beihong believed that artists should show reality, but not just imitate it. Instead, a picture should try to show the "life" of its subject. He is most famous for his lively paintings of horses..I'm studying art at school, and I enjoy it a lot, although I can get tired of looking at pictures all the time. I'm crazy about the paintings of Qi Baishi, and this delightful picture of the little shrimps is such a lovely example of his work. But I can't stand that picture of a golden-haired girl. I think it's stupid.My parents are fond of going to art galleries and often take me with them, so I've developed an interest in art. I must say, I love that picture of the six horses. They look so alive. It's by a Chinese artist, isn't it? I can tell by the style. I think the painting of the young girl is probably by Picasso. I really like him. I think he's an extraordinary artist.13CULTURAL CORNERPeople generally agree that Pablo Picasso, who lived from 1881 to 1973, is the twentieth-century's greatest western artist. He was born in Spain and at the age of ten was already an excellent artist. He had his first exhibition at the age of 16. Picasso studied art in Spain, but moved to France, in his early twenties. From 1902 to 1904 he painted a series of pictures where the main colour was blue. These pictures showed poor, unhappy people and are known as Picasso's "blue period". From 1904 to 1906 Picasso painted much happier pictures in the colour pink. This period was known as Picasso's "pink period".With another Spanish artist called George Braque, Picasso then started an important new artistic movement called Cubism. Picasso's first Cubist paintings were all painted in brown and grey. People agree that Picasso's greatest Cubist painting is Guernica, which was painted in Madrid in 1937. Guernica is the name of a town that was destroyed during the 1930s war in Spain. In this painting, Picasso showed his feelings about what had happened to the town.MODULE 5 Newspapers and MagazinesChinese Taikonaut Back on Earth!China's first taikonaut Lieutenant Colonel Y ang Liwei landed safely this morning in the Shenzhou V capsule in Inner Mongolia, 300 kilometres northwest of Beijing. Y ang was in space for twenty-one and a half hours and made 14 orbits of the earth."It is a great moment in the history of China—and also the greatest day of my life," said Y ang. When he was orbiting in the capsule, he took photographs of planet earth."Our planet is so beautiful," he said.The Beijing Space Control Centre said the flight was a "complete success". When Y ang landed, Premier Wen Jiabao telephoned the Control Centre to offer his congratulations.When Y ang took off from Jiuquan in northwest China at 9 am yesterday, China became the third nation to send a man into space.Y ang is the 438th person to travel in space, including astronauts from 32 countries. In total, these astronauts have spent more than 26,000 days in space.While he was travelling in space, Y ang spoke to two astronauts aboard the International Space Station, which is orbiting the earth, American astronaut Edward Lu and Russian cosmonaut Y uri Malenchenko.Lu, whose parents were born in China, spoke to Y ang in Chinese during his flight. "Welcome to space," he said. Malenchenko said, "I am glad there is somebody else in space with us. It's great work by thousands and thousands of people from China."Many countries around the world sent messages of congratulations. Sean O'Keefe from NASA14(National Aeronautics and Space Administration) in the US said that Y ang's space flight was "an important historical achievement and NASA wishes China continuing success with its space flight programme". United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan called the flight "a step forward for the whole world".CULTURAL CORNERDaily Newspapers in Britain and the United StatesNewspapers in Britain can be divided into the quality press (more serious newspapers) and the popular press. Quality newspapers have home and international news, and sports and cultural events. They also carry financial reports, travel news and book and film reviews.Popular newspapers are also known as tabloids. They have large headlines, a lot of big photographs and concentrate on news and events about famous people, and news about the British royal family.The Times is the most famous of the quality newspapers. It began in 1785. It is read by important people such as politicians, lawyers and businessmen. The Sun, founded in 1964, is the most successful of the popular newspapers. Around four million people read it every day and it sells more than any other daily newspaper.In the United States, newspapers usually have the name of the city where they are produced (for example, The New York Times ). Y ou can buy the bigger ones all over the country. The US also has a lot of tabloid newspapers, such as The New York Daily News, which are similar to British tabloids.MODULE 6 Films and TV ProgrammesFilm Review: Crouching Tiger, Hidden DragonMartial arts films are often enjoyable but they are seldom great art. Now, to everyone's surprise, Ang Lee, director of a number of excellent films, has made a martial arts film called Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. The result is a masterpiece.The film belongs to a type of Chinese story called wuxia.These stories tell of nineteenth-century martial arts masters with unusual abilities. Wuxia films are popular in China, and they are now popular in the west too.The story takes place in the early 1800s in China.A man and a woman, Li Mubai (played by Chow Y un-Fat) and Y u Xiulian (played by Michelle Yeoh), both masters of the martial arts, are in15love with each other. But Xiulian had a fiancé who has died. Because this fiancé was a good friend of Mubai, Mubai feels that he cannot marry Xiulian. When someone steals Xiulian's sword, Mubai and Xiulian try to get it back. The action takes place on Peking rooftops, and in places as far away as the deserts of western China. As in the old wuxia stories, characters leap through the air every now and then, with beautiful, graceful movements, while audiences shout in surprise.Unusually, it is the female characters that interest us most. Brave, good and strong, Xiulian is the character we care about most.Beautiful Zhang Ziyi plays the part of Y u Jiaolong, a young woman who is not as good as she seems. The fight scenes between Jiaolong and Xiulian are some of the most exciting moments in modern cinema. But one cannot forget the wonderful Chow Y un-Fat, who is as good with a sword as he is with a gun.His romantic scenes with Y u Xiulian are very moving, as their eyes show all the love that they must not express in words.Film like this rarely reach the cinema.Go and see Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.It will make your heart leap with excitement at its beauty.CULTURAL CORNERSteven Spielberg—Film DirectorAsk a young person in the street who the greatest American film director is, and you may get the answer Steven Spielberg. He has certainly made more successful films than any other director in the west.Spielberg was born in the state of Ohio, America, in 1946. He showed that he had unusual abilities when he was very young, completing his first 15-minute home movie at the age of 13. When he was 16 he made a 135-minute home movie called Firelight. This was shown at a local cinema and made $100.At the age of 24, Spielberg made a 26-minute film called Amblin. A Hollywood film studio liked it and employed Spielberg to make a full-length film. This film, Sugarland Express, made in 1974, had some success. Spielberg's next film was Jaws, a film about a shark that ate people. This was one of the most successful films of all time. Other wonderful films followed: E.T.—The Extra Terrestrial (1982), The Indiana Jones Trilogy, Jurassic Park(a film about dinosaurs), and Schindler's List. For this last film Spielberg won an Oscar, Hollywood's highest prize.For many years, Spielberg could not make a mistake. However, in the last fifteen years, some of his films have been less successful. But it is generally agreed, that he, more than anyone else in the history of films, understands the meaning of the word "entertainment".16。
2020年同等学力人员申请硕士学位外国语水平全国统一考试（二）真题及答案解析Section BDirections:Im this section,you are required1o read one quoted blog and the commentson it.The biog and comments arc followed by questions or unfinished statements,eachwith four suggested answers A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark youranswer onthe Answer Sheet.Face masks are one of the best defenses against the spread of COVID-19,but theirgrowing adoption is having a second,unintended effect: breaking facial recognitionalgorithms(算法).Wearing face masks that adequately cover the mouth and nose causes the errorrate of some of the most widely used facial recognition algorithms to rise to between5percent and50percent,a study by the US National Institute of Standards andTechnology(NIST)has found.Black masks were more likely to cause errors than bluemasks,and the more of the nose covered by the mask,the harder the algorithms foundit to identify the face.“We need to understand how face recognition technology deals with maskedfaces,"said the author of the report and NIST computer scientist. "We have begun byfocusing on how an algorithm developed before the pandemic(大流行病)might beaffected by subjects wearing face masks. Later this summer,we plan to test theaccuracy of algorithms that were intentionally developed with masked faces in mind."Facial recognition algorithms such as those tested by NIST work by measuring the distances between features in a target's face.Masks reduce the accuracy of these algorithms by removing most of these features, although some still remain.This is slightly,different from how facial recognition works on iPhones,for example,which use depth sensors for extra security,ensuring that the algorithms can't be fooled by showing the camera a picture(a danger that is not present in the scenarios NIST is concerned with).Comment1Well,that's one good thing to come out of the pandemic.Mass sureillance is nonsense.Time to pair masks up with sunglasses to deliver the decisive stroke.Comment2“Wearing face masks that adequately cover the mouth and nose causes the error rate of some of the most widely used facial recognition algorithms to rise sharply"Rubbishtechnology!I would've never guessed.Comment3There's a reason why some country is already using gait(步态) analysis.Facial recognition is too easy to block or to fool.Comment4Pretty soon they are going to do...analysis.With the development of AI,there will be away out.Comment5The AI's getting better,though,so soon it won't matter.Just like how you can pick outa relative or close friend even in bad CCTV footage, so too can AI.Your height,walking gait,mannerisms,voice,ears,clothing, etc,all add up to YOU.41.What is the passage mainly about?A.The best way to defend against COVID-19.B.Efforts to improve facial recognition technology.C.Methods to fool the facial recognition system.D.The impact of masks on facial recognition accuracy.42.The NIST study found that compared with blue masks,black masksA.were more widely used by the publicB.caused more errors in facial recognitionC.provided better protection against the virusD.required less complex algorithmsment1seems to beA.in favor of the rules for wearing face masksB.in favor of the facial recognition technologyC.against the wide use of facial recognitionD.against the requirements for wearing face masks44.Which comment views the current facial recognition technology with contempt?ment2.ment3.ment4.ment5.45.Which of the following is positive about the future technological advance?ment2and Comment3.ment I and Comment4.ment3and Comment5.ment4and Comment5.Part IV Cloze(10points)Directions:In this part,there is a passage with ten blanks.For each blank there arefour choices marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer for each blank and markyour answer onthe Answer Sheet.The English countryside has a classic image.People imagine that life in the country is slow and calm;that there are no traffic jams,no pollution,and no crime.In some places,this is true;but in 46it is not.Small towns and villages are becoming more and more 47;people have more space and most houses have gardens.But problems are48.Lots of people want to live in the country and work in the city; so more and more people travel49distances each day,to go to work.Of course they don't use buses or trains;they use cars.Little villages now have traffic problems in the morning,just50big cities!The problems are very complicated!If everyone moves into the country,the peace of the countryside will51!People leave cities and big towns,to escape from urban problems; but more and more,they are52their problems with them.On warm summer days,and cold winter days,air pollution can be a big problem in large53of the south of England,not just in London.Perhaps there is 54for the future.Soon Britain's population will stop rising.From about the year2030,it will perhaps start to fall.In100year's time, there will be less people in Britain than today-perhaps two million less. No doubt there will be55pollution too;oil and petrol will probably be rare by then.46.A.OtherB.the othersC.othersD.another47.A.FamousB.beautifulC.secureD.popular48.A.decliningB.growingC.solvedD.involved49.A.FarB.shortC.remoteD.long50.A.LikeB.asC.forD.to51.A.AriseB.emergeC.continueD.disappear52.A.developing B.bringingC.causingD.creating53.A.PartsB.placesC.ctiesD.blocks54.A.FearB.planC.hopeD.vision55.A.MoreB.lessC.muchD.fewPart V Text Completion(20points)Directions:In this part,there are three incomplete texts with20 questions(Rangingfrom56t075).Above each text there arre three or four phrases to be completed.First,use the choices provided in the box to complete the phrases.Second,use the completedphrases10fill in the blanks of the texr.Note you should blacken the lelters that indicate.your answers onthe Answer Sheet.Text OneA.ConnectedB.HealthyC.immuneA.eating56meals at regular timesB.can also impair our57system fiunctionC.are58to the body clockA lack of quality sleep not only affects how we feel during the daytime, but59,which is vital in protecting us from common viral illnesses. Efforts needed to sleep well that include following a sleeproutine,.60and not drinking too much coffee.All of these things are really interconnected in terms of their function.All of them61The bodyis like an orchestra where there's an orchestra leader that's sort of the main timer,but everybody clse is playing it together and they're optimizing what they are doing.Text TwoA.ShareB.DemandsC.forceA.true happiness62that we have it in our livesB.they freely.63their ups and downsC.as it is a driving.64in our natureOne of the basic needs we have as humans is to connect with others. We have done thissince the beginning of time65.Close intimate friendships fill that need.There issimply no replacement for this in our lives.You can't buy it,borrow it or steal it,but66.Experts found that people who can name several close,supportive friends-friendswithwhom67—live with greater health and happiness.Text ThreeA.FutureB.ShapeC.FormD.safetyA.will adjust themselves for your68and comfortB.wil69the way we live in astonishing waysC.mimicked human70and thinkingD.gains a truer glimpse of our robotic71Tiny technologies are a key to the future of robots.The old science-fiction notion of arobot pictured a large machine that72.But a visitor to the Arificial IntelligenceLaboratory at Cambridge73。
