DEVELOPMENT REPORT - Brain Disorders

·综述·反社会人格障碍的环境危险因素及其生物学作用机制石振宇李志英赵旭东ＤＯＩ：１０．３７６０／ｃｍａ．ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．１６７４－６５５４．２０１１．１１．０３０基金项目：国家科技支撑计划项目（２００９ＢＡＩ７７Ｂ０５）作者单位：２００１００上海，上海交通大学医学院附属精神卫生中心（石振宇、李志英）；同济大学东方转化医学中心心身医学研究所（赵旭东）通信作者：石振宇，Ｅｍａｉｌ：ｚｓｈｉ．ｈａｒｖａｒｄ＠ｇｍａｉｌ．ｃｏｍ近期大样本、长程纵向以及环境与遗传的交互研究确认不良环境是反社会人格障碍的重要危险因素，开始揭示环境因素如何对人格体系产生长期和稳定的不利影响而导致罹患风险增加，即从不良环境到反社会人格障碍长期作用的可能机制 生物学改变，并开始弥合对环境和基因的割裂看待，发现环境和遗传之间的双向影响。

一、不良环境因素构成反社会人格障碍的危险因素证明力度最强的是大样本双生子研究。

最近发表的该类研究证实环境在反社会人格障碍发展中起到不可忽视的重要作用。

Ｋｅｎｄｌｅｒ等［１］使用美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第四版的反社会人格障碍诊断标准症状数量指标，对１４９２对双胞胎的行为遗传学研究发现，环境因素对反社会人格障碍的贡献率是５９．１％。

研究还发现环境因素反映了ＤＳＭ ＩＶ的Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ分类学，某些环境因素（如儿童虐待）是多种人格障碍的共同危险因子，因而增加人格障碍的共病；而遗传因素并没有反映出ＤＳＭ ＩＶ的人格障碍的分类。

另外一项双生子研究来自挪威，这个项目研究了１３８６对１９到３５岁的挪威双生子ＤＳＭ ＩＶ的Ｂ族人格障碍，也发现环境因素对反社会人格障碍形成有相似但稍小的作用［２］。

明尼苏达双生子家庭研究对１３１５对１７岁双胞胎进行了不良环境因素的调查和遗传危险因子的研究，量表测量的四大项不良环境因素包括学业成绩、与反社会行为相关的同伴附着度、父母与孩子关系、生活事件压力。

一致性地发现在每一个不良环境因素下，都会增加外显行为罹患的几率；在不良的环境中，遗传危险因子的作用变得更加突出；环境因素的致病作用机制某种程度上存在着共同的途径［３］。

作文你对神经病的了解英文回答：Neurological disorders, commonly known as mental illnesses, are medical conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. These disorders can cause a wide range of symptoms, including changes in mood, behavior, and cognitive functioning. There are many different types of neurological disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease.Neurological disorders can have a significant impact on a person's daily life, making it difficult for them to function normally. They can affect a person's ability to think, feel, and behave in a rational and coherent manner. These disorders can also affect a person's relationships, work performance, and overall quality of life.The causes of neurological disorders are complex andcan vary from person to person. Some neurological disorders have a genetic component, meaning that they can be passed down from one generation to the next. Other factors, such as environmental factors, traumatic experiences, and chemical imbalances in the brain, can also contribute to the development of these disorders.Treatment for neurological disorders often involves a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. Medications can help to alleviate symptoms and stabilize mood, while therapy can help individuals develop coping strategies and improve their overall mental well-being. Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and practicing stress management techniques, can also be beneficial in managing neurological disorders.In conclusion, neurological disorders are complex medical conditions that affect the brain and the nervous system. They can have a significant impact on a person's daily life and require comprehensive treatment. With the right support and treatment, individuals with neurologicaldisorders can lead fulfilling and productive lives.中文回答：神经病，通常被称为精神疾病，是一种影响大脑和神经系统的医学疾病。

Advances in Clinical Medicine 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(3), 4448-4453 Published Online March 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/acm https:///10.12677/acm.2023.133638MECT 治疗重度抑郁症相关研究进展张晓燕，黄永清*内蒙古医科大学精神卫生学院，内蒙古 呼和浩特收稿日期：2023年2月21日；录用日期：2023年3月16日；发布日期：2023年3月24日摘要 重度抑郁症(Major Depressive Disorder, MDD)是世界上最常见、高致残性的精神疾病之一，目前临床上的治疗手段包括药物治疗、心理治疗、物理治疗等。

随着精神医学治疗手段的不断发展，无抽搐电休克治疗(Modified Electric Convulsive Therapy, MECT)在精神障碍的治疗中占有越来越重要的位置。

MECT 治疗重度抑郁症在临床上得到广泛认可，本文就MECT 治疗重度抑郁症相关研究进展进行讨论。

关键词抑郁症，重度抑郁症，MECT ，进展Progress in MECT Treatment for Major DepressionXiaoyan Zhang, Yongqing Huang *College of Mental Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot Inner Mongolia Received: Feb. 21st , 2023; accepted: Mar. 16th , 2023; published: Mar. 24th , 2023AbstractMajor depressive disorder, (Major Depressive Disorder, MDD) is one of the most common and highly disabling mental diseases in the world. At present, the clinical treatment methods include drug therapy, psychological therapy, physical therapy, etc. With the continuous development of psychia-tric treatment methods, modified electric convulsive therapy (Modified Electric Convulsive Thera-py, MECT) plays an increasingly important role in the treatment of mental disorders. MECT for MDD is widely recognized clinically, and this paper discusses the progress of research related to MECT for MDD.*通讯作者。

research in developmental disabilities 分区-回复什么是发展性残疾？现有的研究主要集中在哪些方面？如何进行有效的发展性残疾研究？步骤一：定义发展性残疾发展性残疾是指在儿童期或早期发展阶段出现的一系列生理或神经上的障碍，导致儿童在认知、语言、情绪、社交和行为方面存在持久性的限制。

这些残疾可能由基因突变、遗传缺陷、脑部受损或外界环境因素引起。

发展性残疾包括自闭症、唐氏综合征、智力残疾等。

步骤二：现有的研究主要集中在哪些方面？（1）发展性残疾的风险因素研究：发展性残疾的发病风险和遗传背景之间存在紧密联系，研究者致力于发现和探索与发展性残疾相关的遗传突变、基因表达和环境因素。

（2）发展性残疾的早期筛查与诊断研究：早期检测和诊断对发展性残疾患者的干预和治疗至关重要。

因此，目前的研究主要侧重于寻找具有高敏感性和特异性的筛查工具和方法，以尽早发现潜在的发展性残疾。

（3）发展性残疾的干预与治疗研究：为了帮助发展性残疾患者最大程度地发挥潜力，在语言、社交、行为和认知方面提供支持和治疗是非常重要的。

因此，当前的研究努力致力于发展和评估不同干预方法和技术的有效性。

（4）发展性残疾的心理和社会影响研究：发展性残疾会对患者及其家庭成员的心理和社会功能产生深远影响。

因此，相关研究主要探索发展性残疾对个体和社会的影响，并寻找有效的支持和帮助策略。

步骤三：如何进行有效的发展性残疾研究？（1）选择合适的研究方法和设计：根据研究目的和需求，选择合适的研究方法，如临床观察、纵向研究、随机对照试验等，并设计有效的研究方案。

（2）确保研究对象的伦理合规：在进行研究之前，确保获得适当的伦理审查委员会批准，并遵守相关伦理准则，保护研究对象的权益和隐私。

（3）建立跨学科合作：发展性残疾研究需要跨学科合作，包括神经科学、遗传学、心理学、教育学等不同领域的专家，以整合资源和知识，提高研究的科学性和可靠性。

（4）加强数据管理和分析：高质量的数据管理和分析对于研究结果的准确性和可靠性至关重要。

羊毛固醇合成酶（LSS）功能缺失对C57BL-6J小鼠进修记忆能力的影响羊毛固醇（cholesterol）是维持细胞膜结构和调整神经信号传导的重要组成部分。

羊毛固醇固醇合成酶（LSS）是羊毛固醇生合成途径中的关键酶，但其在中枢神经系统中的作用尚不清晰。

本探究旨在探究LSS功能缺失对C57BL/6J小鼠进修记忆能力的影响。

通过建立LSS敲除小鼠模型，在Morris水迷宫中测试LSS敲除小鼠的空间记忆能力。

结果表明，LSS敲除小鼠在Morris水迷宫测试中表现出更弱的空间记忆能力，进修曲线较平缓，而野生型小鼠则表现出更好的空间定位和探究行为。

这些结果提示LSS功能缺失可能会影响中枢神经系统的生理功能，从而影响记忆形成和进修能力。

关键词：羊毛固醇固醇合成酶， C57BL/6J小鼠，进修记忆，Morris水迷宫Abstract:Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membrane structure and regulates neuronal signaling transmission. Lanosterol synthase (LSS) is a critical enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, butits function in the central nervous system is unclear.This study aims to investigate the effect of LSS deficiency on learning and memory ability in C57BL/6J mice. By establishing LSS knockout mouse model,spatial memory ability is tested in Morris water maze. The results show that LSS knockout mice exhibit weaker spatial memory ability in Morris water maze, with a flatter learning curve, while wild-type mice showbetter spatial orientation and exploration behavior. These results suggest that LSS deficiency may affect the physiological function of the central nervous system, thereby affecting memory formation andlearning ability.Keywords: lanosterol synthase, C57BL/6J mice, learning and memory, Morris water mazThe Morris water maze is a widely used behavioral test in neuroscience research to evaluate learning and memory abilities in rodents. The test involves placing the animal in a circular pool filled with opaque water, and the animal must swim and find a hidden platform to escape the water. The animal's ability to find the platform is used as an index of spatial memory and learning ability.In the present study, the focus was on the role of lanosterol synthase (LSS) in learning and memory. LSSis an enzyme that is essential for the synthesis of cholesterol in the body. Previous research has suggested that cholesterol and its biosynthesis intermediates are involved in neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, it was hypothesized that LSS deficiency may affect memory and learning abilities.The results of the Morris water maze test showed that LSS knockout mice performed poorly compared to wild-type mice. The knockout mice exhibited a flatter learning curve, which suggests that they haddifficulty learning the task. In contrast, the wild-type mice showed better exploration behavior and were able to find the platform more quickly. These findings suggest that LSS deficiency affects the physiological function of the central nervous system, leading to impaired memory formation and learning ability.In conclusion, the present study provides evidencethat LSS plays a crucial role in learning and memory. The Morris water maze test is a useful tool for assessing the cognitive function of rodents and can help to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the learning and memory processes in the brain. Further research is needed to understand the precisemechanisms by which LSS affects neuronal function and synaptic plasticityFuture research can focus on exploring therelationship between LSS and other brain functions, such as emotion and behavior, and how it maycontribute to the development of neurological disorders. Additionally, investigating the potential therapeutic effects of manipulating LSS in preventing or treating cognitive impairments can provide insights into novel treatment options for neurological disorders.Furthermore, the study of LSS can be expanded beyond animal models to include human subjects. Non-invasive techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to manipulate LSS in the human brain, allowing for the investigation of its effects on cognitive function and potential clinical applications.In summary, the study of LSS is crucial in understanding the underlying mechanisms of learningand memory in the brain. Further research can provide valuable insights into the development of novel treatments for neurological disorders and the optimization of cognitive function in healthy individualsOne potential application of LSS research is the development of interventions for cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's is characterized by a decline in memory function and is associated with changes in brain structure andactivity. Studies have shown that LSS can modulate neural activity in regions of the brain associatedwith memory and cognition, suggesting that it could be used to treat Alzheimer's by enhancing memory function.Another potential application of LSS research is the optimization of cognitive function in healthy individuals. For example, athletes and professionals who require high levels of cognitive performance could benefit from LSS interventions that enhance memory, attention, and other cognitive functions. Additionally, LSS could be used to improve cognitive performance in older adults, who often experience declines incognitive function as a result of aging.In conclusion, the study of LSS is an important areaof research with significant implications for our understanding of learning and memory in the brain. Continued research in this area could lead to the development of new interventions for cognitive disorders and the optimization of cognitive functionin healthy individuals. As the technology for LSSbecomes more precise and accessible, its potential for clinical and real-world applications will only continue to growIn summary, Long-term Synaptic Plasticity (LSS) plays a critical role in learning and memory processes in the brain. LSS changes can be influenced by age-related decline, environmental factors, and neurological disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and impact of LSS can aid in the development of effective treatments for cognitive disorders and improve cognitive function in healthy individuals. Further research and advancements in LSS technology can enhance its potential for clinical and real-world applications in the future。

脑器质性精神障碍 brain organic mental disorders脑器质性精神障碍（brain organic mental disorders）是指由于脑部感染、变性、血管病、外伤、肿瘤等病变引起的精神障碍，又称脑器质性精神病（brain organic psychosis）。

随着人类寿命的延长，老龄人口逐渐增加，脑器质性精神障碍的发病率也明显地增高。

脑器质性精神障碍的临床表现仍可概括为急性脑器质性综合征两种。

急性脑器质性综合征起病多急骤，病情发展较快，病程较短，损害范围较局限，预后多良好，其病变往往是可逆性的。

慢性脑器质性综合征则起病多缓慢。

病情发展较慢，有逐渐加重趋势，病程多持久，预后较差。

病变常不可逆。

不少脑器质性精神障碍既有器质性的临床特征，又伴有某些显而易见器质性障碍的表现，两者之间有相互交织、相互重叠现象。

本节将介绍几种常见脑部疾病伴发的精神障碍。

一、颅脑外伤所致精神障碍颅脑外伤性精神障碍是指颅脑受到外力的直接或间接作用，引起脑器质性或功能性障碍时出现的精神障碍。

平时与战时均属多见，青壮年居多。

[病因及发病机理]各种原因导致的闭合性与开放性颅脑损伤是发病主要因素，个体的素质特征及外伤后的心理社会因素有一定作用。

闭合性颅脑外伤所致精神障碍尤为常见，开放性颅脑损伤则与远期或慢性精神障碍的关系密切。

颅脑外伤越重，发生精神障碍的机会越大，持续的时间也越长。

意识障碍与间脑和脑干网状激活系统损害密切相关，额叶和颞叶损害易致人格改变和精神病样症状。

[临床表现]（一）急性期精神障碍1．意识障碍：见于闭合性脑外伤，可能是由于脑组织在颅腔内的较大幅度的旋转性移动的结果。

脑震荡意识障碍程度较轻，可在伤后即发生，持续时间多在半小时以内。

脑挫伤患者意识障碍程度严惩持续时间可为数小时至数天不等，在清醒的过程中可发生定向不良，紧张、恐惧、兴奋不安、丰富的错觉与幻觉，称为外伤性谵妄。

如脑外伤时的初期昏迷清醒后，经过数小时到数日的中间清醒期，再次出现意识障碍时，应考虑硬脑膜下血肿。

research in developmental disabilities 分区-回复什么是发展障碍，发展障碍的研究领域，以及未来的研究方向。

下面是一份关于发展障碍研究的综合文章。

第一部分：什么是发展障碍发展障碍是一类影响个体自我发展的神经发育障碍。

这类障碍会在儿童时期出现，并对其社交、语言、认知和运动能力产生长期的影响。

发展障碍包括自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）、孤独症、智力障碍和注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）等，每种障碍都具有独特的特征和临床表现。

第二部分：发展障碍的研究领域1. 遗传学：研究发展障碍的遗传基础是一个重要的研究领域。

许多发展障碍与特定基因突变或基因组变异相关，例如ASD与SHANK3基因突变的关联。

通过遗传学研究可以理解发展障碍的遗传机制，以及在个体和家族水平上的遗传风险。

2. 脑影像学：脑影像学研究可以帮助我们理解发展障碍在脑结构和功能上的差异。

例如，ASD的脑影像学研究发现了与社交认知和情绪处理相关的脑区的异常活动和连接。

这种研究可以提供发展障碍的神经机制，并为个体诊断和治疗提供依据。

3. 生物化学和分子生物学：通过研究发展障碍患者的生物化学和分子生物学特征，可以发现与发展障碍相关的生物标志物。

例如，ADHD的研究表明，多巴胺系统的异常活动与该疾病的发生有关。

这种研究可以有助于开发个性化的治疗方法。

4. 行为疗法和干预措施：另一个重要的研究领域是发展障碍的干预措施。

通过研究行为疗法和其他干预措施的效果，可以为发展障碍患者提供更好的支持和帮助。

例如，自闭症的研究表明，应用应用行为分析干预可以提高患者的社交和沟通能力。

第三部分：未来的研究方向1. 精准医学方法：未来的研究将探索发展障碍患者的个体差异，并提供更为个性化的干预方法。

通过深入理解发展障碍的遗传和生物学机制，可以为患者提供更精确的诊断和治疗。

2. 多学科研究：发展障碍的研究将涉及不同学科的合作。

例如，脑影像学、遗传学、行为科学和临床心理学等领域的研究者将共同努力，以更全面和综合的方式理解发展障碍。

中国学龄儿童脑智发育队列研究英文The Study of Brain Development in Chinese School-Aged ChildrenIntroductionBrain development plays a crucial role in the growth and learning abilities of children. Understanding the factors that influence brain development is essential for educators, parents, and policymakers. This article aims to explore the research conducted on the brain development of Chinese school-aged children.Factors Affecting Brain DevelopmentSeveral factors contribute to the brain development of school-aged children in China. Firstly, genetics plays a significant role in determining a child's cognitive abilities and potential. Research has shown that certain genes are associated with intelligence and cognitive functions. However, it is important to note that genetics is not the sole determinant of brain development, as environmental factors also play a crucial role.Secondly, the environment in which children grow up greatly influences their brain development. Factors such as nutrition, exposure to toxins, socioeconomic status, and early childhood experiences can have a profound impact on cognitive development. For example, malnutrition during early childhood can lead to stunted brain growth and cognitive impairments.Research on Brain Development in Chinese School-Aged ChildrenSeveral studies have been conducted to investigate the brain development of Chinese school-aged children. One notable study is theChina Education Panel Survey (CEPS), which aims to understand the educational outcomes and cognitive development of Chinese students. The CEPS collects data on various aspects, including family background, school environment, and academic performance.Another study conducted by researchers at Peking University focused on the impact of air pollution on the brain development of children. The study found that exposure to high levels of air pollution during early childhood was associated with reduced cognitive abilities and increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.Furthermore, a longitudinal study conducted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences examined the effects of early childhood experiences on brain development. The study followed a group of children from birth to adolescence and found that positive early experiences, such as nurturing caregiving and stimulating environments, were associated with better cognitive outcomes.Implications for Education and PolicyThe research on brain development in Chinese school-aged children has important implications for education and policy. Firstly, it highlights the need for early intervention programs that focus on providing a nurturing and stimulating environment for children. This includes ensuring access to quality early childhood education, promoting healthy nutrition, and reducing exposure to environmental toxins.Secondly, the findings emphasize the importance of addressing air pollution in China. Implementing stricter regulations on industrial emissionsand promoting clean energy sources can help reduce the negative impact of air pollution on children's brain development.Additionally, the research underscores the significance of addressing socioeconomic disparities in education. Providing equal opportunities for all children, regardless of their family background, can help mitigate the effects of socioeconomic factors on brain development.ConclusionIn conclusion, research on the brain development of Chinese school-aged children highlights the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors. Understanding these factors is crucial for promoting optimal brain development and ensuring positive educational outcomes. By implementing evidence-based interventions and policies, we can support the healthy brain development of Chinese children and enhance their overall well-being.。