翻译技巧一词法翻译法

翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。

这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。

重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。

重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。

一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。

在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。

而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。

定语后的名词亦是如此。

如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。

2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。

3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。

People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。

5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。

Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。

英译中翻译技巧一、翻译总的原则1. 表达应建立在理解的基础上。

2．翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯。

3．翻译不可太拘泥于原文的形式。

二、翻译技巧1．词法翻译1.1增词译法为使译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文在与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，需在原文的基础上添加必要的词、词组、分句或完整句。

e.g. 1) They were frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way.译文：他们相互之间开诚布公、直言不讳而且气氛十分轻松。

2)Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.译文：准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？3)Our rushing is understandable, but costly.译文：人们的忙碌是可以理解的，但是为此付出的代价却是昂贵的。

试比较：1) 他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的。

译文：He likes to point out other people’s shortcomin gs, but he means well.(增加主语)2)屋里准有人，我听见有人声。

译文：There must be someone in the room, for I heard a voice. (增加连接词)说明：增词译法在英译汉中主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分；在汉译英中一般是增添原文中为了语言简洁而被省去的成分如，主语、宾语、物主代词、连接词、介词等1.2减词译法就是把原文中需要的译文中不需要的词、词组等在翻译时加以省略，以适应译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。

e.g. 1)One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.(省略主语)译文：要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。

一、词的选择和意义引申考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略一、理解应以原文，拆分语法结构二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文词义选择和词义引申词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。

1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中，school 是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思；2.在1996年74）题elegant system 中，elegent是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思；3.在2001年75）题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中，smart 是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思；4.在2003年75）题like the concept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合”，而不是“一套，放置”等意思；5.在2004年62）题we are obliged to them 中，obliged是“感谢，感激”，而不是“被迫”的意思。

词义的选择例1.I’ll see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。

例2. India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。

例3.He’s at home with the classics.他精通古典文学。

例4.New homes are for sale.新房出售。

例5.She’s at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。

例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。

例7.Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。

例8.He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。

四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。

每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。

当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。

意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。

（张培基）应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。

Literal translation refers to an adequaterepresentation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the orig in al.（郭著章）直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。

意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。

（陈宏薇）简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。

意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。

一、词的选择和意义引申考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略一、理解应以原文，拆分语法结构二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文词义选择和词义引申词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。

1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中，school 是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思；2.在1996年74）题elegant system 中，elegent是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思；3.在2001年75）题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中，smart 是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思；4.在2003年75）题like the concept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合”，而不是“一套，放置”等意思；5.在2004年62）题we are obliged to them 中，obliged是“感谢，感激”，而不是“被迫”的意思。

词义的选择例1.I’ll see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。

例2. India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。

例3.He’s at home with the classics.他精通古典文学。

例4.New homes are for sale.新房出售。

例5.She’s at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。

例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。

例7.Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。

例8.He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。

汉译英翻译技巧汉译英翻译技巧一、分清主从(Subordination)汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。

句中重点往往在后。

英译时，要突出重点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。

1、没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。

Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social productionproceed.2、他们一听到“反霸”就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。

The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“anti-hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists.3、有人以为社会主义就了不起，一点缺点也没有，哪有这个事?Some believe that socialism is just perfect, without a single flaw. How canthat be true?4、但是，象我们常说的那样，道路总是曲折的，前途总是光明的。

But as we have often said, while the road ahead is tortuous, the future isbright.二、选词用字（Diction）在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。

1、每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？Every nation has its own strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress?2、树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。

I. 词法翻译一、对等译法在翻译过程中，我们一般都可以在译文语言中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。

因此，对等依法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。

我们在翻译中必须注意一文中所采用的对等表达是名副其实的对等表达。

一般说来，汉英两种语言中单词的对等率最高，而词组、成语、言语的对等率就要相对低一些：单词：television 电视坐 sit 小 small 和 and当然，两种语言中存在着差异的对等单词也有不少，例如：从语义上来讲，“杯子”并不完全对等于“cup”, 而是对等于“cup +mug + glass +...”成语：in deep water 水深火热hit the mail on the head 一语道破出人头地 be head and shoulders above others吹毛求疵 pick a hole in somebody ’s coat攀龙附凤 worship the rising sun骑虎难下 hold a wolf by the ears成语的对等是从3个方面体现出来的，一个是比喻意义，一个是比喻形式，再一个是感情色彩。

三者中比喻意义是最重要的，当三者发生矛盾时，我们得保留比喻意义。

感情色彩如果不对等，这条成语就肯定不能用。

至于比喻形式，能对等则应尽量对等，是在对等不了，就应当机立断，大胆放弃。

谚语：Make hay while the sun shines. 趁热打铁There is no smoke without fire 无风不起浪出门一里，不如家里 East and west, home is best皇天不负苦心人 Everything comes to him who waits.小巫见大巫 The moon is not seen when the sun shines.说曹操，曹操到 Talk of the devil and he’s sure to appearHe who keeps company with a wolf will learn to howl. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

英语翻译技巧-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1翻译技巧由于汉英两种语言在词法、句法上的差异，翻译并不是简单的一对一复制，而是根据具体情况，灵活地运用翻译技巧坐车必要的调整和改变，使译文最大程度地再现原文的意义，又使它符合译语的表达习惯。

翻译技巧大体分为八类。

它们是：加注（annotation）、释义（paraphrase）、增词（amplification）、减词（omission）、转换（shift of perspective）、归化（adaptation）、切分（division）和合并（combination）。

1．加注由于汉英文化的不同，英语中某些词义在汉语中根本不存在，形成词义上的空缺。

在这种情况下，常常采用加注法来弥补空缺。

加注可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。

音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。

注释可长可短，可以在文中注释，也可采用脚注。

Cartoon 卡通片Hamburger 汉堡包Benz 奔驰车Hippie 嬉皮士（20世纪60年代出现在美国的青年颓废派一员，喜群居，蓄长发，穿奇装异服）El Nino 厄尔尼诺（现象）（指严重影响全球气候的太平洋热带海域的大风及海水的大规模移动）Saint Valentine’s Day 圣瓦伦丁节情人节，2月14日）1.Hygeia herself would have fallen sick under such aregiment; and how much more this poor old nervousvictim?2.3.You look like Al-Capone in that suit.4.He saw himself, in a smart suit, bowed into the opulentsuites of Ritzes.5.It’s true that the enemy won the battle, but theirs is buta Pyrrhic victory,” said the general.6.Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallup, may well havethe final say.直译加注指直译原文，并附加解释性注释。

第六讲翻译常用八大技巧翻译技巧来自翻译实践。

由于中外语言在词法、句法等方面的不同，表达相同的意思或思想内容就会有不同的句子结构。

在英汉互译时，要做到译文忠实地道，符合译语习惯，就要遵循一定的规律。

翻译技巧就是就是使译文忠实地道的种种方法，这些方法都是人们根据原语和译语的语言差别总结出来的。

因此，原语和译语的共性是翻译之所以能进行的基础，语言的差别也是翻译技巧存在的原因。

中外学者和翻译家在研究各种语言的互译中，找出了不少忠实传达信息的俄规律，总结出了各种各样的翻译技巧。

其中，比较常用的就是不少研究翻译的书中提到的八种方法，即：1. Repetition 重译法;2. Amplification 增译法;3. Omission 减译法;4. Conversion 词类转译法;5. Inversion 词序调整法;6. Division 分译法;7. Negation 正说反译、反说正译法;8. the changes of the voices 语态变换法；在我国出版的不少关于翻译理论语技巧的论著中，其作者对于上述的英文表达有种种相应的汉语说法。

如：ampification——增益（钟述孔），增词法（张培基等），增译法（钱歌川），补译和增词（马祖毅），增文字（陈廷佑）；omission ——省略法（钟述孔和张培基等），省译法（钱歌川），减词（马祖毅），减文字（陈廷佑）；conversion——转换（钟述孔），词类转移法（张培基等），词类转换（马祖毅），语部变换法（香港：刘天民）；inversion——词序调整（钟述孔），倒译法（钱歌川），倒译（马祖毅），颠倒顺序（陈廷佑）；negation——正说反译、反说正译（钟述孔），正说、反说表达法（张培基等），正面着笔与反面着笔（马祖毅），改换说法（陈廷佑），反义译法（彭启良）；division——长句拆译（钟述孔），分句、合句法（张培基等），拆译与并译（马祖毅），拆开句子（陈廷佑），长句的处理（彭启良）；repetition——重复（钟述孔），重复法（张培基等），重译（马祖毅）。

英译汉十大翻译技巧总结展开全文主要是指翻译首先要分清英文主从句，一般先处理插入成分或从句，之后再处理主句。

处理英文细节时要高屋建瓴，宏观把握，不拘泥于一字一词。

行文需要注意中文特有的节奏感，不能拖沓冗长，要按照中文来龙去脉，由远及近的叙事原则组织行文。

2.行文提倡“四、六、八”主要是指英译中行文务求简洁、流畅、自然，而简洁的最佳办法就是采用四字句、六字句或者八字句。

增强行文张力也是如此，采用四、六、八字句构成同义重复，这是中文的一大特点，如：口若悬河、剑拔弩张之势、箭在弦上不得不发。

3.中文“形散神不散”主要是指中文重意合，不像英文那样通过介词和连词串联成句，中文的逻辑散落在字里行间。

在具体行文时遵循“以意群为成句单位”的原则，意群间除非确有必要，否则不用特别指明逻辑关系。

4.“九九归一”是王道主要是指英文中代词和其他替换同义词使用较为频繁，在英汉翻译时务必将英文中的代词所指对象明确化，同时将同义替换词或词组译为统一的汉语表达，保持前后一致。

5.描述修饰“去形象”主要是指英文喜欢在名词前添加合理的形容词以提升语言张力和可读性，在译为中文时如果难以应对则可大胆去掉，特别是形容词是大家已知或常识性信息的情况下更是如此。

英中切换时形象词一般要去形象化。

6.“的”“被”头上一把刀主要是指英译汉时“的”字使用切忌过于频繁，否则会导致译文拖沓，欧化现象严重，可考虑使用中文“四、六字句”提升译文语言张力；“被”字句在中文行文时一定要慎用，英文被动句较多，中文较少，英译汉时尽可能少用甚至不用。

7“of”前后有讲究主要是指“of”前属于英文的形象词或概括词，后面跟的则是实意、具体词，一旦翻译行文受阻，可考虑重点处理实意词，“of”前的词可以略去不译。

8. 数字收尾“准顺快”主要是指相对于汉译英的“数字先行”原则，英译汉时尽可能把数字放在句末，这样可以避免句子来回颠倒，特别是在考试中这一技巧最能体现其价值，保证行文准、顺、快。

2.十种翻译技巧了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice changes)，引申法和句子成分转译法。

2.2.1重复法(repetition)重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。

例子：1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary manin the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then they’ll understand and see that you’re speaking to th em in German. （重复谓语动词）你一定要问一问家庭主妇们，问一问街头玩耍的孩子，问一问集市上做买卖的百姓，听听他们说些什么，他们如何说，你就如何译；这样他们就会理解，就会明白：你是在用德语和他们讲话。

2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)我们必须分析问题，解决问题。

3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分) 无知是畏惧之源，羡慕之根。

4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)但我们仍有不足，而且是很大的不足。

考研翻译基础班讲义课程简介以讲解翻译基础知识为主，基本不涉及考研翻译的真题。

但是，真题很重要，有必要在强化训练中完全掌握真题。

课程大纲第一章考研翻译基础知识一翻译的定义二翻译的标准和翻译的方法三翻译的基本过程四考研翻译的核心解题策略第二章翻译技巧：词法翻译法一词义选择和词义引申二词性转换三增词法四省略法第三章翻译技巧：句法翻译法一名词性从句的翻译二定语从句的翻译三状语从句的翻译四被动结构的翻译第一讲翻译的定义翻译是一门语言的艺术，是语言之间的转换，是在准确理解的基础上用一种语言来忠实的表达另外一种语言。

考研翻译简介（一）考研翻译考查内容和形式根据全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲规定，考研翻译“主要考查考生准确理解内容或结构复杂的英语材料的能力。

要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章，并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语，要求译文准确、完整、通顺。

考生在答题卡2上作答。

”以2007年考研翻译题为例，考生在试卷上阅读的是一篇完整的文章，翻译的是5个划线部分。

如：Part CTranslation:Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 Points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 46)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. 47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the new media.Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. 49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system（二）考研翻译的评分标准根据大纲规定，考研翻译的评分标准如下：5个小题，每题2分，共10分。

(完整版)翻译技巧翻译方法_文档视界翻译技巧和翻译方法翻译方法:methods of translation1.直译literal translation2.意译free translation3.异化alienation4.归化domestication1. 直译（literal translation）指在翻译过程中按原文逐字逐句一对一的翻译。

人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真。

e.g.one country, two systems 一国两制The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流2. 意译（free translation；paraphrase）是指根据原文的大意来翻译,不作逐字逐句的翻译(区别于“直译”)。

通常在翻译句子或词组(或更大的意群)时使用较多,意译主要在原语与译语体现巨大文化差异的情况下得以应用.从跨文化语言交际和文化交流的角度来看,意译强调的是译语文化体系和原语文化体系的相对独立性。

e.g.Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必过早地担心。

(不必自寻烦恼)Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是好欺骗的吗？Don’t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.直译：不要等马被盗后，才去锁马厩门。

意译：亡羊补牢。

直译和意译的区别1. It’ s a Smoke Free Area.直译:它是个自由吸烟区。

意译:它是个无烟区。

2. Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。

意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。

3. John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at theparty.直译:晚会上，约翰不愿从壳里钻出来与其他人说话。

第一节：词义的选择For example: Last1) He is the last man to come.他是最后来的。

2) I wouldn’t marry you even if you were the last person on earth.即使世上只剩下你一个人，我也不会和你结婚的。

3) He is the last man to do such kind of dirty thing.他决不会做这种肮脏的事。

4) He is the last person for such a job.他最不配/不适合干这活。

For example: story•This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.这场战争行将成为这一代人的最重大的事件。

•It is quite another story now.现在的情况完全不同了。

•Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。

•He'll be very happy if that story holds up.如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。

•story•The Rita Haywoth’s story is one of the saddest.丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算最惨的了。

• A young man came to Scotti‘s office with a story.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。

1•Last Dec. the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story.去年12月，《邮报》首先报道侦察工作已在那些城市里进行，但官员们拒绝证实这条消息。

英译汉常用的方法和技巧英译汉常用的方法和技巧引导语：英译汉常用的方法和技巧，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。

一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬1.一词多义(Polysemy)regularregular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasolinedelicatedelicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food2.注意有线词的词义He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.3.词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction conceptHis novel is a mirror of the times.The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific conceptIn two years, he was a national phenomenon.Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.4.词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.5.ExercisesI have no opinion of that sort of man.She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.The picture flattered her.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.二、词类转译法(一)转译成动词(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)My admiration for him grew more.He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.I am no drinker, nor smoker.The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.We are fortunate in our opponent.Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)He said the meeting was informative.They were news-hungry.It was a very informative meeting.(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.It has snowed over.Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?(二)转译成名词(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)She knows what’s what.They thought differently.TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.He roared, which threatened his enemies away.The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.(2)形容词转译成名词The new treaty would be good for ten years.The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.(三)转译成形容词名词转译成形容词Their physical experiment was a success.The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.(四)其他词类转译副词转译成名词The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.The image must be dimensionally correct.三、被动语态的`译法(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.(二)以by为着眼点，进行多种译文1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.2. It should be understood that to err is human.(四)汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.3. He was set upon by two naked men.4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.四、增词法(一)名词、动名词前增补动词1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.(二)英语抽象名词的翻译1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.2. Many changes take place during the transformation.3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词1. It was a Godsend to him.2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.(四)增添“概括”性的词1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen andnitrogen.5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.2. Those were the words that were to make the world blos som for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.(七)增补量词1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb,a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.(八)增补表示复数含义的词1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.【英译汉常用的方法和技巧】。